Explain the word tradition - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.^[1]^[2] A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes (like lawyers’ wigs or military officers’ spurs), but the idea has also been applied to social norms such as greetings. Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of years—the word tradition itself derives from the Latin tradere literally meaning to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping. While it is commonly assumed that traditions have an ancient history, many traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural, over short periods of time. Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways.

The phrase «according to tradition», or «by tradition», usually means that whatever information follows is known only by oral tradition, but is not supported (and perhaps may be refuted) by physical documentation, by a physical artifact, or other quality evidence. Tradition is used to indicate the quality of a piece of information being discussed. For example, «According to tradition, Homer was born on Chios, but many other locales have historically claimed him as theirs.» This tradition may never be proven or disproven. In another example, «King Arthur, by tradition a true British king, has inspired many well loved stories.» Whether they are documented fact or not does not decrease their value as cultural history and literature.^{[citation needed]}

Traditions are a subject of study in several academic fields, especially in social sciences such as folklore studies, anthropology, archaeology, and biology.

The concept of tradition, as the notion of holding on to a previous time, is also found in political and philosophical discourse. For example, it is the basis of the political concept of traditionalism, and also strands of many world religions including traditional Catholicism. In artistic contexts, tradition is used to decide the correct display of an art form. For example, in the performance of traditional genres (such as traditional dance), adherence to guidelines dictating how an art form should be composed are given greater importance than the performer’s own preferences. A number of factors can exacerbate the loss of tradition, including industrialization, globalization, and the assimilation or marginalization of specific cultural groups. In response to this, tradition-preservation attempts have now been started in many countries around the world, focusing on aspects such as traditional languages. Tradition is usually contrasted with the goal of modernity and should be differentiated from customs, conventions, laws, norms, routines, rules and similar concepts.

Definition[edit]

The English word tradition comes from the Latin traditio via French, the noun from the verb tradere (to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping); it was originally used in Roman law to refer to the concept of legal transfers and inheritance.^[3]^[4] According to Anthony Giddens and others, the modern meaning of tradition evolved during the Enlightenment period, in opposition to modernity and progress.^[3]^[5]^[6]

As with many other generic terms, there are many definitions of tradition.^[1]^[2]^[4]^[7] The concept includes a number of interrelated ideas; the unifying one is that tradition refers to beliefs, objects or customs performed or believed in the past, originating in it, transmitted through time by being taught by one generation to the next, and are performed or believed in the present.^[1]^[2]

Tradition can also refer to beliefs or customs that are Prehistoric, with lost or arcane origins, existing from time immemorial.^[8] Originally, traditions were passed orally, without the need for a writing system. Tools to aid this process include poetic devices such as rhyme and alliteration. The stories thus preserved are also referred to as tradition, or as part of an oral tradition. Even such traditions, however, are presumed to have originated (been «invented» by humans) at some point.^[2]^[3] Traditions are often presumed to be ancient, unalterable, and deeply important, though they may sometimes be much less «natural» than is presumed.^[9]^[10] It is presumed that at least two transmissions over three generations are required for a practice, belief or object to be seen as traditional.^[8] Some traditions were deliberately invented for one reason or another, often to highlight or enhance the importance of a certain institution.^[11] Traditions may also be adapted to suit the needs of the day, and the changes can become accepted as a part of the ancient tradition.^[9]^[12] Tradition changes slowly, with changes from one generation to the next being seen as significant.^[13] Thus, those carrying out the traditions will not be consciously aware of the change, and even if a tradition undergoes major changes over many generations, it will be seen as unchanged.^[13]

There are various origins and fields of tradition; they can refer to:

the forms of artistic heritage of a particular culture.^[14]
beliefs or customs instituted and maintained by societies and governments, such as national anthems and national holidays, such as Federal holidays in the United States.^[9]^[10]
beliefs or customs maintained by religious denominations and Church bodies that share history, customs, culture, and, to some extent, body of teachings.^[15]^[3] For example, one can speak of Islam’s tradition or Christianity’s tradition.

Many objects, beliefs and customs can be traditional.^[2] Rituals of social interaction can be traditional, with phrases and gestures such as saying «thank you», sending birth announcements, greeting cards, etc.^[2]^[16]^[17] Tradition can also refer to larger concepts practiced by groups (family traditions at Christmas^[17]), organizations (company’s picnic) or societies, such as the practice of national and public holidays.^[9]^[10] Some of the oldest traditions include monotheism (three millennia) and citizenship (two millennia).^[18] It can also include material objects, such as buildings, works of art or tools.^[2]

Tradition is often used as an adjective, in contexts such as traditional music, traditional medicine, traditional values and others.^[1] In such constructions tradition refers to specific values and materials particular to the discussed context, passed through generations.^[3]

Invention of tradition[edit]

The term «invention of tradition», introduced by E. J. Hobsbawm, refers to situations when a new practice or object is introduced in a manner that implies a connection with the past that is not necessarily present.^[19] A tradition may be deliberately created and promulgated for personal, commercial, political, or national self-interest, as was done in colonial Africa; or it may be adopted rapidly based on a single highly publicized event, rather than developing and spreading organically in a population, as in the case of the white wedding dress, which only became popular after Queen Victoria wore a white gown at her wedding to Albert of Saxe-Coburg.^[20]

An example of an invention of tradition is the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster (location of the British Parliament) in the Gothic style.^[19] Similarly, most of the traditions associated with monarchy of the United Kingdom, seen as rooted deep in history, actually date to 19th century.^[12] Other examples include the invention of tradition in Africa and other colonial holdings by the occupying forces.^[21] Requiring legitimacy, the colonial power would often invent a «tradition» which they could use to legitimize their own position. For example, a certain succession to a chiefdom might be recognized by a colonial power as traditional in order to favour their own candidates for the job. Often these inventions were based in some form of tradition, but were exaggerated, distorted, or biased toward a particular interpretation.

Invented traditions are a central component of modern national cultures, providing a commonality of experience and promoting the unified national identity espoused by nationalism.^[22] Common examples include public holidays (particularly those unique to a particular nation), the singing of national anthems, and traditional national cuisine (see national dish). Expatriate and immigrant communities may continue to practice the national traditions of their home nation.

In scholarly discourse[edit]

In science, tradition is often used in the literature in order to define the relationship of an author’s thoughts to that of his or her field.^[23] In 1948, philosopher of science Karl Popper suggested that there should be a «rational theory of tradition» applied to science which was fundamentally sociological. For Popper, each scientist who embarks on a certain research trend inherits the tradition of the scientists before them as he or she inherits their studies and any conclusions that superseded it.^[23] Unlike myth, which is a means of explaining the natural world through means other than logical criticism, scientific tradition was inherited from Socrates, who proposed critical discussion, according to Popper.^[24] For Thomas Kuhn, who presented his thoughts in a paper presented in 1977, a sense of such a critical inheritance of tradition is, historically, what sets apart the best scientists who change their fields is an embracement of tradition.^[24]

Traditions are a subject of study in several academic fields in social sciences—chiefly anthropology, archaeology, and biology—with somewhat different meanings in different fields. It is also used in varying contexts in other fields, such as history, psychology and sociology. Social scientists and others have worked to refine the commonsense concept of tradition to make it into a useful concept for scholarly analysis. In the 1970s and 1980s, Edward Shils explored the concept in detail.^[17] Since then, a wide variety of social scientists have criticized traditional ideas about tradition; meanwhile, «tradition» has come into usage in biology as applied to nonhuman animals.

Tradition as a concept variously defined in different disciplines should not be confused with various traditions (perspectives, approaches) in those disciplines.^[25]

Anthropology[edit]

Tradition is one of the key concepts in anthropology; it can be said that anthropology is the study of «tradition in traditional societies».^[7] There is however no «theory of tradition», as for most anthropologists the need to discuss what tradition is seems unnecessary, as defining tradition is both unnecessary (everyone can be expected to know what it is) and unimportant (as small differences in definition would be just technical).^[7] There are however dissenting views; scholars such as Pascal Boyer argue that defining tradition and developing theories about it are important to the discipline.^[7]

Archaeology[edit]

In archaeology, the term tradition is a set of cultures or industries which appear to develop on from one another over a period of time. The term is especially common in the study of American archaeology.^[17]

Biology[edit]

Biologists, when examining groups of non-humans, have observed repeated behaviors which are taught within communities from one generation to the next. Tradition is defined in biology as «a behavioral practice that is relatively enduring (i.e., is performed repeatedly over a period of time), that is shared among two or more members of a group, that depends in part on socially aided learning for its generation in new practitioners», and has been called a precursor to «culture» in the anthropological sense.^[26]

Behavioral traditions have been observed in groups of fish, birds, and mammals. Groups of orangutans and chimpanzees, in particular, may display large numbers of behavioral traditions, and in chimpanzees, transfer of traditional behavior from one group to another (not just within a group) has been observed. Such behavioral traditions may have evolutionary significance, allowing adaptation at a faster rate than genetic change.^[27]

Musicology and ethnomusicology[edit]

A traditional setting of the last passage of the first tractate, Berakhot of the Oral Torah, which describes how scholars of the Talmud create peace in the world. Performed by Cantor Meyer Kanewsky in 1919 for Edison Records.

In the field of musicology and ethnomusicology tradition refers to the belief systems, repertoire, techniques, style and culture that is passed down through subsequent generations. Tradition in music suggests a historical context with which one can perceive distinguishable patterns. Along with a sense of history, traditions have a fluidity that cause them to evolve and adapt over time.
While both musicology and ethnomusicology are defined by being ‘the scholarly study of music’^[28] they differ in their methodology and subject of research. ‘Tradition, or traditions, can be presented as a context in which to study the work of a specific composer or as a part of a wide-ranging historical perspective.’^[29]

Sociology[edit]

The concept of tradition, in early sociological research (around the turn of the 19th and 20th century), referred to that of the traditional society, as contrasted by the more modern industrial society.^[12] This approach was most notably portrayed in Max Weber’s concepts of traditional authority and modern rational-legal authority.^[12] In more modern works, One hundred years later, sociology sees tradition as a social construct used to contrast past with the present and as a form of rationality used to justify certain course of action.^[12]

Traditional society is characterized by lack of distinction between family and business, division of labor influenced primarily by age, gender, and status, high position of custom in the system of values, self-sufficiency, preference to saving and accumulation of capital instead of productive investment, relative autarky.^[12] Early theories positing the simple, unilineal evolution of societies from traditional to industrial model are now seen as too simplistic.^[12]

In 1981, Edward Shils in his book Tradition put forward a definition of tradition that became universally accepted.^[12] According to Shils, tradition is anything which is transmitted or handed down from the past to the present.^[12]

Another important sociological aspect of tradition is the one that relates to rationality. It is also related to the works of Max Weber (see theories of rationality), and were popularized and redefined in 1992 by Raymond Boudon in his book Action.^[12] In this context tradition refers to the mode of thinking and action justified as «it has always been that way».^[12] This line of reasoning forms the basis of the logical flaw of the appeal to tradition (or argumentum ad antiquitatem),^[30] which takes the form «this is right because we’ve always done it this way.»^[31] In most cases such an appeal can be refuted on the grounds that the «tradition» being advocated may no longer be desirable, or, indeed, may never have been despite its previous popularity.

Philosophy[edit]

The idea of tradition is important in philosophy. Twentieth century philosophy is often divided between an ‘analytic’ tradition, dominant in Anglophone and Scandinavian countries, and a ‘continental’ tradition, dominant in German and Romance speaking Europe. Increasingly central to continental philosophy is the project of deconstructing what its proponents, following Martin Heidegger, call ‘the tradition’, which began with Plato and Aristotle. In contrast, some continental philosophers — most notably, Hans-Georg Gadamer — have attempted to rehabilitate the tradition of Aristotelianism. This move has been replicated within analytic philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre. However, MacIntyre has himself deconstructed the idea of ‘the tradition’, instead posing Aristotelianism as one philosophical tradition in rivalry with others.

In political and religious discourse[edit]

The concepts of tradition and traditional values are frequently used in political and religious discourse to establish the legitimacy of a particular set of values. In the United States in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the concept of tradition has been used to argue for the centrality and legitimacy of conservative religious values.^[32] Similarly, strands of orthodox theological thought from a number of world religions openly identify themselves as wanting a return to tradition. For example, the term «traditionalist Catholic» refers to those, such as Archbishop Lefebvre, who want the worship and practices of the Church to be as they were before the Second Vatican Council of 1962–65.^[33] Likewise, Sunni Muslims are referred to as Ahl el-Sunnah wa Al-Jamā‘ah (Arabic: أهل السنة والجماعة), literally «people of the tradition [of Muhammad] and the community», emphasizing their attachment to religious and cultural tradition.

More generally, tradition has been used as a way of determining the political spectrum, with right-wing parties having a stronger affinity to certain ways of the past than left-wing ones.^[34] Here, the concept of adherence tradition is embodied by the political philosophy of traditionalist conservatism (or simply traditionalism), which emphasizes the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent moral order, hierarchy and organic unity, agrarianism, classicism and high culture, and the intersecting spheres of loyalty.^[35] Traditionalists would therefore reject the notions of individualism, liberalism, modernity, and social progress, but promote cultural and educational renewal,^[36] and revive interest in the Church, the family, the State and local community. This view has been criticised for including in its notion of tradition practices which are no longer considered to be desirable, for example, stereotypical views of the place of women in domestic affairs.^[37]

In other societies, especially ones experiencing rapid social change, the idea of what is «traditional» may be widely contested, with different groups striving to establish their own values as the legitimate traditional ones. Defining and enacting traditions in some cases can be the means of building unity between subgroups in a diverse society; in other cases, tradition is a means of othering and keeping groups distinct from one another.^[32]

In artistic discourse[edit]

Holiday celebrations may be passed down as traditions, as is the case with this distinctly Polish Christmas meal, decor with Christmas tree, a tradition since the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

In artistic contexts, in the performance of traditional genres (such as traditional dance), adherence to traditional guidelines is of greater importance than performer’s preferences.^[1] It is often the unchanging form of certain arts that leads to their perception as traditional.^[1] For artistic endeavors, tradition has been used as a contrast to creativity, with traditional and folk art associated with unoriginal imitation or repetition, in contrast to fine art, which is valued for being original and unique. More recent philosophy of art, however, considers interaction with tradition as integral to the development of new artistic expression.^[32]

Relationship to other concepts[edit]

In the social sciences, tradition is often contrasted with modernity, particularly in terms of whole societies. This dichotomy is generally associated with a linear model of social change, in which societies progress from being traditional to being modern.^[38] Tradition-oriented societies have been characterized as valuing filial piety, harmony and group welfare, stability, and interdependence, while a society exhibiting modernity would value «individualism (with free will and choice), mobility, and progress.»^[32] Another author discussing tradition in relationship to modernity, Anthony Giddens, sees tradition as something bound to ritual, where ritual guarantees the continuation of tradition.^[39] Gusfield and others, though, criticize this dichotomy as oversimplified, arguing that tradition is dynamic, heterogeneous, and coexists successfully with modernity even within individuals.^[38]

Tradition should be differentiated from customs, conventions, laws, norms, routines, rules and similar concepts. Whereas tradition is supposed to be invariable, they are seen as more flexible and subject to innovation and change.^[1]^[9] Whereas justification for tradition is ideological, the justification for other similar concepts is more practical or technical.^[10] Over time, customs, routines, conventions, rules and such can evolve into traditions, but that usually requires that they stop having (primarily) a practical purpose.^[10] For example, wigs worn by lawyers were at first common and fashionable; spurs worn by military officials were at first practical but now are both impractical and traditional.^[10]

Preservation[edit]

A woman welcoming the Shabbat, a tradition dating back over 3,300 years

The legal protection of tradition includes a number of international agreements and national laws. In addition to the fundamental protection of cultural property, there is also cooperation between the United Nations, UNESCO and Blue Shield International in the protection or recording of traditions and customs. The protection of culture and traditions is becoming increasingly important nationally and internationally.^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]

In many countries, concerted attempts are being made to preserve traditions that are at risk of being lost. A number of factors can exacerbate the loss of tradition, including industrialization, globalization, and the assimilation or marginalization of specific cultural groups.^[45] Customary celebrations and lifestyles are among the traditions that are sought to be preserved.^[46] Likewise, the concept of tradition has been used to defend the preservation and reintroduction of minority languages such as Cornish under the auspices of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.^[47] Specifically, the charter holds that these languages «contribute to the maintenance and development of Europe’s cultural wealth and traditions». The Charter goes on to call for «the use or adoption… of traditional and correct forms of place-names in regional or minority languages».^[48] Similarly, UNESCO includes both «oral tradition» and «traditional manifestations» in its definition of a country’s cultural properties and heritage. So therefore it works to preserve tradition in countries such as Brazil.^[49]

In Japan, certain artworks, structures, craft techniques and performing arts are considered by the Japanese government to be a precious legacy of the Japanese people, and are protected under the Japanese Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.^[50] This law also identifies people skilled at traditional arts as «National Living Treasures», and encourages the preservation of their craft.^[51]

For native peoples like the Māori in New Zealand, there is conflict between the fluid identity assumed as part of modern society and the traditional identity with the obligations that accompany it; the loss of language heightens the feeling of isolation and damages the ability to perpetuate tradition.^[45]

Traditional cultural expressions[edit]

The phrase «traditional cultural expressions» is used by the World Intellectual Property Organization to refer to «any form of artistic and literary expression in which traditional culture and knowledge are embodied. They are transmitted from one generation to the next, and include handmade textiles, paintings, stories, legends, ceremonies, music, songs, rhythms and dance.»^[52]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Thomas A. Green (1997). Folklore: an encyclopedia of beliefs, customs, tales, music, and art. ABC-CLIO. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-87436-986-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Shils 12
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Anthony Giddens (2003). Runaway world: how globalization is reshaping our lives. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-415-94487-8.
^ ^a ^b Yves Congar (October 2004). The meaning of tradition. Ignatius Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-58617-021-9.
^ Shils 3–6
^ Shils 18
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pascal Boyer (1990). Tradition as truth and communication: a cognitive description of traditional discourse. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-37417-0.
^ ^a ^b Shils 15
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hobsbawm 2–3
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hobsbawm 3–4
^ Hobsbawm 1
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Langlois, S. (2001). «Traditions: Social». International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. pp. 15829–15833. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02028-3. ISBN 9780080430768.
^ ^a ^b Shils 14
^ Lilburn, Douglas (1984). A Search for Tradition. Wellington: Alexander Turnbull Library Endowment Trust, assisted by the New Zealand Composers Foundation. ISBN 0-908702-00-0.^{[page needed]}
^ Michael A. Williams; Collett Cox; Martin S. Jaffee (1992). Innovation in religious traditions: essays in the interpretation of religious change. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-11-012780-5.
^ Pascal Boyer (1990). Tradition as truth and communication: a cognitive description of traditional discourse. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-37417-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Handler, Richard; Jocelyn Innekin (1984). «Tradition, Genuine or Spurious». Journal of American Folklore. 29.
^ Shils 16
^ ^a ^b Hobsbawm 1–2
^ Ingraham, Chrys (2008). White Weddings: Romancing Heterosexuality in Popular Culture. New York: Taylor & Francis, Inc. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-0-415-95194-4.
^ Terence Ranger, The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa, in E. J. (Eric J.) Hobsbawm; T. O. (Terence O.) Ranger (31 July 1992). The Invention of tradition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–263. ISBN 978-0-521-43773-8.
^ Hobsbawm 7
^ ^a ^b Kurz-Milke and Martignon 129
^ ^a ^b Kurz-Milke and Martignon 129–130
^ Sujata Patel (October 2009). The ISA Handbook of Diverse Sociological Traditions. SAGE Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84787-402-3.
^ Fragaszy and Perry 2, 12
^ Whiten, Andrew; Antoine Spiteri; Victoria Horner; Kristin E. Bonnie; Susan P. Lambeth; Steven J. Schapiro; Frans B.M. de Waal (2007). «Transmission of Multiple Traditions within and between Chimpanzee Groups». Current Biology. 17 (12): 1038–1043. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.031. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 17555968. S2CID 1236151.
^ Duckles, Vincent. «Musicology». Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
^ Kenneth Gloag, David Beard (2005). Musicology The Key Concepts. Routledge.
^ Texas University. «Is-Ought fallacy». Fallacies Definitions. Texas State University Department of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 26 August 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
^ Trufant, William (1917). Argumentation and Debating. Houghton Mifflin company. Digitized 9 May 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bronner, Simon J. «Tradition» in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr.. Vol. 8. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. p420-422.
^ Marty, Martin E.; R. Scott Appleby (1994). Fundamentalisms observed. University of Chicago Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-226-50878-8.
^ Farrell, Henry John; Lawrence, Eric; Sides, John (2008). «Self-Segregation or Deliberation? Blog Readership, Participation and Polarization in American Politics». SSRN Working Paper Series. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1151490. ISSN 1556-5068.
^ Frohnen, Bruce, Jeremy Beer, and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed. (2006) American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, pp. 870–875.
^ Frohnen, Bruce, Jeremy Beer, and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed. (2006) American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, p. 870.
^ M. Dwayne Smith; George D. Self (1981). «Feminists and traditionalists: An attitudinal comparison». Sex Roles. 7 (2): 183–188. doi:10.1007/BF00287804. S2CID 143401247.
^ ^a ^b Gusfield, Joseph R. (1 January 1967). «Tradition and Modernity: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change». The American Journal of Sociology. 72 (4): 351–362. doi:10.1086/224334. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 2775860. PMID 6071952. S2CID 8013111.
^ Giddens, «Living in a Post-Traditional Society» 64
^ «UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999». Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari «Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual.» UNESCO, 2016.
^ Gerold Keusch «Kulturschutz in der Ära der Identitätskriege» (German) in Truppendienst — Magazin des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, 24 October 2018.
^ Vgl. auch «Karl von Habsburg on a mission in Lebanon» (in German). Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ Vgl. z. B. Corine Wegener, Marjan Otter: Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict. In: The Getty Conservation Institute, Newsletter 23.1, Spring 2008; Eden Stiffman: Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges. In: The Chronicle of Philanthropy, 11 May 2015.
^ ^a ^b McIntosh, Tracey (2005). «Maori Identities: Fixed, Fluid, Forced». In James H. Liu (ed.). New Zealand identities: departures and destinations. Wellington, N.Z.: Victoria University Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-86473-517-0.
^ «Bahrain seeks to preserve ancient pearling traditions». CNN. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
^ Richard Savill (12 November 2009). «Cornish street signs to be translated». The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
^ «European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages». Council of Europe. 5 November 1992. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
^ «World Heritage in Brazil». UNESCO. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
^ «Cultural Properties for Future Generations» (PDF). Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan ― Fiscal 2009. Agency for Cultural Affairs. June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009.
^ «Treasures of Japan – Its Living Artists». San Francisco Chronicle. 30 May 1999. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
^ Zuckermann, Ghil’ad; et al. (2015), ENGAGING — A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property (PDF), Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support, p. 7, archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2016

Works cited[edit]

Fragaszy, Dorothy Munkenbeck; Perry, Susan (2003). Towards a biology of traditions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81597-0.
Giddens, Anthony (1994). «Living in a Post-Traditional Society». Reflexive modernization: politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2472-2.
Hobsbawm, E. J., Introduction: Inventing Traditions, in E. J. (Eric J.) Hobsbawm; T. O. (Terence O.) Ranger (31 July 1992). The Invention of tradition. Cambridge University Pressv. ISBN 978-0-521-43773-8.
Kurz-Milcke, Elke; Maritgnon, Laura (2002). «Modeling Practices and «Tradition»«. Model-based reasoning: science, technology, values. Springer. pp. 127–144. ISBN 978-0-306-47244-2.
Shils, Edward (1 August 2006). Tradition. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-75326-3.

External links[edit]

Media related to Traditions at Wikimedia Commons
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Wikiquote has quotations related to Tradition.

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Asked by: Gloria Auer

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(75 votes)

A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.

What is the short definition of tradition?

1 : the handing down of information, beliefs, or customs from one generation to another. 2 : a belief or custom handed down from one generation to another. tradition.

What are examples of traditions?

The definition of a tradition is a custom or belief that is passed down through the generations or that is done time after time or year after year. An example of a tradition is eating turkey on Thanksgiving or putting up a tree on Christmas.

What is the meaning of tradition and culture?

The main difference between culture and tradition is that traditions describe a group’s beliefs and behaviors that are passed down from one generation to another. Culture describes the shared characteristics of the entire group, which has been amassed throughout its history.

What is a tradition for kids?

Traditions can be any combination of stories, beliefs, rituals and customs that your family maintains and passes on from one year to the next (and one generation to another). Children and family psychologists agree that these traditions and rituals are an important part of childhood development.

32 related questions found

Why traditions are so important?

Traditions are important in our lives and provide many benefits. We intentionally create and continue traditions because they provide a sense of belonging and meaning to our lives. Family rituals nurture connection and give us comfort. … Traditions also provide a constant for us in an ever-changing and fast-paced life.

How do you explain tradition to a child?

definition 1: the handing down of a culture’s beliefs and customs from parents to children over many years.

What is tradition in the Bible?

Tradition is rather understood as the fullness of divine truth proclaimed in the scriptures, preserved by the apostolic bishops and expressed in the life of the Church through such things as the Divine Liturgy and the Holy Mysteries (Eucharist, baptism, marriage, etc.), the Creed and other doctrinal definitions of the …

What makes a tradition a tradition?

A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.

What is the meaning of traditional beliefs?

adjective [usually ADJECTIVE noun] Traditional customs, beliefs, or methods are ones that have existed for a long time without changing.

What are some bad traditions?

Harmful traditional practices

Early child marriage. Child marriage is an issue that is pervasive still across many countries due to economic, social and cultural norms. …
Female genital mutilation. …
Corporal punishment. …
Scarification.

What family traditions do you have?

Fun Family Traditions: Family Tradition Examples

Family Tradition Restaurant. Many families have incorporated a favorite restaurant into their family traditions. …
Family Tradition Quotes and Sayings. …
Favorite Vacation Spot. …
Sports Game Ritual. …
Family Heirlooms. …
Family Recipes. …
Family Meal Time. …
Family Superstitions.

What are common family traditions?

32 Small Traditions to Start With Your Family

Tell A Story Every Night. …
Have a Winter Novel. …
Give Your Kids Duct Tape On Their 13th Birthday. …
Celebrate Santa Coming to Town. …
Give Your Kids Spare Change. …
Visit a Christmas Tree. …
Leave A Birthday Voicemail. …
Santa Inspection.

Why do traditions change?

Sometimes traditions change because they are difficult to maintain in a new country or as the new society changes. Recipes are adapted because some ingredients are not available. … Some people do not feel that their ethnic roots have importance in their lives so they don’t continue ethnic traditions.

Is Christmas a tradition?

For two millennia, people around the world have been observing it with traditions and practices that are both religious and secular in nature. Christians celebrate Christmas Day as the anniversary of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, a spiritual leader whose teachings form the basis of their religion.

What is tradition according to Eliot?

For Eliot, the term «tradition» is imbued with a special and complex character. It represents a «simultaneous order,» by which Eliot means a historical timelessness – a fusion of past and present – and, at the same time, a sense of present temporality.

Why is it important to preserve traditions?

The importance of preserving heritage, tradition and race

Culture and its heritage reflect and shape values, beliefs, and aspirations, thereby defining a people’s national identity. It is important to preserve our cultural heritage, because it keeps our integrity as a people.

What are good traditions?

15 Creative Ideas for New Traditions to Start With Your Family

Start a happiness jar. …
Have the same meal on the same day every week. …
Host a family talent show. …
Have show and tell night. …
Take a daily or weekly family walk. …
Read bedtime stories. …
Plan a monthly Mommy/Daddy date with each child. …
Choose a community service project.

What is a traditional person?

adjective. A traditional organization or person prefers older methods and ideas to modern ones.

What is the difference between the Bible and tradition?

The Bible is the uniquely inspired part of Sacred Tradition. Sacred Tradition is the Bible as received, meditated on, contemplated, read and put into effect in the life of the Church. Tradition reveals in the sense that it amplifies or clarifies or actualizes the text of the Bible.

Are traditions sinful?

they considered tradition more important than the move of the Holy Spirit and it often led to lack of love, compassion, and God doing a new thing. When this happens, it is a sin.

Is baptism a tradition?

Baptism is a Christian tradition and ritual that is performed on infants, which is also sometimes called Christening. It is a rite of admission into the Christian Church through the use of water, just as Jesus Christ was baptized in the River Jordan.

How do you teach children traditions?

There are many ways that parents can teach their children about their own cultures while exploring others.

Teach the language. Teaching children to be bilingual or multilingual has many advantages. …
Celebrate holidays and traditions. …
Mix it up in the kitchen. …
Share stories of family history. …
Explore new cultures.

What are Indian traditions?

India is considered the birthplace of some of the world’s major religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism. Today, other religions such as Muslim and Christianity have worked their way into the population as well, though Hinduism remains the most popular. Food.

Источник

Britannica Dictionary definition of TRADITION

a way of thinking, behaving, or doing something that has been used by the people in a particular group, family, society, etc., for a long time

[count]

cultural traditions
an ancient/old tradition
One of our town’s time-honored traditions is to have an Easter egg hunt the week before Easter.
It is their tradition to give thanks before they start eating.
There’s an office tradition of wearing casual clothes on Fridays.
Our company has a long tradition [=history] of excellence in our field.
My dad and granddad were both carpenters, and my brother is carrying on the tradition. [=my brother is also a carpenter]
They no longer follow the traditions of their ancestors.

[noncount]

The cheese is made according to tradition. [=made in a way that has been used for many years; made in the traditional way]
We broke with tradition and had goose for Thanksgiving instead of turkey.
By tradition, the celebration begins at midnight.
They no longer follow tradition.
a ceremony steeped in tradition [=having many traditional parts]

[noncount]

the stories, beliefs, etc., that have been part of the culture of a group of people for a long time

According to tradition, the goddess lies sleeping beneath the mountain.
He studied the Anglo-Saxon oral tradition. [=the stories, beliefs, etc., that a group of people shared by telling stories and talking to each other]

[singular]

— used to say that someone has qualities which are like the qualities of another well-known person or group of people from the past

He’s a politician in the best liberal tradition. [=a politician like other liberal politicians of the past]
a politician in the (great/grand) tradition of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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: an inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior (such as a religious practice or a social custom)

: a belief or story or a body of beliefs or stories relating to the past that are commonly accepted as historical though not verifiable

… the bulk of traditions attributed to the Prophet …—J. L. Esposito

: the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another without written instruction

: cultural continuity in social attitudes, customs, and institutions

: characteristic manner, method, or style

in the best liberal tradition

Synonyms

Example Sentences

One of our town’s time-honored traditions is to have an Easter egg hunt the week before Easter.

It is their tradition to give thanks before they start eating.

There’s an office tradition of wearing casual clothes on Fridays.

They no longer follow the traditions of their ancestors.

We broke with tradition and had goose for Thanksgiving instead of turkey.

By tradition, the celebration begins at midnight.

They no longer follow tradition.

According to tradition, the goddess lies sleeping beneath the mountain.

Recent Examples on the Web

These days, granddaughter Donetta Bethune helps her father, Larry Bethune, carry on the family tradition at Brenda’s.

—Bob Carlton | Bcarlton@al.com, al, 12 Apr. 2023

Replenish all that expended energy by sinking your teeth into the rich culinary traditions of São Miguel.

—Lindsay Cohn, Travel + Leisure, 11 Apr. 2023

King Charles’ coronation guest list includes foreign monarchs, breaking usual tradition.

—Stephanie Petit, Peoplemag, 11 Apr. 2023

When these Malagasy traditions collided with pirate egalitarianism, shared through conversation and commercial exchange, the confederation was born.

—Ian Beacock, The New Republic, 11 Apr. 2023

But top corporate legal officers — the customers — are typically former partners and associates in big law firms, steeped in the same traditions.

—Steve Lohr, New York Times, 10 Apr. 2023

Bakewell is interested in describing the nontheistic tradition that urges us to be happy in the here and now, rather than waiting for an afterlife, and to seek that happiness through good works and kindness to others.

—Mark Oppenheimer, Washington Post, 10 Apr. 2023

Following tradition, Charles will be crowned with St. Edward’s crown.

—Naledi Ushe, USA TODAY, 10 Apr. 2023

Amid many pressing political duties, the Biden administration will make time today for an annual tradition dating to the 1870s: the White House Easter Egg Roll.

—Alexandra Meeks, CNN, 10 Apr. 2023

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These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘tradition.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Etymology

Middle English tradicioun, from Middle French & Latin; Middle French tradicion, from Latin tradition-, traditio action of handing over, tradition — more at treason

First Known Use

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

Time Traveler

The first known use of tradition was
in the 14th century

Dictionary Entries Near tradition

Cite this Entry

“Tradition.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tradition. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

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13 Apr 2023
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From Wikipedia, in a visual modern way

Traditions are a subject of study in several academic fields, especially in social sciences such as folklore studies, anthropology, archaeology, and biology.

Discover more about Tradition related topics

Belief

Belief

A belief is a subjective attitude that something or proposition is true. In epistemology, philosophers use the term «belief» to refer to attitudes about the world which can be either true or false. To believe something is to take it to be true; for instance, to believe that snow is white is comparable to accepting the truth of the proposition «snow is white». However, holding a belief does not require active introspection. For example, few carefully consider whether or not the sun will rise tomorrow, simply assuming that it will. Moreover, beliefs need not be occurrent, but can instead be dispositional.

Cultural expressions

Cultural expressions

Cultural expressions are creative manifestations of the cultural identities of their authors. They are treated in the international legal system in terms of cultural rights, intellectual property law and international trade.

Folklore

Folklore

Folklore is shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. This includes tales, myths, legends, proverbs, poems, jokes and other oral traditions. They include material culture, ranging from traditional building styles common to the group. Folklore also includes customary lore, taking actions for folk beliefs, the forms and rituals of celebrations such as Christmas and weddings, folk dances and initiation rites. Each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a folklore artifact or traditional cultural expression. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next. Folklore is not something one can typically gain in a formal school curriculum or study in the fine arts. Instead, these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another either through verbal instruction or demonstration. The academic study of folklore is called folklore studies or folkloristics, and it can be explored at undergraduate, graduate and Ph.D. levels.

Holiday

Holiday

A holiday is a day or other period of time set aside for festivals or recreation. Public holidays are set by public authorities and vary by state or region. Religious holidays are set by religious organisations for their members and are often also observed as public holidays in religious majority countries. Some religious holidays such as Christmas have become or are becoming secularised by part or all of those who observe it. In addition to secularisation, many holidays have become commercialised due to the growth of industry.

Court dress

Court dress

Court dress comprises the style of clothes and other attire prescribed for members of courts of law. Depending on the country and jurisdiction’s traditions, members of the court may wear formal robes, gowns, collars, or wigs. Within a certain country and court setting, there may be many times when the full formal dress is not used. Examples in the UK include many courts and tribunals including the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, and sometimes trials involving children.

Academic discipline

Academic discipline

An academic discipline or academic field is a subdivision of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties within colleges and universities to which their practitioners belong. Academic disciplines are conventionally divided into the humanities, including language, art and cultural studies, and the scientific disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, and biology; the social sciences are sometimes considered a third category.

Chios

Chios

Chios is the fifth largest Greek island, situated in the northern Aegean Sea, and the tenth largest island in the overall Mediterranean Sea. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is «the Mastic Island». Tourist attractions include its medieval villages and the 11th-century monastery of Nea Moni, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Folklore studies

Folklore studies

Folklore studies is the branch of anthropology devoted to the study of folklore. This term, along with its synonyms, gained currency in the 1950s to distinguish the academic study of traditional culture from the folklore artifacts themselves. It became established as a field across both Europe and North America, coordinating with Volkskunde (German), folkeminner (Norwegian), and folkminnen (Swedish), among others.

Anthropology

Anthropology

Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species. Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values. A portmanteau term sociocultural anthropology is commonly used today. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans.

Archaeology

Archaeology

Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. It is usually considered an independent academic discipline, but may also be classified as part of anthropology, history or geography.

Biology

Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life. Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce. Finally, all organisms are able to regulate their own internal environments.

Globalization

Globalization

Globalization, or globalisation, is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. The term globalization first appeared in the early 20th century, developed its current meaning some time in the second half of the 20th century, and came into popular use in the 1990s to describe the unprecedented international connectivity of the post-Cold War world. Its origins can be traced back to 18th and 19th centuries due to advances in transportation and communications technology. This increase in global interactions has caused a growth in international trade and the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration that is associated with social and cultural aspects. However, disputes and international diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization, and of modern globalization.

Definition

There are various origins and fields of tradition; they can refer to:

the forms of artistic heritage of a particular culture.^[14]
beliefs or customs instituted and maintained by societies and governments, such as national anthems and national holidays, such as Federal holidays in the United States.^[9]^[10]
beliefs or customs maintained by religious denominations and Church bodies that share history, customs, culture, and, to some extent, body of teachings.^[15]^[3] For example, one can speak of Islam’s tradition or Christianity’s tradition.

Discover more about Definition related topics

Leningrad Codex

Leningrad Codex

The Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew, using the Masoretic Text and Tiberian vocalization. According to its colophon, it was made in Cairo in 1008 CE.

Niqqud

Niqqud

In Hebrew orthography, niqqud or nikud is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Several such diacritical systems were developed in the Early Middle Ages. The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the second half of the first millennium AD in the Land of Israel. Text written with niqqud is called ktiv menuqad.

Dagesh

Dagesh

The dagesh is a diacritic used in the Hebrew alphabet. It was added to the Hebrew orthography at the same time as the Masoretic system of niqqud. It takes the form of a dot placed inside a Hebrew letter and has the effect of modifying the sound in one of two ways.

Hebrew cantillation

Hebrew cantillation

Hebrew cantillation, trope, trop, or te’amim is the manner of chanting ritual readings from the Hebrew Bible in synagogue services. The chants are written and notated in accordance with the special signs or marks printed in the Masoretic Text of the Bible, to complement the letters and vowel points.

Masoretic Text

Masoretic Text

The Masoretic Text is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism. The Masoretic Text defines the Jewish canon and its precise letter-text, with its vocalization and accentuation known as the mas’sora. Referring to the Masoretic Text, masorah specifically means the diacritic markings of the text of the Hebrew scriptures and the concise marginal notes in manuscripts of the Tanakh which note textual details, usually about the precise spelling of words. It was primarily copied, edited and distributed by a group of Jews known as the Masoretes between the 7th and 10th centuries of the Common Era (CE). The oldest known complete copy, the Leningrad Codex, dates from the early 11th century CE.

Christianity

Christianity

Christianity, less commonly referred to as Christianism, is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world’s largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.4 billion followers representing one-third of the global population. Its adherents, known as Christians, are estimated to make up a majority of the population in 157 countries and territories, and believe that Jesus is the Son of God, whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible and chronicled in the New Testament.

Old Testament

Old Testament

The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites. The second division of Christian Bibles is the New Testament, written in the Koine Greek language.

Latin

Latin

Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area around present-day Rome, but through the power of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian region and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin remained the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars supplanted it in common academic and political usage. For most of the time it was used, it would be considered a «dead language» in the modern linguistic definition; that is, it lacked native speakers, despite being used extensively and actively.

French language

French language

French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d’oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien) largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the (Germanic) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to France’s past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French.

Inheritance

Inheritance

Inheritance is the practice of receiving private property, titles, debts, entitlements, privileges, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual. The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Officially bequeathing private property and/or debts can be performed by a testator via will, as attested by a notary or by other lawful means.

Anthony Giddens

Anthony Giddens

Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens is an English sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern sociologists and is the author of at least 34 books, published in at least 29 languages, issuing on average more than one book every year. In 2007, Giddens was listed as the fifth most-referenced author of books in the humanities. He has academic appointments in approximately twenty different universities throughout the world and has received numerous honorary degrees.

Age of Enlightenment

Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment or the Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries with global influences and effects. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses, and ideals such as natural law, liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.

Invention of tradition

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Invented tradition

Invented tradition

Invented traditions are cultural practices that are presented or perceived as traditional, arising from the people starting in the distant past, but which in fact are relatively recent and often even consciously invented by identifiable historical actors. The concept was highlighted in the 1983 book The Invention of Tradition, edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger. Hobsbawm’s introduction argues that many «traditions» which «appear or claim to be old are often quite recent in origin and sometimes invented.» This «invention» is distinguished from «starting» or «initiating» a tradition that does not then claim to be old. The phenomenon is particularly clear in the modern development of the nation and of nationalism, creating a national identity promoting national unity, and legitimising certain institutions or cultural practices.

National interest

National interest

The national interest is a sovereign state’s goals and ambitions, taken to be the aim of government.

Wedding dress

Wedding dress

A wedding dress or bridal gown is the dress worn by the bride during a wedding ceremony. The color, style and ceremonial importance of the gown can depend on the religion and culture of the wedding participants. In Western cultures and Anglo-Saxon cultural spheres, the wedding dress is most commonly white, a fashion made popular by Queen Victoria when she married in 1840. In Eastern cultures, brides often choose red to symbolize auspiciousness.

Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria

Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days was longer than that of any previous British monarch and is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, the British Parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India.

Palace of Westminster

Palace of Westminster

The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Informally known as the Houses of Parliament, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England.

Perpendicular Gothic

Perpendicular Gothic

Perpendicular Gothic architecture was the third and final style of English Gothic architecture developed in the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages, typified by large windows, four-centred arches, straight vertical and horizontal lines in the tracery, and regular arch-topped rectangular panelling. Perpendicular was the prevailing style of Late Gothic architecture in England from the 14th century to the 17th century. Perpendicular was unique to the country: no equivalent arose in Continental Europe or elsewhere in the British Isles. Of all the Gothic architectural styles, Perpendicular was the first to experience a second wave of popularity from the 18th century on in Gothic Revival architecture.

Monarchy of the United Kingdom

Monarchy of the United Kingdom

The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. The current monarch is King Charles III, who ascended the throne on 8 September 2022, upon the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II.

Legitimacy (political)

Legitimacy (political)

In political science, legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a regime. Whereas authority denotes a specific position in an established government, the term legitimacy denotes a system of government—wherein government denotes «sphere of influence». An authority viewed as legitimate often has the right and justification to exercise power. Political legitimacy is considered a basic condition for governing, without which a government will suffer legislative deadlock(s) and collapse. In political systems where this is not the case, unpopular regimes survive because they are considered legitimate by a small, influential elite. In Chinese political philosophy, since the historical period of the Zhou Dynasty, the political legitimacy of a ruler and government was derived from the Mandate of Heaven, and unjust rulers who lost said mandate therefore lost the right to rule the people.

Nationalism

Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation’s sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland to create a nation-state. It holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-determination), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity, and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power. It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on a combination of shared social characteristics such as culture, ethnicity, geographic location, language, politics, religion, traditions and belief in a shared singular history, and to promote national unity or solidarity. Nationalism, therefore, seeks to preserve and foster a nation’s traditional culture. There are various definitions of a «nation», which leads to different types of nationalism. The two main divergent forms are ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism. Historically, since the beginnings, the civic type of nationalism was the determinant factor in the development and spread of modern constitutional and democratic value system in the societies, however the ethnic nationalism has a tendency to prefer authoritarian rule or even dictature.

National dish

National dish

A national dish is a culinary dish that is strongly associated with a particular country. A dish can be considered a national dish for a variety of reasons:It is a staple food, made from a selection of locally available foodstuffs that can be prepared in a distinctive way, such as fruits de mer, served along the west coast of France.
It contains a particular ingredient that is produced locally, such as the South American paprika grown in the European Pyrenees.
It is served as a festive culinary tradition that forms part of a cultural heritage—for example, barbecues at summer camp or fondue at dinner parties—or as part of a religious practice, such as Korban Pesach or Iftar celebrations.
It has been promoted as a national dish, by the country itself, such as the promotion of fondue as a national dish of Switzerland by the Swiss Cheese Union in the 1930s.

Expatriate

Expatriate

An expatriate is a person who resides outside their native country. In common usage, the term often refers to educated professionals, skilled workers, or artists taking positions outside their home country, either independently or sent abroad by their employers. However, the term ‘expatriate’ is also used for retirees and others who have chosen to live outside their native country. Historically, it has also referred to exiles.

In scholarly discourse

Tradition as a concept variously defined in different disciplines should not be confused with various traditions (perspectives, approaches) in those disciplines.^[25]