Explain the word adverb

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An adverb is a word or an expression that generally modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, clause, preposition, or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc., answering questions such as how, in what way, when, where, to what extent. This is called the adverbial function and may be performed by single words (adverbs) or by multi-word adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.

Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the parts of speech. Modern linguists note that the term «adverb» has come to be used as a kind of «catch-all» category, used to classify words with various types of syntactic behavior, not necessarily having much in common except that they do not fit into any of the other available categories (noun, adjective, preposition, etc.) ^[1]

Functions[edit]

The English word adverb derives (through French) from Latin adverbium, from ad- («to»), verbum («word», «verb»), and the nominal suffix -ium. The term implies that the principal function of adverbs is to act as modifiers of verbs or verb phrases.^[2] An adverb used in this way may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase. Some examples:

• She sang loudly (loudly modifies the verb sang, indicating the manner of singing)
• We left it here (here modifies the verb phrase left it, indicating place)
• I worked yesterday (yesterday modifies the verb worked, indicating time)
• You often make mistakes (often modifies the verb phrase make mistakes, indicating frequency)
• He undoubtedly did it (undoubtedly modifies the verb phrase did it, indicating certainty)

Adverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree. Examples:

• You are quite right (the adverb quite modifies the adjective right)
• She sang very loudly (the adverb very modifies another adverb – loudly)

They can also modify determiners, prepositional phrases,^[2] or whole clauses or sentences, as in the following examples:

• I bought practically the only fruit (practically modifies the determiner the in the noun phrase, «the only fruit» wherein «only» is an adjective)
• She drove us almost to the station (almost modifies the prepositional phrase to the station)
• Certainly we need to act (certainly modifies the sentence as a whole)

Adverbs thus perform a wide range of modifying functions. The major exception is the function of modifier of nouns, which is performed instead by adjectives (compare she sang loudly with her loud singing disturbed me; here the verb sang is modified by the adverb loudly, whereas the noun singing is modified by the adjective loud). However, because some adverbs and adjectives are homonyms, their respective functions are sometimes conflated:

• Even numbers are divisible by two
• The camel even drank.

The word «even» in the first sentence is an adjective, since it is a prepositive modifier that modifies the noun «numbers». The word «even» in the second sentence is a prepositive adverb that modifies the verb «drank.»

Although it is possible for an adverb to precede or to follow a noun or a noun phrase, the adverb nonetheless does not modify either in such cases, as in:

• Internationally there is a shortage of protein for animal feeds
• There is a shortage internationally of protein for animal feeds
• There is an international shortage of protein for animal feeds

In the first sentence, «Internationally» is a prepositive adverb that modifies the clause, «there is …» In the second sentence, «internationally» is a postpositive adverb that modifies the clause, «There is …» By contrast, the third sentence contains «international» as a prepositive adjective that modifies the noun, «shortage.»

Adverbs can sometimes be used as predicative expressions; in English, this applies especially to adverbs of location:

• Your seat is there.
• Here is my boarding pass (wherein «boarding pass» is the subject and «here» is the predicate in a syntax that entails a subject-verb inversion).

When the function of an adverb is performed by an expression consisting of more than one word, it is called an adverbial phrase or adverbial clause, or simply an adverbial.

Formation and comparison[edit]

In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often formed by adding -ly to adjectives, but flat adverbs (such as in drive fast, drive slow, and drive friendly) have the same form as the corresponding adjective. Other languages often have similar methods for deriving adverbs from adjectives (French, for example, uses the suffix -ment), or else use the same form for both adjectives and adverbs, as in German and Dutch, where for example schnell or snel, respectively, mean either «quick» or «quickly» depending on the context. Many other adverbs, however, are not related to adjectives in this way; they may be derived from other words or phrases, or may be single morphemes. Examples of such adverbs in English include here, there, together, yesterday, aboard, very, almost, etc.

Where the meaning permits, adverbs may undergo comparison, taking comparative and superlative forms. In English this is usually done by adding more and most before the adverb (more slowly, most slowly), although there are a few adverbs that take inflected forms, such as well, for which better and best are used.

For more information about the formation and use of adverbs in English, see English grammar § Adverbs. For other languages, see § In specific languages below, and the articles on individual languages and their grammars.

Adverbs as a «catch-all» category[edit]

Adverbs are considered a part of speech in traditional English grammar, and are still included as a part of speech in grammar taught in schools and used in dictionaries. However, modern grammarians recognize that words traditionally grouped together as adverbs serve a number of different functions. Some describe adverbs as a «catch-all» category that includes all words that do not belong to one of the other parts of speech.^[3]

A logical approach to dividing words into classes relies on recognizing which words can be used in a certain context. For example, the only type of word that can be inserted in the following template to form a grammatical sentence is a noun:

The _____ is red. (For example, «The hat is red».)

When this approach is taken, it is seen that adverbs fall into a number of different categories. For example, some adverbs can be used to modify an entire sentence, whereas others cannot. Even when a sentential adverb has other functions, the meaning is often not the same. For example, in the sentences She gave birth naturally and Naturally, she gave birth, the word naturally has different meanings: in the first sentence, as a verb-modifying adverb, it means «in a natural manner», while in the second sentence, as a sentential adverb, it means something like «of course».

Words like very afford another example. We can say Perry is very fast, but not Perry very won the race. These words can modify adjectives but not verbs. On the other hand, there are words like here and there that cannot modify adjectives. We can say The sock looks good there but not It is a there beautiful sock. The fact that many adverbs can be used in more than one of these functions can confuse the issue, and it may seem like splitting hairs to say that a single adverb is really two or more words that serve different functions. However, this distinction can be useful, especially when considering adverbs like naturally that have different meanings in their different functions. Rodney Huddleston distinguishes between a word and a lexicogrammatical-word.^[4]

Grammarians find difficulty categorizing negating words, such as the English not. Although traditionally listed as an adverb, this word does not behave grammatically like any other, and it probably should be placed in a class of its own.^[5][6]

In languages[edit]

• In Dutch adverbs have the basic form of their corresponding adjectives and are not inflected (though they sometimes can be compared).
• In German the term Adverb is defined differently from its use in the English language. German adverbs form a group of uninflectable words (though a few can be compared). An English adverb which is derived from an adjective is arranged in German under the adjectives with adverbial use in the sentence. The others are also called adverbs in the German language.
• In Scandinavian languages, adverbs are typically derived from adjectives by adding the suffix ‘-t’, which makes it identical to the adjective’s neuter form. Scandinavian adjectives, like English ones, are inflected in terms of comparison by adding ‘-ere’/’-are’ (comparative) or ‘-est’/’-ast’ (superlative). In inflected forms of adjectives, the ‘-t’ is absent. Periphrastic comparison is also possible.
• In most Romance languages, many adverbs are formed from adjectives (often the feminine form) by adding ‘-mente’ (Portuguese, Spanish, Galician, Italian) or ‘-ment’ (French, Catalan) (from Latin mens, mentis: mind, intelligence, or suffix -mentum, result or way of action), while other adverbs are single forms which are invariable. In Romanian, almost all adverbs are simply the masculine singular form of the corresponding adjective, one notable exception being bine («well») / bun («good»). However, there are some Romanian adverbs built from certain masculine singular nouns using the suffix «-ește», such as the following ones: băieț-ește (boyishly), tiner-ește (youthfully), bărbăt-ește (manly), frăț-ește (brotherly), etc.
• Interlingua also forms adverbs by adding ‘-mente’ to the adjective. If an adjective ends in c, the adverbial ending is ‘-amente’. A few short, invariable adverbs, such as ben («well»), and mal («badly»), are available and widely used.
• In Esperanto, adverbs are not formed from adjectives but are made by adding ‘-e’ directly to the word root. Thus, from bon are derived bone, «well», and bona, «good». See also: special Esperanto adverbs.
• In Hungarian adverbs are formed from adjectives of any degree through the suffixes -ul/ül and -an/en depending on the adjective: szép (beautiful) → szépen (beautifully) or the comparative szebb (more beautiful) → szebben (more beautifully)
• Modern Standard Arabic forms adverbs by adding the indefinite accusative ending ‘-an’ to the root: kathiir-, «many», becomes kathiiran «much». However, Arabic often avoids adverbs by using a cognate accusative followed by an adjective.
• Austronesian languages generally form comparative adverbs by repeating the root (as in WikiWiki) as with the plural noun.
• Japanese forms adverbs from verbal adjectives by adding /ku/ (く) to the stem (haya- «swift» hayai «quick/early», hayakatta «was quick», hayaku «quickly») and from nominal adjectives by placing /ni/ (に) after the adjective instead of the copula /na/ (な) or /no/ (の) (rippa «splendid», rippa ni «splendidly»). The derivations are quite productive, but for a few adjectives, adverbs may not be derived.
• In the Celtic languages, an adverbial form is often made by preceding the adjective with a preposition: go in Irish or gu in Scottish Gaelic, meaning ‘until’. In Cornish, yn is used, meaning ‘in’.
• In Modern Greek, an adverb is most commonly made by adding the endings <-α> or <-ως> to the root of an adjective. Often, the adverbs formed from a common root using each of these endings have slightly different meanings. So, <τέλειος> (<téleios>, meaning «perfect» and «complete») yields <τέλεια> (<téleia>, «perfectly») and <τελείως> (<teleíos>, «completely»). Not all adjectives can be transformed into adverbs by using both endings. <Γρήγορος> (<grígoros>, «swift») becomes <γρήγορα> (<grígora>, «swiftly»), but not normally *<γρηγόρως> (*<grigóros>). When the <-ως> ending is used to transform an adjective whose stress accent is on the third syllable from the end, such as <επίσημος> (<epísimos>, «official»), the corresponding adverb is accented on the second syllable from the end; compare <επίσημα> (<epísima>) and <επισήμως> (<episímos>), which both mean «officially». There are also other endings with particular and restricted use as <-ί>, <-εί>, <-ιστί>, etc. For example, <ατιμωρητί> (<atimorití>, «with impunity») and <ασυζητητί> (<asyzitití>, «indisputably»); <αυτολεξεί> (<aftolexí> «word for word») and <αυτοστιγμεί> (<aftostigmí>, «in no time»); <αγγλιστί> [<anglistí> «in English (language)»] and <παπαγαλιστί> (<papagalistí>, «by rote»); etc.
• In Latvian, an adverb is formed from an adjective by changing the masculine or feminine adjective endings -s and -a to -i. «Labs», meaning «good», becomes «labi» for «well». Latvian adverbs have a particular use in expressions meaning «to speak» or «to understand» a language. Rather than use the noun meaning «Latvian/English/Russian», the adverb formed from these words is used. «Es runāju latviski/angliski/krieviski» means «I speak Latvian/English/Russian» or, literally, «I speak Latvianly/Englishly/Russianly». If a noun is required, the expression used means literally «language of the Latvians/English/Russians», «latviešu/angļu/krievu valoda».
• In Russian, and analogously in Ukrainian and some other Slavic languages, most adverbs are formed by removing the adjectival suffixes «-ий» «-а» or «-е» from an adjective, and replacing them with the adverbial «-о». For example, in Ukrainian, «швидкий», «гарна», and «смачне» (fast, nice, tasty) become «швидко», «гарно», and «смачно» (quickly, nicely, tastily), while in Russian, «быстрый», «хороший» and «прекрасный» (quick, good, wonderful) become «быстро», «хорошо», «прекрасно» (quickly, well, wonderfully). Another wide group of adverbs are formed by gluing a preposition to an oblique case form. In Ukrainian, for example, (до onto) + (долу bottom) → (додолу downwards); (з off) + (далеку afar) → (здалеку afar-off) . As well, note that adverbs are mostly placed before the verbs they modify: «Добрий син гарно співає.» (A good son sings nicely/well). There is no specific word order in East Slavic languages.
• In Korean, adverbs are commonly formed by replacing the -다 ending of the dictionary form of a descriptive verb with 게. So, 쉽다 (easy) becomes 쉽게 (easily). They are also formed by replacing the 하다 of some compound verbs with 히, e.g. 안녕하다 (peaceful) > 안녕히 (peacefully).
• In Turkish, the same word usually serves as adjective and adverb: iyi bir kız («a good girl»), iyi anlamak («to understand well).
• In Chinese, adverbs are not a separate class. Adjectives become adverbs when they are marked by an adverbial suffix, for example 地 de（e.g., 孩子們快樂地唱歌 haizimen kuaile.de changge ‘the children happily sing a song’), or when adjectives are preceded by a verbal suffix such as 得 (e.g., 她說漢語說得很好 ta shuo hanyu shuo.de henhao ‘she speaks Chinese very well’).
• In Persian, many adjectives and adverbs have the same form such as «خوب», «سریع», «تند» so there is no obvious way to recognise them out of context. The only exceptions are Arabic adverbs with a «اً» suffix such as «ظاهراً» and «واقعاً».

See also[edit]

• Flat adverb (as in drive fast, drive slow, drive friendly)
• Category:Adverbs by type
• Prepositional adverb
• Pronominal adverb
• Grammatical conjunction

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Ernst, Thomas. 2002. The syntax of adjuncts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. MIT Press,

External links[edit]

• The Online Dictionary of Language Terminology

An adverb is a part of speech (or word class) that’s primarily used to modify a verb, adjective, or other adverbs and can additionally modify prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, and complete sentences. Put another way, adverbs are content words that provide information about how, when, or where something happens. Adverbs are also called intensifiers because they intensify the meaning of the word or words they are modifying, notes Your Dictionary.

An adverb that modifies an adjective—as in quite sad—or another adverb—as in very carelessly—appears immediately in front of the word it modifies, but one that modifies a verb is generally more flexible: It may appear before or after—as in softly sang or sang softly—or at the beginning of the sentence—Softly she sang to the baby—with the position of an adverb typically affecting the meaning of the sentence. Adverbs can modify a verb or adjective in several ways, by providing information about emphasis, manner, time, place, and frequency.

Adverbs of Emphasis

Adverbs of emphasis are used to give added force or a greater degree of certainty to another word in a sentence or to the sentence as a whole, for example:

• He certainly liked the food.
• She is clearly the frontrunner.
• Naturally, I like my chicken crispy.

Other common adverbs of emphasis include absolutely, definitely, obviously, positively, really, simply, and undoubtedly. These types of adverbs serve to bolster the part of speech they modify.

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of manner indicate how something is done. They are usually placed at the end of a sentence or before the main verb, as in:

• Tom drives quickly.
• She slowly opened the door.
• Mary waited for him patiently.

Other examples of adverbs of manner include quietly, fitfully, and carefully.

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time tell you when or at what time something is done. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of a sentence. They can also be used at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma.

• The meeting is next week. 
• Yesterday, we decided to take a walk.
• I’ve already bought my tickets for the concert. 

These adverbs are used with other time expressions, such as days of the week. The most common adverbs of time include yet, already, yesterday, tomorrow, next week (or month or year), last week (or month or year), now, and ago.

Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of place indicate where something is done and usually appear at the end of a sentence, but they can also follow the verb.

• I decided to rest over there.
• She’ll wait for you in the room downstairs.
• Peter walked above me upstairs. 

Adverbs of place can be confused with prepositional phrases such as in the doorway or at the shop. Prepositional phrases indicate where something is, but adverbs of place can tell you where something occurs, such as here and everywhere.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency tell you how often something is repeatedly done. They include usually, sometimes, never, often, and rarely. Adverbs of frequency are often placed directly before the main verb:

• She rarely goes to parties.
• I often read a newspaper.
• He usually gets up at 6 o’clock.

Adverbs of frequency that express infrequency are not used in the negative or question form. Sometimes, adverbs of frequency are placed at the beginning of a sentence:

• Sometimes, I enjoy staying at home instead of going on vacation.
• Often, Peter will telephone his mother before he leaves for work.

Adverbs of frequency follow the verb to be:

• He is sometimes late for work.
• I am often confused by computers.

Adverbs Modifying Adjectives

When adverbs modify an adjective, they are placed before the adjective:

• She is extremely happy.
• They are absolutely sure.

However, do not use very with adjectives to express increased quality of a basic adjective, such as fantastic:

• She is an absolutely fantastic piano player.
• Mark is an absolutely amazing lecturer.

You would not say, «She is very fantastic,» or «Mark is a very amazing lecturer.»

Forming Adverbs From Adjectives

Adverbs are often formed by adding -ly to an adjective, such as:

• Beautiful > beautifully
• Careful > carefully

However, some adjectives don’t change in the adverb form, such as fast and hard. Many common adverbs like just, still, and almost do not end in -ly. Good is probably the most important example. The adverb form of good is well, as in:

• He is good at tennis.
• He plays tennis well.

In the first sentence, good is an adjective that modifies the pronoun he; while in the second, well is an adverb that modifies plays (explains how he plays tennis). Additionally, not all words that end in -ly are adverbs, such as friendly and neighborly, which are both adjectives.

Distinguishing Between Adverbs and Adjectives

Sometimes the same word can be both an adjective and an adverb. To distinguish between them, it is important to look at the context of the word and its function in a sentence. 

For instance, in the sentence, «The fast train from London to Cardiff leaves at 3 o’clock,» the word fast modifies and comes before a noun, train, and is, therefore, an attributive adjective. However, in the sentence, «The sprinter took the bend fast,» the word fast modifies the verb took and is, therefore, an adverb.

Interestingly, -ly is not the only suffix that can be added to the end of a word to change its meaning or be used by both adjectives and adverbs. Additionally, -er and -est can combine with adverbs in a much more limited way wherein the comparative form of an adverb is likely to add more or most to the beginning of the adverb phrase rather than adding an -er or -est.

It’s important to refer to context clues when hints like the addition of an -ly or the word most to accompany a word doesn’t tell you whether it is an adjective or adverb. Look to the word that is being emphasized. If the word being emphasized is a noun, you have an adjective; if the word being emphasized is a verb, you have an adverb.

Наречия в английском языке — тема довольно объемная, так как существуют разные виды наречий, разные правила их образования и, как часто бывает в английском языке, исключения, которые необходимо запомнить. В этой статье мы разберемся, как же правильно употреблять наречия и не делать ошибок.

Виды наречий в английском языке

Наречие (adverb) — это часть речи, которая обозначает признак действия. Наречия описывают, как, где, когда и как часто происходит действие.

Для начала разберемся, какие бывают наречия в английском языке. У них есть много форм, они могут состоять из одного или нескольких слов и занимать разные места в предложениях. Основные вопросы, на которые отвечают наречия в английском языке — how? (как?), where? (где?), why? (почему?), when? (когда?) и to what degree? (в какой степени?).

She sang so beautifully that the audience rose in applause. — Она пела так красиво, что зрители аплодировали стоя.
My son loves pistachio ice cream so much that asks me to buy it every time we are in the shop. — Мой сын так сильно любит фисташковое мороженое, что просит купить его каждый раз, когда мы в магазине.
Sometimes I feel like quitting my job and starting my own business. — Иногда у меня появляется желание уволиться с работы и начать собственный бизнес.

В английском языке наречия классифицируют по значениям. В таблице ниже представлены их основные группы.

Виды наречий	На какой вопрос отвечают	Примеры наречий	Примеры предложений
Наречия образа действия (adverbs of manner)	how? (как?)	quietly — тихо slowly — медленно well — хорошо fast — быстро	Please, drive carefully. — Пожалуйста, езжай осторожно. You are talking very loudly. — Ты разговариваешь очень громко.
Наречия частотности (adverbs of frequency)	how often? (как часто?)	usually — обычно never — никогда sometimes — иногда	I hardly ever talked to my stepdad.— Я почти никогда не разговаривал со своим отчимом. They are often late for work. — Они часто опаздывают на работу.
Наречия времени (adverbs of time)	when? (когда?)	soon — скоро yesterday — вчера last weekend — на прошлых выходных	I am taking children on a big hiking tour next month. — Я веду детей на большую пешую экскурсию в следующем месяце. He will call you today. — Он позвонит тебе сегодня.
Наречия места (adverbs of place)	where? (где?)	there — там somewhere — где-то below — внизу	I want to stay here. — Я хочу остаться здесь. Let’s go somewhere nice. — Давай пойдем в какое-нибудь хорошее местечко.
Наречения направления (adverbs of direction)	which way? (куда?)	across — через along — вдоль down — вниз past — мимо through — сквозь	Is this lift going down? — Лифт едет вниз? Go straight on. — Идите прямо.
Наречия степени (adverbs of degree)	—	a bit — немного very — очень quite — довольно rather — достаточно really — действительно	People think she is a little weird because she doesn’t talk much. — Люди считают ее немного странной, потому что она мало разговаривает. It was quite a good trip. — Это была довольно хорошая поездка.
Наречия выражения мнения (comment adverbs)	—	fortunately — к счастью seriously — серьезно unbelievably — невероятно	Fortunately, we got home before the downpour. — К счастью, мы добрались до дома до того, как начался ливень. Not surprisingly, the jury found them guilty. — Неудивительно, что присяжные признали их виновными.
Наречия выражения степени уверенности (certainty adverbs)	—	definitely — точно surely — несомненно probably — вероятно	The problem surely lies in the marketing strategy. — Проблема, несомненно, заключается в маркетинговой стратегии. I certainly hope he’ll recover soon. — Я, безусловно, надеюсь, что он скоро поправится.

Образование наречий в английском языке

Наречия образа действия (adverbs of manner) отвечают на вопрос how? (как?). Чтобы их образовать чаще всего к прилагательному необходимо добавить суффикс -ly.

bad (плохой) – badly (плохо)
sudden (неожиданный) – suddenly (неожиданно)
silent (тихий) – silently (тихо)

Есть несколько правил, которые нужно знать, чтобы не допускать ошибок:

• Если прилагательное оканчивается на -y, то в наречии -y меняется на -i и добавляется суффикс -ly:

  happy (счастливый) – happily (счастливо)
  dry (сухой) – drily (сухо)

  This grammar rule is easy. — Это грамматическое правило — простое. (easy — прилагательное)
  I can easily remember this grammar rule. — Я могу легко запомнить это грамматическое правило. (easily — наречие)

  Однако есть исключения:

  shy (застенчивый) – shyly (застенчиво)
  sly (хитрый) – slyly (хитро)
  coy (скромный) – coyly (скромно)

• Если прилагательное оканчивается на -e, то при словообразовании ничего не меняется, нужно только добавить суффикс -ly:

  polite (вежливый) – politely (вежливо)
  desperate (отчаянный) – desperately (отчаянно)

  Their children are very polite and good-mannered. — Их дети очень вежливые и хорошо воспитанные. (polite — прилагательное)
  Their children always behave politely. — Их дети всегда ведут себя вежливо. (politely — наречие)

  Исключения:

  true (действительный) – truly (действительно)
  due (должный) – duly (должным образом)

• Если прилагательное оканчивается на -le, то в наречии буква -e меняется -y:

  simple (простой) – simply (просто)
  capable (умелый) – capably (умело)
  noble (благородный) – nobly (благородно)

• При образовании наречий от прилагательных, которые заканчиваются на -l, буква -l удваивается:

  original (оригинальный) – originally (оригинально)
  beautiful (красивый) – beautifully (красиво)
• Если прилагательное оканчивается -ic, то добавляется суффикс -ally:

  tragic (трагический) – tragically (трагически)
  ironic (иронический) – ironically (с иронией)

  Исключение:

  public (публичный) – publicly (публично)

Кроме того, существуют слова, которые имеют одинаковую форму для прилагательных и для наречий:

fast — быстрый/быстро
hard — тяжелый/тяжело
high — высокий/высоко
low — низкий/низко
near — близкий/близко
late — поздний/поздно

It was a very hard day. — Это был тяжелый день. (hard — прилагательное)
It’s hard to believe that he could cheat on his wife. — Трудно поверить, что он мог изменить жене. (hard — наречие)

Обратите внимание, что есть такие прилагательные, которые меняют свое значение, если к ним добавить суффикс -ly:

hard (упорный, трудный) – hardly (едва ли)
high (высокий) – highly (весьма, сильно)
near (близкий) – nearly (почти)
late (поздний, последний) – lately (в последнее время)
wide (широко) – widely (повсеместно)
fair (честно) – fairly (довольно-таки)

Nearly 60% of Americans suffer from stress. — Почти 60% американцев страдают от стресса.

И есть прилагательные, которые полностью меняют свою форму при образовании наречия:

good (хороший) – well (хорошо)

I can’t believe you think the film was good. I nearly fell asleep! — Я не могу поверить, что ты считаешь, что фильм был хорошим. Я практически уснул! (good — прилагательное)
Yeah, they played well, but they still lost so it doesn’t really matter. — Да, играли они хорошо, но они все равно проиграли, поэтому это не имеет особенного значения. (well — наречие)

От прилагательных, которые заканчиваются на -ly, нельзя образовать наречия. Например: friendly (дружелюбный), lovely (очаровательный), silly (глупый), lonely (одинокий). Вместо этого можно использовать конструкции типа in a silly way (глупым образом), in a friendly manner (в дружелюбной манере) и т. д.

He often teases me in a friendly way. — Он часто по-дружески меня дразнит.

Место наречий в предложениях

Давайте подробнее поговорим о том, где должно стоять наречие в английском предложении:

• Наречия частотности (adverbs of frequency) обычно ставят перед основным глаголом.

  My brothers seldom argue, they respect each other. — Мои братья редко ссорятся, они уважают друг друга.
  I always have dinner at 7 p.m. — Я всегда ужинаю в 7 вечера.

  Если есть глагол be (быть), вспомогательный или модальный глагол, то наречия частотности ставятся после них.

  I am hardly ever late to classes. — Я почти никогда не опаздываю на занятия.
  You can always rely on me. — Ты можешь всегда положится на меня.
  They have never tried sushi. — Они никогда не пробовали суши.

  Такие наречия частотности, как usually (обычно), normally (обычно), often (часто), frequently (часто), sometimes (иногда) и occasionally (временами) могут стоять в начале или в конце предложения.

  He really drives me up the wall sometimes. — Он действительно выводит меня из себя иногда.
  Occasionally I go to my favorite cafe, order a cup of cappuccino, turn off my phone and forget about all my problems. — Временами я иду в свое любимое кафе, заказываю чашечку капучино, выключаю телефон и забываю обо всех своих проблемах.
• Наречия образа действия (adverbs of manner) ставят после основного глагола.

  Please, drive carefully. It’s raining outside. — Пожалуйста, езжай аккуратно. На улице идет дождь.
  And they lived happily ever after. — И жили они долго и счастливо.

  Если после глагола стоит дополнение, тогда наречие образа действия ставим после дополнения.

  Her daughter speaks Spanish fluently. — Ее дочь свободно говорит на испанском.
  He hurt his leg badly. — Он сильно ушиб ногу.

  Если в предложении есть вспомогательный глагол или модальный, наречие образа действия ставим после него.

  Don’t worry. They can quickly get you a new suit. — Не переживай. Они могут быстро достать тебе новый костюм.
  We have privately talked to the doctor. — Мы поговорили с доктором наедине.

• Наречия времени (adverbs of time) и наречия места (adverbs of place) обычно ставят в конце предложения.

  No matter what, don’t go anywhere! Stand right here. — Ни при каких обстоятельствах — никуда не иди! Стой здесь.
  I am afraid we cannot offer you any other option other than wait and make an order tomorrow. — Я боюсь, мы не можем предложить вам никакого другого варианта, кроме как подождать и сделать заказ завтра.
  He came back from Thailand last weekend. — Он вернулся из Таиланда на прошлых выходных.

  Если вам надо сделать акцент на том, когда или где происходит действие, поставьте наречие в начало предложения.

  Tonight we will get him arrested. — Сегодня вечером мы его арестуем.
  At school we used to have a lot of fun. — В школе мы много веселились.

• Наречия степени (adverbs of degree) very much (очень), a lot (очень), a little (немного), a bit (немного) нужны, чтобы усилить или ослабить глагол. Ставим их после дополнения.

  I know this place a bit. I can show you around if you want. — Я немного знаю это место. Могу тебе все показать, если хочешь.
  I enjoy spending time with him a lot. — Я очень люблю проводить с ним время.

  Наречие really (действительно), которое также используется для усиления глагола, ставят перед глаголом.

  We really loved the party! Will you invite us again? — Нам действительно понравилась вечеринка! Пригласишь нас снова?
  Katy really hates going shopping. — Кейт очень не любит ходить по магазинам.

  Наречия really/very (очень), extremely/incredibly (невероятно) и fairly/rather/quite (довольно) ставят перед прилагательными, наречиями образа действия и наречием often.

  He wakes up fairly early. — Он просыпается довольно рано.
  I drive a car very well. — Я вожу машину очень хорошо.
  We call each other quite often. — Мы звоним друг другу довольно часто.

• В английском языке также существуют наречия, которые нужны, чтобы выразить свое мнение (comment adverbs) или степень уверенности (certainty adverbs) по отношению к чему-то.

  Наречия definitely/certainly (точно), surely (несомненно), undoubtedly (бесспорно), probably (вероятно) выражают степень уверенности и чаще всего стоят перед основным глаголом или после глагола to be.

  He definitely lives in this neighbourhood. — Он точно живет в этом районе.
  They are probably at school. — Они, вероятно, в школе.
  I have certainly failed the exam! — Я точно провалил экзамен!

  Наречия fortunately (к счастью), seriously (серьезно), unbelievably (невероятно), surprisingly (на удивление) выражают мнение говорящего и чаще стоят в начале предложений.

  Undoubtedly, he will come to help us. — Несомненно, он придет нам помочь.
  Unfortunately, I didn’t pass the exam. — К несчастью, я не сдал экзамен.

Степени сравнения наречий в английском

Для образования сравнительной степени наречий образа действий и наречий частотности often, frequently и rarely, необходимо перед наречием добавить more (более), а после наречия — than (чем).

You go on dates more often than me. — Ты ходишь на свидания чаще, чем я.
Alice is very shy. I always notice that she talks more quietly than others. — Элис — очень стеснительная. Я всегда замечаю, что она говорит тише других.

Чтобы создать превосходную степень, ставим the most (наиболее) перед наречием.

This question is the most frequently asked at the interviews. — Этот вопрос чаще всего задают на собеседованиях.

Слова less (менее) и the least (наименее) являются противоположными по значению к указанным выше more (более) и the most (наиболее).

You treat the problem less seriously than before. — Ты относишься к проблеме менее серьезно, чем раньше.
The computers that work the least efficiently will be replaced. — Компьютеры, которые работают наименее оперативно, заменят.

Те наречия, которые имеют одинаковую форму с прилагательными, сравниваются по тем же правилам, что и прилагательные — в сравнительной степени добавляем окончание -er, в превосходной — определенный артикль the перед наречием + окончание -est. Например:

early (рано) – earlier (более рано) – the earliest (наиболее рано)
fast (быстро) – faster (быстрее) – the fastest (наиболее быстро)
late (поздно) – later (более поздно) – the latest (наиболее поздно)
low (низко) – lower (ниже) – the lowest (наиболее низко)

I can count faster than you. — Я могу считать быстрее, чем ты.
We are the first in the queue! They came later than us. — Мы первые в очереди! Они пришли позже, чем мы.
He works the most quietly of all the people in the room. — Он работает тише всех людей в комнате.

Есть и несколько исключений:

well (хорошо) – better (лучше) – the best (лучше всего)
badly (плохо) – worse (хуже) – the worst (хуже всего)
far (далеко) – further (дальше) – the furthest (дальше всего)

I work better when nobody is looking at me. — Я работают лучше, когда никто на меня не смотрит.
I live the furthest from school. — Я живу дальше всех от школы.

В повседневной речи артикль the часто опускают, особенно в словах-исключениях.

She played best in the team. — Она играла лучше всех в команде.

Для сравнения двух действий также используют конструкцию as + adverb + as (такой же + наречие + как), not as + adverb + as (не такой же + наречие + как). Обратите внимание, что само наречие не изменяется.

I don’t work as hard as you do. — Я не работаю так же старательно, как ты.
Today it’s raining not as heavily as yesterday. — Сегодня идет не такой сильный дождь, как вчера.

При создании сравнительной степени наречий в английском языке мы можем добавлять окраску наречиям и делать их более сильными или слабыми с помощью слов much, a lot, far (намного) или a bit, a little, slightly (немного).

I try to work out a bit more often now — not three, but four times a week. — Я стараюсь заниматься немного чаще сейчас — не три, а четыре раза в неделю.
What a marvelous picture! You are painting much better now than when you were a kid. — Какая великолепная картина! Сейчас ты рисуешь намного лучше, чем когда была ребенком.

Если вам сложно самостоятельно разобраться в этой теме, наши преподаватели вам с удовольствием помогут.

Надеемся, эта статья была вам полезной и вы разобрались, когда и как употреблять наречия в английском языке. Предлагаем пройти небольшой тест по этой теме.