Exercise 2 say the following in one word

1. wet
   light cloud near the ground, which is difficult to see through
   clearly;

2. rather
   cold, in a way that makes you feel uncomfortable;

3. a
   gentle pleasant wind;

4. a
   short period of light rain;

5. very
   cloudy and dash;

6. extremely
   cold;

7. a
   storm with a lot of snow and strong winds;

8. frozen
   raindrops that fall as small balls of ice;

9. soft
   white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky in cold weather;

10. a
    mixture of snow and rain.

1. Match
   the words and their definitions.

1. forecast	a. the amount of rain, snow etc. that falls;
2. precipitation	b. rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to or condenses on the ground;
rain	c. weather conditions of a place or area;
mist	d. a light gentle wind;
weather	e. thick water vapor which is difficult to see through;
climate	f. water falling in drops from the clouds;
fog	g. small dirty pool of rain water;
drizzle	h. water vapour at or near the earth’s surface, less thick than fog;
shower (downpour)	i. a heavy fall of rain;
breeze	j. rain in small fine drops, thin continuous rain;
puddle	k. conditions over a particular area, at a specific time with reference to sunshine, temperature, rain and so on.

1. Read
   the text and decide which answer,
   A, B, C, D best fits each space for questions
   1-10. The first is done for you.
   

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Have
you (0) ever thought,
‘Oh, no! Not another grey rainy day!’? Bad weather can really
affect your mood, (1) ……… it? Most of us get depressed at some
point (2) ……….. the winter, and we can’t wait for spring to
come. For some people, (3) …………. , those dark, cold winter
days can cause real medical problems.

Doctors
have (4) ………… a condition which is (5) ………….. as SAD
(Seasonal Affective Disorder) and it can be a big problem in
countries in northern Europe where the winters are long and dark. SAD
sufferers find it difficult to (6) …………… , often feel
depressed or anxious and their behavior affects the people (7) ………….
them.

The
whole problem is caused by a lack of sunlight. Bright light affects
the chemistry of the brain, although scientists don’t understand
(8) ………… how. There are two main cures. The first is to
travel to a country that has a warm (9) ………… , with bright,
sunny winters. The second is to use (10) …………. light. So, if
it’s raining and you are depressed, perhaps it’s time you had a
holiday in the sun!

0 A hardly	B ever	C soon	D every
1 A doesn’t	B wouldn’t	C can’t	D isn’t
2 A during	B while	C into	D of
3 A despite	B although	C yet	D however
4 A invented	B developed	C discovered	D produced
5 A called	B known	C regarded	D named
6 A imagine	B consider	C wonder	D concentrate
7 A around	B among	C nearby	D by
8 A accurately	B mainly	C closely	D exactly
9 A weather	B sunshine	C climate	D season
10 A false	B artificial	C fake	D pretend

1. Choose
   the correct option.

1. This
   area has a very comfortable ……….. all year around.

A
weather B climate C barometer D data

1. About
   a hundred trees were destroyed in the ………… .

A
static B shower C hurricane D mist

1. Watch
   you don’t step in that big ……….. of water!

A
flake B gust C flash D puddle

1. On
   Win a Million, the game show, four …………… answer questions
   to win money.

A
producers B presenters C contestants D cameramen

1. We
   might have to cancel the trip because it’s starting to rain
   …………….. .

A
tough B hard C badly D wetly

1. Put
   the news on. I just want to see ………………….. .

A
headlines B titles C headings D labels

1. Let’s
   hope the weather ……………. Up before the wedding.

A
clears B cleans C comes D goes

1. Last
   year it snowed, but this winter has been quite ……………

A
mild B soft C gentle D smooth

1. I
   don’t like ……………… at all. The stories are too
   dramatic and the characters aren’t real.

A
cartoons B game shows C sitcoms D soap operas

1. Can
   I borrow your umbrella? It’s …………. with rain outside.

A
dropping B pouring C running D flowing

1. Translate
   the following dialogues in English.

• Дощ
  іде?

• No,
  it isn’t. It has stopped raining.

• Гадаю
  погода зміниться.

• I
  think so.

*****

• Сніг
  припинився?

• Not
  yet. It has been snowing for two hours.

• Усюди
  повно снігу. Давай підемо на лижах

• I
  can’t. Urgent business.

*****

• What
  summer sports do you go in for?

• I
  like swimming and rowing. What about you?

• Я
  також люблю плавання, але не люблю
  веслування.

• Вам
  подобаються зимові види спорту?

• Yes,
  I’m fond of skating and skiing.

*****

• Сьогодні
  мороз?

• Так,
  15 градусів нижче нуля.

• Не
  забудь надіти дублянку / пуховик / шубу.

• I
  won’t.

*****

• Погода
  чудова, чи не так?

• Так.
  Дуже тепло і сонячно.

• Let’s
  go for a walk.

• Я
  не проти.

BLOCK
III

1. a)
   Complete the following text with suitable words.

The
single greatest influence on Japanese weather is the wind. During the
summer it (1)………. from the Pacific, causing (2) ………. and
humid weather, but in winter, the north-westerly (3) …………
from Siberia are very cold and it (4) ………….. heavily on the
mountains of the north west. The south-eastern parts receive cold dry
air. Between June and mid July, there is a (5) ………….. of wet
weather when the rice fields get the water vital for the growth.
After that, there is less (6) …………… rain, but the air is
still (7) ………….. . Autumn, however, is drier, and usually
very pleasant.

b)
Describe the weather in your own country, its specific part or your
own region. Use topical vocabulary (point 3).

1. a)
   Read the text about life in the Nordic countries and find:

• another
  word for ‘Nordic’, used to refer to countries such as Norway;

• manufactured
  items produced in those countries;

• items
  of clothing important for a cold country;

• examples
  of winter sports

The
region north of the Arctic Circle is known as ‘The
land of the midnight sun’ because the sun never sinks below the
horizon during the summer time. This means that in the winter the sun
never rises above the horizon and there is very little sunlight.

Try
to imagine living in a country where sometimes there are only a few
hours of daylight for the winter months of the year. People wake up
in the dark, go to work in the dark and return home at night in the
dark. Normal temperatures are often around 0⁰
C, although they can drop much lower and outdoors everyone wears
furs, hats, boots, gloves and scarves to keep warm. Ordinary trees
and houses, mountains and parks are suddenly transformed by the
brilliance and sparkle of snow and ice, which make the long dark
nights seem lighter.

Scandinavia
is famous for its glassware, candles and light wooden furniture. In
winter you quickly understand why. Candles burn in houses and in the
windows of hotels, shops and restaurants. Shop windows glitter with
displays of crystal vases, glass tableware and sculptures as well as
brightly colored wooden toys and jewelry made of local gemstones. All
of those things bring color and light to winter days.

Of
course, with ice and snow come the winter sports. Skis come in many
shapes and sizes as Scandinavian children usually learn to ski at a
very early age. Although downhill skiing in the mountains is popular,
cross-country skiing is also common and can be practiced in the
flatter parts of the region. Snowboarding, which is rather like
surfing, is also common on the ski slopes, particularly among the
younger skiers. Ice sports are popular, too. Not only can you go ice
skating on many of the thousands of frozen lakes but fishing through
a hole in the ice is also popular.

b)
Say as many words as possible about your reaction to life in a cold
climate. Include what you found strange or surprising, what the
advantages and disadvantages might be and whether or not you would
like to live in a cold place.

1. a)
   There are a lot of sayings and expressions with weather in English.
   Here are ten well-known ones for you to match with their meanings.

Sayings and expressions	Meanings
1. Make hay while the sun shines	a. extremely happy
2. Come rain or shine	b. disappeared without trace
3. Every cloud has a silver lining	c. in dreamland and completely unrealistic
4. It never rains but it pours	d. even a difficult situation may have some good aspects
5. A storm in a teacup	e. to take advantage of an opportunity
6. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody any good	f. a big fuss made over unimportant matter
7. On cloud nine	g. to save something so that you can use it if bad times come
8. Gone with the wind	h. in any event, whatever happens
9. Saving for a rainy day	i. someone usually profits from every misfortune
10. Head in the clouds	j. troubles don’t come along and one problem will bring others

b)
Think about sayings in your own language about the weather and
explain them in English.

BLOCK
IV

Topics
for discussion and essays.

1. Where
   do you get your weather information?

2. Are
   there any special traditions associated with different season in
   your country?

3. Do
   you sometimes feel under the weather? When?

4. Speak
   about the problem of disasters’ influence / consequences on
   humanity.

5. How
   can extreme weather conditions affect the economy and social life in
   countries?

6. Can
   a person influence weather?

7. Why
   are sometimes / often weather forecasts wrong and don’t come true?

8. Why
   do you think the weather on our planet changes with years?

LESSON
6

Global
Environmental Problems

Man
is a child of his environment.

If
a tree dies, plant another in its place.

When
we heal the earth, we heal ourselves.

I’m
not an environmentalist. I’m an Earth warrior.

We
cannot command nature except by obeying her.

Take
care of the earth and she will take care of you.

The
frog does not drink up the pond in which he lives.

There
are no passengers on Spaceship Earth. We are all crew.

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Другие языки

Задания для самостоятельной работы по «Английскому
языку»

College and
Student’s Life.

Glossary

Academic  corp                                            учебный корпус

Applied   arts                                               
прикладное искусство

Assembly  hall                                             
актовый зал

Be famous for                                              
быть известным чем-либо

Be founded                                                  
быть основанным

Be proud                                                       гордиться
чем-либо

Competition                                                 
соревнование

Contest                                                         
конкурс

Creative                                           
            творческий

Course paper                                                
курсовая работа                                              

Department                                                  
отделение

Diploma  paper                       
                     дипломная работа                                          

First school                                                 
  детский  сад

High  – quality                                             
высококачественный

Hostel                                                            общежитие

Last                                                               
продолжаться

Multi-special                                                
многопрофильный

Optional  course                                            факультатив

Optional  education teacher                          педагог дополнительного образования

Out – of — class activities                               внеклассная деятельность

Primary  school                                             начальная школа

Prosperity                                                      процветание

Report                                                           
доклад

Research                                                        исследование,
исследовательский

Right  away                                                  
сразу, прямо сейчас

Social  life                                                    
общественная жизнь

Strict                                                             
строгий

Supervisor                                                    
администратор

Take  part.                                                    
принимать участие

Train                                                             
учить, готовить

Well  – equipped                                          
хорошо оборудованный

Text

Our College

We study in Amur
Pedagogical College and I would like to say a few words about it. Our college
was founded in 2005. It consists of 2 departments. The first department trains
teachers of English and Russian,  primary and first school teachers,  specialists
in applied informatics and social work.. The second department train teachers
of arts and drawing and teachers of music. Also there are non-pedagogic
specialties: applied arts and design. The college is famous for high – quality
education and strict discipline.

Our department
is situated in 58,  Zeyskaya street. It is a three – storeyed  building, very
well – equipped. On the ground floor there is a gym, an assembly hall and
classrooms, information technology , foreign language, a lecture hall. On the
second and the third floor there are also learning classrooms, information
technology laboratories and cabinets of supervisors. The college is very clean
and light, with lots of flowers. We also have a library on the ground floor.

We go to the
college six days a week. Classes begin at 8.15
in the morning. Each lesson lasts 40 minutes. After the fourth lesson we have
a 30-minute lunch break. Every day we have 6 or 8 lessons. In the college we
study many different special, humanities and natural subjects: history,
philosophy, foreign and Russian languages, physical education and many others.

 After classes
we don’t go home right away. Sometimes we stay at the library to prepare for
some lessons or to write a report. We also have well-organized social life and
out-of-class activities. Thus, we have different optional courses, sports
sections and clubs: an orchestra, a dancing club, a drama club,  a youth
organization “Perspective” and many others.  We also have different subjects’
weeks, conferences, competitions and contests. Every student in our college is
busy with research work and writes course and diploma papers. Every year we
have creative and research contests, where every student has a chance to take
part. Our teachers call this work as “The first steps in science”

Many students
live in the hostel. It is a five-storeyed building, standing not far from the
academic corp. It is not new, but has all modern conveniences: running cold and
hot water, central heating, a shower. The students live in sections, which
consist of five rooms. From 2 up to 3 students live in each room. It’s a pity,
but the furniture in the hostel is not new, but we try to keep it in order. In
the hostel we have a buffet, where we can have lunch or buy something for tea.
We also have kitchens with electric stoves, where we can cook dinner or supper.

We are proud
of our college and wish it every prosperity.

Exercise 1.  Translate
into English:

     Я бы хотел;
несколько слов;  специалист по социальной работе; декоративно-прикладное
искусство; строгая дисциплина; трехэтажное здание; первый (цокольный) этаж; 
большая перемена;  гуманитарные дисциплины; естественные науки;  предметная
неделя; соревнование; конкурс; современные удобства; отопление;  гордиться;
желать процветания.

Exercise2. Say in one word
or phrase.

1. An educational institution,
   giving secondary vocational education.
2. A house where students live.
3. Having many different
   specialties.
4. A kind of activity in school or
   a college that takes place after lessons.
5. Additional education.
6. A kind of work, when a student
   does his experiments and makes conclusions.
7. With good technical, methodical
   and learning media.
8. Classes outside the schedule.
9. Time to have meals between
   lessons.
10. A big room or several rooms
    where books are kept and given to people.

Exercise 3.   Ask general
and special questions to the following sentences.

1. We study in Amur Pedagogical
   College.
2. Many students live in
   the hostel.
3. The college is famous for
   high – quality education and strict disciple.
4. Every year we have creative
   and research contests.
5. On the ground floor there is a gym,
   an assembly hall and classrooms in pedagogic, foreign language, a lecture
   hall.
6. We go to the college six days
   a week.
7. Sometimes we stay at the
   library to prepare for some lessons or to write a report.
8. We also have a library on
   the ground floor.
9. Classes begin at 8.15
   in the morning.
10. Each lesson lasts 40
    minutes.
11.  Every day we have 6 or 8
    lessons.

Exercise 4.   Answer the
questions and arrange a discussion.

1. Why did you choose this
   college?
2. Who helped you with your
   choice?
3. What do you like in the college
   best of all?
4. What do you dislike in the
   college?
5. What would you like to change
   in the college?
6. Do you take part in out – of –
   class activity?
7. What other social life would
   you like to have? Can you suggest your idea?
8. Do you live in the hostel or at
   home?
9. What would you like to change
   in the hostel?

Exercise  5.  a) Read a
list of subjects and translate them into Russian: Information Technology,
methodology of social work, philosophy, psychology, foreign language, physical
education, Russian, pedagogics,  mathematics, statistics,  social medicine,
technology of social work, computer architecture, project activity, management,
economy, discrete mathematics, history, multimedia technology.

b) Insert the subjects into
proper columns:

Applied Information Technology	Social Work

Dialogue .

Student’s Day

Max : Hello, Helen! Nice
to see you! How’s life?

Helen: Hello, Max! I’m
glad to see you. I’m well. And what about you?

Max :Thanks, everything is
alright. Can’t complain. Let’s go somewhere together.

Helen: Oh, sorry, but I’m
short of time. I have much work to do.

Max :You are so busy! And
what are your plans for today?

Helen: You see, first, I’m
going to the library to prepare a report, second, I have to do some shopping,
and, moreover, I wish to do my homework properly.

Max : Sorry to interrupt
you. They say you a college student now, aren’t  you?

Helen: Yes, I am. That is
why I am very busy on weekdays. I have to get up very early in the morning
because my college is far from my house.

Max : How much does it
take you to get to the college?

Helen: Well, it takes me
half an hour to go by bus. Sometimes, I’m in a hurry and even take a taxi…

Max : Oh, Helen, I see.
But still, let’s keep in touch. I’ll call you some time. Bye!

Helen: You
are welcome. Bye.

Exercise 1.  
Find in the dialogue
the English for: жаловаться; не хватать времени; приготовить доклад; более того;
сделать как следует; прерывать, перебивать; говорят; занимать (времени);
добраться до; торопиться; поддерживать связь; добро пожаловать.

Exercise 2.   Reproduce
a) Max’s questions in the 3 person singular; b) Helen’s answers in indirect
speech.

Exercise 3.   Translate
into English, using words and phrases from exercise 1.

1. Учителя часто
   жалуются родителям на их сына.
2. Давайте
   поддерживать связь и встречаться время от времени (from time to time).
3. Мне всегда не
   хватает времени, я принимаю участие во внеклассной работе и факультативе.
4. Утром я часто
   тороплюсь и поэтому еду на автобусе.
5. У меня занимает 
   целый час, чтобы добраться в университет.
6. Вы должны как
   следует приготовить курсовую работу.
7. Добро пожаловать
   в наш колледж, многопрофильное учебное заведение (educational institution).

Exercise 4. Use correct preposition of time with the
words and expressions:

Night, afternoon, 10 minutes, April, Monday, summer, the
10^th of December, Friday,  2010, morning,  the 28^th of
May,  3 weeks,  10 o’clock, winter, September,   11.30.

Unit 2

Education in 
Different Countries

Text 1.  Education in Russia.

Every citizen has the right to
education. This right is guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not only a right
but a duty, too. Every boy or girl must get secondary education. They go to
school at the age of six or seven and must stay there until they are 14-17 years
old. At school pu­pils study academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature,
Mathematics, History, Biology, a For­eign Language and others.

After finishing nine forms of
secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10^th
and the 11^th form. They can also go to a vocational or technical
school, where they study academic subjects and receive a profession. A college
gives general knowledge in aca­demic subjects and a profound knowledge in one
ore several subjects.

After finishing a secondary,
vocational, technical school or a college, young people can start working or enter
an institute or a university. Institutes and universities train specialists in
different fields. A course at an institute or a university usually takes five
years. Many have eve­ning and extramural departments. They give their students
an opportunity to study without leav­ing their jobs. Institutes and
universities usually have graduate courses which give candidate or doctoral
degrees.

Education in this country is free
at most schools. There are some private primary or secon­dary schools where
pupils have to pay for their studies. Students of institutes or universities
get scholarships. At many institutes or
universities there are also departments where students have to pay for
their education.

Exercise 1. Find in the text the English for: право
на образование; гарантиро­ваться; среднее образование; получать образование;
общеобразовательный предмет; училище, техникум, получить профессию; общие
знания, углубленные знания; поступить в институт; готовить специалиста; курс
обучения; вечернее отделение; заочное отде­ление; предоставить возможность; без
отрыва от работы; аспирантура; кандидатская (докторская) степень; бесплатный;
частная школа; начальная школа; получать стипен­дию; платить за образование.

Exercise 2. Transcribe the words. Read them aloud: citizen; guaranteed; subject; bi­ology; foreign language;
knowledge; profound; extramural; opportunity; without; gradu­ate; private;
scholarship; department.

Exercise 3. Correct the false sentences.

1. All
   Russian children must get primary education.
2. The
   right to education is guaranteed by the Constitution.
3. At
   school pupils study Special and academic subjects.
4. After
   finishing nine forms of a secondary school pupils must leave school.
5. At
   technical or vocational schools young people receive a profession only.
6. Young people can enter an institute or a university
   after finishing a college only.
7. A
   course at an institute or a university lasts 3-4 years.
8. Education
   in Russia is free in all schools and institutes.

Exercise
4.   Answer the questions.

1.     
What does the term “The right to education” 
mean?

2.              
Why is education
a duty, too?

3.              
What subjects do pupils study at
school?

4.  What can young people do after finishing the 9′ form?

5.              
What subjects do young people study at
technical schools or colleges?

6.  What can young people do after finishing
the 11^th form?

7.  What departments are there at institutes or universities?

8.             
Do children and people in Russia
have to pay for education?

Exercise 5. Translate into English, using the vocabulary of
the text. Mind The Pre­sent Simple and the verb «to be».

1.  Право на образование в России гарантируется Конституцией.

2.                 
В средней школе ученики
изучают академические предметы.

3.                 
После окончания девятого
класса средней школы молодые люди могут пойти в техникум или ПТУ.

4.                 
Там они изучают
академические предметы и получают специальное об­разование.

5.                
Молодые люди могут
продолжить образование в колледже, дающем уг­лубленные знания по одному или
нескольким предметам.

6.  Курс обучения в институте или университете продолжается 5
лет.

7.  Студенты заочного или вечернего отделения могут получить
образова­ние без отрыва от работы.

8.                 
Начальное и среднее
образование в России бесплатно в большинстве школ.

9.                 
В частных школах, 
колледжах или университетах учащиеся должны платить за образование.

Text 2.  British Schools.

All British children must stay at
school from the age of 5 until they are 16. Many of them stay longer and take
final examinations when they are 17 or 18. There are different types of sec­ondary
schools.

State schools are divided into the following types:

Grammar schools. Children
who go to grammar schools usually prefer academic subjects, although many
grammar schools now also have some technical courses.

Technical schools. Some children go
to technical schools. Most course there are either commercial or technical.

Modern schools. Boys and girls who
are interested in working with their hands and learn­ing in a practical way can
go to a technical school and learn some trade.

Comprehensive schools. These
schools usually combine all types of secondary education. They have physics, chemistry, biology,
laboratories, machine workshop for metal and woodwork and also
geography, history and art departments, commercial and domestic courses.

There are also many schools which
the state does not control. They are private schools. They charge fees for
educating children, and many of them are boarding schools, at which pupils live
during the term time.

After leaving school many young people go to colleges of
further education. Those who become students at Colleges of Technology come
from different schools at different ages between 15 and 17. The lectures at
such colleges, each an hour long, start at 9.15
in the morning and end at 4.45 in the afternoon.

Exercise 1. Find in the text the English for: выпускные экзамены; сдавать экзамены; го­сударственная
школа; средняя школа; технические предметы; современная школа; про­фессия,
ремесло; общеобразовательная школа; мастерская; домоведение; частная школа;
брать плату за образование; школа-интернат; семестр; технический колледж;
лекция.

Exercise 2.    Transcribe the words. Read
them aloud: final; through; commercial;
physics; chemistry; biology; geography; workshop; private; boarding; further;
technology.

Exercise 3.   True or false? Give your arguments.

1.           
All British children must stay at school from 7
until 18.

2.           
State schools are divided into 2 types.

3.           
In grammar schools most
courses are either commercial or technical.

4.           
Modern schools usually combine all types of
schools.

5.           
In comprehensive schools pupils mostly study
academic subjects.

6.           
Technical schools teach children to work with
their hands.

7.           
The state controls all private schools.

8.           
After leaving schools all pupils must start to
work.

Exercise 4.    Answer the questions.

1.  When do British children start going to school?

2.             
When do they take their examinations?

3.             
Do children pay money for their studies
in all schools?

4.             
In what type of school do pupils learn
to work with their hands?

5.              
What is grammar school?

6.             
What school combines all types of
secondary education?

7.              
What is boarding school?

Exercise 5.   Translate into English.

1.  Британские дети должны учиться в школе с 5 до 16 лет.

2.            
Ученики сдают экзамены в 16
лет.

3.             
Общеобразовательная школа учит
физике, химии, биологии, математике, истории, ис­кусству, коммерции и
домоводству.

4.             
Большинство частных школ —
школы-интернаты, где ученики живут во время учебно­го семестра.

5.             
В 16 лет многие ученики
заканчивают школу и идут в колледж дальнейшего образова­ния.

Text 3.  British Universities.

There are about 90 universities in Great Britain. They are divided into 3 types: the  old uni­versities (Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities), the 19^lh century universities such as London
and Manchester Universities, and the new universities. Some years ago there
were also polytechnics. After graduating from a polytechnic the student got a
degree, but it was not a uni­versity degree. 31 former polytechnics were given
university status in 1992.

Full courses of study offer the
degree of Bachelor of Arts or Science. Most degree courses at universities last
3 years, language course 4 years (including a year spent abroad). Medicine and
dentistry courses are longer — 5-7 years. Students may receive grant from their
local educa­tion authority to help pay for books, accommodation, transport and
food. The grant depends on the income of their parents.

Most students live away from home in flats or halls of
residence.

Students don’t usually have
jobs during term time because the lessons called lectures and seminars ,
classes or tutorial (in small groups) are full time. However, many students
have to work in the evenings.

University life is considered
«an experience». The exams are competitive but the social life and
living away from home are also important. The social life is excellent with
lots of bars, con­certs, clubs and parties.

There are not only
universities in Britain but colleges. Colleges offer courses in teacher
training, technology and some professions connected with medicine.

Exercise 1. Find in the text the English for: политехнический институт; окончить вуз; получить степень;
университетская степень; курс обучения; бакалавр гуманитарных и ес­тественных
наук; получать стипендию; местный орган образования; зависеть от; доход
родителей; общежитие; практическое занятие; конкурсный; подготовка учителей.

Exercise 2. Transcribe the
following words: technology; graduate;
tutorial; competi­tive; bachelor; polytechnic; authority; accommodation;
residence.

Exercise 3.   Answer the questions.

1.  What are the three types of universities in Great Britain?

2.              
What degrees do students get after
finishing full courses of study?

3.              
What grants do students receive?

4.             
Do students work during term time?

5.              
Why is the university life considered
«an experience»?

6.             
What courses do colleges offer?

Exercise 4.   Paraphrase the sentences. Use words and
phrases from exercise 1.

1.  After finishing a polytechnic a student got a
degree.

2.             
Students may get grants from their
local educational authorities.

3.              
Many students live in the hostels.

4.             
Students don’t usually work
during term time.

5.              
Colleges offer courses in pedagogic and
technology.

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1.  Многие студенты работают вечером потому, что занятия
занимают полный день.

2.                 
После окончания университета
студенты получают степень бакалавра.

3.                 
Студенты получают стипендию для
оплаты стоимости жилья, транспорта, питания и учебников.

4.                 
Размер стипендии зависит от
дохода родителей.

5.                 
Курс обучения в университете
длится 4 года или больше.

6.                 
Степень бакалавра в
политехническом институте не соответствует университет­ской степени.

Text 4.  School Education in the USA.

The federal government pays little
attention to school education in the USA. There is nei­ther a school uniform
system nor a uniform curriculum. Each state has its own system of schools. But
there are some common features in the organization of school education in the
country.

Schools in the USA
can be divided into state, or public, and private schools. State schools are
free, and private schools are fee-paying.

Elementary and secondary
schools consist of twelve grades. Classes meet for about ten month a year, five
days a week and five hours a day. At elementary schools children learn Eng­lish,
mathematics, science, music, sports and other subjects.

Elementary education begins at the
age of six, when a child goes to the first grade. Secon­dary education is
offered at high schools. At the age of 14 pupils go to junior high school. At
the age of 16 children leave junior high school and may continue their
education at the upper grades of high school.

Besides giving general education
some high schools teach some other subjects. Students choose these subjects if
they want to enter colleges or universities or hope to find jobs in industry or
agriculture. Many schools include classes teaching basic computer skills.

Many young people go to colleges or
universities. But some students of high school don’t finish it. 1% of American
citizens from the age of 14 can neither read nor write.

Exercise 1. Find in the text the English for: уделять внимание; единая система школ; общая черта;
государственная школа; частная школа; бесплатный; платный; класс; на­чальная
школа; преподавать; предмет; среднее образование; средняя школа; окончить
школу; продолжить образование; младшие (старшие) классы средней школы; общее
обра­зование; поступить в колледж (университет); навыки работы на компьютере;
обществен­ные науки.

Exercise 2. Transcribe the
words: neither; age; uniform; feature;
education; private; science; mathematics; subject; hour; junior; continue;
upper; basic; citizen.

Exercise 3.  True or false? Give your arguments.

1.               
There is a uniform school system in
the USA.

2.              
Public and private schools are free.

3.             
Elementary and secondary schools
consist of 11 grades.

4.             
Classes meet for 9 month a year.

5.              
Children go to school at the age of 5.

6.              
At the age of 14 pupils go to upper
grades of high school.

7.              
All schools teach basic computer
skills.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions.

1.  Does state pay much attention to school education in the USA?

2.             
What types are schools in the USA
divided into?

3.             
How long do school classes meet?

4.             
What subjects do elementary school
pupils learn?

5.             
At what age do pupils go to high
school?

6.             
What kind of education do high schools
give?

Exercise 5.   Translate into English.

1.              
Школы в США делятся на
бесплатные государственные и платные частные.

2.             
Дети идут в начальную школу в
возрасте 6 лет.

3.             
Начальная школа учит
математике, естественным наукам, общественным наукам. музыке, спорту и другим
предметам.

4.             
В США нет единой программы и
единой системы школ.

5.             
Средняя школа включает средние
и старшие классы.

6.             
Многие ученики продолжают
обучение в старших классах средней школы и по­лучают общее среднее образование.

Text 5.  Higher Education in the USA.

In the United States a student who finished high school, may continue in higher education. There
are several ways to do it: universities, colleges, community colleges,
technical or voca­tional schools.

A university in the United States usually has several different colleges in it. Each has a special subject
area. It may be a college of liberal arts, where humanities, social science,
natural science and mathematics are taught. It may be a college of education or
a college of business. A program for undergraduates usually takes four years.
University students get an undergraduate degree in the arts or sciences. If
they complete a course of study, they get Bachelor of Arts or Science degree.
Students may leave a university at this time. They may also go on for a
graduate or professional degree. The university has always programs for
graduate or professional study in many subjects.

The university may get money from
different sources. A public university gets some money from the state
government or private sources. A private university gets money only from
private sources.

College students also study four
years. But a college doesn’t have graduate or professional programs. If a
college student completes a course of study in arts or sciences, he or she gets
Bachelor of Arts or Science degree. But if a student wants to continue for a
graduate or profes­sional degree, he must go to the university.

The program of study in the
community college usually lasts two years. The community college may give
courses in academic subjects or subjects like dental technology and other
non-academic, subjects. Not all students of a community college have a high
school diploma. They may then go to a college for two more years to get a
Bachelor’s degree. Community colleges are nearly always publicly funded.

A technical or vocational school
has only job training, it has no academic programs. Stu­dents may have a high
school diploma or not. Programs may last from six month to two years or more.
The technical or vocational schools give training for work in carpentry,
electronics, con­structions and others.

Exercise 1. Find in the text the English for: средняя школа, высшее образование; ме­стный
колледж; профессиональная школа; колледж свободных искусств; гуманитарный
предмет; общественные науки; естественные науки; студенты (выпускники);
получить степень; закончит курс обучения; степень Бакалавра гуманитарных или
естественных на­ук; получить степень магистра или профессиональную степень;
различные источники; государственный университет; частный университет; диплом
средней школы; обеспечить профессиональную подготовку.

Exercise 2. Transcribe the
words: higher; community; vocational;
humanities; natural; science; bachelor; graduate; subject; government; usually;
carpentry; construction.

Exercise 3. True or false? Give your arguments.

1.               
University is only one way to get
higher education in the USA.

2.             
A program for undergraduates usually
takes five years.

3.              
If a student completes four years of
study, he or she gets a professional degree.

4.             
The universities in the USA
get money only from the state sources.

5.              
Every American college has graduate or
professional programs.

6.             
The program of study in the community
college usually lasts six month.

7.              
All community college students must
have a high school diploma.

8.              
Technical or vocational schools give
training in law, science, medicine, pedagogic.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions.

1.  What colleges does an American university consist of?

2.              
What degrees are given at the
university?

3.              
What sources can a university get money
from?

4.             
What programs and degrees are offered
at a college?

5.              
What courses are learned at a community
college?

6.              
What programs do technical and
vocational schools offer?

Exercise 5.   Translate into English.

1.                 
После средней школы молодые
люди могут продолжить образование в универси­тете, колледже, местном колледже,
профессиональном или техническом училище.

2.               
Колледжи университета
специализируются в различных областях знаний: медици­не, образовании, бизнесе,
гуманитарных или естественных науках.

3.                
Если студент колледжа
заканчивает курс обучения по гуманитарным или естест­венным наукам, он получает
степень бакалавра.

4.               
Каждый университет предлагает
программы для студентов, аспирантов и профес­сиональные программы.

5.                
Если студент продолжает
обучение, он получает степень магистра или доктора, или профессиональную
степень.

6.               
Университеты могут получать
деньги из общественных или частных источников.

7.                
Местный колледж предлагает как
академические, так и неакадемические курсы.

Департамент охраны здоровья населения Кемеровской области

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

Среднего профессионального образования

«Кемеровский областной медицинский колледж»

(БФ ГБОУ «КОМК»)

Рабочая тетрадь № 1

по английскому языку

для студентов I курса специальности 060101 Лечебное дело

и студентов II курса специальности 060501 Сестринское дело

Составлена:

Смажелюк Н.А

2013

Одобрено: Составлено в соответствии

Цикловой методической с государственными требованиями

комиссией гуманитарных к минимуму содержания и уровню

и социально-экономических подготовки по специальности

дисциплин 060501 Сестринское дело, 060101

Председатель ЦМК_________ Лечебное дело

Заместитель директора по УР

«___»________________2013 г. __________________Мантурова Е.В.

«___»__________________2013г.

Составитель: Смажелюк Н.А. – преподаватель БФ ГБОУ «КОМК»

Рецензент:

Мельникова Н.И. – преподаватель математики, методист БФ ГБОУ «КОМК».

Рабочая тетрадь по дисциплине Английский язык предназначена для выполнения разнообразных творческих заданий по предмету студентами-медиками в соответствии с ФГОС нового поколения, а также призвана помочь в самостоятельной подготовке к урокам.

Рекомендована к использованию в качестве методического пособия учебной дисциплины Английский язык для специальности 060501 Сестринское дело, 060101 Лечебное дело методическим советом БФ ГБОУ «КОМК».

Протокол № ___ от «___» ____________2013г.

Пояснительная записка

Настоящая рабочая тетрадь № 1 по английскому языку составлена в соответствии с ФГОС нового поколения и рабочей программой по дисциплине Английский язык, предназначена для студентов первого курса факультетов Лечебное дело и Сестринское дело БФ ГБОУ “КОМК”. Протяженность курса составляет 80 часов у фельдшеров и 78 часов у медсестёр.

Цель пособия – помочь студенту пополнить свой словарный запас по медицине, расширить свои школьные познания по грамматике и лексике английского языка, развить навыки чтения профессионально-ориентированных текстов и коммуникативные навыки устной и письменной речи.

Составление данной тетради стало актуальным и своевременным при переходе на ФГОС нового поколения, так как для изучения английского языка в медицинском колледже нет соответствующих пособий.

Рабочая тетрадь содержит разнообразные творческие задания, позволяющие реализовать личностно-ориентированный подход при работе со студентами с разным уровнем подготовки и ориентирующие на практическое использование английского языка в сфере медицины.

Данное пособие может быть использовано как для аудиторной работы со студентами, так и для выполнения домашних заданий по дисциплине.

Тематически учебный материал данного пособия распределен следующим образом:

I часть – Фонетика английского языка

II часть – Обо мне и моей будущей профессии

III часть – Части тела и внутренние органы человека

В учебное пособие включены викторины, тесты, скороговорки, загадки, разнообразные и увлекательные задания по медицине на английском языке, резюме, а также краткая биография Флоренс Найтингейл.

Грамматический материал представлен следующими темами:

-Правила чтения гласных в 4-х типах слогов.

-Особенности произношения гласных, согласных и буквосочетаний.

-Грамматические категории существительного: род, число, падеж.

-Артикль

-Спряжение глаголов to be, to have.

-Разряды местоимений и их функция в предложении

-Разряды числительных, правила образования, синтаксические функции.

-Порядок слов в утвердительном предложении.

-Имя прилагательное, грамматические категории.

-Образование и функции повелительного наклонения.

Contents

Unit 1 Phonetics 5

Unit 2 About myself and my future profession 8

Section 1 About myself and my family 8

Section 2 Medical college and my future profession 26

Unit 3 The parts of the body and internal organs 29

Section 1 The parts of the body 29

Section 2 The internal organs 37

Appendix 1 42

Appendix 2 44

Appendix 3 45

Unit 1. Phonetics.

Exercise 1.Spell the words:

what, young, chalk, page, switch, social, knife, quarter, union, why, parents, experiment, yesterday, pleasant, accept, space, keeps, exam.

Exercise 2. Read the words, mind the stress:

a) lecture, job, nurse, specialize, promotion, shift, sister, duty, apply, application, practice, salary, qualifications, experience, consultant;

b) hospital, activity, training, corridor, reception, ward, floor, stretcher, system, dispense, disabled, wheelchair, invention, solve, balance;

c) patient, occupation, smoking, reason, allergy, terrible, hurt, appointment, prescription, progress, registration, treatment, fatal, assessment, priority.

Exercise 3. Read the words with vowels in different positions.

	[ei]	[ǽ]	[a:]	[εə]	[ə]
A a	name late game plane fate	tram map stand plan factory	hard dark stark party farm	share rare care compare prepare	ago about sofa above legal

	[i:]	[e]	[ə:]	[iə]	[i ] [ ə]
E e	she we be week repeat	get egg fell let ten	her term verb serve person	here mere sphere material period	begin return ticket sister absent

	[ai]	[i]	[ə:]	[aiə]	[i]
I I / Y y	time type my fly fine	ill wish milk system syntax	sir bird girl dirty Byrn	fire lyre hire tired satire	engine sorry family music public

	[јu]	[Λ]	[ə:]	[јuə]	[ə]
U u	use student union human pupil	under fun uncle butter supper	burn burst turkey return furniture	pure cure during curious secure	success difficult upon product cucumber

	[ou]	[ כ ]	[ כ: ]	[ כ: ]	[ ou ]
O o	home hope note nose smoke	not clock fond dog shop	nor North sport lord short	more shore explore before store	tomato photo metro negro zero

Exercise 4. Compare the pronunciation of the vowels in the following words:

1. [i:] — [i ] teen-tin, hear-hit, beat-bit, peak-pick, seat-sit

2. [i:] — [e ] see-set, meat-melt, meet-met, read-red, lead-led

3. [i:] –[ə:] we-were, see-sir, team-term, weak-work, niece-nurse

4. [e] — [ǽ] men-man, bed-bad, send-sand, lend-land, then-than

5. [a:] -[כ:] star-store, far-for, mark-more, park-pork, farm-form

6. [a:] -[כ] sharp-shop, last-lost, heart-hot, clerk-clock, dark-dock

7. [Λ] -[כ] sun-song, cut-cot, none-non, dull-doll, front-from

Exercise 5.Compare the pronunciation of consonants in the following words:

1. [p]- [b] pea-bee, pie-buy, cap-cab, pride-bride

2. [k]- [g] crew-grew, dock-dog, pick-big, come-gum

3. [t] — [d] try-dry, true-drew, late-laid, set-said

4. [f] — [v] few-view, safe-save, leaf-leave, knife-knives

Exercise 6. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

a) pea-fee Author’s fee is good.

pin-fin There are a lot of pins on the table.

pat-fat Poor Pat is really awfully fat.

peel-feel The smell of new paint makes her feel faint.

pun-fun Mr. Perry had a lot of fun.

b) see-she Has she seen her friend?

sue-shoe Shoes are expensive now.

so-show Did you enjoy the show?

sock-shock These socks are dirty.

sigh-shy He sighed with relief.

c) lay-ray The sun’s rays were wonderful for me.

lie-rye He told a lie.

low -row This table is too low.

long-wrong Wrong number, I’m afraid.

leak-reek The roof is leaking.

Exercise 7. Read the following tongue-twisters.

1. We wonder whether the weather in the North is worse than the weather in the South.

1. Never trouble trouble

Till trouble troubles you.

It only doubles trouble,

And troubles others too.

3) A sailor went to sea

To see what he could see,

And all he could see

Was sea, sea, sea.

4) She sells shells on the sea shore.

The shells she sells are sea shells, I’m sure.

5) Why do you cry, Willy?

Why do you cry?

Why, Willy? Why, Willy?

Why, Willy? Why?

Unit2. About myself and my future profession.

Section 1. About myself and my family.

2.1.1 The Noun. The Article.

Exercise 1. Give the plural forms of the following nouns:

bed-

wound-

body-

day-

doctor-

student-

match-

ward-

shoulder-

operation-

Exercise 2. Read and translate the nouns in plural.

Women, children, knives, pages, teeth, advice, magazines, heroes, men, goods, contents, riches, wages, geese, mice, oxen, feet, leaves, wolves, wives.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Give the singular form.

women-

feet-

children-

news-

leaves-

knives-

sheep-

shorts-

plays-

books-

Exercise 4. Use the possessive case.

1. The book of this writer is interesting.

_________________________________________________________________

2. The foot of my son is big.

__________________________________________________________________

3. The uncle of Tom is a doctor.

__________________________________________________________________

4. These are the notebooks of his students.

__________________________________________________________________

5. The article of the researches made a sensation.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1. Вчера я встретила друга в аптеке.

__________________________________________________________________

2. Это словарь Ричарда и Артура.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Дочь моего брата – медсестра.

__________________________________________________________________

4. Мать моего друга — терапевт.

__________________________________________________________________

5. Это кабинет врача.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 6. Translate into Russian.

Britain’s medicine. A day’s work. My friend’s hat. The sister’s letter. The world’s first spaceman. The children’s hands. An hour’s walk. The women’s magazines. The Parliament’s session. A week’s rest.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 7. Insert the articles.

1. …Volga is … longest river in … European part of … Russia. 2. I’d like to go on … excursion to … Crimea. 3. There is … stadium not far from our … house. 4. My brother is a pupil of … 8^th form and he wants to become … doctor. 5. … chemistry is his favourite subject at … school. 6. … children like … ice-cream.7. Can you tell me … way to hospital? 8. My friend is … first – year student of … Medical College. 9. I never eat … chocolate. 10. Kate works as … nurse.

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

1. Экзамен по анатомии продолжался час, и задания были трудные.

__________________________________________________________________

2. Мы опоздали на автобус и не поехали на экскурсию.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Катя – вегетариантка. Она не ест мяса.

__________________________________________________________________

4. Ешь морковь. В овощах много витаминов.

__________________________________________________________________

5. Сеченов- выдающийся русский учёный.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 9. Find and correct mistakes.

1. Sveta is a best student in the our medical college.

__________________________________________________________________

2. My best friend works as the surgeon.

__________________________________________________________________

3. A my boyfriend likes the chocolate and ice-cream.

__________________________________________________________________

4. There is the new hospital in my town.

__________________________________________________________________

5. Thames flows through the London.

__________________________________________________________________

2.1.2 About myself. Resume.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is your name (first name, surname)?

__________________________________________________________________

2. How old are you?

__________________________________________________________________

3. Where are you from?

__________________________________________________________________

4. Where do you study?

__________________________________________________________________

5. What is your future profession?

__________________________________________________________________

6. What are your favourite subjects?

__________________________________________________________________

7. Where do you want to work?

__________________________________________________________________

8. What are your hobbies?

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Make up the resume.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Date of Birth: _____________________

Marital Status: _____________________

OBJECTIVE

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

EDUCATION ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORK

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

EXPERIENCE

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Duties: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

LANGUAGES

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

OTHER SKILLS, HOBBIES & ACTIVITIES

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

REFERENCES

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.1.3 My family.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is your first name? What is your surname?

__________________________________________________________________

2. How old are you?

__________________________________________________________________

3. When is your birthday?

__________________________________________________________________

4. Is your family large? How many are you in the family?

__________________________________________________________________

5. Have you got any brothers or sisters?

__________________________________________________________________

6. What are your parents? Where do they work?

__________________________________________________________________

7. How long have your parents been married?

__________________________________________________________________

8. Do they have much in common?

__________________________________________________________________

9. Do you spend a lot of time with your family?

__________________________________________________________________

10. What sort of things do you do together?

__________________________________________________________________

11. Do you go out with your parents?

__________________________________________________________________

12. Who runs the house in your family?

__________________________________________________________________

13. What are your household duties?

__________________________________________________________________

14. What are your parent’s hobbies?

__________________________________________________________________

15. Can you describe your mother?

__________________________________________________________________

16. Can you describe your father?

__________________________________________________________________

17. Do you have pets in your house?

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Find misfit.

Family: niece, nephew, aunt, uncle, cousin, son, sibling, brother, sister, neighbour, twin, stepfather, stepmother, foster daughter, foster son, father, mother, half- sister, daughter-in-law, son-in-law.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct answer.

1. She is the daughter of my mother. She is my…

a) aunt c) grandmother

b) sister d) cousin

2. He is the father of my father. He is my…

a) grandfather c) uncle

b) grandson d) cousin

3. He is the father of my brother. He is my…

a) uncle c) father

b) son d) grandfather

4. He is the son of my uncle. He is my…

a) cousin c) grandfather

b) father d) brother

5. She is the sister of my mother. She is my…

a) grandmother c) aunt

b) daughter d) cousin

6. He is the son of my brother. He is my…

a) cousin c) uncle

b) nephew d) father

7. He is the brother of my mother. He is my…

a) nephew c) uncle

b) son d) cousin

8. He is the husband of my aunt. He is my…

a) uncle c) cousin

b) father d) brother

9. She is the mother of my mother. She is my…

a) aunt c) daughter

b) niece d) grandmother

10. She is the daughter of my sister. She is my…

a) niece c) mother

b) aunt d) cousin

11. She is the wife of my uncle. She is my…

a) mother c) aunt

b) daughter d) niece

12. She is the daughter of my aunt. She is my…

a) cousin c) mother

b) niece d) grandmother

2.1.4 The verbs “to be”, “to have”.

Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer.

1. Kate and Lena ___ my patients.

a) am

b) are

c) is

2. Gauze ___ on the table.

a) am

b) is

c) are

3. I ___ a therapeutist.

a) am

b) is

c) are

4. He___ a charge nurse.

a) am

b) is

c) are

5. You ___ my best friend.

a) am

b) is

c) are

6. Hey Mark! We ___ here.

a) am

b) is

c) are

7. They ___ in the same ward.

a) am

b) is

c) are

8. Mr and Mrs Baker ___ going to visit their distant relative in hospital.

a) am

b) is

c) are

9. She ___ a good doctor.

a) am

b) is

c) are

10. My cousin ___ midwife.

a) am

b) is

c) are

11.The operation ___ successful.

a) was

b) were

12. Pain ___ acute.

a) was

b) were

13. Drugs ___ expensive.

a) was

b) were

14. The hearts ____ beating in unison.

a) was

b) were

15. Infection ____ not dangerous.

a) was

b) were

16. His bones____ broken.

a) was

b) were

17.Antibiotics ____ necessary for him.

a) was

b) were

18. My throat ____ dry.

a) was

b) were

19.Our blood tests ____ good.

a) was

b) were

20. Her diet _____ light.

a) was

b) were

Exercise 2. Transform the sentences into the Future Indefinite Tense.

Model: My parents are in Moscow now. ( in summer)

My parents will be in Moscow in summer.

1. My friend is a doctor. ( in 5 years )

__________________________________________________________________

2. They are in London. ( during winter vacations)

__________________________________________________________________

3. On Monday our first lesson is English. ( next Monday)

__________________________________________________________________

4. The lesson is over. ( in 5 minutes )

__________________________________________________________________

5. The book is translated into English. ( soon )

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Make the sentences interrogative.

Model: The students are at the Anatomy lesson now.

Are the students at the Anatomy lesson now?

1. My father is a pharmacist.

__________________________________________________________________

2. This operation was made by a group of our best surgeons.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Our students were in London last year.

__________________________________________________________________

4. We will be in Moscow in summer.

__________________________________________________________________

5. The report was interesting.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I have much work to do.

__________________________________________________________________

2. We have got many books on this question.

__________________________________________________________________

3. She had a meeting yesterday.

__________________________________________________________________

4. The students will have a lecture in pharmacology tomorrow.

__________________________________________________________________

5. They usually have their dinner in the canteen.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5. Transform the sentences into the past.

Model: We have an English lesson today. ( yesterday )

We had an English lesson yesterday.

1. She has a lot of free time. ( last week )

__________________________________________________________________

2. We have a dictation in Russian today. ( two days ago )

__________________________________________________________________

3. He has a headache. ( yesterday )

__________________________________________________________________

4. They have to start this experiment now. ( several weeks ago )

__________________________________________________________________

5. The students of our group have a scientific conference today. ( last week )

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 6. Transform the sentences into the Future.

Model: The students have a lecture in stomatology. ( tomorrow )

The students will have a lecture in stomatology tomorrow.

1. We have a good rest every Sunday. ( next Sunday )

__________________________________________________________________

2. I have just finished my work. ( by 5 o’clock )

__________________________________________________________________

3. They have plenty of fruit in their garden. ( in autumn )

__________________________________________________________________

4. She has to do this research today. ( in a day )

__________________________________________________________________

5. The teacher has to explain this grammar rule again. ( at the next lesson )

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 7. Choose the correct answer.

1. The doctor stayed at his hospital very late because he ____ a lot of work.

a) has

b) have

c) will have

d) had

2. I _____ not seen you for ages.

a) has

b) have

c) will have

d ) had

3. My friend _____ an increased temperature.

a) has

b) have

c) will have

d) had

4. She ______ a pneumonia last year.

a) has

b) have

c) will have

d) had

5. He ______ an appointment with the doctor tomorrow.

a) has

b) have

c) will have

d) had

2.1.5 The Pronoun.

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian. Find the pronouns.

1. May I take you by the arm?

__________________________________________________________________

2. His hearing is weak.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Last week my elder brother fell ill with bad cold.

__________________________________________________________________

4. Her brother had to give up smoking due to chronic bronchitis?

__________________________________________________________________

5. Her child is two years old.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Choose the necessary pronoun.

1. Here are ( some, any ) tablets for you.

__________________________________________________________________

2. How ( many, much ) time does it take you to get to the nearest hospital?

__________________________________________________________________

3. ( Nobody, anybody ) knows that doctor.

__________________________________________________________________

4. He has ( little, few ) knowledge about it.

__________________________________________________________________

5. You shouldn’t lift ( anything, something ) heavy.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Open the brackets.

1. Give ( they ) notebooks.

__________________________________________________________________

2. Let ( I ) know if anything happens.

__________________________________________________________________

3. She lives in Kemerovo with ( she ) family.

__________________________________________________________________

4. This ward nurse is a friend of ( I ).

__________________________________________________________________

5. ( We ) plant is very large.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks. Use the pronouns or their derivatives.

a) some, any, no, every

1. You must ask ___________ to help you in this work. 2. If I have ___________

free time, I shall go ___________tonight. 3. Did you hear ___________about

our plan? 4. Did you say ___________? – No, I said ___________. 5. I have ___________ to tell him.

b) much, many, more, less, ( a ) little, ( a) few

1. How ___________Latin words do you know? 2. There are ___________ parks in our city. 3. Hurry up. We have ___________time to waste. 4. Please, try to make ___________noise. 5. He drank ___________water and felt better. 6. There was very ___________water in the glass. 7. May I have ___________coffee, please? 8. They were ___________surprised. 9. Do you spend ___________time on your Latin exercises? 10. Does he read ___________? – It’s a pity but he reads too ___________.

Exercise 5. Choose the correct answer.

1. I invited my friend to ____ place.

a) me

b) his

c) my

d) mine

2. It’s easy, you can do it ____ .

a) you

b) your

c) yours

d) yourself

3. There is _____ place like home.

a) no

b) none

c) nothing

d) nobody

2.1.6 The Numeral.

Exercise 1. Match the corresponding numerals.

1. 567 a. Eleven million

2. 9^th b. The nineth

3. 1943 c. The twentieth

4. 0.36 d. Eighteen nought five

5. 11,000,000 e. Five hundred and sixty-seven

6. October 12 f. One seventh

7. 1805 g. Nineteen forty-three

8. 1/7 h. October the twelfth

9. xx i. Two point eighteen

10.2.18 j. Point thirty-six

Exercise 2. Say it in words.

2; 18; 80; 100; 90; 14; 5; 99; 19; 705; 3,679; 21st; 1992; 1.015; 16^th; 60; 1876; January 5; 4 ½.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Make the numerals ordinal.

25; 100; 21; 5; 12; 13; 20; 346; 31.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1) 5 процентов

__________________________________________________________________

2) 22 сентября 1959 года

__________________________________________________________________

3) 43-й президент

__________________________________________________________________

2.1.7 Affirmative sentences.

Exercise 1. Reorder the words to write sentences.

1. are / my / doctors / parents

__________________________________________________________________

2. must / patient / a / carefully / doctor / examine / a

__________________________________________________________________

3. works / nurse / as / a / sister / my

__________________________________________________________________

4. operations / eyes / surgeon / delicate / the / performs / the / on

__________________________________________________________________

5. to / the / she / go / decided / hospital / to

__________________________________________________________________

6. of / bad / boy / headache / complained / a / the

__________________________________________________________________

7. twice / temperature / day / she / the / a / take

__________________________________________________________________

8. you / injection / I / an / give / will

__________________________________________________________________

9. stay / patient / bed / the / must / in

__________________________________________________________________

10. treat / by / they / diet / many / diseases

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Find and correct the sentence with the error.

1. The main symptoms of tonsillitis are fever, cough and sore throat.

2. Nurses can specialize in many different fields.

3. A paediatrician treats children.

4. Vitamins a very important role play in human health.

5. A good dentist can extract teeth painlessly.

__________________________________________________________________

Section 2. Medical college and my future profession.

2.2.1 The timetable.

Exercise 1. Translate into English

Биология, английский язык, химия, анатомия, фармакология, терапия, хирургия, глазные болезни, зубные болезни, педиатрия, акушерство, гинекология, инфекционные болезни, история медицины, кожные болезни, сестринское дело, патология, кардиология.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Guess the word.

1. The scientific study of the body and how its parts are arranged.

A . . . . . .

2. The study of medicines and drugs, including their action, their use and their effects on the body.

P . . . . . . . . . . .

3. The area of medicine which deals with pregnancy and the birth of babies.

O . . . . . . . . .

4. The treatment of injuries or diseases in people or animals by cutting open the body and removing or repairing the damaged part.

S . . . . . .

5. The science or study of medical care for children.

P . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.2 The departments and professions of the Medical College.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. Where do you study?

__________________________________________________________________

2. How many departments are there in your college?

__________________________________________________________________

3. What kind of qualification does the “Nursing Affair” department give?

__________________________________________________________________

4. What kind of qualification does the “Curative Affair” department give?

__________________________________________________________________

5. What department do you study?

__________________________________________________________________

7. What is your future profession?

__________________________________________________________________

8. Why did you choose this profession?

__________________________________________________________________

9. Where do you want to work?

__________________________________________________________________

10. What traits must a good nurse ( doctor’s assistant ) have?

__________________________________________________________________

11. What difficulties of medical profession can you name?

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Write in English.

Сестринское дело, Лечебное дело, Акушерское дело, Медико-профилактическое дело, Стоматология, Ортопедическая стоматология, Фармация.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.2.3 Florence Nightingale is the founder of modern nursing. The “Nightingale Pledge”.

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.

Florence Nightingale ( 1820-1910 ) was the founder of modern nursing. She dramatically improved conditions for soldiers in field hospitals, and educated people about the importance of hygiene. She saved thousands of lives and became very famous. She later started her own training college for nurses, and wrote many books on nursing.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Translate the “Nightingale Pledge” into Russian.

I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully. I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug. I will do all in my power to maintain and elevate the standard of my profession, and will hold in confidence all personal matters committed to my keeping and all family affairs coming to my knowledge in the practice of my calling. With loyalty will I endeavor to aid the physician, in his work, and devote myself to the welfare of those committed to my care.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Unit 3. The parts of the body and internal organs.

Section 1. The parts of the body.

3.1.1 The parts of the body.

Exercise 1. Match these words.

Big Hair

Little Ears

Long Nose

Short Eyes

Fair Cheeks

Dark Neck

Blue Lips

Red Legs

Round Eyebrows

Oval Chin

Pale Face

Sharp Head

Long Hands

Short Feet

Exercise 2. Complete these sentences.

You see with your ___

You hear with your ___

You bite with your ___

You hold with your ___

You smell with your ___

You eat with your ___

You walk with your ___

You stand on your ___

You kneel on your ___

You carry a backpack on your ___

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

1. What colour is your hair?

__________________________________________________________________

2. What colour are your eyes?

__________________________________________________________________

3. Is your hair long or short?

__________________________________________________________________

4. Is your face round or oval?

__________________________________________________________________

5. Are your cheeks rosy or pale?

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Divide these words into two groups.

back, chin, cheeks, ears, eyes, forehead, hair, head, hands, lips, legs, neck, nose, stomach.

Body:____________________________________________________________

Face: _____________________________________________________________

Exercise 5. Translate these words into English.

Тело, голова, лоб, лицо, щека, подбородок, волосы, челюсть, глаз, бровь, веко, ресница, нос, ноздри, рот, зуб ( зубы ), плечо, грудь, грудь ( молочная железа ), спина, поясница, рука, кисть ( руки ), запястье, нога, стопа ( стопы ), бедро, голень, палец ( руки ), палец ( ноги ), ягодица.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.1.2 The Adjective.

Exercise 1. Write the comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives.

1. hard-harder-the hardest

2. fast

3. weak

4. painful

5. frightening

6. sensitive

7. sleepy

8. strong

9. effective

10. bad

Exercise 2. Read each sentence. If it is correct, write a tick. If there is a mistake, correct it.

1. The most worst pain many women experience is in childbirth. ___worst___

2. It more hurts than it did yesterday.____________

3. Physiotherapy can sometimes be more effective for back pain than drugs.

____________

4. These tests are less painfuler than others, because only a drop of blood is needed.

____________

5. Which drug will give the most effective pain relief? ____________

6. The fingers are one of most sensitive parts of the body. ____________

7. My legs ache less when I’m walking than when I’m standing still.____________

8. Kidney stones are one the most painful condition you can have. ____________

9. It’s difficult to say where it hurts the more. ____________

10. Winter is the most usual season for diphtheria. ____________

Exercise 3. Complete these sentences with the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives.

1. Aspirin is the strongest ( strong ) painkiller we’ve got, I’m afraid.

2. Can I do anything to make you feel _________________ ( well ).

3. Moving around is getting ______________________ ( hard ) to do.

4. Injection is ___________________ ( fast ) way to administer pain relief.

5. He is ____________________ ( weak ) he was yesterday.

6. For children, thinking about the injection is _________________( frightening ) the pain itself.

7. Your fingers are ___________________ ( sensitive ) your shoulders.

8. He is feeling __________________ ( sleepy ) now and the pain is decreasing.

9. I can’t ignore the pain any more –it’s just getting __________________ ( bad ).

10. These pills are much ______________________ ( effective ) than those.

Exercise 4. Translate these proverbs into Russian.

1. Better late than never.

__________________________________________________________________

2. It is easier sad that done.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Two heads are better than one.

__________________________________________________________________

4. The grass is always greener on the other side.

__________________________________________________________________

5. A good friend is my nearest relation.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1. Сегодня я чувствую себя лучше.

__________________________________________________________________

2. Пациент пожаловался на более сильную боль.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Дорогие таблетки более эффективные, чем дешёвые.

__________________________________________________________________

4. Это самый лучший хирург в нашей больнице.

__________________________________________________________________

5. Ему помогло только самое самое сильное обезболивающее.

__________________________________________________________________

3.1.3 Appearance.

Exercise 1. Describe your friend’s appearance using the appropriate adjectives.

Hair – auburn, black, brown, red, dark, fair, grey, long, short, shoulder-length, waist-length, straight, wavy, curly, bald.

Face – oval, round.

Nose – straight, upturned, snub, aquiline, fleshy, flat.

Lips – thin, compressed, thick.

Eyes – slanted, narrow, bulging, close -/ deep-/ wide-set, brown, green, dark, blue, grey.

Chin – dimpled, flat, pointed, square, protruded.

Forehead – high, low, narrow, broad.

Skin – cream-white, sunburnt / tanned, elastic, sluggish.

Hands – soft, tender, delicate, calloused, puffy, hairy, strong.

Legs – plump, slender, short, long, shapely.

Shoulders – narrow-shouldered, broad-shouldered, round-shouldered.

Appearance – beautiful, good-looking, pretty, pleasant-looking, elegant, handsome, smart.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.1.4 Hygiene and care of the body.

Exercise 1. Test your knowledge of hygiene by doing this quiz.

1. What is MRSA?

a) a virus

b) a bacterium

c) an antibiotic

2. How do you catch MRSA?

a) by eating from dirty plates

b) from poor hospital hygiene

c) by drinking bad water

3. Which of these things has nothing to do with bacteria?

a) wine making

b) yoghurt

c) the common cold

d) bad smells

4. In an operating theatre, which of these things breaks hygiene rules?

a) wearing your mask over your nose

b) wearing your hair loose

c) wearing make-up

5. Which of these things is most important in stopping the spread of MRSA?

a) hospital staff should wash their hands between patients

b) clearners should disinfect door handles

c) visitors should wear masks

6. Where do staphylococcus bacteria live?

a) in noses

b) in soil

c) in toilets

7. When Florence Nightingale, founder of modern nursing, worked in a hospital during the Crimean war (1854-1856), the death rate dropped from 60% to 2.2%.Why?

a) She made nurses wash their hands

b) She gave her patients fruit and vegetables to eat

c) The ventilation was improved

8. How long should you wash your hands in hot water to be sure they are clean?

a) fifteen seconds

b) half a minute

c) one minute

Exercise 2. What are the main rules of hygiene? Write down some important rules which you must follow every day.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian.

Toothpaste, toothbrush, cream, soap, shampoo, body lotion, eau-de-Cologne, deodorant, napkin.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with the words below.

contamination, antimicrobial agent, pathogens, swab, disinfectant, susceptible, resistant, spotless

1. An ________________ will kill microorganisms.

2. Use a sterile ________________ to get a sample from the back of the throat.

3. Our bodies have ways to kill ________________ such as viruses and bacteria.

4. The old, the young, and the very ill are most ________________ to hospital infection.

5. Staphylococcus is ________________ to most antibiotics.

6. There is a risk of ________________ from urine and blood.

7. Wash floors and door handles with ________________ .

8. A home doesn’t have to be ________________ , but it does have to be clean.

3.1.5 The Imperative Mood.

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.

1. Call a doctor, please.

__________________________________________________________________

2. Oder this ointment in the chemist’s.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Shake this mixture before use.

__________________________________________________________________

4. Give an intravenous injection to this patient.

__________________________________________________________________

5. Insert a thermometer to a patient.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with the words below.

finish, buy, wash, air, drink

1. Don’t ___________ this tea, it’s very hot.

2. Let’s __________ the room.

3. Let them ___________ the exercise, it’s important.

4. ___________ your hands, you’re going to have a sandwich.

5. Let’s ___________ these expensive drugs for heartache.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following questions as commands.

Example: Can you open the window? Open the window, please.

1. Can you take the dog to the vet? ______________________________________

2. Can they go for a walk now? _________________________________________

3. Can you help me now? _____________________________________________

4. Can we stay here longer? ____________________________________________

5. Can he write this report? ____________________________________________

Section 2. The internal organs.

3.2.1 The internal organs.

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.

Duodenum, appendix, small intestine, rectum, kidney, urinary bladder, uterus, salivary gland, thyroid gland, gut, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, stomach, oesophagus, pharynx, tongue, lungs, heart, spleen.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

1. У него здоровое / больное / доброе сердце.

__________________________________________________________________

2. В лёгких патологии не обнаружено.

__________________________________________________________________

3. У ребёнка расстройство желудка.

__________________________________________________________________

4. Причины заболевания почек могут быть разными.

__________________________________________________________________

5. Операция на щитовидной железе прошла успешно.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Guess this riddle.

If you break me

I do not stop working,

If you touch me

I may be snared,

If you lose me

Nothing will matter.

( )

3.2.2 Heart and blood. Work of the human heart.

Exercise 1. Read and translate this fitness program for a healthy heart.

1. Strengthen your heart and cardiovascular system.

__________________________________________________________________

2. Improve your circulation and help your body use oxygen better.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Improve your heart failure symptoms.

__________________________________________________________________

4. Increase energy levels so you can do more activities without becoming tired or short of breath.

__________________________________________________________________

5. Increase endurance.

__________________________________________________________________

6. Lower blood pressure.

__________________________________________________________________

7. Improve muscle tone and strength.

__________________________________________________________________

8. Improve balance and joint flexibility.

__________________________________________________________________

9. Strengthen bones.

__________________________________________________________________

10. Help reduce body fat and help you reach a healthy weight.

__________________________________________________________________

11. Help reduce stress, tension, anxiety and depression.

__________________________________________________________________

12. Boost self-image and self-esteem.

__________________________________________________________________

13. Improve sleep.

__________________________________________________________________

14. Make you feel more relaxed and rested.

__________________________________________________________________

15. Make you look fit and feel healthy.

__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Complete this text with the words below.

pump, leaves, valve, enters, artery, flows, atrium, fills, aorta, opens, closing, beat

The heart is a muscle as big as your fist in the centre of your chest. It is an efficient ___________ that can get blood to the furthest cell in your body within sixty seconds. On its circular journey around the body, blood ____________ the heart twice-once with oxygen and once without oxygen. Blood without oxygen comes into the right side of the heart. It ____________ the right atrium. Then the tricuspid valve ____________ and the blood goes into the right ventricle. Then the pulmonary ____________ opens and the blood ____________ through the pulmonary ____________ . Blood carrying oxygen comes into the left side of the heart. The left ____________ fills, the mitral valve opens and the blood ____________ into the left ventricle. The aortic valve opens and the blood leaves through the ____________ . When you listen to a heart ____________ you hear “lub dub, lub dub”. This is the sound of the valves ____________ .

Exercise 3. Translate into English.

Человеческое сердце, сокращаться, артерия, 72 удара в минуту, сердечный цикл, эритроциты, лейкоциты, тромбоциты, систола предсердия, систола желудочка, диастола, врождённый порок сердца, кислород.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Complete the text using the words below.

slide, drop, microscope, syringe, vein, test tube, pipette

Use a ____________ to take some blood from a ____________ in the patient’s arm. Put the blood into a ____________ .Then, use a ____________ to put a ____________ of the blood onto a ____________ . Examine it under a ____________ . What do you see?

Exercise 5. Test your medical IQ.

1. If you have a heart attack, you also have heart disease.

a) true

b) false

2. What is meant by the term myocardial infarction?

a) heart failure

b) heart attack

c) brain aneurism

d) all of the above

3. Sudden cardiac arrest means that the heart…

a) stops beating

b) beats dangerously slow

c) has a cycle of beating and stopping

d) skips beats

4. Symptoms of heart disease can include…

a) dizziness, weakness, arm pain, pressure in the chest

b) heart palpitations, shortness of breath, weakness

c) no symptoms at all

d) all of the above

5. Risks for heart disease include…

a) high blood pressure and high cholesterol

b) smoking

c) lack of exercise

d) all of the above

6. In the heart a clogged artery causes a heart attack. In the brain it causes a …

a) migraine

b) mental illness

c) stroke

d) seizure

7. The term “heart failure” means the heart has stopped working.

a) true

b) false

8. People can be born with heart disease.

a) true

b) false

9. The medical term for chest pain is…

a) angina

b) there is no medical term for chest pain

c) flutter

d) arrhythmia

10. When heart trouble is sensed, who waits at least two hours before help is called.

a) men

b) women

c) both men and women

d) children

3.2.3 Skeleton. The names of bones.

Exercise 1. Read and translate these terms. Compare these words with Latin ones.

Parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital, skull, cervical, vertebra, clavicle, scapula, rib, thorax, dorsal, spine, dorsal, spine, lumbar, pelvis, sacrum, coccyx, humeral, ulna, radius, phalanges, femur, fibula, tibia.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

1. Трепанация черепа была проведена успешно.

__________________________________________________________________

2. Позвоночник пациента не пострадал.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Рентген грудной клетки был сделан немедленно.

__________________________________________________________________

4. Этот пациент пожаловался на боль в бедре.

__________________________________________________________________

5. Ключица была сломана.

__________________________________________________________________

Appendix 1

Blood quiz

Student A

Use the set of facts on your card to test the other team’s knowledge of blood. For each fact, make a question with three possible answers.

1. A red blood cell lives for about three months. ( How long… )

2. Your blood travels about 20,000 kilometres every day. ( How far… )

3. You lose almost half a kilo when you donate blood. ( How much… )

4. There are 25,000 white blood cells in a drop of blood. ( How many… )

5. One in ten people entering hospital need a blood transfusion. ( How many… )

6. You give three quarters of a litre in one donation of blood. ( how much… )

7. Blood plasma is 96 % water. ( what percentage of… )

8. There are 5.6 litres of blood in an adult human. ( How much… )

9. Your heart beats 35 million times in a year. ( How many… )

10. Red blood cells form about 40 % of the volume of blood. ( What percentage of… )

Student B

Use the set of facts on your card to test the other team’s knowledge of blood. For each fact, make a question with three possible answers.

1. A newborn child has one cupful of blood in its body. ( How much… )

2. It takes about ten minutes to make a blood donation. ( How long… )

3. There are 96,000 kilometres of blood vessels in an adult human. ( How many… )

4. 80 million units of blood are donated every year worldwide. ( How many… )

5. It takes eight weeks for a human body to replace red blood cells. ( How long…)

6. 55 % of blood is plasma. ( What percentage of… )

7. Donated blood goes through eleven tests. ( How many… )

8. There are about half a billion red blood cells in one drop of blood. ( How many… )

9. Blood is 7 % of your body’s weight. ( What percentage… )

10. You must wait 56 days between each donation of blood. ( How long… )

Appendix 2

Florence Nightingale Biography ( 1820-1910 )

Florence Nightingale was born on May12, 1820, in the Italian city of Florence after which she was named. She was one of the greatest women in the history of England.

Florence was highly educated in music, art, literature, Latin and Greek. She spoke Italian, French and German with ease, was attractive, and was expected to marry one of the numerous admirers who came to the Nightingales’ home. But Florence wanted to achieve independence, importance in some field of activity, and obedience to God through service to society.

In 1844 Nightingale decided that she wanted to work in hospitals. Her family objected strongly to her plan; hospital conditions at that time were known to be terrible, and nurses were untrained and thought to be of questionable morals. Ignoring all resistance, Nightingale managed to visit some hospitals and health facilities. She then received permission from her parents to spend a few months at Kaiserworth, a German training school for nurses and female teachers. In 1853 she became superintendent of the London charity-supported Institution for Sick Gentlewomen. This opportunity allowed her to become independent from her family and also to try out new ideas in organizing and managing an institution, conducted in a scientific, nonreligious setting.

In 1854 Miss Nightingale and 38 other nurses went to the Crimea to help in the care of the sick and wounded British soldiers during the Crimean War. When she arrived at Scutary she found conditions even worse than the reports had stated. The War Office had told her “nothing was lacking at Scutary”. She found that everything was lacking, furniture, clothes, towels, soap, knives, plates. There were no bandages and no linen to make bandages, few medicines and scarcely any proper food. Luckily ( or perhaps it wasn’t luck but good organization ) she had brought with her large quantities of food and medical supplies. Everywhere she met with inefficiency and confusion, and everywhere difficulties were put in her way by the officials in charge. As the officials working “according to Army Regulations” could not, or would not, supply the necessary stores, she did so out of her own money. She bought boots, socks, blankets, shirts and other necessary things.

Florence often worked for twenty-four hours, dressing wounds, helping surgeons in their operations, easing the pain of the sick, comforting the dying. Every night, carrying a little oil-lamp to light her way, she walked by the beds, four miles of them. To the soldiers she was the “Lady with the Lamp”, and they worshipped her. One of them wrote: “What a comfort it was just to see her pass. She would speak to one, smile to many more. She could not speak to all, you know. We lay there by hundreds, but we could kiss her shadow as it fell on the wall”. But that is only one side of the picture. The “Lady with the Lamp” was also the hard, practical woman. She and her nurses got down on their knees and scrubbed floors and walls. She

organized the cooking of the men’s food and the washing of their clothes. Instead of badly-cooked, badly-served food she gave the men well-cooked, well-served meals. The rate of deaths fell from sixty per thousand to three per thousand.

In 1855 Florence was made Inspector of all hospitals in the Crimea. It meant long, uncomfortable journeys in snow and rain and cold. She took fever but continued her work from her bed.

She refused to go home until the last soldier went. It was not until after peace was declared in 1856 that she returned home. Her health had been irretrievably damaged in the Crimea; and she became a semi-invalid, leaving her home only infrequently. She was visited by heads of government, ministers, authors, reformers, and politicians.

But she lived 54 years longer. Though she couldn’t leave her house, often not even her bed, she worked as fiercely as she had done at Scutari and brought about more changes in English life than perhaps any other private person of her time.

Florence continued her efforts in the health care field by continual study, constant reading, and correspondence. She wrote long reports on the subject for the British War Department. Through her efforts, Royal Commissions were appointed on Health of the Army (1857) and Health in India (1859). She became a world authority on the scientific care of the sick. Even the United States asked for help in setting up military hospitals during the Civil War.

In 1860 Florence founded the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas’s Hospital in London. «It formed the basis of nursing today.» Florence received many honors. She was the first woman to be awarded the British Order of Merit.

For the last 14 years of her life, she never left her home. She was almost blind during the final nine years; and in the last six months, she was unable to speak. Florence Nightingale died on August 13, 1910. By this time, there were nursing schools based on her system in 20 countries around the world.

Appendix 3

Glossary of resume terms:

безработный – unemployed

вакансия – vacancy

возраст – age

гонорар – fee

дарования, способности – abilities

дата рождения – date of birth

должность – position

дополнительная информация, увлечения – extracurricular activities

достижения, успехи – accomplishments

занятость – employment

заполнить вакансию – fill a position

заработная плата – salary

качества (образование + опыт работы, которым должен обладать претендент) – job qualification

квалифицированный – qualified

личные данные – personal information

место рождения – place of birth

мне … лет – I am … years old

могут быть предоставлены по запросу – applied upon request

назначить встречу – to make an appointment

найти место работы – find a position

образование – education

обращаться за работой – apply

объявление – advertisment

обязанности – responsibilities, duties

окончен с красным дипломом – graduated with high honors

опытный – experienced

отдел – department

отменить встречу – to cancel an appointment

по настоящее время – till present

поиск работы – job hunting

поступить на работу в компанию – join the company

претендовать – claim

работа – job

работа на полный рабочий день – full-time employment

работа по совместительству – part-time employment

работодатель – employer

резюме – resume, CV (Curriculum Vitae), the letter of application

рекомендатель – referee

рекомендации – reference

руководитель – head

с заработной платой – at a salary of

семейное положение – marital status

женат/замужем – married

холост – single

сильные стороны, талант – personal strengths

служащий – employee

страховка – insurance

умения – skills

условленная встреча – appointment

ФИО – full name

цели, которые ставит претендент при получении работы – career goals

цель – objective, goal

язык – language

беглый английский – fluent English

беглый немецкий – fluent German

родной русский – native Russian

49

Exercises

Exercise 1. What are the following people’s jobs or occupation?

Brad Pitt, Andrey Arshavin, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Andgelina Jolie, Michael Jordon, Charles Darwin, Dr Kurpatov, Adam Smith, Alsu, Anna Akhmatova, Lady Diana Spencer, Isaac Newton, Maya Plisetskaya, Vanessa Mae, Beethoven, John Constable.

Exercise 2. What’s the difference between the following words?

Addresser – addressee, dedicator – dedicatee, donor – donee, employer – employee, grantor – grantee, interviewer – interviewee, nominator – nominee, payer – payee, trainer – trainee, voter – votee.

Exercise 3. Combine the suffixes with the verbs or adjectives, and then complete the text below. (Remember you may need to make a small spelling change):

-ment, -ity, -ion, -ation, -ness

Improve, televise, elect, educate, weak, manage, govern, stupid.

In his first broadcast on …, since he won the …, last month, the Prime Minister promised to make health and …two of his top priorities. And in a strong attack on the previous …, he said that the present … of the British economy was caused entirely by their … and bad … He said he would act immediately and he hoped the British people would be able to see clear signs of an … in the economy by the end of the year.

Exercise 4. Derive adjectives adding the suffix; translate them into Russian.

suffix — ful: 1) delight, 2) brim, 3) mouth, 4) spoon, 5) hand, 6) deceit, 7) doubt, grace, 9) forget.

suffix -ous 1) mountain, 2) danger, 3) adventure, 4) joy, 5) wonder, 6) advanta­ge. 7) courage, pity.

suffix -ive, -ative: 1) talk, 2) instinct 3) declare, 4) resist, 5) offence, 6) repre­sent, 7) excess, imagine, 9) create, 10) quantity.

Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with suitable derived words

My best friend

Kate is my best friend. I know her since my ………… (a child) She is seventeen years old. She is an ………… (to attract) ………… (blue eyes) girl, …………, slim and ……………. (long legs). Our friends think she is ………… (real) ………… (beauty). My friend is ………… (an optimist), ………… (to imagine), ………… (to create) and …………… (fun). Sometimes she is a bit ………… (talk). I like her ………… (kind).

Her family is nice and ………… (a friend). Her parents are very ………… (to please) people. Her mother is an ………… (to act). She is ………… (talent), ………… (hard work) and ………………. (care). Her father is an ………… (to interpret). He is a …………(thought), ………… (good humour) man. They live in a ………… (to detach) house in the country in a very ………… (a picture) place. There is a sitting-room, a dining-room, some bedrooms in their house. Their kitchen is rather small. That’s why they call it a ………… (kitchen).

Kate has got a pet. It’s a dog called ………… (luck). When we go for a walk he runs ………… (quick), barks …………. (loud) and plays …………(happy).

Kate and I ………… (usual) spend much time together. We watch ………… (interest) films in TV, discuss ………… (to differ) things and listen to our ………… (favour) music.

Computer, beauty, mobile, intense, active, dark, criminal, deep, illegal, quiet.

Приставки в современном английском языке

I. Группа префиксов со значением «отсутствие, противоположность», в которую входят суффиксы anti-, counter-, dis-, non-, un-, in- (il-, ir-, im-), de-.

1. un— сочетается с именными и глагольными основами.

С основами прилагательных, наречий и причастий префикс un- придает образованным с его помощью словам значение отри­цания; в русском языке соответствует отрицанию не-: unhappy несчастный, unnatural неестественный, unpleasant неприятный, unwell нездоровый, unknown неизвестный, unlearned неученый, неграмотный, undeservedly незаслуженно.

Приставка im— присоединяется к словам, начинающимся с буквы “m” и в ряде случаев к словам, начинающимся с “p” и “b”: immoral аморальный, безнравственный, improbable невероятный, imbalance неустойчивость.

Приставка il— присоединяется к словам, начинающимся с буквы “l”: illegal незаконный, illegible неразборчивый (о почерке), illiterate неграмотный.

Приставка ir— присоединяется к словам, начинающимся с буквы “r”: irregular неправильный, irresponsible безответственный, irrational нелогичный, абсурдный.

3. anti— синонимичен префиксу counter-; в русском языке префиксу anti- соответствуют префиксы противо-, анти-: antitank противотанковый, anti­aircraft противовоздушный,antifascist антифашист, anti-perspirant средство от пота, anti-socialist человек, выступающий против социализма, antistatic антистатик, anti-Catholic противник католицизма, anti-democrat противник демократии, antiallergic противоаллергический, antiblack расистский, antimicrobic противомикробный,antiviral антивирусный.

4. counter— в русском языке соответствует префиксам противо-, контр-: counteraction противодействие, counter-attack контратака, контрнаступле­ние,counterbalance противовес, counter-culture – контркультура (новый стиль жизни, например, американских хиппи, отвергающих буржуазные ценности),counter-demonstrator – участник демонстрации, выступающий против чего-либо,counter-trade – бартерная торговля (форма безденежной торговли, основанная на обмене товарами)

5. dis— оформля­ет глагольные основы, реже – основы существительных; придает образованным с его помощью слонам значение отрицания: disbe­lieve не верить, dislike не любить, или значение обратного дей­ствия: disunite разъединять, разделять; disagree расходиться в мнениях, не соглашаться; disorder беспорядок, т.е. образует существительные со значением «отсутствие, противоположность»: disability – инвалидность, нетрудоспособность,disabuse – выводить из заблуждения,disadvantage – невыгода,disadvantageous – невыгодный,disagree – не соглашаться,disincentive – отсутствие инициативы,disinfestation – обеззараживание

6. non— образует существительные от основ существительных с противоположным значением: non-cooperation – нежелание совместно работать, отказ от сотрудничества,nonconformist – своеобычный человек, диссидент, инакомыслящий, сектант,non-access недопущение (к ядерному оружию),non-communication – взаимное непонимание,non-finisher – не окончивший школу или вуз,non-formals – неформалы,non-utility – бесполезность

II. Префиксы, выражающие темпоральность: ex-, pre-, post-

1. pre— означает пред­шествование; иногда соответствует русскому префиксу пред-: predetermine предопределять, predisposition предрасположение, prehistoric доисторический, prewar довоенный, pre-election предварительные выборы, pre-emption преимущественное право на покупку государственной земли, pre-med медосмотр перед операцией, pre-sale выставка-продажа для оптовиков, pre-selling предварительная договоренность в отношении сбыта будущей продукции фирмы, реклама этого товара.

2. post— означает по­следующее (событие): postwar послевоенный, postscript постскриптум, postgraduate student аспирант, post-polio – человек, переболевший полиомиелитом.

3. ex— образует существительные со значением бывшего занятия, положения: ex-artist бывший художник, ex-convict бывший заключенный, ex-offender рецидивист, ex-student бывший студент.

III. Группа префиксов со значением квантитивности: hyper-, over-, super-.

1. hyper— служит для образования существительных со значением «повышенное по сравнению с нормой качество»: hyperacidity повышенная кислотность, hyperdrive сверхстимул, hyperactivity сверхактивность, hyperactive сверхактивный, hypermarket крупный универсам.

2. over— образует существительные, как правило, от отглагольных основ существительных со значением «излишество»: over-abundant избыточный, излишний, overact переигрывать, over-ambitious чересчур честолюбивый, overdrugging – злоупотребление наркотиками, overeater – любитель поесть, обжора, overintellectuality сверх интеллектуальность, overoptimism сверхоптимизм, overprotectiveness излишняя опека, overstayer иностранец, остающийся в стране дольше, чем позволяет виза и разрешение на трудоустройство

3. super— служит для образования существительных от основ существительных со значением «превосходство, чрезмерность»: superabundance чрезмерное изобилие, supercomputer суперкомпьютер, superconsciousness сверхсознательность, supergalaxy сверхгалактика, supergovernment тотальный режим, 2) лига государств, superhighway автострада высшего качества, supermarket универмаг, супермаркет, superpower сверхдержава, superscandal крупный скандал (политический), superstore крупный универмаг, superstarp прилежный студент, superwave гигантская волна, superego сверх-я, крайний эгоизм, superhuman сверхчеловеческий, super-rich сверхбогатый, supersecret сверхсекретный superheat сильно перегревать.

IV. Префиксы, обозначающие пространство: inter-, sub-

1. sub— служит для образования существительных от основ существительных со значением «расположенный ниже, чем»; в русском языке часто соответствует префиксу под-: subdivide под­разделять, subconscious подсознательный, subconscious подсознание, subculture субкультура, subcurrent подоплека, подтекст, завуалированное намерение, submarine морские растения, морские животные, subplot побочная сюжетная линия, subpolar субполяр­ный.

2. inter— в русском языке часто соответствует префиксам между-, меж-, взаимо-: international международный, inter-departmental междуведом­ственный, interaction взаимодействие, interchange взаимный обмен, interlanguage язык межнационального общения, intervision интервидение, interactive взаимодействующий, intercontinental межконтинентальный, interdepartmental межфакультетский.

V. Префикс re— означает повторность действия; в этом значении префикс re— всегда несет на себе ударение: ‘re’write снова написать ‘reread перечитывать ‘re’appear снова появляться ‘re’pay платить вторично, re-elect переизбирать, refreeze вновь замораживать, repaint перекрашивать.

В тех случаях, когда значение префикса затемнено или совер­шенно не ощущается, он становится неударным: ср. ‘re’sign под­писать еще раз и re’sign уйти с какого-либо поста, подать в отставку; ‘re’mark отметить снова и re’mark заметить, re-examination пересмотр политики; remarriage вступление в новый брак; renazification возрождение нацизма;

VI. extra— в русском языке соответствует префиксам сверх-, вне-, особо-, экстра-: extraordinary экстраординарный, необычайный; extra-official не входящий в круг обычных обязанностей, extra-territorial экстер­риториальный, то есть лежащий за пределами страны.

VIII. ultra—придает зна­чение “по ту сторону”, “сверх”: ultramarine заморский, ultramon­tane расположенный к югу от Альп, ultra-violet ультрафио­летовый.

IX. be— в современном английском языке в сочетании с глагольными основами образует переходные глаголы от непереходных: moan стонать, жало­ваться – bemoan оплакивать; или имеет усилительное значение: begrudge завидовать образовано от основы глагола grudge с тем же значением; bedazzle ослеплять блеском, поражать – от осно­вы глагола dazzle с тем же значением.

В сочетании с именными основами префикс be— образует гла­голы: behead обезглавить, соотносительно с существительным head голова; befriend относиться дружески, помогать – с суще­ствительным friend друг; belittle умалять, преуменьшать – с прилагательным little маленький.

X. mis— указывает на неправильность действия, выраженного основой: misinform неправильно информировать, misname неверно называть, mis­pronounce неправильно произносить.

XI. out— придает оформленному им глаголу значение “превзойти в чем-либо”: outnumber превзойти численностью, outdo превзойти, изощ­ряться.

Префикс out— в сочетании с глагольными основами образует существительные: output (техн.) производительность, мощность; outbreak взрыв; outcast изгнанник, изгнание.

XII. de— офор­мляет глагольные и именные основы; придает значение обратного действия: decode расшифровывать; deform деформировать; или значение движения назад, лишения чего-либо: debar лишать права адвокатской практики, decolour обесцвечивать. de-activate деактивизировать, decolonize деколонизировать, decompress снимать эмоциональное напряжение, decontaminate дезинфицировать,

XIII. Префикс self—, исконно английского происхождения, обозначающий возвратность, образует существительные от основ существительных: self-abuse сомобичевание, self-awareness самосознание, self-doubt неуверенность в себе, self-hypnosis самовнушение, self-punishment самоистязание, self-realisation самосознание, self-searching самоанализ, self-starter инициативный человек, self-treatment самолечение self-destructive саморазрушительный self-criticize заниматься самокритикой, self-treat заниматься самолечением.

XIV. со- — префикс романского происхождения; оформляет основы существительных; придает словам, образованным с его помощью, значение совместности; в русском языке часто соот­ветствует приставке со-: coexistence сосуществование, совмест­ное существование, co-author соавтор, coaction совместное действие, co-education совместное обучение лиц обоего пола, co-ally союзник, co-author соавтор, co-chair сопредседатель, co-owner совладелец, co-religionist единоверец.

XV. en— в сочетании с основами существительных и прилагательных образует глаголы: enlarge увеличивать, enslave порабощать, enrich обогащать; иногда придает им значение включения во что-то: enchain са­жать на цепь, заковывать, encircle окружать.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Write the following words into the correct column.

Happy, competent, possible (возможный), definite (определенный), polite (вежливый), regular, action, legal, passable (проходимый), literate (грамотный), patient (терпеливый), effective, responsible (ответственный), moral, tidy, easy (легкий), moderate (скромный), fashionable, legible (разборчивый), healthy (здоровый) convenient, regularity (закономерность).

Un-	In-	Il-	Im-	Ir-

Exercise 2. Agree with these statements, using words with a negative meaning.

Example: A: He

doesn’t have a job, does he?

B: No, he’s unemployed

1 It’s against the law, isn’t it? – Oh yes, …

2 His room is always in a mess, isn’t it? – Yes, …

3 He doesn’t look happy – Yes, …

4 This handwriting is impossible to read. – Yes I know, …

5 She can never wait for five minutes, can she? – No, …

6 I thought it was rude, didn’t you? – Yes, it was very …

Exercise 3. Complete the words with prefixes in these sentences.

1 I’m sorry, I ………….. (understood) her message.

2 We ………….. (packed) as soon as we got to the hotel.

3 My sister ………….. (liked) the film.

4 Kate ………….. (cooked) the meat for dinner.

5 My homework was so bad that I had to ………….. (write) it.

6 Apparently her alarm clock didn’t ring and she …………… (slept).

7 My grandmother likes ………….. (war) films.

8 My favourite song is “The Yellow ………….. (Marine)” by Beatles.

9 I don’t think I’ll pass the exam, but I can always ………….. (take) it in September.

10 This boy’s favourite hero is ………….. (man).

11 She’s ………….. (working) at the moment. She really needs a holiday.

We must come to a ………… very soon.

We beat them ………….We won 7:0.

He can never make up his mind. He’s very ………..

2. beauty

She is very ……….

She’s training to be a ……….

They are going to ………. the town with more trees and parks.

3. pay

To buy this car I made a monthly ………. of $ 280 for two years.

Please make your cheque ………. to John Watson.

The person a cheque is made outto is called the ……….

4. produce

………. of the new sports car has been halted by a strike.

China is one of the world’s leading ………. of rice.

I’m afraid the talks were totally ………. anything. We didn’t reach agreement on anything.

5. explain

An …….. leaflet is given to all purchasers of the machine.

His disappearance is very strange, in fact quite ……….

I think you owe me an ………. for your behaviour.

6. admire

She was a pleasant, attractive girl, always surrounded by ……….

I am full of ………… for what she has achieved.

I approve of him wholeheartedly. He is an ………… man.

7. economy

We’re spending too much. We must ……….

This car uses a lot of petrol. It’s terribly ………..

The Chancellor (Minister of Finance) is responsible for ………. affairs.

8. reside

This is the President’s official ……….

There is no industry or entertainment here. It’s a ………. district.

All ………. of the neighbouring houses were warned of the gas leak.

9. comfort

In that tense situation I found the good news very ……….

I felt rather ………., so I put a soft cushion behind me.

She sat in terrible ………. on the hard chair for over an hour.

10. demonstrate

The ……….marched through the streets chanting slogans.

Grandfather rarely showed the affection he felt for his family. He was a very ………. person.

What you say is ………. false. Let me show you the facts.

11. imitate

The bag is made of ………. leather.

Small children are very ………. in their behaviour. They just copy what they see.

His acting style is ………. No one can copy him.

1. 
   argue
   

She had an ………… with her husband last night.

He’s a very bad-tempered, ………. chap. He’s always quarrelling

She is ………… the finest pianist in the world.

13. active

The strike was organised by a group of political ………..

The fire-prevention system is ………. by any small increase in temperature.

It is quite safe to go near the volcano. It has been ………. for years.

II. Конверсия (Conversion)

В процессе развития английского языка, в результате отпадения флексий, развился новый способ словообразования, который дал возможность образовывать новые глаголы от существительных и прилагательных и существительные от глаголов без помощи словообразовательных аффиксов. Этот способ словообразования называется конверсией. Под конверсией понимается образование новых слов посредством перехода из одной речи в другую часто без изменения формы слова. Образование новых слов путем конверсии составляет специ­фику английского языка.

В современном английском языке особенно широкое распро­странение получило образование по конверсии глаголов от существительных. Например:

a telephone телефон – to telephone звонить по телефону;

a fork вилка – to fork разветвляться;

a word слово – to word something выразить (при помощи соответствующих слов);

a screen (кино) экран, ширма – to screen: 1) при­крывать, загораживать; 2) показывать в кино; 3) экранизи­ровать;

a class класс – to class классифицировать;

a design проект, дизайн – to design проектировать;

a measure мера – to measure мерить;

summit встреча на высшем уровне – to summit принимать участие во встрече на высшем уровне.

Одним из средств различения существительных от соответствующих им глаголов является наличие в глаголе конечного звонкого согласного звука в противоположность конечному глухому в существительном. Иногда при этом имеет место чередование корневого гласного звука и изменения написания слова:

a use – to use;

an advice – to advise;

a choice – to choose;

a proof – to prove.

Существительное и глагол могут различаться корневыми гласными звуками:

food-feed;

gold-gild;

blood-bleed.

Можно отметить и некоторые случаи образования глаголов от прилагательных путем конверсии:

wrong несправедливый – to wrong nocmyпать несправедливо (т. е. неправильно);

brave храбрый – to brave (something) храбро переносить (что-либо), храбриться;

wet мокрый – to wet замочить, увлажнить;

free свободный – to free освобождать;

busy деятельный; занятой – to busy дать работу, занять работой, заниматься;

empty пустой – to empty опустошить;

clear ясный – to clear проясниться;

double двойной, удвоенный – to double удваивать.

Возможен также обратный процесс, т. е. образование суще­ствительных путем конверсии, причем последние образуются or чрезвычайно широкого круга глаголов.

Нужно иметь в виду, что в некоторых случаях такие суще­ствительные приходится переводить на русский язык с помощью описательных выражений ввиду отсутствия в русском языке соответствующих существительных или их неуместности в том или ином контексте. Например: глагол to feed кормить дал существительное feed еда. You’ll get a good feed. To do them justice they always give you a good feed. Они тебя хорошо на­кормят. Надо отдать им справедливость, они всегда хорошо кормят.

Глагол to taste пробовать дал существительное taste проба. One day, when Tom was holding the bottle, his aunt’s cat Peter came, saw the tea-spoon and begged for a taste (Tw.) … и по­просил дать ему попробовать (лекарство).

Глагол to make делать дал существительное make с до­вольно обширным кругом значений (стиль, фасон, модель; тип, марка; строение; склад, конституция, сложение; склад характера, менталитет и др.).

Глагол to remake переделывать дал существительное remake переделка.

Иногда совпадение форм наблюдается у нескольких частей речи:

a back обратная сторона – back обратный, задний – to back поддерживать;

To nose, eye, head, hand, face, leg, foot, knee, elbow, fist, shoulder, bosom.

Exercise 2. The following parts of the body are used as verbs in the sentences below. Put each one in its correct place.

Shin, head, mouth, finger, back, thumb, head, foot, shoulder, elbow.

1. I think we’d better ……. for the station. Our train leaves in half an hour.

2. It’s your fault! Don’t leave me to ……. all the blame!

3. There was a crowd of people there. I had to ……. my way through.

4. They decided to ………… their way round Europe. They’re experienced hitch-hikers.

5. If customers ……. a book a lot, it gets dirty.

6. I’m having my house painted. It’s very expensive. I don’t know how I’m going to ……. the bill.

7. Bob couldn’t hear me because of the noise so I had to ……….. what I wanted to say.

8. He’s very fit and strong. Watch him ………… up that tree like a monkey.

9. It has been announced that the Foreign Minister will ………… a delegation to visit China next month.

10. A large manufacturing firm has offered to ……..…. the Himalayan Expedition.

Exercise 3. a) Compare the following verbs with the corresponding nouns. b) Comment on their form and meaning.

1. an ape – to ape; 2. an ass – to ass; 3. a dog – to dog; 4. a duck – to duck; 5. a fish – to fish; 6. an eye – to eye; 7. a finger – to finger; 8. a head – to head; 9. a shoulder – to shoulder; 10. a top – to top; 11. a dress – to dress; 12. a pocket – to pocket; 13. a line- to line; 14. a hound – to hound; 15. a rat – to rat; 16. a wolf- to wolf; 17. a back – to back; 18. a bone- to bone; 19. a face – to face; 20. blood – to blood; 21. a star – to star; 22. a collar – to collar; 23. a cork – to cork.

Exercise 4. a) State to what part of speech the underlined words belong. b) Compare the meaning of the underlined words with that of the corresponding nouns.

1. to head an army, 2. to toe a mark, 3. to eye a foe, 4. to chair a candidate, 5. to table a resolution, 6. to scalp an enemy, 7. to fish for compliments, 8. to foot a stocking, 9. to mind a command, 10. to book a passenger, 11. to hand a plate, 12. to stone a martyr, 13. to man a ship, 14. to dress a wound, 15. to cork a battle.

Exercise 5. Form verbs from the following nouns. Translate the verbs into Russian.

A bridle узда; a comb гребень; a cork пробка; glue клей; a plough плуг; a rake грабли; ski лыжа; a saw пила; a scoop совок; a seal печать; a spur шпора; starch крахмал; a tape тесьма, plaster штукатурка; a rocket ракета.

Exercise 6. a) Express the following in one word. Model: to strike with a hammer — to hammer.

b) Translate the derived verbs into Russian.

1) to stir smth. with a spoon, to fasten smth. with buttons, to mark smth. with a brand, to cover smth. with sand, to catch smth. with a net.

2) to put smth. into a pocket, to put smth. into a bottle, to put smb. (smth.) into a cage to put smb. into jail;.

3) to act as a doctor, to act as a tailor» to act in the manner of a slave, to act in the manner of a spy, to act like a monkey;

4) to cause (give) pain, to cause damage, to cause disgust, to cause sorrow.

Exercise 7. a) Explain the meanings of the under­lined verbs. b) Translate the verbs into Russian.

To powder one’s nose, to elbow one’s way, to head a delegation, to parrot the grown-ups, to nurse the wounded, to referee the match, to boss the job, to dock the ship, to garage the car, to barrel beer, to torture the priso­ner, to anger the mother, to inconvenience the host.

Exercise 8. Rewrite these sentences using the underlined nouns as verbs. The meaning must stay the same. Look at the example first.

Example: There was a lot of

rain yesterday. It rained a lot yesterday.

1. We had a long wait.

2. I had a dream about you last night.

3. We waited in the queue for half an hour.

4. The cost of the holiday was about £500.

5. I wrote a reply to his letter yesterday.

Exercise 9. Sometimes the same word form can be a verb and noun but with a very different meaning. Read these pairs of sentences. Does the verb have a) the same meaning as the noun, b) a similar meaning, or c) a completely different meaning?

1. We had a long wait for the bus. If we wait any longer, we may miss the train.

2. Could we have another bottle of water, please? I asked her to water the garden.

3. I gave him the book. Did you book the table in the restaurant?

4. They always take a break after an hour’s work. Did he break his arm skiing?

5. I go for a run most mornings. I was late so I had to run to get to school on time.

III. Словосложение (Composition or Compounding)

Словосложение – это общий для всех индоевропейских языков способ словообразования, при котором новое слово обра­зуется путем соединения основ двух или, реже, трех слов. Словосложение является одним из древних способов образования слов, сохранившим в английском языке продуктивность и на современном этапе его развития.

Сложные слова образуют различные структурные типы, в основе которых лежит морфологическая природа компонентов сложного слова и способ их объединения в одно слово.

Приведем основные структурные типы сложных слов, отно­сящихся к различным частям речи.

I. Сложные существительные – Compound Nouns

Основным способом объединения компонентов сложных существительных является соединение основ различных частей речи без какого бы то ни было их изменения или оформления. Харак­терной особенностью сложных существительных является то, что первый компонент может быть выражен основой любой части речи, в то время как последний компонент чаще всего выражен основой существительного.

Сложные существительные представлены следующими струк­турными тинами:

1) N+N (основа существительного + основа существительного):

lamp­shade абажур;

night-school вечерняя школа;

sheepskin дубленка;

skinheads скинхеды;

toothpaste зубная паста;

headache головная боль;

sunflower подсолнух;

2) Adj.+N (основа прилагательного + основа существительного):

black­cock тетерев;

greenhouse теплица;

bluebell колокольчик;

bluebottle василек;

blue blood аристократическое происхождение, «голубая кровь»;

bluestocking синий чулок;

blue cheese сыр с прожилками плесени;

blueberry черника;

3) Gerund + Noun (основа герундия + основа существительного):

living-room гостиная, общая комната;

sitting-room, drawing-room гостиная;

writing-table письменный стол;

dressing room гримерная;

changing room раздевалка, примерочная,

swimming-pool бассейн;

skating-ring каток;

washing-machine стиральная машина;

4) N+V+-ing:

breast-beating показное проявление эмоций;

shoplifting магазинная кража покупателем;

sky-diving затяжные прыжки с парашютом;

snowboarding сноуборд;

glue-sniffing вдыхание клея с целью получения наркотического эффекта;

string-pulling – использование связей;

5) Noun + Verb + er:

baby-sitter нянька;

body-builder культурист;

business-getter агент, заключающий сделки;

cake-eater любитель сладкой жизни, бездельник, лежебока, кутила;

film-goer киноман;

page-turner увлекательная книга;

weight-watcher человек, следящий за своим весом;

lady-killer сердцеед;

6) Verb + Noun (основа глагола + основа существительного):

scatter-brain легкомысленный, рассеянный человек, растеряха;

breakstone щебень;

breakroom комната для чаепитий, кофе-брейков (в офисе, на конференциях);

resthouse дом отдыха, санаторий для выздоравливающих;

passrate процент успеваемости;

7) Noun + Verb

group-think – шаблонное (групповое) мышление;

heart-throb (пульсировать) – предмет обожания;

joy-ride – увеселительная поездка, авантюра;

teabreak – короткий перерыв на чашку чая;

moonfall – посадка на Луну;

5) сложное существительное, состоящее из основ двух суще­ствительных, соединенных предлогом:

man-of-war военный корабль;

man-of-war’s man военный моряк;

mother-in-law теща, свекровь;

son-in-law зять;

6) сложное существительное, состоящее из основ двух суще­ствительных или глаголов, соединенных союзом:

bread-and-butter бутерброд;

come-and-go движение туда—сюда;

hide-and-seek прятки;

salt-and-pepper цвета соли с перцем;

home-and-dry целый и невредимый,

meat-and-potatoes насущный, основной, жизненно важный;

7) основа существительного + соединительный гласный + основа существительного:

handicraft ремесло, ручная работа;

handiwork рукоделие, speedometer спидометр.

Соединительный гласный в составе слов этого типа является показателем морфо­логической оформленности сложного слова. Однако морфологи­ческая оформленность не характерна для сложных существи­тельных, и слов этого типа в современном английском языке достаточно мало.

Сложные прилагательные характеризуются большим разно­образием структурных типов. Среди них значительное место занимают структурные типы, в которых словосложение имеет определенное морфологическое оформление.

Сложные прилагательные представлены следующими струк­турными типами:

1) основа прилагательного + основа существительного + суф­фикс прилагательного —ed:

open-faced с открытым лицом;

long-legged длинноногий;

quick-mannered быстрый;

grey-haired седой;

tender-hearted нежный.

У сложных прилагательных этого типа вторым компонентом всегда является основа существительного. Показателем морфологической оформленности сложного слова является суффикс прилагательного -ed, который относится ко всему сочетанию двух именных основ, объединяя их в одно сложное слово.

2) основа числительного + основа существительного: ten-year десятилетний; two-room двухкомнатный; twenty-minute walk. Морфологическая оформленность сложных слов этого типа заключается в том, что второй компонент не имеет показателя множественного числа -s, ко­торый присутствует в свободном сочетании (ср.:ten years,two rooms);

3) основа существительного + основа прилагательного:

life­long пожизненный, длящийся всю жизнь;

world-wide распро­страненный по всему свету, всемирно известный;

blood-thirsty кровожадный; waste-free,

weapon-free не имеющий вооружений;

customer-friendly готовый помочь покупателю;

environment-friendly не вредящий окружающей среде;

4) основа существительного + основа причастия I:

peace-loving миролюбивый;

labour-saving экономящий труд, рационализаторский;

armour-piercing бронебойный;

5) основа существительного + основа причастия II:

panic-stricken охваченный паникой;

snow-covered покрытый снегом,

brickbuilt построенный из кирпича;

news-starved papers жаждущие новостей газеты;

duty-paid оплаченный пошлиной;

6) сложные прилагательные, обозначающие географические названия, типа: Indo-European индоевропейский; Indo-Chinese индокитайский; Anglo-Saxon англо-саксонский; Anglo-American англо-американский. Показателем морфологической оформлен­ности сложных слов этого типа является соединительный гласный.

7) основа прилагательного + основа прилагательного:

red-hot накаленный докрасна;

dark-blue темно—синий;

light-blue светло-синий.

основа наречия + основа причастия II:

hard-won тяжело добытый;

well-read начитанный;

well-known всемирно известный;

well-managed хорошо управляемый, контролируемый.

3. Сложные глаголы

Для английского языка образование глаголов путем слово­сложения нехарактерно, и сложные глаголы встречаются редко. Сложные глаголы представлены следующими структурными типами:

1) основа существительного + основа глагола:

to bottlefeed искусственно вскармливать;

to catlick наскоро ополоснуть, помыть кое-как;

to chain-smoke непрерывно курить;

to cliff-hang coll. 1) висеть на волоске, 2) оборвать рассказ, фильм на самом интересном месте;

to castle-hop (to hop – подпрыгивать, двигаться подпрыгивая) бегло осматривать замки;

to gallery-hop бегло осматривать галереи;

to museum-hop бегло осматривать музеи;

to party-hop скакать с одной вечеринки на другую;

to job-hop часто менять место работы;

to hedge-hop летать очень низко;

2) основа прилагательного + основа существительного:

whitewash белить;

to double-check – перепроверять;

to double-space – печатать через интервал;

3) основа глагола + основа существительного:

to crashland потерпеть аварию (о самолете);

to waitlist вносить в список, ожидающих очередь;

Сложные глаголы могут образовываться по конверсии от сложных существительных или от атрибутивно-именных словосочетаний:

to frontpage помещать статью о каком-либо событии на первой странице газеты;

to hero-worship преклоняться перед кем-либо;

to mickey-mouse синхронизировать звук с изображением на экране в мультфильмах;

to screentest делать пробную киносъемку;

to softdeck производить стыковку космических кораблей вручную.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Analyse the structure of the following words:

Fountain-pen, stay-at-home, red-hot, will-to-live, heart-broken, hair’s breadth, bird’s-eye, penny-a-liner, Anglo-Saxon, butter-fingers, mother-of-thousands, sunfish, lady­bird, no-longer-young, mother-in-law, non-stop flight, up-to-date, gaslight, officer-in-charge, workday, gas-mask, handiwork.

Exercise 2. a) Translate the compound words into Russian. b) Compare the meaning of the compound word with that of its components.

Lady-bug, nobleman, grandfather, bluebell, butter-fingers, bluestocking, lady-killer, bird’s-eye, mother-of-pearl, mother-of-thou­sands, mother’s mark, mother country, mother-ship, masterpiece, masterkey, sundew, sunflo­wer, sunfish, cock-a-hoop, cock-horse, horse­fly, horse-marine, horse-radish, dough-boy, white-livered, red coat, red-handed, black sheep, red tape.

Exercise 3. Take one word (the first part or the second part) from each compound and create as many new compounds as it is possible. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.

Examples: brother-in-law – mother-in-law

table tennis – table leg

dining room …………………………. traffic lights ………………………….

film star …………………………. sunglasses ………………………….

credit card …………………………. post office ………………………….

toothpaste …………………………. hairdryer ………………………….

Exercise 4. Make up the compound nouns combining the words from two columns

1 dough 2 bird’s- 3 lady- 4 horse 5 mother’s 6 sun 7 blue 8 night 9 horse- 10 butter- 11 traffic 12 alarm

A fingers B bell C school D eye view E marine F nut G jam H bird I mark J clock K flower L fly

Exercise 5. Complete the compound adjectives in these sentences.

1. They were both wearing short-… shirts.

2. We stayed in a five-… hotel.

3. There is a shop in London which sells things for left-… people.

4. He’s just bought a brand-… car.

5. The airport is about ten miles south-… of the city centre.

6. One little girl was very badly-…; she kept shouting during lunch and then threw food all over the floor.

7. She’s just got a …-time job; she works three hours a day on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.

8. It was a very badly-… article: I noticed several punctuation mistakes and lots of spelling mistakes.

9. They’re very well-… so they can afford to go to expensive restaurants.

10. It’s a twenty-… walk to the house, but it takes much less than that in the car.

11. She’s got a little stall in the market where she sells second-… things.

12. When I saw her last night, she was dancing with a very good-… young man in a white suit.

13. I was astonished when the man at the next table gave the waiter a ten-… note as a tip.

14. Have you ever met a well-… actor or politician?

15. I had a nice time with my cousin — he’s good company and very easy-…

IV. Сокращение и аббревиация

Shortening and Abbreviation

Образование новых слов путем сокращения – очень распространенный в английском языке словообразовательный прием.

Сокращения отличаются от других способов словообразования тем, что сокращенное слово не является единственным словесным обозначением данного понятия, а живет в языке наряду с полным словом, от которого оно произошло.

Выделяют сокращения графические, буквенные (или инициальные), лексические.

Графические сокращения – это результат сокращения слов и словосочетаний только в письменной речи, тогда как в устной речи используются только полные формы. Графические сокращения используются в целях экономии пространства при письме и являются лишь условным графическим обозначением слов.

Старейшая группа графических сокращений в английском языке латинского происхождения: e.g. – for example (Latin exampli gratia), a.m. – in the morning (ante meridiem), No – number (numero), p.a. – a year (per annum), d – penny (dinarius), lb – pound (libra), i.e. – that is (id est).

а) буквенные сокращения, которые по своей звуковой форме представляют собой сочетание алфавитных названий каждой из составляющих их букв: the UK (United Kingdom), BUP (British United Press), BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), the USA (the United States of America);

б) буквенные сокращения, которые произносятся как обычные слова, состоящие из данных звуков, согласно произносительной норме современного английского языка: UNESCO (the United Nations Economic, Scientific, Cultural Organization), UNO (the United Nations Organization), UFO;

в) буквенные сокращения, которые по своей звуковой форме совпадают с английскими словами. Такие буквенные сокращения называются акронимами: NOW (National Organization of Women), тогда как now – сейчас, теперь; AIDS (Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome), тогда как aids – вспомогательные средства.

Лексические сокращения или Усеченные слова образуются путем отпадения части слова, начальной или конечной, реже – одного из серединных слогов.

Апокопа – отпадение конечной части слова: doc (doctor), sis (sister), exam (examination), disco (discotheque), Afro (African — фасон причёски под африканца).

Аферезис — отпадение начальной части слова: phone (telephone), drome (aerodrome), plane (aeroplane), chute (parachute – парашют), varsity (university), copter (helicopter).

Синкопа — отпадение серединной части слова: mart (market — крупный торговый центр; гипермаркет), fanzine (fan magazine), maths (mathematics).

Бленды – это слова, образованные путем объединения компонентов словосочетания или объединения двух синонимов: Swatch=Swiss+watch; Smog=smoke+fog

Exercises

Well, shortening?.. It’s easy! Let’s see how it works. OK, I am Elizabeth Smith. So, Beth is an initial clipping from Elizabeth. Eliza is a final clipping from it. Liza is an initial-final clipping from it. Your E.S. (it’s an alphabetical abbreviation)

Exercise 1. Which of the following words are a) graphical abbreviations; b) initial abbreviations; c) lexical abbreviations; d) blends? Translate them.

1) BBC, 2) e.g., 3) copter, 4) PSP, 5) brunch, 6) gym, i.e., 9) Afro, 10) varsity, 11) BA, 12) RU OK?, 13) me2, 14) Oxbridge, 15) NOW, 16) 4U, 17) NBA, 18) to vac, 19) maths, 20) etc., 21) fax, 22) IATA, 23) ad, 24) IMPACT, 25) if nec, 26) SLEPT, 27) subs., 28) 4U, 29) brunch, 30) Aus.

Exercise 2. Rewrite this note, making it more informal by using short forms where possible.

Michael,

Peter had a mathematics examination this afternoon and then he had to take his bicycle to repair shop, so he’ll probably be a bit late home. You can watch television while you’re waiting for him, and please help yourself to anything in the refrigerator. If there’s a problem (for example, Doctor Brown rings about the influenza vaccination), my telephone number is next to the photographs on the dining room table. I should be home myself by about five o’clock.

Margaret (Peter’s mother).

Exercise 3. Using standard English, rewrite the text messages two people sent to one another. The conversation contains all the words in the key.

Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman:

DO U WAN2 C ME L8R 4 A DRINK? WOT RU TRYING 2 SAY? I LUV U OIC :-0 PCM IM W/ SOME1 WOT ABOUT YR FRIEND? I LUV HER 2. IS SHE W/ NE1? I H8 U

Standard English	Text Messaging	Standard English	Text Messaging
anyone are you for hate later love oh I see please call me see someone		to, too want to what with you your Emotion happiness sadness surprise	Sign

Exercise 4. Complete these sentences with suitable abbreviations or shortened words.

1 If you go to any of the Mediterranean islands ……………. Sardinia or Corsica, it’s a good idea to hire a car. 2 He didn’t want to walk so he went on his …………….. 3 A: Do you always listen to tapes in the classroom? B: No, we sometimes listen in the …………….. 4 I asked the teacher to write the word on the …………….. 5 If you go there, you can buy books, pens, writing paper, …………….. 6 She was away from college last week because she had …………….. I think she’s better now, though. 7 When I decided to sell my records, I put an ……………. in the paper and I had three replies the same day. 8 It was a warm day so I put the milk and butter in the …………….. 9 If the tickets are very expensive ……………. more than $75, don’t buy any. 10 I put my ……………. in a left luggage locker.

Exercise 5. What do the following blends mean?

1. Smog

2. Chunnel

3. dramedy

4. Medicare

5. Oxbridge

6. magalogue

7. Swatch

8. brunch

9. fanzine

10. Interpol

11. Amex

12. Eurovision

13. shopaholic

Internet users have developed a particular type of shortenings over the years. These terms originated for saving keystrokes and time, for reducing the size of messages. Most of them are not actually acronyms as they cannot be pronounced, but that is what they are called nonetheless, e.g.:

AFAIK — ………..; ASAP — …………; BBS — …………; BTW — …………; cya, CU — …………; F2F — …………; 4get — ……..; HAND — …………..; 1C — ……..; IMHO — ……………; JJ, JK, j/k — …………; NM, n/m — …………; R8 — ……..; RU — ……..; somel — …………; TLK2UL8R — …………; 10X — ……..; W84M -………….

Some of such shortenings are in regular use; they are fixed by some dictionaries, for example by The Ox­ford Dictionary of New Words. Among these are FYI (for your information), IIRC (if I remember/recall correctly), IMHO (in my humble opinion), ISTR (I seem to remember/recall), LOL (laughing out loud), ROTFL (rolling on the floor laughing).

Smile with the wife!

Three guys and a lady were sitting at the bar talk­ing about their professions.

The first guy says, «I’m a Y.U.P.P.I.E., you know… Young, Urban, Professional, Peaceful, Intelligent, Ecologist.»

The second guy says, «I’m a D.I.N.K.Y., you know… Double Income, No Kids Yet.»

The third guy says, «I’m a R.U.B., you know… Rich, Urban, Biker.»

They turn to the woman and ask her, «What are you?»

Образование сочетаний глагола с послеглагольными элемен­тами в английском языке происходит уже в течение многих столетий и является живым продуктивным способом образования новых лексических единиц в современном языке. Наиболее ранние зарегистрированные Большим Оксфордским словарем случаи употребления глагола с послеглагольным элементом относятся к XII-XIV вв. (to give up прекращать – XII в.; to take off снимать – XIV в.; to get up вставать — XIV в.).

Этот тип образований представляет собой совершенно особое явление в языке, связан со строем английского языка и не имеет соответствий в русском языке.

Один и тот же глагол может сочетаться с различными послеглагольными элементами, так же как и любой из послеглагольных элементов вступает в сочетание с различными глаголами:

to look around — осматривать

to look after

to look back – вспоминать, оглядываться в прошлое

to look for

to look through

to look forward to

to look into

Составные глаголы могут быть многозначны. Отдельные гла­голы в сочетании с одним и тем же словообразовательным элементом имеют до 15 значений.

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