Example of the word adverb

What is an Adverb?

An adverb is a word that is used to change, modify or qualify several types of words including an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase, with the exception of determiners and adjectives, that directly modify nouns. A good way to understand adverbs is to think about them as the words that provide context. Specifically, adverbs provide a description of how, where, when, in what manner and to what extent something is done or happens. Normally, we can spot an adverb by the fact that it often ends in –ly, but there are lots of adverbs that don’t end in this way. Moreover, adverbs can be used in many combinations with each other.

Traditionally considered a single part of speech, adverbs perform a wide variety of functions, making it difficult to treat them as a single, unified category. However, spotting an adverb, especially one that ends in -ly is easy. Adverbs normally help paint a fuller picture by describing how something happens, such as

• When? She always arrives early.
• How? He drives carefully.
• Where? They go everywhere together.
• In what way? She eats slowly.
• To what extent? It is terribly hot.

This function of providing more information about how something is done is called the adverbial function, and it may be accomplished by using adverbial clauses and adverbial phrases as well as by adverbs that stand alone.

There are many rules for using adverbs, and these rules often depend upon which type of adverb you are using. Remember these basics and using adverbs to make sentences more meaningful will be easier for you.

• Adverbs can always be used to modify verbs. Notice that the second of these two sentences is much more interesting simply because it contains an adverb:
  • The dog ran. (You can picture a dog running, but you don’t really know much more about the scene.)
  • The dog ran excitedly. (You can picture a dog running, wagging its tail, panting happily, and looking glad to see its owner. You can paint a much more interesting picture in your head when you know how or why the dog is running.)
• Adverbs are often formed by adding the letters “-ly” to adjectives. This makes it very easy to identify adverbs in sentences. There are many exceptions to this rule; everywhere, nowhere, and upstairs are a few examples.
• An adverb can be used to modify an adjective and intensify the meaning it conveys. For example:
  • My math teacher is incredibly patient.
  • This movie is more interesting than the first one.

As you read the following adverb examples, you’ll notice how these useful words modify other words and phrases by providing information about the place, time, manner, certainty, frequency, or other circumstances of activity denoted by the verbs or verb phrases in the sentences.

Types of Adverbs

Adverbs of Manner

An adverb of manner will explain how an action is carried out. Very often adverbs of manner are adjectives with -ly added to the end, but this is certainly not always the case. In fact, some adverbs of manner will have the same spelling as the adjective form.
Some examples of adverbs of manner include:

1. Slowly
2. Rapidly
3. Clumsily
4. Badly
5. Diligently
6. Sweetly
7. Warmly
8. Sadly

Adverb of manner examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

• She passed the exam easily.
• They walk quickly to catch the train.
• The dinner party went badly.
• John answered the question correctly.

Notice how the adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjectives bad, correct and quick, although there is a slight spelling change when forming an adverb with the adjective easy.

As mentioned, some adverbs of manner take the same spelling as the adjective and never add an -ly to the end:

• The boys had worked hard.
• The car drives
• Julia dances well.

Adverbs of place

An adverb of place, sometimes called spatial adverbs, will help explain where an action happens. Adverbs of place will be associated with the action of the verb in a sentence, providing context for direction, distance and position: southeast, everywhere, up, left, close by, back, inside, around. These terms don’t usually end in -ly.

Adverbs of place examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Directions

• New York is located north of Philadelphia.
• They traveled down the mountainside.
• First, I looked here, and then I looked there, but I can’t find them anywhere.

Notice that here and there are often used at the beginning of a sentence to express emphasis or in exclamation.

• Here comes the sun.
• There is love in the air.
• Here you are!

Many times, adverbs of place can be used as prepositions as well. The difference is, when the phrase is used as an adverb, it is modifying a verb; when it is used as a preposition, it is always followed by a noun.

• New York is located north of Philadelphia -> New York is on the map.
• They travelled down river -> They travelled in the first compartment.
• That puppy was walking around by itself-> We put a collar around its neck.

Distance

• There was a deli
• Jane is moving far away.
• Carly is sitting close to me.

Position

• The treasure lies underneath the box.
• The cat is sleeping on the bed.
• Why are you standing in the middle of the dancefloor?

In addition, some adverbs of position will refer to a direction of movement. These often end in -ward or -wards.

• Oscar travelled onward to Los Angeles.
• Hannah looked upwards to the heavens.
• Molly, move forward to the front of the queue, please.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency are used to express time or how often something occurs. Adverbs of frequency can be split two main groups. The first, adverbs of indefinite frequency, are terms that have an unclear meaning as to how long are how often something occurs: usually, always, normally. These adverbs will usually be placed after the main verb or between the auxiliary verb and infinitive.

Adverbs of frequency examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

• The adverb is usually placed before the main verb.
• I can normally make the shot.
• I will always love

Adverbs of definite frequency will usually be placed at the end of the sentence.

• We get paid hourly.
• I come here
• The situation seems to change monthly.
• The newspaper is bought daily.

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time, while seemingly similar to adverbs of frequency, tell us when something happens. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of a sentence.

Adverbs of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

• I will see you
• Harvey forgot his lunch yesterday and again today.
• I have to go now.
• We first met Julie last year.

While it’s almost always correct to have the adverb of time at the end of the sentence, you can place it at the start of the sentence to put a different emphasis on the time if it is important to the context.

• Last year was the worst year of my life.
• Tomorrow our fate will be sealed.
• Yesterday my troubles seemed so far away.

Adverbs of Purpose

Adverbs of purpose, sometimes called adverbs of reason, help to describe why something happened. They can come in the form of individual words – so, since, thus, because – but also clauses – so that, in order to. Notice in the examples that the adverbs of purpose are used to connect sentences that wouldn’t make sense if they were formed alone.

Adverbs of purpose examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

• I was sick, thus didn’t go to work today.
• I started jogging so that I wouldn’t be late.
• Because I was late, I jogged a little faster.
• Since it’s your birthday, I will buy you a gift.

Positions of Adverbs

The positions of adverbs are not a fixed or set thing. As you have seen, adverbs can appear in different position in a sentence. However, there are some rules that help us decide where an adverb should be positioned. The rules will be different depending on whether the adverb is acting to modify an adjective or another adverb, a verb or what type of adverb it is.

Positional adverb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Adverb position with adjectives and other adverbs

These adverbs will usually be placed before the adjective or adverb being modified:

• We gave them a really tough match. The adverb really modifies the adjective tough.
• It was quite windy that night. The adverb quite modifies the adjective windy.
• We don’t go to the movies terribly often. The adverb terribly modifies the adverb often.

Adverb position with verbs

This can be a bit trickier because, it will depend on the type of adverb – place, position, time etc. – and there are many exceptions to the rules. However, a basic set of guidelines is shown below:

Adverbs of manner or place are usually positioned at the end of the sentence:

• She laughed timidly.
• I stroked the cat gently.
• Janine lived here.
• There is money everywhere.

As mentioned, if the adverb is of definite time it will be placed at the end of the sentence.

• I did it yesterday.
• We can discuss it tomorrow.
• Let’s go to Paris next week.

However, if it is an indefinite period of time, it will go between the subject and main verb.

• We often go to Paris in the springtime.
• Debbie regularly swims here.
• Bobby and Audrey always loved fishing by the lake.

Order of Adverbs

Adverb order is so important it has clear rules. It’s already mentioned that some adverbs will act to modify another, but how do you decide the structure of a sentence with several adverbs? Thankfully, there is a simple set of rules to follow, called the order of adverbs. Handily, the order of adverbs, sometimes also called the royal order of adverbs, can help us determine sentence structure too. In short, the adverbs get preference (are placed first) in the following order:

1. Adverbs of manner.
2. Adverbs of place.
3. Adverbs of frequency.
4. Adverbs of time.
5. Adverbs of purpose.

Consider this sentence:

I run (verb) quickly (manner) down the road (place) every morning (frequency) before school (time) because (purpose) I might miss the bus.

While it is good to remember the order of adverbs, there is always flexibility with language, and we have already mentioned that adverbs of time and frequency can be placed at the start of a sentence to change the emphasis. So, bottom line: think of the order of adverbs as more of a guideline than a rule that can’t be broken.

Examples of Adverbs

As you read each of the following adverb examples, note that the adverbs have been italicized for easy identification. Consider how replacing the existing adverbs with different ones would change the meaning of each sentence.

1. She was walking rapidly.
2. The kids love playing together in the sandbox.
3. Please come inside now.
4. His jokes are always very
5. You don’t really care, do you?

Adverbs Exercises

The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how adverbs work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. The driver stopped the bus _______________.
   A. Financially
   B. Exactly
   C. Abruptly
   D. Now

Answer: C. The driver stopped the bus abruptly.

1. During autumn, colorful leaves can be seen falling ______________ from trees.
   A. Everywhere
   B. Very
   C. Gently
   D. Loudly

Answer: C. During autumn, colorful leaves can be seen falling gently from trees.

1. My grandmother always smiled _______________.
   A. Cheerfully
   B. Sadly
   C. Never
   D. Yesterday

Answer: A. My grandmother always smiled cheerfully.

1. After the party, confetti was strewn _________________.
   A. Blandly
   B. Everywhere
   C. Later
   D. Carefully

Answer: B. After the party, confetti was strewn everywhere.

1. It’s time to go ____________.
   A. Before
   B. Now
   C. Yesterday
   D. Lightly

Answer: B. It’s time to go now.

Adverbs List

There are many different words that function as adverbs. The following list is broken down into segments which list adverbs by function. After reading, you will be able to think of additional adverbs to add to your own list – after all, there are thousands.

Many adverbs end in “-ly”. This makes it very easy to spot the adverbs in most sentences.

Abruptly

Boldly

Carefully

Deliberately

Excitedly

Financially

Horribly

Mildly

Naughtily

Openly

Poorly

Quickly

Sadly

Terribly

Willingly

Yearly

Some adverbs tell us where the action happened. These are known as adverbs of place.

Everywhere

Here

Inside

There

Underground

Upstairs

Certain adverbs let us know when or how often the action happened. These are known as adverbs of time and adverbs of frequency.

After

Always

Before

Later

Now

Today

Yesterday

Many adverbs tell us the extent of the action.

Almost

Enough

So

Too

Quite

Rather

Very

Some adverbs are used as intensifiers.

Absolutely

Certain

Completely

Heartily

Really

Certain adverbs called adverbs of manner tell us about the way in which something was done.

Briskly

Cheerfully

Expectantly

Randomly

Willingly

Some groups of words serve the same functions as adverbs. These are known as adverb clauses. Be sure to read the adverb clause section to learn new ways to make your sentences even more interesting.

Наречия в английском языке — тема довольно объемная, так как существуют разные виды наречий, разные правила их образования и, как часто бывает в английском языке, исключения, которые необходимо запомнить. В этой статье мы разберемся, как же правильно употреблять наречия и не делать ошибок.

Виды наречий в английском языке

Наречие (adverb) — это часть речи, которая обозначает признак действия. Наречия описывают, как, где, когда и как часто происходит действие.

Для начала разберемся, какие бывают наречия в английском языке. У них есть много форм, они могут состоять из одного или нескольких слов и занимать разные места в предложениях. Основные вопросы, на которые отвечают наречия в английском языке — how? (как?), where? (где?), why? (почему?), when? (когда?) и to what degree? (в какой степени?).

She sang so beautifully that the audience rose in applause. — Она пела так красиво, что зрители аплодировали стоя.
My son loves pistachio ice cream so much that asks me to buy it every time we are in the shop. — Мой сын так сильно любит фисташковое мороженое, что просит купить его каждый раз, когда мы в магазине.
Sometimes I feel like quitting my job and starting my own business. — Иногда у меня появляется желание уволиться с работы и начать собственный бизнес.

В английском языке наречия классифицируют по значениям. В таблице ниже представлены их основные группы.

Виды наречий	На какой вопрос отвечают	Примеры наречий	Примеры предложений
Наречия образа действия (adverbs of manner)	how? (как?)	quietly — тихо slowly — медленно well — хорошо fast — быстро	Please, drive carefully. — Пожалуйста, езжай осторожно. You are talking very loudly. — Ты разговариваешь очень громко.
Наречия частотности (adverbs of frequency)	how often? (как часто?)	usually — обычно never — никогда sometimes — иногда	I hardly ever talked to my stepdad.— Я почти никогда не разговаривал со своим отчимом. They are often late for work. — Они часто опаздывают на работу.
Наречия времени (adverbs of time)	when? (когда?)	soon — скоро yesterday — вчера last weekend — на прошлых выходных	I am taking children on a big hiking tour next month. — Я веду детей на большую пешую экскурсию в следующем месяце. He will call you today. — Он позвонит тебе сегодня.
Наречия места (adverbs of place)	where? (где?)	there — там somewhere — где-то below — внизу	I want to stay here. — Я хочу остаться здесь. Let’s go somewhere nice. — Давай пойдем в какое-нибудь хорошее местечко.
Наречения направления (adverbs of direction)	which way? (куда?)	across — через along — вдоль down — вниз past — мимо through — сквозь	Is this lift going down? — Лифт едет вниз? Go straight on. — Идите прямо.
Наречия степени (adverbs of degree)	—	a bit — немного very — очень quite — довольно rather — достаточно really — действительно	People think she is a little weird because she doesn’t talk much. — Люди считают ее немного странной, потому что она мало разговаривает. It was quite a good trip. — Это была довольно хорошая поездка.
Наречия выражения мнения (comment adverbs)	—	fortunately — к счастью seriously — серьезно unbelievably — невероятно	Fortunately, we got home before the downpour. — К счастью, мы добрались до дома до того, как начался ливень. Not surprisingly, the jury found them guilty. — Неудивительно, что присяжные признали их виновными.
Наречия выражения степени уверенности (certainty adverbs)	—	definitely — точно surely — несомненно probably — вероятно	The problem surely lies in the marketing strategy. — Проблема, несомненно, заключается в маркетинговой стратегии. I certainly hope he’ll recover soon. — Я, безусловно, надеюсь, что он скоро поправится.

Образование наречий в английском языке

Наречия образа действия (adverbs of manner) отвечают на вопрос how? (как?). Чтобы их образовать чаще всего к прилагательному необходимо добавить суффикс -ly.

bad (плохой) – badly (плохо)
sudden (неожиданный) – suddenly (неожиданно)
silent (тихий) – silently (тихо)

Есть несколько правил, которые нужно знать, чтобы не допускать ошибок:

• Если прилагательное оканчивается на -y, то в наречии -y меняется на -i и добавляется суффикс -ly:

  happy (счастливый) – happily (счастливо)
  dry (сухой) – drily (сухо)

  This grammar rule is easy. — Это грамматическое правило — простое. (easy — прилагательное)
  I can easily remember this grammar rule. — Я могу легко запомнить это грамматическое правило. (easily — наречие)

  Однако есть исключения:

  shy (застенчивый) – shyly (застенчиво)
  sly (хитрый) – slyly (хитро)
  coy (скромный) – coyly (скромно)

• Если прилагательное оканчивается на -e, то при словообразовании ничего не меняется, нужно только добавить суффикс -ly:

  polite (вежливый) – politely (вежливо)
  desperate (отчаянный) – desperately (отчаянно)

  Their children are very polite and good-mannered. — Их дети очень вежливые и хорошо воспитанные. (polite — прилагательное)
  Their children always behave politely. — Их дети всегда ведут себя вежливо. (politely — наречие)

  Исключения:

  true (действительный) – truly (действительно)
  due (должный) – duly (должным образом)

• Если прилагательное оканчивается на -le, то в наречии буква -e меняется -y:

  simple (простой) – simply (просто)
  capable (умелый) – capably (умело)
  noble (благородный) – nobly (благородно)

• При образовании наречий от прилагательных, которые заканчиваются на -l, буква -l удваивается:

  original (оригинальный) – originally (оригинально)
  beautiful (красивый) – beautifully (красиво)

• Если прилагательное оканчивается -ic, то добавляется суффикс -ally:

  tragic (трагический) – tragically (трагически)
  ironic (иронический) – ironically (с иронией)

  Исключение:

  public (публичный) – publicly (публично)

Кроме того, существуют слова, которые имеют одинаковую форму для прилагательных и для наречий:

fast — быстрый/быстро
hard — тяжелый/тяжело
high — высокий/высоко
low — низкий/низко
near — близкий/близко
late — поздний/поздно

It was a very hard day. — Это был тяжелый день. (hard — прилагательное)
It’s hard to believe that he could cheat on his wife. — Трудно поверить, что он мог изменить жене. (hard — наречие)

Обратите внимание, что есть такие прилагательные, которые меняют свое значение, если к ним добавить суффикс -ly:

hard (упорный, трудный) – hardly (едва ли)
high (высокий) – highly (весьма, сильно)
near (близкий) – nearly (почти)
late (поздний, последний) – lately (в последнее время)
wide (широко) – widely (повсеместно)
fair (честно) – fairly (довольно-таки)

Nearly 60% of Americans suffer from stress. — Почти 60% американцев страдают от стресса.

И есть прилагательные, которые полностью меняют свою форму при образовании наречия:

good (хороший) – well (хорошо)

I can’t believe you think the film was good. I nearly fell asleep! — Я не могу поверить, что ты считаешь, что фильм был хорошим. Я практически уснул! (good — прилагательное)
Yeah, they played well, but they still lost so it doesn’t really matter. — Да, играли они хорошо, но они все равно проиграли, поэтому это не имеет особенного значения. (well — наречие)

От прилагательных, которые заканчиваются на -ly, нельзя образовать наречия. Например: friendly (дружелюбный), lovely (очаровательный), silly (глупый), lonely (одинокий). Вместо этого можно использовать конструкции типа in a silly way (глупым образом), in a friendly manner (в дружелюбной манере) и т. д.

He often teases me in a friendly way. — Он часто по-дружески меня дразнит.

Место наречий в предложениях

Давайте подробнее поговорим о том, где должно стоять наречие в английском предложении:

• Наречия частотности (adverbs of frequency) обычно ставят перед основным глаголом.

  My brothers seldom argue, they respect each other. — Мои братья редко ссорятся, они уважают друг друга.
  I always have dinner at 7 p.m. — Я всегда ужинаю в 7 вечера.

  Если есть глагол be (быть), вспомогательный или модальный глагол, то наречия частотности ставятся после них.

  I am hardly ever late to classes. — Я почти никогда не опаздываю на занятия.
  You can always rely on me. — Ты можешь всегда положится на меня.
  They have never tried sushi. — Они никогда не пробовали суши.

  Такие наречия частотности, как usually (обычно), normally (обычно), often (часто), frequently (часто), sometimes (иногда) и occasionally (временами) могут стоять в начале или в конце предложения.

  He really drives me up the wall sometimes. — Он действительно выводит меня из себя иногда.
  Occasionally I go to my favorite cafe, order a cup of cappuccino, turn off my phone and forget about all my problems. — Временами я иду в свое любимое кафе, заказываю чашечку капучино, выключаю телефон и забываю обо всех своих проблемах.

• Наречия образа действия (adverbs of manner) ставят после основного глагола.

  Please, drive carefully. It’s raining outside. — Пожалуйста, езжай аккуратно. На улице идет дождь.
  And they lived happily ever after. — И жили они долго и счастливо.

  Если после глагола стоит дополнение, тогда наречие образа действия ставим после дополнения.

  Her daughter speaks Spanish fluently. — Ее дочь свободно говорит на испанском.
  He hurt his leg badly. — Он сильно ушиб ногу.

  Если в предложении есть вспомогательный глагол или модальный, наречие образа действия ставим после него.

  Don’t worry. They can quickly get you a new suit. — Не переживай. Они могут быстро достать тебе новый костюм.
  We have privately talked to the doctor. — Мы поговорили с доктором наедине.

• Наречия времени (adverbs of time) и наречия места (adverbs of place) обычно ставят в конце предложения.

  No matter what, don’t go anywhere! Stand right here. — Ни при каких обстоятельствах — никуда не иди! Стой здесь.
  I am afraid we cannot offer you any other option other than wait and make an order tomorrow. — Я боюсь, мы не можем предложить вам никакого другого варианта, кроме как подождать и сделать заказ завтра.
  He came back from Thailand last weekend. — Он вернулся из Таиланда на прошлых выходных.

  Если вам надо сделать акцент на том, когда или где происходит действие, поставьте наречие в начало предложения.

  Tonight we will get him arrested. — Сегодня вечером мы его арестуем.
  At school we used to have a lot of fun. — В школе мы много веселились.

• Наречия степени (adverbs of degree) very much (очень), a lot (очень), a little (немного), a bit (немного) нужны, чтобы усилить или ослабить глагол. Ставим их после дополнения.

  I know this place a bit. I can show you around if you want. — Я немного знаю это место. Могу тебе все показать, если хочешь.
  I enjoy spending time with him a lot. — Я очень люблю проводить с ним время.

  Наречие really (действительно), которое также используется для усиления глагола, ставят перед глаголом.

  We really loved the party! Will you invite us again? — Нам действительно понравилась вечеринка! Пригласишь нас снова?
  Katy really hates going shopping. — Кейт очень не любит ходить по магазинам.

  Наречия really/very (очень), extremely/incredibly (невероятно) и fairly/rather/quite (довольно) ставят перед прилагательными, наречиями образа действия и наречием often.

  He wakes up fairly early. — Он просыпается довольно рано.
  I drive a car very well. — Я вожу машину очень хорошо.
  We call each other quite often. — Мы звоним друг другу довольно часто.

• В английском языке также существуют наречия, которые нужны, чтобы выразить свое мнение (comment adverbs) или степень уверенности (certainty adverbs) по отношению к чему-то.

  Наречия definitely/certainly (точно), surely (несомненно), undoubtedly (бесспорно), probably (вероятно) выражают степень уверенности и чаще всего стоят перед основным глаголом или после глагола to be.

  He definitely lives in this neighbourhood. — Он точно живет в этом районе.
  They are probably at school. — Они, вероятно, в школе.
  I have certainly failed the exam! — Я точно провалил экзамен!

  Наречия fortunately (к счастью), seriously (серьезно), unbelievably (невероятно), surprisingly (на удивление) выражают мнение говорящего и чаще стоят в начале предложений.

  Undoubtedly, he will come to help us. — Несомненно, он придет нам помочь.
  Unfortunately, I didn’t pass the exam. — К несчастью, я не сдал экзамен.

Степени сравнения наречий в английском

Для образования сравнительной степени наречий образа действий и наречий частотности often, frequently и rarely, необходимо перед наречием добавить more (более), а после наречия — than (чем).

You go on dates more often than me. — Ты ходишь на свидания чаще, чем я.
Alice is very shy. I always notice that she talks more quietly than others. — Элис — очень стеснительная. Я всегда замечаю, что она говорит тише других.

Чтобы создать превосходную степень, ставим the most (наиболее) перед наречием.

This question is the most frequently asked at the interviews. — Этот вопрос чаще всего задают на собеседованиях.

Слова less (менее) и the least (наименее) являются противоположными по значению к указанным выше more (более) и the most (наиболее).

You treat the problem less seriously than before. — Ты относишься к проблеме менее серьезно, чем раньше.
The computers that work the least efficiently will be replaced. — Компьютеры, которые работают наименее оперативно, заменят.

Те наречия, которые имеют одинаковую форму с прилагательными, сравниваются по тем же правилам, что и прилагательные — в сравнительной степени добавляем окончание -er, в превосходной — определенный артикль the перед наречием + окончание -est. Например:

early (рано) – earlier (более рано) – the earliest (наиболее рано)
fast (быстро) – faster (быстрее) – the fastest (наиболее быстро)
late (поздно) – later (более поздно) – the latest (наиболее поздно)
low (низко) – lower (ниже) – the lowest (наиболее низко)

I can count faster than you. — Я могу считать быстрее, чем ты.
We are the first in the queue! They came later than us. — Мы первые в очереди! Они пришли позже, чем мы.
He works the most quietly of all the people in the room. — Он работает тише всех людей в комнате.

Есть и несколько исключений:

well (хорошо) – better (лучше) – the best (лучше всего)
badly (плохо) – worse (хуже) – the worst (хуже всего)
far (далеко) – further (дальше) – the furthest (дальше всего)

I work better when nobody is looking at me. — Я работают лучше, когда никто на меня не смотрит.
I live the furthest from school. — Я живу дальше всех от школы.

В повседневной речи артикль the часто опускают, особенно в словах-исключениях.

She played best in the team. — Она играла лучше всех в команде.

Для сравнения двух действий также используют конструкцию as + adverb + as (такой же + наречие + как), not as + adverb + as (не такой же + наречие + как). Обратите внимание, что само наречие не изменяется.

I don’t work as hard as you do. — Я не работаю так же старательно, как ты.
Today it’s raining not as heavily as yesterday. — Сегодня идет не такой сильный дождь, как вчера.

При создании сравнительной степени наречий в английском языке мы можем добавлять окраску наречиям и делать их более сильными или слабыми с помощью слов much, a lot, far (намного) или a bit, a little, slightly (немного).

I try to work out a bit more often now — not three, but four times a week. — Я стараюсь заниматься немного чаще сейчас — не три, а четыре раза в неделю.
What a marvelous picture! You are painting much better now than when you were a kid. — Какая великолепная картина! Сейчас ты рисуешь намного лучше, чем когда была ребенком.

Если вам сложно самостоятельно разобраться в этой теме, наши преподаватели вам с удовольствием помогут.

Надеемся, эта статья была вам полезной и вы разобрались, когда и как употреблять наречия в английском языке. Предлагаем пройти небольшой тест по этой теме.

Adverbs can be difficult for English language students to learn because of the different types and functions that adverbs have. However, by looking at many adverb examples, English language learners can greatly improve their English language ability. They will be able to describe more accurately how, when, and where an action happened and will be able to describe to what extent, and how often they happen. Below, you can find many adverb examples and adverb example sentences. But first, let’s take a look at what exactly an adverb is.

What Is An Adverb?

An adverb is a word that modifies other words, such as verbs and adjectives. Adverbs can also modify other adverbs. The way in which an adverb modifies another word depends on the type of adverb it is. There are five main types of adverbs. These are adverbs of time, adverbs of place, adverbs of manner, adverbs of frequency, and adverbs of degree.

The functions of each of these types adverbs are as follows:

• Adverbs of Time – These describe when something happens.
• Adverbs of Place – These describe where something happens.
• Adverbs of Manner – These describe how something happens.
• Adverbs of Frequency – These describe how often something happens.
• Adverbs of Degree – These describe to what extent something happens.

Let’s take a look at some adverb examples. Below, you will find many examples of adverbs along with printable PDFs of adverb examples that you can download.

Adverbs Of Time Examples

Adverbs of time are adverbs that tell us about when something happened or will happen. Here is a list of common adverbs of time with example sentences. Click here to download this list as a PDF.

• now – I am eating now.
• then – I’ll see you then.
• today – He went to work today.
• tomorrow – My parents will arrive tomorrow.
• yesterday – Chris fell over yesterday.
• soon – The train will depart soon.
• later – I’ll do my homework later.
• already – I already did my homework.
• last month – I started working here last month.
• last year – Kelly and I first met last year.
• yet – I haven’t done my homework yet.
• before – I have watched this movie before.
• ago – She left for work an hour ago.
• lately – I’ve been feeling tired lately.

Adverbs Of Place Examples

Adverbs of place are adverbs that tell us about where something happened or will happen. Here is a list of common adverbs of place with example sentences. Click here to download this list as a PDF.

• here – Come here.
• there – Put the sofa there, please.
• around – The dog is rolling around on the floor.
• behind – If you miss a class you will fall behind.
• in – I tripped and fell in the swimming pool.
• on – I got on the bus at midnight.
• off – He just drove off.
• over – I almost tripped over on the way here.
• somewhere – Let’s go somewhere warm for vacation.
• nowhere – We went nowhere for vacation last year.
• everywhere – I looked everywhere but couldn’t find my wallet.
• anywhere – I’m not going anywhere for vacation this year.
• upwards – He looked upwards at the stars.
• downwards – The path sloped downwards towards the stream.
• backwards – Don’t walk backwards. You might fall.
• sideways – The car skidded sideways on the ice.
• indoors – Let’s go indoors before it rains.
• outdoors – The children played outdoors all day.

Adverbs Of Manner Examples

Adverbs of manner are adverbs that tell us about how / in what manner something happened or will happen. Most adverbs of manner end in -ly. Here is a list of common adverbs of manner with example sentences. Click here to download this list as a PDF.

• quickly – He ran quickly.
• slowly – The English teacher spoke slowly so that I could understand.
• angrily – She reacted angrily when she found out.
• calmly – Please move calmly towards the exit.
• carefully – Kelly drives carefully.
• correctly – The students answered all questions correctly.
• loudly – The audience laughed loudly.
• quietly – Please speak quietly when you are in the library.
• politely – The boy asked politely for some more candy.
• seriously – I was seriously hurt in a car crash.
• silently – The students sat there silently waiting for class to start.
• successfully – Chris successfully completed the London marathon.
• unexpectedly – My flight was unexpectedly delayed.
• wisely – Please choose your essay topic wisely.
• suspiciously – He was carrying a suspiciously large amount of money.
• smoothly – Everything went smoothly at the interview today.
• safely – Please drive home safely.
• repeatedly – I asked him repeatedly, but he didn’t answer.

Adverbs Of Frequency Examples

Adverbs of frequency are adverbs that tell us how often or how frequently something happens. Here is a list of adverbs of frequency with example sentences. Click here to download this list as a PDF.

• always – I always go swimming on Mondays.
• usually – I usually wake up at 7 am.
• often – We often eat lunch together.
• frequently – Trains run frequently between here and the airport.
• sometimes – I sometimes read a book before I go to bed.
• occasionally – Kelly occasionally skips lunch.
• seldom – Chris seldom forgets to do his homework.
• rarely – I rarely exercise these days.
• hardly ever – I hardly ever drink coffee.
• never – I never listen to pop music.

Adverbs Of Degree Examples

Adverbs of degree are adverbs which tell us about the extent of or the intensity of something. Click here to download this adverbs list as a PDF.

• too – The soup was too salty.
• very – This coffee is very hot.
• enough – You are working hard enough.
• just – I was just leaving.
• almost – The movie has almost finished.
• nearly – I have nearly finished my homework.
• quite – This book is quite interesting.
• hardly – You’ve hardly touched your dinner.
• completely – I completely forgot to buy milk.
• extremely – It’s extremely difficult to find a job these days.

Related Resources

Thanks for reading. I hope you found this list of adverbs with examples useful. Before you go, be sure to check out these related resources that you may find useful:

Adverbs Lesson Plan
Adverbs Of Frequency Game
Adverbs quiz

In this lesson we will learn adverbs. So, what is an adverb?

Adverb Meaning | Definition

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Examples

• The nightingale sang (verb) sweetly (adverb).
• The solider marched (verb) smartly (adverb).
• He owns very (adverb) expensive (adjective) car.
• The traffic moved quite (adverb) slowly (adverb) down the road.

Types of Adverbs

There are seven main kinds of adverbs, their list as follows:

• Adverbs of Degree
• Adverbs of Time
• Adverbs of Place
• Adverbs of Manner
• Adverbs of Frequency
• Interrogative Adverbs
• Relative Adverbs

Use of Adverbs

Adverbs make sentences more informative. They are used for following purposes.

To say “how” for example:

• The dog barked loudly.

To say “when” for example:

• Nina’s grandfather arrived yesterday.

To say “where” for example:

• The children are playing outside.

To say “how often” for example:

• Marina attends school regularly.

To make the meaning of an adjective, an adverb or a verb stronger or weaker for example:

• The day was extremely cold.
  
• Her teacher scolded him mildly.

Adverbs which modify verbs

Many adverbs end with the suffix – “ly“.  Most of these are created by adding “ly” at the end of an adjective, like;

Adjective            Adverb

slow                         slowly
beautiful                 beautifully
careless                   carelessly

However, this is NOT a reliable way to find out whether a word is an adverb or not, for reasons: Many adverbs do NOT end in “ly” – (some are the same as their adjective forms), and many words which are NOT adverb Do end in “ly” (such as kindly, friendly, elderly and lonely, which are pure adjectives).

Here are some examples of adverbs which are the same as adjectives:

Adjective            Adverb

fast                           fast
late                           late
early                         early

Understanding Adverbs

The best way to tell if a word is an adverb is to try framing a question, for which the answer is the word. If the question uses how, where or when – then the word is probably an adverb.

Let’s Practice

Example #1

Word in context:
Sania plays tennis swiftly.

Question:
How does Sania play tennis?

Adverb or not:
Yes, uses “how”.

Example #2

Word in context:
They have a small car.

Question:
What kind of car do they have?

Adverb or not:
No, uses “What Kind of“, so this is an adjective Not adverb.

Example #3

Word in context:
The manager called the police immediately.

Question:
When did the manager call the police?

Adverb or not:
Yes, uses “When”.

The most frequently used adverbs are too, so, really and very. In fact, these words are often overworked. To make your English speaking and writing more interesting, replace these general adverbs with more specific ones, such as completely, especially, pretty and quite.

Adverbs of Time

Definition

An adverb of time tells us the time when an action took place. To identify it we can ask a question starting with “when”.

For Example:

• Eat your lunch now.
• I have never worked before.
• I will go the the library tomorrow.

In the above examples the following words are “adverbs of time”: now, before and tomorrow.

Adverb of Time Word List

• late
• just
• next
• soon
• now
• still
• later
• today
• nights
• tonight
• finally
• mornings
• evenings
• already
• recently
• tomorrow
• afternoons
• currently
• yesterday
• eventually
• afterwards

Adverb of Time – Examples

1. She came yesterday.
2. The cargo finally arrived.
3. Rosy represented her team then.
4. Afterwards he was sorry for what he had done.
5. He is planning to visit us tomorrow.
6. She will be playing the match today.
7. Peter eventually learnt to solve the sums.
8. I will be going to the mountains soon.
9. Steve has already been to the show.
10. Doctor Marina is still in the operation theater.

Adverbs of Place

Definition

An adverb of place tells us where the action was carried out. To identify it we can ask a question starting with “where”.

For Example:

• There was snow everywhere.
• Shiny did not want to go there.

In the above examples the following words are “adverbs of place”: everywhere, and there.

Adverb of Place Word List

• here
• there
• home
• abroad
• outside
• nowhere
• anywhere
• aside
• elsewhere
• upstairs
• somewhere
• underground
• northwards
• westwards
• eastwards
• southwards
• upwards

Many adverbs of place also function as prepositions:

• up
• by
• off
• in
• next
• over
• besides
• across
• under
• behind
• around

Grammar Fact

Adverbs of place are usually placed after the main verb or after the object.

Examples – after the main verb

• The cat looked away/up/down/around.
• I’m going home/out/back.

Examples – after the object

• They built a hut nearby.
• He took the child outside.

Examples – Adverb of Place

1. Noddy stayed here for a week.
2. We could not find John anywhere.
3. Miss James has just gone out.
4. The painter painted the picture there.
5. We are going abroad next month.
6. Mary stays upstairs.

Adverbs of Manner

Definition

Most adverbs of manner are closely related to the corresponding adjectives. Although some words can be used as either adjectives or adverbs, in most cases, adverbs of manner are formed by adding “ly” to the corresponding adjectives. To identify them we can ask a question starting with “how” or “in what manner“.

Spelling Rules for adding “ly”

In most cases, ‘ly‘ is simply added to the positive form of the adjective.

Examples

Adjective                            Adverb of Manner

bad                                          badly
complete                                completely
normal                                   normally
surprising                              surprisingly

Adjectives ending in ‘ic’

When the adjective ends in “ic“, the syllable ‘al’ is usually added before the “ly” ending.

Examples

Adjective                             Adverb of Manner

dramatic                              dramatically
scientific                              scientifically
specific                                 specifically

Adjectives ending in ‘le’

When the adjective ends in “le” preceded by a consonant, the final “e” is usually changed to “y“, to form the “ly” ending.

Examples

Adjective                             Adverb of Manner

favorable                                  favorably
humble                                     humbly
simple                                       simply

When the adjective ends in “le” or “de” preceded by a vowel, in most cases, “ly” is simply added to the positive form of the adjective.

Examples

Adjective                             Adverb of Manner

agile                                          agilely
sole                                           solely
wide                                          widely

Exception!

In the case of the adjective whole, the final “e” is removed before the suffix “ly” is added.

Adjective                             Adverb of Manner

whole                                        wholly

Adjectives ending in “ll”

When the adjective ends in “ll“, only “y” is added.

Examples

Adjective                              Adverb of Manner

dull                                            dully
full                                             fully
Shrill                                         shrilly

Adjectives ending in “ue”

When the adjective ends in “ue“, the final “e” is usually omitted before the suffix “ly” is added.

Examples

Adjective                             Adverb of Manner

due                                           duly
true                                          truly

Adjectives ending in “y”

When the adjective ends in “y” preceded by a consonant, the “y” is usually changed to “i” before the suffix “ly” is added.

Examples

Adjective                             Adverb of Manner

busy                                          busily
easy                                           easily
happy                                        happily

Exception!

In the case of the adjectives shy and sly, the suffix “ly” is simply added to the positive form of the adjective.

Adjective                              Adverb of Manner

shy                                             shyly
sly                                              slyly

When the adjective ends in “y” preceded by a vowel, in most cases, the suffix “y” is simply added to the positive form of the adjective.

Examples

Adjective                                Adverb of Manner

coy                                          coyly
grey                                         greyly

Examples – Adverb of Manner

1. Mandy sings sweetly.
2. The little boy behaved naughtily.
3. Mr. John can quickly solve crossword puzzles.
4. The dark horse ran swiftly.
5. The boy played the guitar loudly.

Adverbs of Degree

Definition

An adverb of degree tells us to what degree, extent or intensity something happens. To identify it we can ask a question starting with “how much”.

Examples

• The poor man was terribly hungry.
• A cheetah runs extremely fast.

In the above examples the following words are “adverbs of degree”: terribly and extremely.

Adverb of Degree Word List

• too
• very
• so
• quite
• almost
• really
• greatly
• highly
• totally
• hugely
• enough
• extremely
• perfectly
• gratefully
• partially
• immensely
• adequately

Examples – Adverb of Degree

1. The dinner was absolutely delicious.
2. Mark knows me quite well.
3. The lamp was too hot to touch.
4. She hardly goes to religious places.
5. Cheryl is highly skilled operator.

Adverbs of Frequency

Definition

An adverb of frequency tells us how often an action is carried out. To identify it we can ask a question starting with “how often”.

Remember:
These adverbs are usually placed after or before the simple tenses.

Adverb of Frequency Word List

• daily
• often
• rarely
• weekly
• monthly
• annually
• always
• seldom
• normally
• regularly
• generally
• frequently
• sometimes
• occasionally
• periodically
• hardly
• ever
• almost
• never

Examples – Adverb of Frequency

1. We sometimes meet them.
2. He is always present.
3. I am generally at home in the mornings.
4. They should often visit them.
5. I exercise regularly.
6. The flight is seldom late.
7. I usually like to have porridge for breakfast.
8. Peter could never win a prize.
9. Cyrus appears on the channel frequently.
10. The train is normally on time.

In the above examples the following words are “adverbs of frequency”: sometimes, always, generally, often, and regularly, seldom, usually, never, frequently and normally.

Relative Adverbs

A relative adverb modifies a noun or a whole sentence. “When”, “where”, “why” and “how” are relative adverbs.

Practice with Examples

1. I remember the day when we first met.
2. Tell me why you looking so scared.
3. The street where I live is congested.
4. I don’t know how they arrived.
5. I know the date when my great grandfather was born.
6. That is the ground where the cricket match is going to be held.
7. The reason why he left the school is not known.
8. I shall tell you about the shop where you will find a lot of books.

In the above examples the following words are ” relative adverbs”: when, why, where, how, when, where, why and where.

Interrogative Adverbs

An interrogative adverb is simply used to ask questions.

Examples

1. When is the school reopening?
2. Why don’t we go for a walk?
3. Where have you been?
4. How can I help you?
5. How much does the bag weigh?
6. How many pencils do you have?

In the above examples the highlighted words with purple colour are “interrogative adverbs”.

More About Adverbs

Adverbs which modify adjectives or other adverbs usually come just before the words they modify.

For Example

1. The tower is extremely tall.
   extremely: Adverb
   tall: Adjective
2. The Robinsons’ had a badly damaged house after the storm.
   badly: Adverb
   damaged: Adjective
3. Chelsa proudly displayed her carefully embroidered sheet.
   carefully: Adverb
   embroidered: Adjective
4. The furniture that they sell is fairly sturdy.
   fairly: Adverb
   sturdy: Adjective

Exceptions!

Some adverbs of manner, place, time and frequency have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives.

Examples

Adjective                                     Adverbs of Manner

fast                                                      fast
hard                                                    hard
little                                                    little
far                                                       far
low                                                      low
near                                                    near
early                                                   early
long                                                    long
daily                                                   daily
weekly                                               weekly
yearly                                                 yearly

Adverb-Degree of Comparison

Adverbs are often used to make the meaning of a verb or another adverb stronger or weaker. This is known as ‘degrees of comparison’.

What are they?

The positive degree is the simple form of the adverb: slowly, early.
For example: The old man walked slowly.

The comparative degree is used to compare two actions: slower, more slowly, and earlier.
For example: The tortoise walked slower than the hare.

The superlative degree is used to compare three or more actions: slowest, earliest.
For example: They all take their time, but Robert works the slowest of all.

In general, comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are the same as for adjectives:

Add -er or -est to adverbs:

Adverb	Comparative	Superlative
hard	harder	the hardest
cheap	cheaper	the cheapest
fast	faster	the fastest

Examples

• Simi works harder than her brother.
• Everyone in the race ran fast, but Catherine ran the fastest of all.

For adverbs ending in –ly, we use more for the comparative and most for the superlative degree:

Adverb	Comparative	Superlative
quietly	more quietly	most quietly
carefully	more carefully	most carefully
seriously	more seriously	most seriously

Examples

• The guide spoke more clearly to help us understand.
• Could you sit more quietly please?

Some adverbs have irregular comparative forms:

Adverb	Comparative	Superlative
badly	worse	worst
far	farther/further	farthest/furthest
little	less	least
well/good	better	best

Examples

• The naughty sheep ran further than its flock.
• Today you are reciting worse than last week!

Exceptions!

Sometimes ‘most‘ can mean ‘very‘:

• We were most grateful for your help.
• I am most impressed with this application.

Adverbs may function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something. Intensifiers have three different functions. They can emphasize, amplify or tone down.

Examples

1. I really don’t believe you.
2. He literally wasted his father’s money.
3. She simply hates non vegetarian food.
4. They’re surely going to be on time.
5. He spoke quite firmly to him.
6. They almost forgot about the function.
7. The judge completely rejected her appeal.
8. I absolutely refuse to attend any more late night parties.
9. They heartily endorsed the new line of clothes.
10. I somewhat like this idea.
11. The ship was literally ruined by the storm.

Adverbs and Adjectives

Adverbs and adjectives have some common characteristics. However, an important difference between the two is that adverbs do NOT modify nouns.

For Example:

• Adjective
  Maggie is a happy child. (✓)
  Maggie is happy. (✓)
• Adverb
  Maggie is happily child. (X)
  Maggie is happily. (X)

The following words (with their comparative and superlative forms) can be both adverbs and adjectives: early, fast, hard, late.

Let us use ‘early‘ both as an adjective and adverb:

• Adjective
  I’ll catch the early bus.
• Adverb
  I woke up early this morning to catch the bus.

The comparative ‘better’ and the superlative ‘best’ as well as some words denoting time intervals (daily, weekly, monthly), can also be adverbs or adjectives.

Flat Adverbs

Adjective that do not change form (or add -ly) to become adverbs are called flat adverbs.

Examples

• early
• late
• hard
• fast
• long
• high
• low
• deep
• near

To decide whether these words are functioning as adjectives or adverbs, we must find out:

1. What the word is describing (noun or verb).
2. What question the word is answering.

Examples

‘Early’ as an adjective:

• Hercule Potter caught an early train to his hometown.
  ‘Early’ describes the noun ‘train’ and answers the question “which?”

‘Early’ as an adverb:

• Sam arrived early the next day.
  ‘Early’ describes the verb ‘arrived’ and answers the question “when?”

‘Hard’ as and adjective:

• He is a very hard taskmaster.
  ‘Hard’ describes the noun ‘taskmaster’ and answers the question “what kind?”

‘Hard’ as an adverb:

• The master made the slave work hard.
  ‘Hard’ describes the verb ‘work’ and answering the question “how?”

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An adverb is a word or an expression that generally modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, clause, preposition, or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc., answering questions such as how, in what way, when, where, to what extent. This is called the adverbial function and may be performed by single words (adverbs) or by multi-word adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.

Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the parts of speech. Modern linguists note that the term «adverb» has come to be used as a kind of «catch-all» category, used to classify words with various types of syntactic behavior, not necessarily having much in common except that they do not fit into any of the other available categories (noun, adjective, preposition, etc.) ^[1]

Functions[edit]

The English word adverb derives (through French) from Latin adverbium, from ad- («to»), verbum («word», «verb»), and the nominal suffix -ium. The term implies that the principal function of adverbs is to act as modifiers of verbs or verb phrases.^[2] An adverb used in this way may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase. Some examples:

• She sang loudly (loudly modifies the verb sang, indicating the manner of singing)
• We left it here (here modifies the verb phrase left it, indicating place)
• I worked yesterday (yesterday modifies the verb worked, indicating time)
• You often make mistakes (often modifies the verb phrase make mistakes, indicating frequency)
• He undoubtedly did it (undoubtedly modifies the verb phrase did it, indicating certainty)

Adverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree. Examples:

• You are quite right (the adverb quite modifies the adjective right)
• She sang very loudly (the adverb very modifies another adverb – loudly)

They can also modify determiners, prepositional phrases,^[2] or whole clauses or sentences, as in the following examples:

• I bought practically the only fruit (practically modifies the determiner the in the noun phrase, «the only fruit» wherein «only» is an adjective)
• She drove us almost to the station (almost modifies the prepositional phrase to the station)
• Certainly we need to act (certainly modifies the sentence as a whole)

Adverbs thus perform a wide range of modifying functions. The major exception is the function of modifier of nouns, which is performed instead by adjectives (compare she sang loudly with her loud singing disturbed me; here the verb sang is modified by the adverb loudly, whereas the noun singing is modified by the adjective loud). However, because some adverbs and adjectives are homonyms, their respective functions are sometimes conflated:

• Even numbers are divisible by two
• The camel even drank.

The word «even» in the first sentence is an adjective, since it is a prepositive modifier that modifies the noun «numbers». The word «even» in the second sentence is a prepositive adverb that modifies the verb «drank.»

Although it is possible for an adverb to precede or to follow a noun or a noun phrase, the adverb nonetheless does not modify either in such cases, as in:

• Internationally there is a shortage of protein for animal feeds
• There is a shortage internationally of protein for animal feeds
• There is an international shortage of protein for animal feeds

In the first sentence, «Internationally» is a prepositive adverb that modifies the clause, «there is …» In the second sentence, «internationally» is a postpositive adverb that modifies the clause, «There is …» By contrast, the third sentence contains «international» as a prepositive adjective that modifies the noun, «shortage.»

Adverbs can sometimes be used as predicative expressions; in English, this applies especially to adverbs of location:

• Your seat is there.
• Here is my boarding pass (wherein «boarding pass» is the subject and «here» is the predicate in a syntax that entails a subject-verb inversion).

When the function of an adverb is performed by an expression consisting of more than one word, it is called an adverbial phrase or adverbial clause, or simply an adverbial.

Formation and comparison[edit]

In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often formed by adding -ly to adjectives, but flat adverbs (such as in drive fast, drive slow, and drive friendly) have the same form as the corresponding adjective. Other languages often have similar methods for deriving adverbs from adjectives (French, for example, uses the suffix -ment), or else use the same form for both adjectives and adverbs, as in German and Dutch, where for example schnell or snel, respectively, mean either «quick» or «quickly» depending on the context. Many other adverbs, however, are not related to adjectives in this way; they may be derived from other words or phrases, or may be single morphemes. Examples of such adverbs in English include here, there, together, yesterday, aboard, very, almost, etc.

Where the meaning permits, adverbs may undergo comparison, taking comparative and superlative forms. In English this is usually done by adding more and most before the adverb (more slowly, most slowly), although there are a few adverbs that take inflected forms, such as well, for which better and best are used.

For more information about the formation and use of adverbs in English, see English grammar § Adverbs. For other languages, see § In specific languages below, and the articles on individual languages and their grammars.

Adverbs as a «catch-all» category[edit]

Adverbs are considered a part of speech in traditional English grammar, and are still included as a part of speech in grammar taught in schools and used in dictionaries. However, modern grammarians recognize that words traditionally grouped together as adverbs serve a number of different functions. Some describe adverbs as a «catch-all» category that includes all words that do not belong to one of the other parts of speech.^[3]

A logical approach to dividing words into classes relies on recognizing which words can be used in a certain context. For example, the only type of word that can be inserted in the following template to form a grammatical sentence is a noun:

The _____ is red. (For example, «The hat is red».)

When this approach is taken, it is seen that adverbs fall into a number of different categories. For example, some adverbs can be used to modify an entire sentence, whereas others cannot. Even when a sentential adverb has other functions, the meaning is often not the same. For example, in the sentences She gave birth naturally and Naturally, she gave birth, the word naturally has different meanings: in the first sentence, as a verb-modifying adverb, it means «in a natural manner», while in the second sentence, as a sentential adverb, it means something like «of course».

Words like very afford another example. We can say Perry is very fast, but not Perry very won the race. These words can modify adjectives but not verbs. On the other hand, there are words like here and there that cannot modify adjectives. We can say The sock looks good there but not It is a there beautiful sock. The fact that many adverbs can be used in more than one of these functions can confuse the issue, and it may seem like splitting hairs to say that a single adverb is really two or more words that serve different functions. However, this distinction can be useful, especially when considering adverbs like naturally that have different meanings in their different functions. Rodney Huddleston distinguishes between a word and a lexicogrammatical-word.^[4]

Grammarians find difficulty categorizing negating words, such as the English not. Although traditionally listed as an adverb, this word does not behave grammatically like any other, and it probably should be placed in a class of its own.^[5][6]

In languages[edit]

• In Dutch adverbs have the basic form of their corresponding adjectives and are not inflected (though they sometimes can be compared).
• In German the term Adverb is defined differently from its use in the English language. German adverbs form a group of uninflectable words (though a few can be compared). An English adverb which is derived from an adjective is arranged in German under the adjectives with adverbial use in the sentence. The others are also called adverbs in the German language.
• In Scandinavian languages, adverbs are typically derived from adjectives by adding the suffix ‘-t’, which makes it identical to the adjective’s neuter form. Scandinavian adjectives, like English ones, are inflected in terms of comparison by adding ‘-ere’/’-are’ (comparative) or ‘-est’/’-ast’ (superlative). In inflected forms of adjectives, the ‘-t’ is absent. Periphrastic comparison is also possible.
• In most Romance languages, many adverbs are formed from adjectives (often the feminine form) by adding ‘-mente’ (Portuguese, Spanish, Galician, Italian) or ‘-ment’ (French, Catalan) (from Latin mens, mentis: mind, intelligence, or suffix -mentum, result or way of action), while other adverbs are single forms which are invariable. In Romanian, almost all adverbs are simply the masculine singular form of the corresponding adjective, one notable exception being bine («well») / bun («good»). However, there are some Romanian adverbs built from certain masculine singular nouns using the suffix «-ește», such as the following ones: băieț-ește (boyishly), tiner-ește (youthfully), bărbăt-ește (manly), frăț-ește (brotherly), etc.
• Interlingua also forms adverbs by adding ‘-mente’ to the adjective. If an adjective ends in c, the adverbial ending is ‘-amente’. A few short, invariable adverbs, such as ben («well»), and mal («badly»), are available and widely used.
• In Esperanto, adverbs are not formed from adjectives but are made by adding ‘-e’ directly to the word root. Thus, from bon are derived bone, «well», and bona, «good». See also: special Esperanto adverbs.
• In Hungarian adverbs are formed from adjectives of any degree through the suffixes -ul/ül and -an/en depending on the adjective: szép (beautiful) → szépen (beautifully) or the comparative szebb (more beautiful) → szebben (more beautifully)
• Modern Standard Arabic forms adverbs by adding the indefinite accusative ending ‘-an’ to the root: kathiir-, «many», becomes kathiiran «much». However, Arabic often avoids adverbs by using a cognate accusative followed by an adjective.
• Austronesian languages generally form comparative adverbs by repeating the root (as in WikiWiki) as with the plural noun.
• Japanese forms adverbs from verbal adjectives by adding /ku/ (く) to the stem (haya- «swift» hayai «quick/early», hayakatta «was quick», hayaku «quickly») and from nominal adjectives by placing /ni/ (に) after the adjective instead of the copula /na/ (な) or /no/ (の) (rippa «splendid», rippa ni «splendidly»). The derivations are quite productive, but for a few adjectives, adverbs may not be derived.
• In the Celtic languages, an adverbial form is often made by preceding the adjective with a preposition: go in Irish or gu in Scottish Gaelic, meaning ‘until’. In Cornish, yn is used, meaning ‘in’.
• In Modern Greek, an adverb is most commonly made by adding the endings <-α> or <-ως> to the root of an adjective. Often, the adverbs formed from a common root using each of these endings have slightly different meanings. So, <τέλειος> (<téleios>, meaning «perfect» and «complete») yields <τέλεια> (<téleia>, «perfectly») and <τελείως> (<teleíos>, «completely»). Not all adjectives can be transformed into adverbs by using both endings. <Γρήγορος> (<grígoros>, «swift») becomes <γρήγορα> (<grígora>, «swiftly»), but not normally *<γρηγόρως> (*<grigóros>). When the <-ως> ending is used to transform an adjective whose stress accent is on the third syllable from the end, such as <επίσημος> (<epísimos>, «official»), the corresponding adverb is accented on the second syllable from the end; compare <επίσημα> (<epísima>) and <επισήμως> (<episímos>), which both mean «officially». There are also other endings with particular and restricted use as <-ί>, <-εί>, <-ιστί>, etc. For example, <ατιμωρητί> (<atimorití>, «with impunity») and <ασυζητητί> (<asyzitití>, «indisputably»); <αυτολεξεί> (<aftolexí> «word for word») and <αυτοστιγμεί> (<aftostigmí>, «in no time»); <αγγλιστί> [<anglistí> «in English (language)»] and <παπαγαλιστί> (<papagalistí>, «by rote»); etc.
• In Latvian, an adverb is formed from an adjective by changing the masculine or feminine adjective endings -s and -a to -i. «Labs», meaning «good», becomes «labi» for «well». Latvian adverbs have a particular use in expressions meaning «to speak» or «to understand» a language. Rather than use the noun meaning «Latvian/English/Russian», the adverb formed from these words is used. «Es runāju latviski/angliski/krieviski» means «I speak Latvian/English/Russian» or, literally, «I speak Latvianly/Englishly/Russianly». If a noun is required, the expression used means literally «language of the Latvians/English/Russians», «latviešu/angļu/krievu valoda».
• In Russian, and analogously in Ukrainian and some other Slavic languages, most adverbs are formed by removing the adjectival suffixes «-ий» «-а» or «-е» from an adjective, and replacing them with the adverbial «-о». For example, in Ukrainian, «швидкий», «гарна», and «смачне» (fast, nice, tasty) become «швидко», «гарно», and «смачно» (quickly, nicely, tastily), while in Russian, «быстрый», «хороший» and «прекрасный» (quick, good, wonderful) become «быстро», «хорошо», «прекрасно» (quickly, well, wonderfully). Another wide group of adverbs are formed by gluing a preposition to an oblique case form. In Ukrainian, for example, (до onto) + (долу bottom) → (додолу downwards); (з off) + (далеку afar) → (здалеку afar-off) . As well, note that adverbs are mostly placed before the verbs they modify: «Добрий син гарно співає.» (A good son sings nicely/well). There is no specific word order in East Slavic languages.
• In Korean, adverbs are commonly formed by replacing the -다 ending of the dictionary form of a descriptive verb with 게. So, 쉽다 (easy) becomes 쉽게 (easily). They are also formed by replacing the 하다 of some compound verbs with 히, e.g. 안녕하다 (peaceful) > 안녕히 (peacefully).
• In Turkish, the same word usually serves as adjective and adverb: iyi bir kız («a good girl»), iyi anlamak («to understand well).
• In Chinese, adverbs are not a separate class. Adjectives become adverbs when they are marked by an adverbial suffix, for example 地 de（e.g., 孩子們快樂地唱歌 haizimen kuaile.de changge ‘the children happily sing a song’), or when adjectives are preceded by a verbal suffix such as 得 (e.g., 她說漢語說得很好 ta shuo hanyu shuo.de henhao ‘she speaks Chinese very well’).
• In Persian, many adjectives and adverbs have the same form such as «خوب», «سریع», «تند» so there is no obvious way to recognise them out of context. The only exceptions are Arabic adverbs with a «اً» suffix such as «ظاهراً» and «واقعاً».

See also[edit]

• Flat adverb (as in drive fast, drive slow, drive friendly)
• Category:Adverbs by type
• Prepositional adverb
• Pronominal adverb
• Grammatical conjunction

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Ernst, Thomas. 2002. The syntax of adjuncts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. MIT Press,

External links[edit]

• The Online Dictionary of Language Terminology

Types of Adverb

There are several types of adverb such as: Adverbs of Time, Adverbs of Place, Adverbs of Frequency, Adverbs of Degree, Adverbs of Manner, Adverbs of Reason, Relative Adverbs, Interrogative Adverbs, Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time tell us about which time an action was performed. These answer the question: When? Common words which come under the category of adverbs of time are:

Ago, before, after, later, already, now, never, formerly, soon, since, etc.

Examples in sentences:

I called my friend a few days ago.

I formerly worked at the pizza shop.

Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of Place tell us about at what place an action took place. These answer the question: Where? Common words which come under the category of adverbs of place are:

Here, there, up, out, in, within, away, etc.

Examples in sentences:

Mr. Saud was visiting here an hour ago.

I’m going out with my family.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency show us about how often or how many times a thing took place. These answer the question: How often? Common words used as adverbs of frequency are:

Once, twice, again, often, seldom, rarely, always, frequently, etc.

Examples in sentences:

I often go to visit my grandparents.

It rarely rains around here.

Adverbs of Degree

Adverbs of Degree inform us about to what degree or an extent something happens. These answer the question: How much? Adverbs of Degree are also known as Adverbs of Quantity. Common words used as Adverbs of Degree or Quantity are:

Too, any, almost, so, pretty, rather, quite, partly, altogether, enough, etc.

Examples in sentences:

I was pretty busy yesterday.

The sauce I bought today was good enough for making my pizza.

In the above examples, we can see that the words pretty and enough both answer the question of how much.

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of Manner give us information about how or in which manner some action is proceeded. These answer the question: How? Adverbs of manner usually are derived from adjectives and mostly end in -ly. Following are some common words that come under the adverbs of manner category:

Swiftly, clearly, foolishly, well, so, slowly, etc.

Examples of adverb in sentences:

Hassan caught the loose snake bravely.

Her hair is always well combed.

She should do so.

Adverbs of Reason

Adverbs of Reason are the words that are used to state the reason or cause of some happening. These are also known as Adverb of Cause and answer the question: Why? The common words that come under this category are:

Because, hence, therefore, so, etc.

Example in sentences:

 I therefore went to the market by myself.

He was hungry, so he went to the restaurant.

Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation

Adverbs of Affirmation are the words that are used to affirm or declare something as true. These validate things. These are the words that are commonly used as adverbs of affirmation:

Surely, certainly, definitely, very, obviously, yes, indeed, etc.

Examples:

Surely it rained yesterday.

I am obviously going to get an A+ on my test.

Adverbs of negation are the words which denote a statement, action or an idea as false. It is used to negate something. Words commonly used to falsify something are:

No, never, invalidly, etc.

Examples in sentences:

He never went to Italy.

I no longer like to play table tennis.

Relative Adverbs

Relative Adverbs are the words which come before an adjective clause. These are: When, where and why.

Examples in sentences:

That was the reason why Harris came.

The place where I parked my car is very deserted.

She forgot the time when we went to the States.

Interrogative Adverbs

Interrogative Adverbs are the verbs used to ask questions. These are placed in the beginning of the sentence which contains the question. These words are commonly used as interrogative adverbs:

Why, where, how, when

Examples of adverb in sentences:

When will you come to visit?

How was the roast cooked?