Example of sentence case in word

Case: Definition, Types & Examples

What are the two cases in English. Cases in English: case systems, the use of prepositional structures

And numbers that serve to connect words in a sentence. But their cases in English, which are variants of the same word (word form), still exist. Fortunately, there are only 3 of them: objective, subjective and possessive. Let ‘s talk about each one of them. C «mon.

Subject and object cases in English

To understand the concept of the object case, we will have to go back in time and recall a little the school course of the Russian language. We all remember that the subject is the word in the nominative case. As for the rest of the nouns and pronouns in the sentence, they will most often be additions.

In English, everything follows the same principle. A pronoun or a noun or is a subject (subject), or addition (object). Recall that the subject answers the question «who?» and what»? (nominative).

It is not hard to guess that subject will stand in subjective case, additions — In objective case.

A man saw a dog near a building.

There are 3 nouns in this sentence: a Mon, dog and to building.
In the first place, as always, is subordinatefor which is used subjective case in English. It is followed by addition a dog, which, respectively, is in object case. As you can see from the example, the form of the noun has not changed.

Object case for pronouns

With nouns, everything is simple — they do not change their form for both cases (subjective and objective). But pronouns have their own special form in the case when they are not in the place of the subject:

I saw him, and he saw me.

Possessive in English

If everything is more or less clear with the subject and object cases, since they correspond to the case forms of the Russian language, then we do not have the possessive case. For questions of belonging (“whose?”, “Whose?”, “Whose?”, “Whose?”), We have an adjective. And in English, this function is performed by the category of case of nouns and pronouns.

However, for nouns and pronouns, the possessive function will be different.

To indicate belonging in nouns, use «»s”. Moreover, the ending is added to the noun to which something belongs.

This is my mother »s bag
This is my mother’s bag.

If noun ends in hissing or «s«, Then just add apostrophe :

I «ll take my parents» car.
I’ll take my parents’ car.

Should be distinguished possessive «»s«On contractions of the verb «is«-» «s».

I John ‘s new blazer.

Whose new blazer? John, therefore John «s — possessive the noun John.

I think, John’s right.

What is John doing? Is right, therefore John «s — reduction from John is right.

Now let’s look at some special uses of the possessive ending «»s«:

• If the plural of a noun ends in not on «s«, Then we use the full variant of the possessive ending — apostrophe + «s«: Mouse — mice. The main character is mice «s King. — The main character is the King of Mice.
• In English, there are compound nouns that consist of several words. They are usually hyphenated. to such words «»s«Is added after the very last word: We all waited for The-Boy-Who-Lived »s speech. “We were all waiting for the speech of the boy who survived.

The possessive case of inanimate nouns is formed by means of the preposition “of«, Not the endings» «s«(The headquarter of the company). But there are exceptions for:

• Planets — Jupiter «s size.
• Newspapers and organizations — Times «s editor, UNESCO »s operation.
• Distance and time — ten meter «s height, a minute «s business.
• Seasons and months — summer «s sadness, July «s here.
• Cities and countries — Minsk »s Main Square, Russian »s elite force.

Words like nature, ship, nation, country, because,water, City, boat, ocean and

Source: https://tues.ru/kakie-dva-padezha-v-angliiskom-yazyke-padezhi-v-angliiskom-yazyke-sistemy/

Cases in English. Cases of nouns in English. Possessive case is not used

And numbers that serve to connect words in a sentence. But their cases in English, which are variants of the same word (word form), still exist. Fortunately, there are only 3 of them: objective, subjective and possessive. Let ‘s talk about each one of them. C «mon.

The use of prepositions in English

What I love about English prepositions is the ability to completely change the meaning of the main word with the help of one such small word. It was «look at», but now:

• «look for»
• «to have an opinion» (look upon)
• «look after»
• «forgive» (look over)
• «look to».

Juggling with English pretexts is aerobatics. If you learn this art, you will enrich your vocabulary and generate a buzz of approval with your speech.

Many English learners take pretexts with some arrogance, believing that it is like a student repeating the English alphabet at night. Underestimated. But in vain.

Yes, prepositions are considered official, they do not answer any questions, but they allow you to get different meanings from the same verb, form cases (yes, the same ones that are in Russian) and do other interesting things. There is only one problem: there are a LOT of prepositions in English.

But this does not mean that you need to learn all of them right here and now. It is enough only to know the main ones, as well as to understand the division into groups.

Let’s not waste time on the fact that prepositions are simple monosyllabic, polysyllabic, consisting of several words, blah blah blah. Let’s get down to business and provide not only tables of prepositions in English, but also illustrative examples in pictures. We will also consider the use of prepositions with examples.

1. Prepositions of place and direction (spatial)

It is better to see once than to read the synopsis 100 times:

2. Temporary prepositions

Let’s consider the most basic ones: about, after, at, during, for, in, on, till, within.

about	about (about, about)	It’s about 6 pm
after	after	Summer comes after spring. (Summer comes after spring)
at	в	Let’s meet at 10 am
During	for	She was sleeping during the whole lesson. (She slept throughout the lesson)
for	for	He laughed for 5 minutes. (He laughed for 5 minutes)
in	via	I’ll be home in 10 minutes. (I’ll be home in 10 minutes)
on	by	I usually go shopping on Fridays. (I usually go shopping on Fridays)
to	to	I won’t go shopping till Sunday. (I won’t go shopping until Sunday)
Within	within, for	You must do it within a month. (You have to do it in a month)

because of — because;
on account of — due to, due to;
thanks to — thanks;
in accordance with — according to, in accordance with.

As you can see, the same preposition can be in different groups (for example, in or on are both temporal and spatial). Moreover, if you open any dictionary (well, at least the same Yandex) and select any preposition, you will be surprised at the number of meanings. Let’s say the most commonly used English preposition to can have 13 values ​​(do not be lazy, take a look).

Let’s talk a little about the nuances before inviting you to go into battle the «tests» section, where the first linguistic tests for knowing prepositions await you.

SINGING OFFERS!

Yes, yes, to sing along or even read out. When you get acquainted with the basic excuses, try yourself in the role of Eminem, Timati, or any rapper you like. Not enough ideas for the text yet? Mix up prepositions! Knowing small and remote prepositions is very cool. Check it out by watching the video and feel like a rising rap star.

ENGLISH PROSPECTS AND RUSSIAN PADES. We remember the second class.

• Genitive case (who? What?) — preposition of
Show me the plan of the house.

• Dative case (to whom? What?) — preposition to
Give it to me.

• Accusative case (who? What?) — no preposition
Give me a pen.

• Instrumental case (by whom? What?) — preposition With
She was cutting the letter with scissors.

• Prepositional case (about whom? About what?) — preposition about
Don’t speak about me.

PLACE OFFER IN OFFER

Any excuse, know your place!

• In general, the preposition is supposed to be put BEFORE a noun or pronoun (if the noun has an article or a definition, then you cannot break it)

Put the book on the table.
Give it to me.
The shop is behind the green house.
You must do it with in two months.

• In interrogative sentences (which start with what, where, etc.), the preposition is placed at the end:

What city do you live in?
Who are you waiting for?

• The rest of the cases are associated with the use of prepositions in subordinate clauses, passive constructions. All this will be more relevant to study in the «Syntax» section.

• It is very useful to learn the signs, where the preposition has already merged with a certain noun. Useful in everyday communication.

by	By mistake By accident By chance By the way By bus / train / car Day by day Step by step	by mistake by accident by accident by the way by bus / train / car day after day step by step
for	For a walk / dance / drink / swim For breakfast / dinner	go for a walk / dance / drink / swim for breakfast / lunch
in	In fact In case In future In love In time In the morning / evening / afternoon	in fact, in the event in the future, in love in the morning / evening / afternoon
on	On television On holiday / a trip On foot	on TV on vacation / on foot
at	At home / work At night At present	at home / at work at night

By the way, about the last three pretexts. They won a special place under the sun and formed their own caste — prepositions of place. Why it is necessary to collect a dossier on them no less than on a counterintelligence agent, an article specially devoted to them will tell and prove.

Simple valuable advice: since it is impossible to learn ALL prepositions at the first time of learning (and it is not necessary), when you write out the next new verb from the dictionary, mark yourself at least 2 options with different prepositions.

For example:

Put — put
Put on — to place a bet on (smb., Sm.)
Put across — to deceive

When it becomes a habit, you will one day be happy to find that the use of the verb is masterful: in different meanings for the situation. This will brighten your speech and save you from any pauses and «mmm», «eee», «aaa». In the meantime, the problem exists, then you need to solve it, starting with passing a thematic test on prepositions. 

Have you sorted the prepositions on the shelves in your head? There are spots even on the Sun, so we suggest once again (which is not at all superfluous) to go through the pretexts by watching a video tutorial on the topic. After watching and several years of practice, you can safely assign yourself the honorary title of «guru».

Source: https://iloveenglish.ru/theory/anglijskaya_grammatika/predlog

General and possessive. Possessive nouns in English: meaning and education

We are accustomed to the fact that in Russian it is enough to inflect a word by case, thereby forming the context we need.

But what to do in such a situation with English, where there is practically no case system? First, here the syntactic meaning of a word is always determined by its place in the sentence.

And secondly, as many as three case categories are distinguished, but not all of them play a really significant role. In today’s material, we will consider how cases are formed in English, what parts of speech they correspond to, and what function they perform.

First, let’s find out what this section of grammar is. Case is a term denoting the syntactic role of a sentence member or the semantic meaning of a word in a phrase. In simple terms, the case determines the dependence of one word on another. The subject, addition, definition is expressed in the corresponding case in the sentence.

Russian grammar allows you to apply this term to a noun, pronoun, adjective, participle, numeral. But in English, cases can be found only in two parts of speech: a noun and a pronoun. Moreover, they bring more changes to the class of pronouns. Consider the English case system.

Cases in English

Since English uses a fixed word order, the role of cases is somewhat crumpled and not always actively expressed. But this is not a reason not to consider their construction and use.

On the contrary, for confident use of the language, you need to be able to work with any grammatical constructions, and the category of case is no exception. Let us ask ourselves a question: how many cases are there in English? Officially, there are three, but only two are singled out.

We will break down a three-tier classification.

Subjective category

Translated into Russian, this is the most common nominative case, which emphasizes that a noun / pronoun acts as a subject. This grammatical construction does not differ in anything remarkable: both nouns and pronouns are used in it in their usual dictionary form.

• She is my best friend —Itmybestfriend.
• Peteris a clever boy —Peter —smartboy.
• Children read the book —Childrenreada book.

The second case in English is much more peculiar.

Objective category

This is the so-called indirect case. In this case, nouns / pronouns are not actors / objects, but objects of these actions. Accordingly, in the proposal, this construction is associated with the role of the complement.

When translated into Russian, depending on the context, words can be put in the genitive, dative, proposed and accusative cases. It is noteworthy that nouns still do not change their construction, and most personal pronouns get a completely new form.

Subject	Object	Transformation
I	Me	I ⟶ me, me
you	you	you, you ⟶ you, you, you, you
He	Him	he ⟶ him, him
She	Here	she ⟶ her, her
It	It	it ⟶ him, him, this, this, her, her (inanimate.)
We	Us	we ⟶ us, us
They	Them	they ⟶ them, us

The pronoun who (who?) Is also subject to changes, which turns into whom (whom? To whom?).

• Give me a pen, please —Giveto me,pleasepen.
• I told them the truth —Ясказалthemthe truth.
• The boy bought a ball —Youngsterboughtball.

In the case of nouns, these two case categories are combined into one common case, because in their composition there are still no changes, and the syntactic role is to a greater extent always determined by the location of the word. A separate and most specific case is the third group.

Source: https://spainproject.ru/shifer/obshchii-i-prityazhatelnyi-padezh-prityazhatelnyi-padezh-sushchestvitelnyh-v-angliiskom-yazyke-znachenie-i-ob/

Cases of nouns in English. Cases in English. Special uses’ s

The simplicity of the English language is that, unlike other languages, English nouns do not change by case. More precisely, in English there are two whole cases (common and possessive), but everything is much simpler than what we are used to when studying 6 Russian cases in elementary school. Therefore, the case of a noun in English is very simple to determine.

Common case

In this case, English nouns do not change and no endings or suffixes are added to them. In this case, the noun can play absolutely diverse roles in the sentence (subject, direct, indirect and prepositional addition, definition). Regardless of how the noun is used, it will look the same.

He reads a book.
She goes to the school.
The plate is on the backgammon.

The only difficulty that can arise when using the common case is using the correct prepositions. When a noun acts as a subject or a direct object, they are not required.

In other cases, you sometimes have to think about what pretext should be put in this or that case.

That is, if in Russian the connection of nouns with other words is expressed by changing the endings (in different cases — in different ways), then in English when declining a noun the endings are always the same, and the connection with other words is conveyed using different prepositions.

Dative (To whom? What? Where?) Is conveyed in English using the preposition to:

Emma goes to school every day. — Emma goes to school every day.
Give it to me… — Give me that.

Instrumental case depending on the situation, it can be expressed using with, by and some other prepositions.

I wrote this text with the pen… — I wrote this text with a pen.
How With me. — Come with me.

Possessive nouns in English

The possessive case of a noun in English can cause some difficulties in learning at first, but if you understand the basic rules from the very beginning, then everything will seem very simple in the future.

feature: the possessive case is formed using a simple construction «‘s», which is added to each «owner». That is, to the one who owns something.

You already know that possessive pronouns express the belonging of something to certain persons — me, you, him, her, and so on. Here the situation is somewhat different — we know a specific person. That is, my mother’s house will be translated as “my mother’s house«.

Pretty simple, isn’t it? In fact, this is what we are used to. Genitive… Who’s (whose) house? Mom.

For example:

cat’s fur — cat hair
women’s cars — women car

If you read textbooks or articles on the Internet, then in most cases you will see an indication that the possessive case in English using the construction ‘s only possible for animate nouns. The inanimate form the genitive case only with the help of the preposition “of«.

However, if you dig deeper and ask the English speakers themselves, they do not see much crime in what you say, for example, “the book’s cover«, but not «the cover of the book«.

There is an opinion that people for whom English is not native often overdo it with the formation of the possessive case with the help of a preposition and, conversely, too rarely use the possessive form. ‘s.

According to some sources, the prohibition on the formation of the genitive case with the help ‘s inanimate nouns are no longer supported by native speakers. However, in England this is stricter than in the United States. But in any case, you should not bother with this if you are just starting to learn a language. Over time, listening to often English speech, you will figure out what’s what. And asking the native speakers themselves is not so difficult.

Here are some examples of the genitive «‘s» in inanimate nouns:

Everest’s peak — the top of Everest
Earth’s climate — Earth’s climate
Moscow’s life — life in Moscow
England’s football team — England national football team
The Times’ article — article «The Times»
today’s schedule — schedule for today
the summer’s heat — summer heat
the car’s engine — car engine

But keep in mind that sometimes you can do without adding ‘s… This happens when the first word is the definition. For example, in the last two words, you can also say: “summer heat» and «the car engine«.

By the way, in addition to adding «s» and an apostrophe to a word, the genitive case can also be obtained using the preposition «of», as you might have guessed. And this applies not only to inanimate objects.

The possessive case of nouns in English has another peculiarity. If the word is in the plural and has the ending «s», then instead of ‘s only apostrophe is added ‘.

So we will be able to distinguish when writing, how many persons are in question, and it is more convenient to pronounce without doubling. However, if you look at words in the singular ending in «s», then this rule does not apply to them.

Even a word like boss (with two “s” at the end!) Gets another “s” to boot, only this time with an apostrophe.

Finally, I will give examples that will allow you to understand how to use correctly ‘s in the formation of the possessive case with different types of nouns.

The case of a noun in English, which has any differences in education, in fact, only one. You need to know him. You probably noticed that there were no difficulties in this lesson. Therefore, I hope that you have mastered the material and now you can easily apply it in practice.

1. The concept of a grammatical category in English.

The grammatical category is one of the basic concepts of any language, including English. A grammatical category is a union of two or more grammatical forms opposed or correlated by grammatical meaning. This grammatical meaning is assigned to a given set of forms (paradigm). Outside of constant formal indicators, the grammatical category does not exist.

The grammatical category includes at least two opposed forms, but more of them are possible. So, there are three forms of tense — present, past and future, four verbal categories — basic, long-term, perfect and perfect-long, but two forms of the number of nouns, two voice, etc. There are no categories that have only one form: not there may be one article, one pledge, etc.

Opposition within a category is necessary, although not necessarily binary.

2. Category of case. The ratio of the cases of the Russian and English languages.

Source: https://www.evro-butik.ru/iz-bisera/padezhi-sushchestvitelnyh-v-angliiskom-yazyke-padezhi-v-angliiskom-yazyke/

Possessive nouns in English. Double possessive. Subject and object cases in English

And numbers that serve to connect words in a sentence. But their cases in English, which are variants of the same word (word form), still exist. Fortunately, there are only 3 of them: objective, subjective and possessive. Let ‘s talk about each one of them. C «mon.

Weighing languages: inflection in Russian and English

Everything is learned by comparison, including English. It is enough to compare the native language and the language being studied, and the rules of the second will fit in the head, as if by a stencil. Read the article on the comparison of phonetics here. Today is the turn of vocabulary. Or rather, inflection.

A little warm-up: understanding the concepts

What is inflection? I will explain in comparison with word formation.

Soup soupprostratea is an example wordEducation (using the suffix -face- a new word appeared, with a meaning inherent only to it).

Soup soupа-soupу-soupohm-soupе-soupы-soups etc. — this wordchange (it is not the lexical meaning of the word that changes, but its grammatical features: case, number, etc.)

It is necessary to know the rules of inflection in order to use words in the right form; “What a beautiful girl” is a typical wrong example.

Let’s start looking for similarities and differences in Russian and English.

Is it legal to compare, or what is analytical language

Our languages ​​are structured in completely different ways.

1. Russian language is synthetic (from the Greek “connection”), that is, in it, almost all grammatical meanings (gender, number, case, face, etc.) are expressed by the word itself, more often by its end.

Example: handsometh — handsomes (at the end of the adjective we see number, gender, case)

English — analytical (from the Greek decomposition, dismemberment), that is, in it grammatical meanings are most often «taken from the outside» — they are expressed using auxiliary words: linking verbs, prepositions, etc.

Example: He is handsome (he is handsome) — They are handsome (they are beautiful). The adjective does not change, the meaning of the number is expressed by a linking verb.

2. In Russian, every wordhas many word forms, except for immutable ones, since they are mostly borrowed.

For example, the adjective «strong» has more than 20 forms (6 cases, 3 genders, plural, degrees of comparison). Noun «table» — 12 shapes, etc.

In English, there are much fewer cases of inflection. — explained the reason above. There is not even such a thing as “ending” *.
There are inflectional suffixes, of which there are only five: -s (-es), -er, -est, -ed, -ing. But I propose to go in order.

* In some sources, inflectional suffixes of the English language are called endings.

Source: https://corp.lingualeo.com/ru/2016/06/28/slovoizmenenie-v-russkom-i-angliyskom/

Lesson 1

It is sometimes said that Icelandic has «a lot of grammar.» This means that it contains a lot of the so-called «formal grammar», when the forms of words and their endings change depending on the circumstances. In particular, Icelandic nouns differ depending on their gender (masculine, feminine or neuter), their belonging to a weak or strong group, and all sorts of other signs (let’s not forget about the exceptions).

This division of nouns is very important because their endings differ (although not too much) for different categories. In English, only endings are used -s и -Is; they are added when the plural is formed (with a few exceptions such words as oasis — oases, fly — flies, radius — radii). In Icelandic, this process is not limited to the formation of the plural.

There are four cases: subjective or nominative, object or accusative, dative and genitive or possessive.

Thus, Icelandic nouns have four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. To show case endings such as words hestur (horse), it is convenient to use the following system:

names.wine p.date.p.genus. p.names.wine p.date.p.genus. p.

her er hestur (here’s a horse)

um hest (about the horse)

fra hesti (from the horse)

til hests (to the horse)

her eru hestar (here are the horses)

um hesta (about horses)

fra hestum (from horses)

til hesta (to the horses)

Note that prepositions um, fra и to control the accusative, dative, and genitive cases, respectively.

It takes a lot of practice to use these cases; reading plays a special role here. There are a large number of categories in which words are characterized by significant similarities in their case forms, but many of them are quite rare, and they cannot be allowed to become a hindrance from the very beginning. The most important thing is to realize that there are certain differences between the main categories, and to focus only on these main subgroups at first.

Strong nouns in genitive singular end in a consonant, while weak nouns end in a vowel in any case in the singular; for example: gesture (guest) — strong masculine noun, gender. n. units h .: gestures; timi (time) is a weak noun, tima (wine, date and gender).

Strong masculine nouns

They are divided into three categories, within which four, three and three subcategories are distinguished, respectively. However, the differences between the main categories are small and can be summarized as follows:

heim / ur-s-ar (peace)

gest / ur-s-ir (the guest)

fund / ur-ar-ir (meeting)

The above are the nominative (e.g. heimur) and genitive (e.g. heims) singular, as well as the nominative (for example, heimar) plural. The endings of these forms are given in dictionaries so that you can determine which category a given noun belongs to.

Declension of strong masculine nouns, Group 1a (SM 1a)

units h.many. h.names.wine p.date.p.genus. p.

heimur	heimar
hee	home
heimi	heimum
heims	home

Other declension options for nouns in this category can be found in the Appendices section: SM 1c, SM 1d, SM 2a, SM 2b, SM 2c, SM 3a, SM 3b, SM 3c. Remember, the differences are usually small.

Here is a declension table for another subcategory, SM 1b (strong masculine nouns, Group 1b). For example, let’s take the word drottinn (master).

units h.many. h.names.wine p.date.p.genus. p.

drottinn	drottnar
drottin	drottna
drottni	drottnum
drottins	drottna

It is also worth mentioning six irregular nouns here, as they are often used. it fair (father), bróir (brother), vetur (winter), fotur (leg), finger (finger), maur (man human).

 

units h.names.wine p.date.p.genus. p. many. h.names.wine p.date.p.genus. p.

fair	bróir	vetur	fotur	finger	maur
fur	bróur	vetur	foot	finger	man
fur	bróur	glass	fæti	fingri	manni
fur	bróur	vetrar	fotar	fingers	manns
feur	bræur	vetur	fætur	finger	men
feur	bræur	vetur	fætur	finger	men
ferum	bræðrum	vetrum	fatum	fingrum	monnum
fera	bræðra	wind	fota	fingra	manna

Strong feminine nouns

They are divided into groups: SF 1a, 1b, 1c; 2a, 2b, 2c; 3a, 3b and 3c. The main differences are shown in the same way as for masculine nouns:

borg — borgar — borgir (city)

skál — skálar — skálar (bowl)

bók — bókar — bækur (book) (note the vowel change in the root)

Most strong feminine nouns belong to the first group, so we give a table of declensions of one of them, deposit.

 

units h.many. h.names.wine p.date.p.genus. p.

deposit	borgir
deposit	borgir
deposit	borgum
borgar	borga

Irregular nouns móðir (mother), dottir (daughter) and systir (sister) inflected, like a masculine noun bróir, only systir keeps its root vowel everywhere -and-.

Strong neuter nouns

They are divided into groups: SN 1a, 1b; 2, 3, 4 and 5. Below are the declension tables for nouns 1a and 3 blom (flower) and snaeri (rope).

 

units h.many. h.names.wine p.date.p.genus. p.

blom	snaeri	blom	snaeri
blom	snaeri	blom	snaeri
blomi	snaeri	blomum	snaerum
bloms	snaeris	bloma	snaera

Exercise 1

Decline the following nouns, pre-distributing them into groups (for example, hestur, SM 1a):

ladder	oxull	batur	munnur	drengur
haell	lax	selur	fiskur	leikur
garur	hross	length	djofull	meat
bill	haf	tungl	stafur	hundur
gaffall	deposit	sjonvarp	hestur	fjall
karl	glacier	haukur	hrafn	skald
ast	skraekur	gesture	skip	huri
staur	rum	ljos	hals	waterfall
blom	regn

It should be noted that only nouns from the most important strong declension groups are given here, namely: SM 1a, SM 1b, SM 2a, SF 1a, SN and 1a.

Tim Stridmann

Source: http://norroen.info/les/glendening/lesson1.html

›Grammar and rules› Writing sentences ›Cases in English: case systems, the use of prepositional structures

We are accustomed to the fact that in Russian it is enough to inflect a word by case, thereby forming the context we need.

But what to do in such a situation with English, where there is practically no case system? First, here the syntactic meaning of a word is always determined by its place in the sentence.

And secondly, in the grammar of the English language, as many as three case categories are distinguished, but not all of them play a really significant role. In today’s material, we will consider how cases are formed in English, what parts of speech they correspond to, and what function they perform.

Case as a grammatical category

First, let’s find out what this section of grammar is. Case is a term denoting the syntactic role of a sentence member or the semantic meaning of a word in a phrase. In simple terms, the case determines the dependence of one word on another. The subject, addition, definition is expressed in the corresponding case in the sentence.

Russian grammar allows you to apply this term to a noun, pronoun, adjective, participle, numeral. But in English, cases can be found only in two parts of speech: a noun and a pronoun. Moreover, they bring more changes to the class of pronouns. Consider the English case system.

How many cases are there in English? There are only two of them!

The simplicity of the English language is that, unlike other languages, English nouns do not change by case. More precisely, in English there are two whole cases (common and possessive), but everything is much simpler than what we are used to when studying 6 Russian cases in elementary school. Therefore, the case of a noun in English is very simple to determine.

Common case

In this case, English nouns do not change and no endings or suffixes are added to them. In this case, the noun can play absolutely diverse roles in the sentence (subject, direct, indirect and prepositional addition, definition). Regardless of how the noun is used, it will look the same.

He reads a book.
She goes to the school.
The plate is on the backgammon.

The only difficulty that can arise when using the common case is using the correct prepositions. When a noun acts as a subject or a direct object, they are not required.

In other cases, you sometimes have to think about what pretext should be put in this or that case.

That is, if in Russian the connection of nouns with other words is expressed by changing the endings (in different cases — in different ways), then in English when declining a noun the endings are always the same, and the connection with other words is conveyed using different prepositions.

Dative (To whom? What? Where?) Is conveyed in English using the preposition to:

Emma goes to school every day. — Emma goes to school every day.
Give it to me… — Give me that.

Instrumental case depending on the situation, it can be expressed using with, by and some other prepositions.

I wrote this text with the pen… — I wrote this text with a pen.
How With me. — Come with me.

Possessive nouns in English

The possessive case of a noun in English can cause some difficulties in learning at first, but if you understand the basic rules from the very beginning, then everything will seem very simple in the future.

Source: https://english-bird.ru/padezh-sushhestvitelnogo-anglijskom-yazyke/

Similarities and differences between English and German. Grammar and vocabulary by example

It is believed that learning German is more difficult than other European languages. And if you refer to research, then at the intermediate level of proficiency (Intermediate) German is 2,5 times more difficult than English , and at the Advanced level by 1,5 times. In our article, we will reflect on how true this is. We will compare two languages: English and German, drawing parallels between grammar and vocabulary.

Languages ​​are not alien to each other.

~ Walter Benjamin

Thus, we will either refute this stereotype, or we will further confirm it. The conclusion will be made by you, our dear reader. While you are thinking about which language will be easier or more difficult for you to learn, consider how German and English are similar and different.

English and German alphabet

Both languages ​​are based on Latin. There are 27 letters in German, including ß (est́) + umlauts Ää, Öö and Üü. In English — 26. However, the phonetics of German is much simpler than English, and even somewhat resembles Russian pronunciation.

If you want to learn how to quickly learn to read in English, you should familiarize yourself with the article «How to quickly learn to read in English?»

English and German alphabet

German noun

All nouns in German are capitalized (der Vater (father), der Lehrer (teacher), der Kaufman (seller), die Lampe (lamp), die Backerei (bakery)), in English — only proper names (Peter, Chris, Sarah).

In addition, there are 3 genders in German (masculine, feminine and neuter). It is imperative to learn to which gender a particular noun belongs in order to know which particular article to use. There are also 3 of them in English, but they do not have the same effect on nouns as in German.

English and German articles

This is always not an easy topic for us, Russian speakers, since there is no such phenomenon in our grammar. If in English there are 3 articles — a, an (indefinite) and the (definite), and you have to memorize specific rules, then in German there are 5: 3 definite (der / die / das) and 2 indefinite (ein / eine).

You will also need to learn the rules and memorize how they are conjugated by case. Despite the fact that the Russian language also has declensions,The declension of German articles can be a bit tricky.

Declination of the definite article in English and German.

Cases in English and German

As it became clear from the previous paragraph there are four cases in German: Nominativ (Nominative), Genitiv (Genitive), Dativ (Dative), Akkusativ (Accusative). For comparison: in Russian there are six of them (4 are the same as in German + instrumental and prepositional).

English lost them during the rise of Middle English (late 11th — late 15th centuries). Thanks for this! The function of cases in English is taken over by prepositions.

The case of the Russian language Correspondence in the English language Examples Translation

Genitive	conveyed using the preposition of:	The beginning of the autumn was warm	The beginning (what?) Of autumn was warm.
Dative	matches to	I am going to Chris.	I’m going to (who?) Chris
Instrumental case	matches with when referring to a tool or object that performs an action:	My sister can write with both her hands.	My sister can write (with what?) With both hands.
Instrumental case	if we mean an actor or force, then the preposition by is used:	This machine can only be operated by a professional.	This device should only be operated by (who?) A professional.

Order of words in a sentence

In English, the strict word order is: Subject-Verb-Object (subject-verb-object), which you can learn about from the article «Word order in an English sentence: construction rules.» In German, this is not necessary because there are cases. Decide for yourself which is easier: constantly use a strict word order or remember how words are inflected by case.

Russian sentence English translation German translation

I threw some hay over the fence to the horse	I threw some hay over the fence to the horse.	Ich warf etwas Heuüber den Zaun das Pferd.
I threw some hay to the horse over the fence.	I threw the horse some hay over the fence.	Ich warf dem Pferd über den Zaun etwas Heu.

The German listener knows that it was the hay that was thrown over the fence, not the horse, because the case was used. The problem is that very often the order of words in a Russian sentence cannot be directly traced when translated into English.

English and German verbs

Actually verbs in English and in German have a lot in common. English has right and wrong, German has strong and weak. They also conjugate by subject and by tense. As for the verb to be, it will be inflected differently in both English and German, see the table below for comparison.

Conjugation of the verb «to be» in English and German.

Times of English and German

The tenses in German are mainly expressed using six temporal forms: present (Präsens), past (Präteritum, Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt) and future (Futurum I, II. Präsens and Präteritum). As you know, there are three tenses in the Russian language — past, present and future.

Source: https://ienglish.ru/blog/interesno-ob-angliiskom/inetersnie-fakti-ob-angliiskom/chem-pohozhi-i-chem-otlichaiutsa-angliiskiy-i-nemetskiy

Possessive notation. How many cases in English: features, rules and examples

Such a moment, as, is far from the last place in grammar textbooks. How to tell about belonging of something without this topic? Inanimate nouns can still be dealt with somehow, but what about other cases? Everything in order.

English possessive rules

As you know, English possessive rules are needed to express the belonging of an object to a certain person. That is, today we will learn to say «friend’s house», «wife’s letters» and so on. The following instructions will help you figure out what’s what.

1. According to the standard rule, the belonging of an object is expressed by adding an apostrophe and -S to the animate person who owns the thing.

For example: my sister powder — my sister’s powder

2. If the object belongs to a plural noun (formed according to the rules, using -S ), then you need to add only an apostrophe to this word.

For example: my sisters‘ house — my sisters’ house

3. In cases where the noun forms the plural in a special way, it is recommended to adhere to the standard rule (apostrophe + -s ).

For example: the children toys — toys for children

4. If in a sentence you need to name two persons to whom something belongs, then the apostrophe and -S added to the last noun.

For example: Peter and mary apartment — Peter and Mary’s apartment

5. There are phrases with compound nouns. In this case, the apostrophe and -S it is recommended to add to the last part.

For example: my mother-in-law dog — my mother-in-law’s dog

6. The rules of the possessive case in English usually apply only to animate nouns. That is, inanimate nouns are not friendly with the apostrophe + -s … The preposition known to us will help here of .

For example: the piece of paper — a piece of paper

Possessive in English. Examples of

Agree, it’s not difficult to start using possessive in English. Examples of, which are presented below, will help you understand even better.

example	translation
Look! It’s my brother wife!	Look! This is my brother’s wife!
These women recommendations are awful.
The piece of cheese on the table is yours.	The piece of cheese on the table is yours.
John and bob suites are new.	John and Bob’s costumes are new.
my uncle friends are outside.

A noun in English can be in the possessive case. This design is quite common and it is necessary for beginners to get acquainted with it. The article is divided into two parts:

You can find out the rest of the information about the noun in English from the reference book.

1. Possessive noun (basic)

1.1. Possessive case — designation:

noun — noun (answers the question Who? what?)
noun — noun in the possessive case (answers the question whose?)

EXAMPLES
father hat — daddy’s hat
Natasha book — Natasha book
the bird nest — avian nest

1.2. Possessive noun = possessive pronoun

In English, a noun in the possessive case can be replaced possessive pronoun:

my father ‘shat = his effect
Natasha ‘sbook = here book
the bird ‘snest = its nest

Remember, once an adjective in English is placed before a noun, then and possessive nounmust also be placed before the noun.

1.3. The construction with the preposition OF replaces a noun in the possessive case

Possessive nouns can ALWAYS be replaced by construction with the preposition of. and responds to the question of whom? what?: the capital of (what?) Russia = the capital of Russia.

[master‘S subject = subject of host

EXAMPLES
my father hat (daddy’s hat) = a hat of my father (hat (whom?)my dad)
Natasha book (Natasha’s book) = a book of Natasha (Natasha’s book)
the man cap (cannot be translated) = a cap of the man

1.4. Possessive singular and plural nouns:

If there are several owners (owners), then the plural ending -S is added to the noun, but then in the possessive case (after the apostrophe) S —we remove!

EXPLANATION
brother books — one owner of books — brother
brothers‘ books — several owners of the book — brothers

Exception nouns (men, women, policemen, sportsmen, children and others —) form the possessive in the usual way: EXAMPLES

the men cars — cars of men

the children toys — children’s toys

1.5. The possessive noun answers the question Whose? —who?

When answering, we can omit the noun after :
Whose cap is this? — It is the boy’s cap. or It is the boy’s.
Whose

Source: https://ik-ptz.ru/diktanty-po-russkomu-yazyku--4-klass/oboznachenie-prityazhatelnogo-padezha-skolko-padezhei-v-angliiskom.html

Cases of nouns in English

Good afternoon dear friends!
What makes English one of the easiest languages ​​to learn? At least the fact that there are practically no cases in it, so there is no need to memorize a huge number of endings. Why practically and how many are there? Read the article about the cases of nouns in English.

One for all occasions

In general, we can say that a noun has two of them: general (subjective) and possessive (possessive). The common one performs many functions, or rather replaces all six cases of the Russian language. In this case, the endings of nouns do not change.

By the way, did you repeat the lesson about monosyllabic and polysyllabic adjectives that we learned last time?

That in the Nominative we get: Jack went to the cinema yesterday (Yesterday Jack went to the cinema), that in the Accusative to Jack we will not add any endings: I saw Jack yesterday (Yesterday I saw Jack). And even in Tvoritelniy, the same Jack will remain the same: This picture was painted by Jack (This picture was painted by Jack).

When you need an ending

And yet there is one category in which you need to add something to the word. It’s possessive. In this case, we add an apostrophe and the letter s to both the noun and the common noun.

Possessive

For example, This is Mary’s bag. Father’s glasses were on the table.

There are a few nuances to remember here. As we remember, in the plural, the words end with the letter -s. In this case, you do not need to add it, just put an apostrophe: students ‘copybooks (notebooks of students), tourists’ suitcases (suitcases of tourists).

Moreover, if the plural is formed in an irregular way, like people, children, add –s: people’s cars, children’s toys.

Singular and plural

If we have a compound noun in front of us, then we add an ending to its last part: passer-by’s umbrella (passer-by’s umbrella), father-in-law’s phone (father-in-law’s phone).

Singular and plural

Sometimes the subject can be expressed in whole phrases or phrases: my younger sister, his brother, James and Sally. In that case, add –s to the last part as well: My younger sister’s dog (my younger sister’s dog), his brother’s guitar (his brother’s guitar), James and Sally’s house (James and Sally’s house).
It should be noted that this is how the possessive case of animate nouns is formed.

If it is inanimate, then the indicator is the preposition of. The leg of the chair, the colors of the picture. However, there are some exceptions:

1. The words ocean, ship, nature, water, car, boat, nation, country, city, town: water’s temperature, country landscape.
2. Time and distance related: yesterday’s weather.
3. Names of the planets: Mars’s atmosphere pressure.
4. Months and seasons: winter’s frosts.
5. Names of countries and cities: London’s attractions (sights of London), Russia’s factories (factories of Russia).

Other ways to express cases

So, if not endings, how are most English cases expressed differently? It’s simple — with the help of prepositions. For example, Creative — by the preposition by, if it means by whom the action was performed. This song was written by Martin. The house was built by Mr. Smith (This house was built by Mr. Smith).

Be sure to read aloud — it’s a good workout.

Or with, if it says how it was done: cut it with scissors, stick it with glue.

Do not forget to subscribe so as not to miss anything and receive a phrasebook in English, German and French as a gift. It has Russian transcription, therefore, even without knowing the language, you can easily master colloquial phrases.

The genitive can be expressed with the preposition of: the start of the day, the sound of music. Compare two phrases: the picture of Stacey, Stacey’s picture. What do you think is the difference? In the first case, we mean that Stacy is depicted in the picture, in the second — the picture belongs to her, and anything can be depicted on it. Be careful!

Finally, Date uses to: I gave a present to Sam’s sister.

Source: https://vivaeurope.ru/languages/casesofnouns

Cases in English

Case is an important grammatical unit that serves to express the interaction of a particular word with other parts of a phrase or sentence. In many languages ​​(for example, Hungarian or Finnish) there are more than ten elements.

Gradually, some of them may go out of use: for example, English, which previously had five cases: instrumental, genitive, nominative, accusative and dative.

At the present stage, there are only three of them, with which you will get acquainted in more detail in this article.

Common case in English

Another variant of the name is the subjective case. It is used in the event that the described object in the sentence takes the status of the complement of direct and indirect types or subject. It is noteworthy that in each of these cases the lexical unit does not transform the grammatical shell and retains its original form.

Parallel with the Russian language

1. So, if the used noun is a subject, its case can be compared with the Russian nominative form: Maria Teller wrote a new book.

2. In the event that nouns in a particular sentence take the form of a direct object, the case can be compared with the Russian accusative, if indirectly — with the dative: George send a letter to his father-in-law.

Object case in English

This category refers to personal pronouns. In this case, parts of speech can take on different roles in a sentence:

Direct addition

How do you identify it? In this case, the word answers the questions «who?» or «what?»

Object case of indirect objects in English in the absence of a preposition

The pronoun answers the question «to whom?»

Examine the tablet!

Possessive nouns and pronouns in English

The peculiarity of this category is that it is one of all «brothers» leads to the transformation of the noun form. The point is in the special ending «-‘s», which serves to form the possessive form. By the way, it is described in detail in our article «The Possessive Form in English».

This case is very important: it is with the help of it that it is possible to demonstrate the belonging of an object or phenomenon to a particular subject: Liza’s hair, Mark’s money, company’s success, actress’ performance.

As for the pronouns, they also take on interesting forms in this case.

Useful Secrets

So, whether there are cases of nouns and other parts of speech in English and how many there are today, we found out using tables with examples. However, how not to get confused in the forms that words from a foreign lexical piggy bank take? First of all you need:

• re-read the theoretical material again, while making notes in the workbook: this will broaden your horizons and give you a primary understanding of the topic;
• practical consolidation becomes possible with the help of tests and exercises on the rules of the object, subjective and possessive cases of nouns and other parts of speech in English for children and adults.

Links needed

Constant training of skills will allow you to avoid annoying mistakes in writing and in speech, opening for you one more «page» of a huge (but extremely useful!) Book called «foreign language».

1.http: //lizasenglish.ru/grammatika/uprazhneniya-prityazhatelnyj-padezh.html — a useful blog with assignments of different formats to train the use of the English possessive case.

2. http://www.lovelylanguage.ru/grammar/tests/none-cases — test for choosing prepositions for English nouns in the general or possessive case.

3.http: //knowledgelevel.ru/tests/63 — a test of 35 questions to check knowledge of the possessive English case.

Source: https://englishbooster.ru/grammatika/padezhi-v-anglijskom-jazyke/