Essential word toefl pdf

CHAPTER 1

GETTING TO KNOW THE

TOEFL

WHAT IS THE TOEFL?

The TOEFL is a comprehensive English language examination required by more than 3,000 colleges and universities in the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world. In addition, foreign born professionals frequently need a TOEFL score for certification to practice their profession in the United States or Canada.

The TOEFL is a timed test that consists of the three sections listed here.

SECTION 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSION

This section of the TOEFL test your ability to understand spoken American English. You will hear taped conversations to which you will make responses. Part A and B contain samples of informal American English. Idiomatic expressions and two-word verbs are common in these parts.

Single Statement

In Part A you will hear a single statement made by a man or a woman. In your test booklet, there are four sentences. You must choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to the one you heard. YOU WILL HEAR:

To get to the post office, cross the street, go three blocks, and you’ll see it right on the corner. YOU WILL SEE:

(A)The post office is right on the corner.

(B)The post office is at the next corner.

(C)The post office has a cross near it.

(D)The post office is three blocks away.

The correct choice is, which most closely gives the same meaning as the sentence you heard. It is important for you to know that if similar sounding words or the same words appear in an answer choice, that answer choice is seldom correct.

Short Dialogs

Part B contains short dialogs followed by a question about what the people said in their conversation. Generally, key information is found in the second speaker’s sentence. You will need to understand the meaning of the conversation and also the context , such as the time or place in which it could occur. The correct choice directly answers the question.

YOU WILL HERE:

(Man Did you get to go shopping last night’? (Woman) They’d already locked the doors by the time

I got there.

(Man) What does the woman mean? YOU WILL SEE:

(A)She arrived in time to shop.

(B)She was too late.

(C)She locked the doors.

(D)She had to buy the door.

The correct choice is. Since the doors were locked when she arrived, she could not have gone shopping. Note that the other choices use words heard in the conversation. Choices that contain such words are usually not correct.

Extended Conversation / Minitalks

In Part C you will hear an extended conversation or a minitalk. The English in this section is generally more formal and academic, typical of English conversation or lectures that take place in a university or college setting. After each conversation or minitalk, there are between four and eight spoken questions about its content. Choose your answer from among the four choices that appear in your test book-let. Look at the example here.

YOU WILL HERE:

Man: Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to this tour of one of the nation’s most important cities, Chicago. Before we begin, I’d like to give you some background information that will make the tour more enjoyable for you. The city was founded in 1837. Its strategic location on Lake Michigan quickly made it the center of commerce for the Midwest section of the country. It is currently the third largest metropolitan area In the United States. The city’s site is generally level, built mostly on glacial plain. The narrow Chicago River extends one mile inland from Lake Michigan, where it splits, dividing the city into North, West, and South sides. Chicago’s weather is subject to rapid changes, but generally the climate is cold and windy in the winter, and hot and humid in the summer.

Woman: What gave Chicago an advantage over other Midwest cities? YOU WILL SEE:

(A)Its level site.

(B)Its location on Lake Michigan.

(C)Its large population.

(D)Its location along the Chicago River.

According to the minitalk, would be the correct choice. Remember that you will not have a written copy of the speaker’s talk or conversation and you will only hear it once. You must concentrate on details, such as names, dates, and the main idea of the selection that you hear. Do not read the choices as you listen to the talk. Listen care-fully and try to remember what you hear.

SECTION 2: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

This section contains two types of questions, both designed to test your ability to recognize correct style and grammar in written English. The sentences are academic; ones that you typically find in college level texts, journals, and encyclopedias. The sentence topics include the social sciences, physical and life sciences, and the humanities.

Structure

The structure questions test your ability to recognize correct structure and word order. These questions consist of a sentence with one or more words missing. You must make the choice that best completes the sentence. Here is an example of this type of question.

YOU WILL SEE:

__________ a short time after the Civil War, Atlanta has become the principal center of transportation, commerce, and finance in the southeastern United States.

(A)While rebuilt

(B)It was rebuilt

(C)Rebuilt

(D)When rebuilt

The correct choice is (C). The other choices make the sentence incorrect or awkward.

Written Expression

The written expression questions test your ability to recognize errors in grammar or expression. These questions consist of complete sentences with four underlined words or phrases. You must identify the underlined part of the sentence that needs to be changed in order to make the sentence correct. An example follows.

YOU WILL SEE:

The Navajo Indians have displayed a marked ability A B

to incorporate aspects of other cultures into a changing, C

flexibility lifestyle D

The correct choice is (D). Flexibility, a noun, appears where an adjective must appear. In addition to inappropriate parts of speech, be sure to check for missing words and extra words that are inappropriate for the context.

SECTION 3: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION

Good reading skills and an ample vocabulary are keys to doing well on all sections of the TOEFL. This section of the TOEFL specifically test these skills. Many TOEFL test takers complain that they do not have enough time to carefully answer all questions in this section. It is very important that you follow the instructions in this book so that you will use all the allotted time to your advantage.

Vocabulary

The first questions on this section will test your English vocabulary. There are 30 academic sentences, each containing an underlined word. You must choose the word that has the same meaning from among the four choices. Here’s an example.

YOU WILL SEE:

The United States has instituted a set of forest conservation measures to maintain forest land.

(A)accepted

(B)published

(C)established

(D)suggested

The word that is closest in meaning to the tested word, instituted, is choice (C). Further hints for vocabulary questions can be found in Chapter 2.

Reading Comprehension

Your ability to read and understand college level reading material is test on this part of the TOEFL. You will find five or six reading passages, each followed by four to seven questions. You must work quickly and efficiently. Here is a sample passage.

YOU WILL SEE:

A lens has one or more curved surfaces that refract or bend, light rays passing through it to form an image on a surface beyond the lens. Examples of such surfaces are the retina of the eye or a movie screen. The distance from the lens to the focal plane is known as focal length. In cameras, telescopes, and similar devices, the lens is turned on a screw-thread mounting to adjust the focal length. This action allows focusing of images of objects at various distances. In the human eye, focal length is adjusted by muscles that alter the lens curvature. Light rays of different colors are bent by varying degrees as they pass through a curved surface. This causes a distortion of the image, known as chromatic aberration. In cameras, sharp images are obtained by arranging two or more lenses so that the aberration of one cancels out the aberration of another. Such an arrangement of lenses is called an achromatic lens.

QUESTION:

According to the passage, what is focal length?

(A)A curved surface that refracts light.

(B)The distance from the focal plane to the lens.

(C)Adjustment by the muscles that alters lens curvature.

(D)The degree that light rays of different colors are bent by the lens.

This is a factual question. The information needed to answer this question is directly stated in the text. Choice (B) is the correct answer. Some questions will ask you to draw conclusions based on material in the passage, other will ask about the main idea of a selection. Some may even ask what information does not appear in the passage.

THE TEST OF WRITTEN ENGLISH

Most TOEFL test sessions now require the Test of Written English. The TWE will test your ability to respond to topics that you may find on typical college level writing assignments. It will test your ability to

express yourself as well as your organizational skills . The score on this test is reported separately and is not used to determine your TOEFL score.

SOME HELPFUL HINTS

On all parts of the TOEFL, be sure to answer every question. If you must guess, choose choice (B) or (C) since they are slightly more likely to be the correct choice than (A) or (D).

Watch your time! Be sure to wear a watch and be aware of the time you have remaining in each section. Do not waste time reading directions or example in your test booklet. You should become familiar with these before you take the test. When you are told to begin, go directly to the first question. When time has expired on a section, you may not return to it. Work quickly and accurately. If it seems obvious that you will not finish a section within the time limit, guess or choose answer (B) or (C) in order to complete the section.

Prepare yourself for the test. In addition to this book, Barron’s How to Prepare for the TOEFL provides you with practical hints, tapes with sample questions, model test, and a grammar review to help you maximize your TOEFL score.

CHAPTER 2

UNDERSTANDING

THE TOEFL:

Vocabulary and Reading

Comprehension Section

Developing a good English vocabulary is the most important way to prepare for the vocabulary you will see on the TOEFL. In addition to developing a good English vocabulary, it is very important to know the kind of vocabulary you will see on the TOEFL and to understand how it is tested.

Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension make up Section 3 of the TOEFL. This section contains 30 vocabulary questions and 30 reading comprehension questions. Remember that your general vocabulary is tested in all sections of the TOEFL. However, it is in this section of the TOEFL where your knowledge of specific vocabulary is tested.

You will have 45 minutes to complete this section of the TOEFL. Many test takers report that they do not have enough time to complete the reading comprehension questions, so you should work quickly in order to complete the vocabulary questions as soon as you can. If you follow the strategies in this book you will have more time to complete the Reading Comprehension section of the TOEFL.

The Vocabulary Question

Vocabulary questions are written in a formal, academic style, typical of most college or university level texts and journals. The topics of these sentences are those that a first-year college student in North America would be likely to encounter. The topics come from such areas as the natural sciences, business, liberal arts, and the social sciences. Many sentences contain references to North American places and personalities. Others will refer to historical events and may include dates. It is important for you to understand that your knowledge of these areas is never tested on the TOEFL. You do not have to be familiar with the content of the sentences to be successful on this section of the TOEFL.

Each TOEFL vocabulary question consists of a single sentence followed by four choices. These choices are marked by letters (A), (B), (C), (D). Most sentences have one word underlined, and less frequently, some sentences may have a phrase underlined. You must identify the word among the choices that has the same or similar meaning as the under-lined word or phrase in the question. These words are called synonyms. Let’s examine a sample question.

Many organisms change their role in habitats from one season to another

(A)diet

(B)size

(C)color

(D)function

This question is typical of the Vocabulary section. The topic is from the natural sciences and the sentence contains a single underlined word. The correct answer is (D) function. Function is a synonym for role. As in this example, the word you select is the one that best matches the meaning of the underlined word. Note that all four of the choices make sense in the sentence. Vocabulary questions are written so that the con-text of the sentence seldom helps you to determine the meaning of the word. Therefore, you must understand the vocabulary to select the correct choice

Strategies

Remember that your reading comprehension skills are not tested on this section of the test. Therefore you should not waste time reading the sentences. Simply look at the underlined word and choose its synonym from among the four choices. This strategy will save you time and prevent

frustration.

You must choose the word that maintains the original meaning of the sentence. Be prepared for unfamiliar vocabulary presented in unfamiliar contexts, but do not waste time reading the sentences to determine the word’s meaning. You will need this time for the Reading Comprehension section. If you do not know the word tested or can’t determine its synonym, choose (B) or (C) as your answer. On the TOEFL, (B) and (C) answers tend to be used slightly more than (A) and (D). Also remember that answer choices that contain the same prefix or suffix or are pronounced like the underlined word are seldom the correct answers. Examine the following question.

Swallows are among the most agile passerine birds.

(A)Idle

(B)swift

(C)fragile

(D)frail

Note that choices (A) and (C), idle and fragile, have sounds similar to agile. Such words are not usually the correct choice. Such words are often used to distract you. Unless you are sure of the answer do not choose these words.

Let’s see how to use our strategy with a sample item. Look at the sentence and look immediately to the underlined word. Do not read any other words in the sentence. Read the four choices and make your selection.

The spider wasp has a slender body with smokey or yellowish wings.

(A)tiny

(B)long

(C)thin

(D)dark

The following is an illustration of how you should read the sentences.

+++ ++ +++ + ++++ +++ + slender ++++ ++++ ++++++ ++

+++++’ +++ +++++

(A)tiny

(B)long

(C)thin

(D)dark

You should pay attention only to the underlined word and the choices that follow. If you know the meaning of the word and recognize the synonym, there is no need to read the sentence. If you do not know the meaning of the underlined word, you must make an educated guess about its synonym. The context will not usually help you to determine the correct choice. All of the choices from this example fit into the sentence.

The spider wasp has a tiny body with smokey or yellowish wings. The spider wasp has a long body with smokey or yellowish wings. The spider wasp has a thin body with smokey or yellowish wings. The spider wasp has a dark body with smokey or yellowish wings.

These sentences show that the context does not help you determine the meaning of the underlined word. If you cannot decide on the answer, read the sentence. It may help you to remember any previous experience you have had with the word. If not, guess, and continue to the next question.

STRATEGIES TO REMEMBER

•Do not waste time reading the sentences. Immediately look for the underlined word and search for a synonym among the answer choices.

•The sentence will not help you understand the meaning of the underlined word.

•Analyze words quickly. Don’t spend too much time studying word roots, prefixes, and suffixes.

•Work quickly, but carefully. Conserve time for the second part of Section 3. Try to spend only 30 seconds on each question.

•Words that contain similar sounds and spelling are usually not correct answers.

•Always answer every question. If you must guess, choose (B) or (C) as your answer.

CHAPTER 3

IMPROVING YOUR TOEFL

VOCABULARY

READ A LOT

One of the best ways to build your vocabulary is to read authentic English language material. You should read material that a college student would read. Examples of such material are newspapers, college textbooks, encyclopedia articles, magazines, and academic books. Any material that-has an academic theme will help you get used to the kinds of words and the style of writing you will find on the TOEFL. Reading articles on a variety of topics of interest to you will help you develop your vocabulary.

MAKE FLASH CARDS

As you read, you will find new words that you will want lo learn. One good way to learn words is to make flash cards. Use small cards made of thick paper, like index cards The cards should be small enough to fit in your pocket. On one side write the new word, then on the back write a synonym for the word. You may also want to note the meaning of the word. Review these cards as often as you can, perhaps with a friend who is preparing for the TOEFL.

You will be able to build a large «sight vocabulary» by using this method. Do not be concerned if you are unable to actually use these words in conversation you have in English. With time, they will become a part of your active vocabulary. Your ability to use new words is not as important as your ability to recognize new words and their meanings.

MAKE WORD LISTS

Another good way to learn new words is to make word lists. Many students use a small notebook for this purpose. When you discover a new word, add it to a list of words to be learned. On one side of the page, list the new word. To the right of the new word, write a synonym for it. Study the words by covering the synonym, looking at the new word, and recalling the synonym. It is also useful to reverse the process so that you practice both the new word and the synonym.

LEARN WORDS FROM OLD TOEFL

Learn words that have been tested on previous TOEFLs. The under-lined words on previous TOEFL tests are sometimes tested again, but they frequently appear among the four choices presented as synonyms for new words that are tested. You can find words to put on your flash cards or word lists on any TOEFL tests that you may have. TOEFL tests can be found in the TOEFL test kits available from the Educational Testing Service.

LEARN THE WORDS IN THIS BOOK

Include all of the words listed in this book on your cards and lists. These words have been carefully selected, and many will appear on the TOEFL. Pay special attention to the list of 450 words in Chapter 6.

You should learn prefixes, suffixes, and word roots, For a list of them, see Chapter 4. Suggestions for studying word roots, suffixes, and pre-fixes can be found in that chapter.

LEARN TO USE A THESAURUS

Become familiar with a thesaurus. A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms. When you find a word that you don’t know, look it up in the thesaurus. Note a synonym for the word on a card or a word list. If you find a synonym but still don’t know the meaning of the word, look it up in an English language dictionary. If you can’t find the word in the thesaurus, it will not be tested on the TOEFL. The TOEFL tests only those words that have a variety of synonyms. For more information about the use of a thesaurus, see Chapter 5.

VOCABULARY BUILDING STRATEGIES

•Read often. Choose material that is written for college level readers.

•Make flash cards of new words with synonyms and practice them often.

•Make word lists of new words with synonyms and practice them often.

•Learn words that have been tested on previous TOEFLs.

•Learn word roots, prefixes, and suffixes found in Chapter 4. Study the key list of 450 words in Chapter 6 of this book.

CHAPTER 4

BUILDING YOUR

VOCABULARY

DEVELOPING WORD ATTACK SKILLS

When readers find an unfamiliar word in a sentence, they are some-times able to determine its meaning by reading the other words in the sentence. The other words give the context that allows readers to make an educated guess about the meaning of an unfamiliar word. However, we already know that on TOEFL vocabulary questions all of the possible answers fit into the context of the sentence. Therefore, the success you will have on this part of the TOEFL, depend upon whether you can determine word meanings by examining the word being tested, not by studying the context. In this chapter, you will learn how to determine the meaning of a word by studying its parts.

Many English words consist of more than one part. Let’s examine three important parts you should know in order to improve your vocabulary.

Word Roots

Many words in English contain Latin and Greek roots. These roots convey the basic meaning of the word and they occur repeatedly through out the language. Knowing these roots will help you determine the meaning of words with which you are not familiar. Below is a list of common roots and their general meanings.

Learning these roots will help you recognize the basic meaning of hundreds of English words. Let’s look at the word manufacture. Manufacture is a combination of two root words, manu and fact. Using the list of roots, we can see that manu means «hand» and fact means «make» or «do». Therefore, we can infer the meaning «make by hand».

Let’s look at another example, biography. Again, using the list of roots, we see that bio means «life» and graph «write». Therefore, we can conclude that the word biography relates to the «writing of a life» or the written story of a person’s life.

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