English word french origin in english

The percentage of modern English words derived from each language group are as follows:
Anglo-Norman French then French: ~29%
Latin (including words used only in scientific, medical or legal contexts): ~29%
Germanic: ~26%
Others: ~16%

A great number of words of French origin have entered the English language to the extent that many Latin words have come to the English language. 45% of all English words have a French origin.[1][verification needed][better source needed] This suggests that 80,000 words should appear in this list; this list, however, only includes words imported directly from French, such as both joy and joyous, and does not include derivatives formed in English of words borrowed from French, including joyful, joyfulness, partisanship, and parenthood. It also excludes both combinations of words of French origin with words whose origin is a language other than French — e.g., ice cream, sunray, jellyfish, killjoy, lifeguard, and passageway— and English-made combinations of words of French origin — e.g., grapefruit (grape + fruit), layperson (lay + person), mailorder, magpie, marketplace, surrender, petticoat, and straitjacket. This list also excludes words that come from French but were introduced into the English language via a language other than French, which include commodore, domineer, filibuster, ketone, loggia, lotto, mariachi, monsignor, oboe, paella, panzer, picayune, ranch, vendue, and veneer.

English words of French origin can also be distinguished from French words and expressions used by English speakers.

Although French is derived mainly from Latin (which accounts for about 60% of English vocabulary either directly or via a Romance language), it also includes words from Gaulish and Germanic languages (especially Old Frankish). Since English is of Germanic origin, words that have entered English from the Germanic elements in French might not strike the eye as distinctively from French. Conversely, as Latin gave many derivatives to both the English and the French languages, ascertaining that a given Latinate derivative did not come to the English language via French can be difficult in a few cases.

Historical context[edit]

Most of the French vocabulary now appearing in English was imported over the centuries following the Norman Conquest of 1066, when England came under the administration of Norman-speaking peoples. William the Conqueror invaded the British Isles, distributing lands and property to Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French soldiers. As a result, Old French became the language of culture and the administration, evolving into Anglo-Norman French. The majority of the population of England continued to use their Anglo-Saxon language, but it was influenced by the language of the ruling elite, resulting in doublets. Consider for example the words for the meats eaten by the Anglo-Norman nobility and the corresponding animals raised by the Anglo-Saxon peasants: beef/ox, mutton/sheep, veal/calf, pork/pig, or pairs of words pertaining to different registers of language: commence/start, commerce/trade, continue/go on, depart/leave, disengage/withdraw, encounter/meet, maintain/uphold, marry/wed, menace/threat, purchase/buy, revenue/income, vend/sell. Words of French origin often refer to more abstract or elaborate notions than their Anglo-Saxon equivalents (e.g. liberty/freedom, justice/fairness), and are therefore of less frequent use in everyday language. This may not, however, be the case for all English words of French origin. Consider, for example, some of the most common words in English: able, car, chair, city, country, different, fine, fruit, journey, juice, just, part, people, person, place, real, stay, table, travel, use, very, and wait.

After the rise of Henry Plantagenet to the throne of England, other forms of dialectal French may have gained in influence to the detriment of Anglo-Norman French (notably the variants of Anjou where the House of Plantagenet came from, and possibly Poitevin, the tongue of Eleanor of Aquitaine). With the English claim to the throne of France, the influence of the language in use at the royal court of France in Paris increased. The cultural influence of France remained strong in the following centuries and from the Renaissance onward borrowings were mainly made from Parisian French, which became the de facto standard language of France.

Notable fields of French influence[edit]

Feudalism[edit]

Norman rule of England had a lasting impact on British society. Words from Anglo-Norman or Old French include terms related to chivalry (homage, liege, peasant, seigniorage, suzerain, vassal, villain) and other institutions (bailiff, chancellor, council, government, mayor, minister, parliament), the organisation of religion (abbey, clergy, cloister, diocese, friar, mass, parish, prayer, preach, priest, sacristy, vestment, vestry, vicar), the nobility (baron, count, dame, duke, marquis, prince, sir), and the art of war (armour, baldric, dungeon, hauberk, mail, portcullis, rampart, surcoat). Many of these words related to the feudal system or medieval warfare have a Germanic origin (mainly through Old Frankish) (see also French words of Germanic origin).

The Norman origin of the British monarchy is still visible in expressions like Prince Regent, heir apparent, Princess Royal where the adjective is placed after the noun, like in French.

Heraldry[edit]

The vocabulary of heraldry has been heavily influenced by French (blazon, or, argent, sable, gules, passant), for more details see tinctures, attitudes, and charges of heraldry.

Sometimes used in heraldry, some mythological beasts (cockatrice, dragon, griffin, hippogriff, phoenix) or exotic animals (lion, leopard, antelope, gazelle, giraffe, camel, zebu, elephant, baboon, macaque, mouflon, dolphin, ocelot, ostrich, chameleon) draw their name from French. It is also the case of some animals native of Europe (via Anglo-Norman: eagle, buzzard, falcon, squirrel, coney, rabbit, leveret, lizard, marten, ferret, salmon, viper).

Military[edit]

The vocabulary of warfare and the military include many words and expressions of French origin (accoutrements, aide-de-camp, army, artillery, battalion, bivouac, brigade, camouflage, carabineer, cavalry, cordon sanitaire, corps, corvette, dragoon, espionage, esprit de corps, état major, fusilier, grenadier, guard, hors-de-combat, infantry, latrine, legionnaire, logistics, matériel, marine, morale, musketeer, officer, pistol, platoon, reconnaissance/reconnoitre, regiment, rendezvous, siege, soldier, sortie, squad, squadron, surrender, surveillance, terrain, troop, volley). This includes military ranks: admiral, captain, colonel, corporal, general, lieutenant, sergeant. Many fencing terms are also from French.

Politics and economics[edit]

The political/economic lexicon include many words of French origin like money, treasury, exchequer, commerce, finance, tax, liberalism, capitalism, materialism, nationalism, plebiscite, coup d’état, regime, sovereignty, state, administration, federal, bureaucracy, constitution, jurisdiction, district.

Law[edit]

The judicial lexicon has also been heavily influenced by French (justice, judge, jury, attorney, court, case).

Diplomacy[edit]

attaché, chargé d’affaires, envoy, embassy, chancery, diplomacy, démarche, communiqué, aide-mémoire, détente, entente, rapprochement, accord, treaty, alliance, passport, protocol.

Arts[edit]

art, music, dance, theatre, author, stage, paint, canvas, perform, harmony, melody, rhythm, trumpet, note, director, gallery, portrait, brush, pallet, montage, surrealism, impressionism, fauvism, cubism, symbolism, art nouveau, gouache, aquarelle, collage, render, frieze, grisaille.

Architecture[edit]

aisle, arcade, arch, vault, voussoir, belfry, arc-boutant, buttress, bay, lintel, estrade, facade, balustrade, terrace, lunette, niche, pavilion, pilaster, porte cochère.

Aviation and automobile engineering[edit]

France played a pioneering role in the fields of aviation (nacelle, empennage, fuselage, aileron, altimeter, canard, decalage, monocoque, turbine) and automobile engineering or design (chassis, piston, arbor, grille, tonneau, berline, sedan, limousine, cabriolet, coupé, convertible).

Cuisine[edit]

baba au rhum, beef, beef bourguignon, boudin, caramel, casserole, cassoulet, clafoutis, confit, consommé, cream, croissant, custard, filet mignon, fillet, foie gras, flognarde, fondant, fondue, gateau, gratin, madeleine, marmalade, mayonnaise, meringue, mille-feuille, mustard, mutton, navarin, pâté, pastry, petit four, pork, porridge, potage, pudding, puree, ragout, ratatouille, roux, salad, sauce, sausage, soufflé, soup, stew, terrine, trifle, veal, vol-au-vent.

Colours and Other Influences[edit]

Other influences include the names of colours (ecru, mauve, beige, carmine, maroon, blue, orange, violet, vermilion, turquoise, lilac, perse, scarlet, cerise), vegetables or fruits (courgette, aubergine, cabbage, carrot, cherry, chestnut, cucumber, nutmeg, quince, spinach, lemon, orange, apricot), and months of the year (January, March, May, July, November, December).

Terms coined by French people[edit]

Some of the French words that made their way into the English language were coined by French speaking inventors, discoverers or pioneers, or scientists: cinema, television, helicopter, parachute, harmonium, bathyscaphe, lactose, lecithin, bacteriophage, chlorophyll, mastodon, pterodactyl, oxide, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, photography, stethoscope, thermometer, stratosphere, troposphere.

Named after French people[edit]

Some French words were named after French people (from their family name), especially in the fields of science (ampere, appertisation, baud, becquerel, braille, coulomb, curie, daguerreotype, pascal, pasteurise, vernier), botany and mineralogy (begonia, bougainvillea, clementine, magnolia, dolomite, nicotine), fashion and style or any other cultural aspect (lavalier, leotard, recamier, mansard, chauvinism, kir, praline, saxophone, silhouette, guillotine).

Proper names[edit]

The names of certain cities in non-francophone regions/countries entered English with French spelling (Louisville, Constance, Ypres, Bruges, Louvain, Turin, Milan, Plaisance, Florence, Rome, Naples, Syracuse, Vienna, Prague, Munich, Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, Seville, Constantinople).

In North America, the names of some of the Native American peoples or First Nations the French came in contact with first are from French (Sioux, Saulteaux, Iroquois, Nez Perce, Huron, Cheyenne, Algonquin). It is also the case of some place names such as Canada, Arkansas, Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Vermont, Baton Rouge, Boise, Chicago, Des Moines, Detroit.

Main patterns of influence[edit]

Some words from Old French have been imported again from Middle French or Modern French, but have generally taken a more restrictive or specialised meaning the second time. Consider for instance these doublets : chair/chaise, chief/chef, luminary/luminaire, liquor/liqueur, castle/château, hostel/hotel, mask/masque, necessary/nécessaire, petty/petit, ticket/etiquette, troop/troupe, vanguard/avant-garde. Note that the word in French has kept the general meaning: e.g. château in French means «castle» and chef means «chief». Even when not imported several times in different forms, loanwords from French generally have a more restrictive or specialised meaning than in French: e.g. legume (in Fr. légume means «vegetable»), gateau (in Fr. gâteau means «cake»).

In some cases, the English language has been more conservative than the French one with Old French words, at least in spelling if not in pronunciation: e.g. apostle (O.Fr. apostle / M.Fr. apôtre), castle (O.Fr. castel or chastel / M.Fr. château), forest (O.Fr. forest / M.Fr. forêt), vessel (O.Fr. vaissel / M.Fr. vaisseau). Other Old French words have even disappeared from Modern French: dandelion.

On the other hand, a move to restore the classical roots (Latin or Ancient Greek) occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thus words from Old French saw their spelling re-Latinized. Although in most cases this did not affect their pronunciation (e.g. debt, doubt, indict, mayor), in some cases it did (e.g. abnormal, adventure, benefit). The ph transcription of words of Greek etymology was restored instead of the f. Thus fantosme became phantom, fesan became pheasant. This move occurred also in French, although less systematically: Old French farmacie became pharmacie («pharmacy»), fenix became phénix («phoenix»), but fantosme became fantôme («phantom, ghost») and fesan became faisan («pheasant»).

Beside re-Latinization that blurred the French origin of some words (e.g. peradventure), other modifications in spelling have included folk etymology alterations (e.g. andiron, belfry, crayfish, female, gillyflower, gingerbread, penthouse, pickaxe, pulley).

Furthermore, the spelling of some words was changed to keep the pronunciation as close to the original as possible (e.g. leaven), whereas in other cases the French spelling was kept and resulted in totally different pronunciation than French (e.g. leopard, levee).[2] Terms that most recently entered the English language have kept French pronunciation and spelling (ambiance, aplomb, arbitrage, armoire, atelier, barrage, bonhomie, bourgeoisie, brochure, bureau, café, camaraderie, catalogue, chandelier, chauffeur, coiffure, collage, cortège, crèche, critique, debris, décor, dénouement, depot, dossier, élite, entourage, ennui, entrepreneur, espionage, expertise, exposé, financier, garage, genre, glacier, intrigue, liaison, lingerie, machine, massage, millionaire, mirage, montage, panache, penchant, personnel, plaque, promenade, rapport, repertoire, reservoir, routine, sabotage, sachet, souvenir, tableau, terrain, tranche), though this may change with time (e.g. the initial h in hotel is not silent anymore, consider also the evolving pronunciation of herb, or garage). Expressions like femme fatale, faux pas, haute couture, bête noire and enfant terrible are still recognisably French.

Borrowings are not a one-way process (See Reborrowing), some words of French origin ultimately come from Old English (Anglo-Saxon words): e.g. bateau, chiffon, gourmet. While conversely English words of French origin made their way «back» into Modern French: budget, challenge, design, discount, establishment, express, fuel, gay, gin, humour, interview, jury, management, mess, pedigree, rave, record, reporter, spleen, sport, squat, standard, suspense, tennis, ticket, toast, toboggan, tunnel, vintage.

A–C[edit]

D–I[edit]

J–R[edit]

S–Z[edit]

See also[edit]

  • Influence of French on English
  • Glossary of French words and expressions in English
  • Law French
  • Glossary of fencing (predominantly from French)
  • Glossary of ballet (predominantly from French)
  • Lists of English loanwords by country or language of origin
  • List of English words of Gaulish origin
  • List of English words of Latin origin
  • List of English Latinates of Germanic origin
  • Latin influence in English
  • List of French words of Germanic origin
  • List of French words of Gaulish origin
  • List of French words of Arabic origin
  • List of French words of English origin
  • List of German words of French origin

References[edit]

  1. ^ «Why Study French». Athabasca University.
  2. ^ Leading some to say that «English is just badly pronounced French».

External links[edit]

  • Online Etymology Dictionary
  • Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (in French)

English words of French origin

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Great number of words of French origin have entered the English language to the extent that around 30% of its vocabulary is of French origin. It is via French that many Latin words have come to the English language. Most of the French vocabulary now appearing in English was imported over the centuries following the Norman Conquest of 1066, when England came under the administration of Norman-speaking peoples. According to different sources, between one third and two thirds of all English words have a French origin. This fact suggests that at least 30,000 words should appear in this list (however the following list only contains about 1,600 words).

Many non-Latin Germanic words have also entered English from the Germanic element in French. Since English is of Germanic origin, via the influences apparent in modern Dutch, ascertaining whether a given Germanic word is definitely from French can be difficult in a few cases.

There is a language game that consists in converting French-origin words into Germanic-origin words to make the English language seem purer. Hence, rock becomes stone and pure becomes white. See List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents.

A
| B
| C
| D
| E
| F
| G
| H
| I
| J
| K
| L
| M
| N
| O
| P
| Q
| R
| S
| T
| U
| V
| W
| X
| Y
| Z

A

  • abbatial (Fr. abbatial)
  • abbreviation, from abréviation
  • abet
  • abhor (Fr. abhorrer)
  • ability
  • abjection
  • ablation (Fr. ablation)
  • ablative
  • able, from Old French, compare modern Fr. habile or capable
  • ablution
  • abnormal compare anormal
  • aboard (Fr. à bord)
  • abolish, compare abolir
  • abomination
  • abortive
  • abound
  • abridge, Fr. abréger
  • absence
  • absolute, from Middle French, compare modern Fr. absolu
  • absorb (Fr. absorber)
  • abstain (Old Fr. abstenir)
  • abstinence
  • abstract
  • abstruse
  • absurd (Fr. absurde)
  • abundance (Old Fr. abundance)
  • abuse
  • academic (Fr. académique)
  • academy, compare académie
  • Acadia (Fr. Acadie)
  • acceleration (Fr. accélération)
  • accent (Fr. accent)
  • accept (Fr accepter)
  • access (Fr. accès)
  • accession
  • accident
  • acclimate (Fr. acclimater)
  • accolade (Fr. accolade)
  • accommodation
  • accompany (Fr. accompagner)
  • accomplice (Fr. complice)
  • accomplish (Fr. accomplir)
  • accord
  • accost
  • account (Fr. compte)
  • accourtre
  • accoutrement (Fr. accoutrement)
  • accredit
  • accrue
  • accusation
  • accusative (Old Fr. accusatif)
  • accuse
  • accustom (Old Fr. acostumer, now accoutumer)
  • ace, compare as
  • acid, compare acide
  • acoustic, compare acoustique
  • aquisitive
  • acquit
  • acrobat (Fr. acrobate)
  • acrostic, compare acrostiche
  • action
  • activity, compare activité
  • adaptation
  • adhesive, compare adhésif or feminine form adhésive
  • adieu, which literally means «to God» (à Dieu), farewell
  • adjective, compare adjectif
  • administer (Fr. administrer)
  • admire, compare admirer
  • adolescence
  • adopt, compare adopter
  • adore, from Old French, compare modern Fr. adorer
  • adroit
  • advantage, compare avantage
  • adventure, from Old French, compare modern Fr. aventure
  • adverb, compare adverbe
  • adversary, from Old French, compare modern Fr. adversaire
  • advertisement, compare avertissement (warning)
  • advise, compare aviser (to assess [a situation])
  • advocate (noun), from Old French avocat — in modern French this means an attorney or lawyer
  • affair, from Old French, compare modern Fr. affaire (business)
  • affection
  • affiliation
  • affinity, compare affinité
  • affliction
  • affluence
  • age
  • agent provocateur
  • aggression, compare agression
  • à gogo, or a-go-go, in abundance
  • agree (Old Fr. agreer)
  • agreeable, compare agréable
  • aid (Old Fr. aide)
  • aim (Old Fr. esmar)
  • à la, in the style of…
  • alabaster, from Old French alabastre (>Latin> Greek> Ancient Egyptian a-labaste)
  • à la carte
  • alas, from Old French, compare modern Fr. hélas
  • alert, compare alerte
  • align, compare aligner
  • allocation
  • allure, look or air
  • almond, from Old French, compare modern Fr. amande; compare also Spanish almendra. //NOTE: I believe almond (and almendra) come from arabic
  • altar, (*this word is NOT from French. from autel
  • amateur
  • ambience
  • ambiguous, from ambigu
  • ambition
  • ambergris, from ambre gris, grey amber
  • ambulance
  • ameliorate
  • amnesty, compare amnistie
  • amorous, from Old French, compare modern Fr. amoureux
  • ample
  • amplitude
  • amusement
  • analyse, compare analyser
  • animal
  • anarchism
  • anarchist (Fr. anarchiste)
  • anatomy, compare anatomie
  • ancestor, from Old French, compare modern Fr. ancêtre
  • ancient, compare ancien
  • angle
  • Anglophobe, someone who fears or dislikes England or the English
  • anglophone, a speaker of English (Fr. anglophone)
  • anguish (from Old French anguisse, now angoisse)
  • anise
  • annals
  • annex, compare annexer
  • annihilation
  • announce
  • annoy, from Old French anoier, now ennuyer
  • annual
  • annuity (Fr. annuité)
  • annular (Fr. annulaire)
  • anoint, compare oindre
  • anomie
  • antecedent, compare antécédent
  • anther, compare anthère
  • antique
  • apartment, compare appartement
  • apathy, compare apathie
  • aplomb
  • apostrophe
  • apparel, from Old French, compare modern Fr. appareil
  • application
  • appliqué
  • apprehend, compare appréhender
  • après-ski
  • apropos, compare à propos
  • arbitrage
  • arcade
  • archetype
  • area, from aire
  • arête, a mountainous ridge
  • argent (Fr. argent)
  • argue, from Old French, compare modern Fr. arguer
  • army, compare armée> desarmée, armement Le français langue de la guerre et de l’amour (French as language of war and love)
  • arrest, from O.Fr. arester
  • article
  • artificial, from artificiel
  • artist (Fr. artiste)
  • assembly (Fr. assembler)
  • assume, from assumer (in its old meaning : to suppose)
  • assurance
  • attack (Fr. attaque)
  • attaché
  • attorney
  • attitude
  • aubergine, British name for eggplant
  • au naturel
  • aunt (Old Fr. ante)
  • authority (Fr. autorité)
  • avalanche
  • avenue (Fr. avenue)
  • average
  • averment
  • aversion (Fr. aversion)
  • avert
  • aviation (Fr. aviation)
  • avid (Fr. avide)
  • avocet
  • avoid (Old Fr. evuider)
  • avoirdupois
  • avouch
  • avow (Fr. aveu)
  • axiom (Fr. axiome)
  • aye-aye
  • azimuth (from Old French, from Arabic as-sumut)
  • azure (Old Fr. azur, from Old Spanish azur, from Arabic, in turn from Persian)

B

  • bacon
  • baggage, from French bagage
  • ballet
  • band, from bande
  • bandeau, a type of headdress
  • banquet
  • barge
  • baroque
  • barrel
  • barren, from Old French
  • barricade
  • barrier
  • base
  • Baton Rouge, Bâton Rouge
  • battle (Old Fr. bataille)
  • bay, compare baie
  • bayonet, compare baïonnette
  • beagle
  • beak, compare bec
  • Béarnaise, a type of sauce, named after a region in France (Béarn)
  • beau, a lover or a dandy
  • beauty (Old Fr. bealte)
  • beast (Old Fr. beste)
  • beaux arts, fine arts
  • beef
  • beret, compare béret
  • bête noire
  • bicycle, compare bicyclette > vélo
  • bidet
  • bikini
  • billet
  • billet-doux, a love letter
  • binge, after a beer-festival in Binche, Belgium
  • biscuit
  • bistro
  • bivouac
  • bizarre
  • blank (Old Fr. blanc)
  • blanket, from Old French blanquette Blanquette de veau
  • blasé
  • bloc > blocage
  • blonde
  • boast
  • boil (Old Fr. boilir)
  • Boise
  • bomb
  • bombard (Fr. «bombarde»)
  • bombe
  • bon appétit
  • bon mot
  • bonnet, from Old French, compare modern Fr. bonnet
  • bon-vivant
  • bon voyage
  • bon-bon (Fr. «bonbon»)
  • bouillabaisse
  • boule
  • boulevard
  • bound (leap), from bond
  • bouquet
  • bourgeoisie
  • bracelet
  • bran, from Old French bran or bren
  • brandish, compare brandir
  • brasserie
  • brassiere, compare brassière, although the modern French for this is soutien-gorge
  • brave
  • bravery
  • bric-a-brac
  • brigade
  • brilliant, compare brillant
  • brioche
  • briquette
  • brochure, from brocher — to stitch
  • broderie anglaise, a type of embroidery
  • brunette
  • buckle, compare boucle
  • budget, from Old Fr. bougette (a little purse)
  • buffet
  • bullet, from boulette, although the modern French for this is balle
  • bureau
  • button, from bouton

C

  • cabal, compare cabale
  • cabaret
  • cache, compare cacher
  • cadet
  • café
  • cafetière
  • cagoule
  • cajole, compare cajoler
  • calque
  • camaraderie
  • camouflage
  • camp
  • campaign, compare campagne
  • canapé
  • canard, aeronautical term
  • cancel, from canceller, evolution of chanceler (1293) (to cross out)
  • capacity
  • cape, compare cap, land jutting into the sea, as in Cape Horn
  • captain
  • car (Norman-Fr. carre)
  • card (Fr. carte)
  • career (Fr. carrière)
  • casserole
  • cassette
  • castle (Old North Fr. castel)
  • castor
  • casual (Old Fr. casuel)
  • casuist, compare casuiste
  • cataclysm
  • catalogue
  • catch
  • category
  • caterpillar
  • catholic
  • cattle
  • cause
  • cavalry, compare cavalerie
  • celebrate, from célébrer
  • cement (Old Fr. ciment)
  • cense, compare encenser
  • censer (Old Fr. censier)
  • centime (Fr. centime)
  • centre (Old Fr. centre)
  • chaise longue or sometimes chaise lounge
  • chalet
  • chalice, from calice
  • chance
  • change
  • character, from caractère
  • chase, compare chasse
  • château, compare castle
  • chatelaine
  • chattel
  • chauffeur
  • chauvinism
  • cheat (Old Fr. escheat)
  • check (Old Fr. eschec)
  • checkmate, compare échec et mat
  • cheer (Old Fr. chiere)
  • chef compare chief
  • chemise
  • chemist, from chimiste
  • cheque
  • cherish (Old Fr. chériss-)
  • cherry (Old North Fr. cherise)
  • cheval de frise, a military term
  • cheval-glass, from cheval — horse
  • chief (Old Fr. chief, compare chef)
  • chieftain (Old Fr. chevetain, compare chief)
  • chiffon
  • chivalry
  • cinema, compare cinéma
  • city (Old Fr. cite)
  • claim (Old Fr. clamer)
  • clairvoyance
  • clarinet, compare clarinette
  • classic
  • cliché
  • cloche, a kind of hat
  • closet, from Old French closet
  • Coeur d’Alene
  • coiffeuse
  • coin (Old Fr. coigne)
  • collage
  • collar, from collier, from cou (neck)
  • colonel, compare modern Fr. colonel
  • combustible
  • comedian and comedienne, compare comédien and comédienne
  • comic, from comique (funny)
  • commandant, commanding officer
  • commendation
  • commode
  • common
  • communion
  • communiqué
  • communism (Fr. communisme)
  • community, from Old Fr. comunalté, modern Fr. communauté
  • company (milit.), from compagnie
  • competent
  • competitor
  • complete
  • comrade, from camarade
  • concede, from concéder
  • congratulations
  • connoisseur
  • conscience
  • convenient, from covenant, convenable
  • cordon
  • cormorant, compare cormoran
  • cornet
  • corniche
  • corporal Old.Fr. corporal
  • corps
  • corset
  • costume
  • cotton (Old Fr. ‘coton’)
  • council
  • count
  • county (Old Fr. cunte)
  • countenance (Old Fr. : continere, Modern French : contenance)
  • counter
  • counterfeit, from Old French, compare modern Fr. contrefaire
  • country (Old Fr. cuntree)
  • coup
  • coup d’état
  • couple
  • coupon
  • courage (Old Fr. corage)
  • courageous
  • courgette, in the UK, but called zucchini in the US
  • courier
  • course
  • court
  • courtesy
  • couscous
  • cousin (Old Fr. cosin)
  • couture
  • couturier
  • cover (Old Fr. covrir)
  • crème brûlée
  • crème caramel
  • crème de menthe
  • crêpe crêperie
  • Croissant — Croissanterie
  • croupier
  • crouton, from the diminutive form of the old French word, Croust, (later to come into modern French as the word croûte), meaning Crust.
  • crown, from couronne
  • crust, from Croûte, or Crust, in French.
  • cry (Old Fr. crier)
  • cuisine
  • cul-de-sac
  • culotte
  • cult (Fr. culte)
  • culture (Fr. culture)
  • curfew (Fr. couvre-feu)
  • custom, from Old French, compare modern Fr. coutume

D

  • dais, from Old French deis
  • dalmatic (Old Fr. dalmatique)
  • dame
  • damage (Old Fr. damage)
  • damn (Fr. damner)
  • debt (Old Fr. dete)
  • déclassé
  • décolletage
  • décor or decor
  • découpage
  • defamation, from diffamation
  • default, from Old French, compare modern Fr. défaut
  • defeat (Fr. «défaite»)
  • déjà vu
  • de luxe or deluxe
  • demand
  • demi-monde
  • démodé
  • denouement
  • dépanneur
  • department
  • deploy, from Old French, compare modern Fr. déployer
  • depot
  • derail, compare dérailler
  • derive (Fr. «dérive»)
  • derogation (Fr. dérogation)
  • derrière
  • descend (Old Fr. descendre)
  • desert (Old Fr. desert)
  • Des Moines (Fr. des moines of the monks)
  • dessert
  • detachment (Fr. détachement)
  • detail (Fr. détail)
  • detain (Old Fr. detenir)
  • détente
  • determine
  • detonation
  • detriment
  • Detroit (Fr. détroit = strait)
  • deuce, from deux (two)
  • development or develop
  • deviation
  • device (Old Fr. devis)
  • devise
  • devoid
  • devotion
  • devour (Old Fr. devorer)
  • devout (Old Fr. devot)
  • diabolical
  • diadem
  • diamanté
  • diet
  • different
  • digestion
  • dignity (Old Fr. dignete)
  • dilate
  • diligence
  • dime (Old Fr. disme, modern French «dîme», from «dix», ten)
  • diplomacy, compare diplomatie
  • direction (Fr. direction)
  • disadvantage
  • disappoint (Fr. desappointer)
  • disarm (Old Fr. desarmer)
  • discothèque or discotheque, thus disco
  • discover (Old Fr. descovrir)
  • disguise (Old Fr. desguisier)
  • disport (Old Fr. desporter, modern Fr. «déporter»)
  • diverse
  • divinity
  • division
  • Dixie (possibly from Fr. dix ten)
  • double (Old Fr. duble)
  • doubt (Old Fr. douter)
  • douche, from French, meaning shower
  • dozen, from Old French, compare modern Fr. douzaine
  • dress (Old Fr. dresser)
  • due (Old Fr. deu)
  • during (Old Fr. durer, compare endure)
  • duty (Anglo-Fr. duete from Old Fr. deu)
  • duvet

E

  • eager, from Old French aigre
  • eagle, from Old French, compare modern Fr. aigle
  • easy, from Old French, compare modern Fr. aisé
  • echelon, compare échelon
  • éclair
  • ecstasy, from Old French, compare modern Fr. extase
  • eloquence, compare éloquence
  • emigré
  • emir from Fr. emir, colloquial pronunciation of Ar. amir «commander»
  • emperor (Old Fr. emperere)
  • empire
  • emplacement
  • employ (Old Fr. employer)
  • empress
  • enclave
  • encore
  • encourage, from Old French, compare modern Fr. encourager
  • endive
  • endue
  • endure (Old Fr. endurer)
  • endurance
  • enfranchise
  • engage
  • enemy (Old Fr. enemi)
  • energy (Fr. énergie)
  • engage, compare engager
  • enjoy (Old Fr. enjoir)
  • enmity, from Old French, compare modern Fr. inimitié
  • ennui
  • enrage, compare enrager
  • enrich, compare enrichir
  • ensemble
  • en suite
  • ensure, from ‘assurer
  • entente
  • enter, compare entrer
  • entomb, from Old French, compare modern Fr. entomber
  • entrant
  • entrée (but is first part of the meal in French)
  • entrepreneur (Fr. from entreprendre undertake)
  • envelope, compare enveloppe
  • environ, from Old French, compare modern Fr. environs
  • environment or environmental
  • envisage, compare envisager
  • envoy, compare envoyé
  • envy, compare envier
  • epaulet or epaulette, compare épaulette
  • épée
  • ephebe, from éphèbe
  • ephemeral, from «éphémère
  • epic, from épique
  • epicurean, from épicurien
  • epidemic, from épidémie
  • epilogue
  • episcopal
  • episode
  • epithet, from épithète
  • épris
  • equal, from égal
  • equality, from Old French, compare modern Fr. égalité
  • equation
  • equilibrate, from équilibrer
  • equipage, compare équipage
  • équipe
  • equipment, from équipement
  • equitable
  • equity, from équité
  • eradicate, compare éradiquer
  • erase, from araser
  • erect, from ériger (to build)
  • ermine
  • erode, compare éroder
  • escapade
  • escargots
  • escarpment
  • essence
  • establish (Old Fr. establisse)
  • estate (Old Fr. estat)
  • ether
  • etiquette, étiquette
  • Eucharist (Old Fr. eucariste)
  • European, compare européen
  • evangelist, compare évangéliste
  • evaporation, compare évaporation
  • evasion, compare évasion
  • example
  • exclamation
  • exhibition (Old Fr. exhibicion)
  • expire, compare expirer
  • exploit, compare exploiter
  • exposé or expose
  • extraction (Fr. extraction)
  • extraordinaire
  • extravagance

F

  • fabric, compare fabrique
  • fabulous
  • face
  • facile
  • factor
  • faience, compare faïence
  • failure
  • false
  • family
  • fanfare
  • fantastic
  • fantasy, compare fantaisie
  • farce
  • farm (Old Fr. ferme)
  • fashion, from Old French façon
  • fatal
  • fatigue
  • fault (Old Fr. faute)
  • faux pas
  • feasible
  • feast (Old Fr. feste)
  • feint, compare feinte
  • felicity, from Old French, compare modern Fr. félicité
  • felon, from Old French, compare modern Fr. félon
  • female (Old Fr. femelle)
  • feminine, compare féminin
  • fertility, compare fertilité
  • figure
  • fiancé
  • fierce
  • fillet, compare filet
  • film
  • film noir
  • final
  • finance
  • fine (Old Fr. fin)
  • flageolet
  • flambé tarte flambée
  • flan
  • flèche
  • fleur-de-lis
  • flexible
  • flirt, from fleuretter, conter fleurette
  • floret, from Old French, compare modern Fr. fleurette
  • florin
  • floss
  • flourish (Old Fr. floriss, compare flower)
  • flower (Old Fr. fleur)
  • fluid, compare fluide
  • flux
  • foliage (Fr. feuillage)
  • folly (Old Fr. folie)
  • fondant
  • font (Fr. fonte)
  • fool (Old Fr. fol)
  • force majeure
  • fork, from fourche and diminutive fourchette
  • foreign (Old Fr. forain)
  • forest (Old Fr. forest)
  • fortune
  • found (Old Fr. founder)
  • fountain from O.Fr. fontaine, still used in modern french.
  • foyer
  • fracas
  • fraction, from Old French, compare modern Fr. fraction
  • franchise
  • francophone, a speaker of French (Fr. francophone)
  • frappé
  • frigate, compare frégate
  • frisson
  • fritter, compare friture
  • frontier
  • fruit
  • function (Old Fr. function)
  • fund
  • fuselage
  • fusible
  • fusion
  • futile
  • future (Old Fr. futur)

G

  • gabardine
  • gaffe
  • gain, from M.Fr. gain, (O.Fr. gaaigne)
  • gallant, compare galant
  • gallop, from galop
  • galvanize
  • ganache
  • gangrene
  • gangue
  • garage
  • garter, from Old French, compare modern Fr. jarretière
  • gasket
  • gateau
  • gauche
  • gay (Old Fr. gai)
  • gel
  • gelatin or gelatine, from gélatine
  • gem, from gemme
  • general
  • generic
  • generosity
  • generous
  • gender, from genre
  • genial
  • genius, from génie
  • gent
  • gentle, from Old Fr. gentil (both noble and sweet)
  • genteel
  • gently, from gentiment
  • gesticulation
  • gesture, from geste (movement)
  • giant
  • gigantism
  • gigolo
  • gleet (Old Fr. glette)
  • glissade
  • globe (Fr. globe)
  • global
  • goblet, from Old Fr. gobelet (a deep cup)
  • gondolier
  • gorge
  • gorgeous
  • gouache
  • gourmet
  • govern, governance, government, governor
  • grace
  • gracious, from Old French, compare modern Fr. gracieux
  • grammar, from Old French, compare modern Fr. grammaire
  • grand
  • grant
  • gratin
  • grief
  • group
  • gruel, from gruau
  • guard, from garde
  • guide
  • guild, from guilde
  • guillotine
  • gulf, from Old French, compare modern Fr. golfe

H

  • hangar
  • harlequin, from Arlequin, a character from the Italian comedy
  • haste, from OF. (Compare contemporary French hâte)
  • haute couture high sewing
  • hazard (Old Fr. hasard)
  • Hollandaise
  • honour or honor, Old French, compare modern Fr. honneur
  • hors d’Œuvre
  • hospital (Fr. hôpital)
  • host, compare with «hôte», or, in the meaning of an army, with Old Fr. «ost”
  • hostage
  • hotel, compare hôtel
  • huge (Old Fr. ahuge)
  • humanity (Old Fr. humanité)

I

  • illustration
  • ignore
  • ignorance
  • ignorant
  • imagine
  • imaginative
  • immediate
  • imbecile, compare imbécile
  • indictment
  • infant
  • influence
  • influx
  • inform
  • information (Old Fr. information)
  • infrastructure
  • infusion
  • ingénue
  • injustice (from injustice)
  • ink (Old Fr. enque)
  • insurance, from assurance
  • insurgent, from insurgé
  • insurmountable, from insurmontable
  • insurrection
  • intact
  • integer, from entier, intègre
  • integrate, from intégrer
  • integrity
  • integrant
  • intellect or intellectual
  • intelligence
  • intention
  • intercession
  • interchange
  • intercourse
  • interdict
  • interest
  • interfere
  • interlace
  • intense
  • intrinsic, compare intrinsèque
  • ivory, from Old French, compare modern Fr. ivoire

J

  • jack, Old Fr. jaque or jacque, a garment, from Jacques, general nickname for peasants who used to wear this garment (see jacket)
  • jacket, Old Fr. jaquette, diminutive form of jaque
  • jade
  • j’adoube
  • jargon
  • jelly
  • je ne sais quoi
  • jet
  • jetty
  • jew, from Old French giu
  • jewel, from joyau
  • joie de vivre
  • join, from joindre
  • joint
  • journey (Old Fr. journée)
  • judge, from juge , jugement,
  • juggle, from jongler
  • juggler
  • just, from Old French
  • justice, from Old French, compare modern Fr. justice

K

  • kepi, compare képi
  • kiosk, (Fr. kiosque)
  • kermess or kirmess (Fr. kermesse)
  • kilo
  • kilogram (Fr. kilogramme)
  • kilometre (Fr. kilomètre)

L

  • label
  • labour or labor, compare labourer
  • lace
  • lackey, compare laquais
  • laissez-faire
  • laissez-passer
  • lamé
  • lancer
  • lancet
  • language (Old Fr. langage)
  • L’Anse aux Meadows (Fr. L’anse aux méduses : Jellyfish Cove)
  • large
  • largess
  • latrine
  • launder
  • laundry
  • laurel
  • lave
  • laver (Fr. laveoir)
  • lay, literary sense
  • leisure, from Old French, compare modern Fr. loisir
  • liaison
  • lias
  • libel, from Old Fr. un libelle (short memorandum)
  • liberal
  • liberty (from Old Fr . liberté)
  • library
  • libre
  • license
  • licorice
  • lieu
  • lieutenant
  • limousine
  • lingerie
  • liquor, from liqueur
  • litre
  • lorgnette
  • Louisiana (Fr. Louisiane land of Louis XIV)
  • Louisville, Louisville (named after Louis XVI)
  • loupe
  • love (as used in tennis)
  • lozenge, from Old French, compare modern Fr. losange
  • luminary, compare luminaire
  • lustre or luster

M

  • machine
  • madam (Old Fr. ma dame)
  • mail (Old Fr. male)
  • Maine (name of a former French province)
  • maintain (Old Fr. maintenir)
  • maintenance
  • maisonette, compare maisonnette
  • majesty (Fr. majesté)
  • majority (Fr. majorité)
  • maladroit
  • male (Old Fr. masle)
  • malinger (Fr. malingre)
  • mangetout
  • manger
  • mannequin
  • manŒuvre or manŒuver, compare manŒuvre
  • maquis
  • mardi gras
  • marine, compare marin
  • marionette (Fr. marionnette)
  • marmalade, compare marmelade
  • marriage, compare mariage
  • marshal, from Old French, compare modern Fr. maréchal
  • marvel
  • marvelous, from merveilleux
  • mascot
  • masculine
  • mask, compare masque
  • masque
  • mass (Old Fr. masse)
  • massacre, compare massacrer
  • massage
  • masseur
  • masseuse
  • mathematics
  • matron
  • mattress, from Old French, compare modern Fr. matelas
  • May, compare mai
  • Mayday, from m’aider which means literally to help me
  • medal, compare médaille
  • mediocre, compare médiocre
  • mêlée
  • memory,
  • ménage à trois
  • mercy (Old Fr. mercit, merci)
  • meridian
  • merit
  • merle
  • merlin (from Old Fr. esmerillon via Anglo-Fr. merilun)
  • merlon
  • meringue
  • mésalliance
  • mesclun
  • mess
  • message
  • messenger
  • Messiah (Fr. Messie)
  • messianic (Fr. messianique)
  • metro (Fr. métro)
  • military
  • mille-feuille
  • Mille Lacs (USA), means thousand lakes
  • milliard (Fr. milliard)
  • million
  • millionaire (Fr. millionnaire)
  • miniature
  • mine or mining, as in a coal mine
  • minister (Old Fr. ministre)
  • minstrel
  • mitten, compare mitaine
  • modern
  • modify
  • module
  • moil
  • moist (Old Fr. moiste, now «moîte»)
  • moment (Old Fr. moment)
  • monad
  • monarch
  • monarchism
  • monarchy (from monarchie)
  • monetary
  • money (Old Fr moneie)
  • monition
  • monster (Fr. monstre)
  • monobloc
  • monocle
  • monogamy (Fr. monogamie)
  • monogram
  • monolith
  • monologue (Fr. monologue)
  • montage
  • morgue
  • mortality
  • mosaic (Fr. mosaïque)
  • motif
  • mot juste
  • mount
  • mousse
  • moustache or mustache, compare moustache
  • move (Old Fr. moveir)
  • movement
  • muffle (Old Fr. moufle)
  • mule, as a type of footwear
  • murder (Old Fr. murdre)
  • muscle
  • mustard, from Old French, compare modern Fr. moutarde
  • mutton
  • mystery (Old Fr. mistere)
  • mystic
  • mystique

N

  • nacelle
  • naïve
  • née or nee, feminine past participle of naître to be born
  • Nez perce (Fr. Nez percés = Pierced noses)
  • nice (Old Fr. nice)
  • niche
  • nicotine, from Jean Nicot
  • niece (Fr. nièce)
  • noble
  • noblesse oblige
  • noise (Old Fr. noise)
  • nonpareil
  • note
  • notice
  • nouveau
  • nouveau riche
  • nouveau roman
  • nouvelle cuisine
  • nouvelle vague
  • novel
  • novelty
  • november
  • novice (Old Fr. novice)
  • nuance
  • nuisance
  • null
  • nullity (Fr. nullité)
  • number (Old Fr. nombre)
  • numerator
  • numismatic
  • nun (Old Fr. nonne)
  • nurse
  • nurture
  • nutrition (Fr. nutrition)
  • nutritive
  • nymph (Old Fr. nimphe)

O

  • object, from objet
  • oboe (via Italian), from French «haut bois”
  • ocean, from O.Fr. occean
  • Œuvre
  • offend
  • offense (Fr. offense)
  • office
  • officer (Old Fr. officier)
  • official
  • ogive (Fr. ogive)
  • ogre
  • oil (Old Fr. oile)
  • ointment (Old Fr. oignement)
  • olive
  • omelette, compare omelette
  • omission
  • omnibus
  • opacity
  • opal
  • operation
  • opinion (Old Fr. opinion)
  • opportune
  • opportunism (Fr.opportunisme)
  • opportunity
  • oppose (Old Fr. opposer)
  • opposite
  • opposition (Old Fr. oposicion)
  • oppress (Old Fr. oppresser)
  • optative (Fr. optatif)
  • optician
  • optimism (Fr. optimisme)
  • option
  • oracle (Old Fr. oracle)
  • orange (Old Fr. orenge)
  • ordain (Old Fr. ordener)
  • order (Old Fr. ordre)
  • organic
  • organism
  • organise
  • orgy
  • origin
  • original
  • ormolu
  • ornament
  • ornithopter
  • orpine
  • orthography, from Old French, compare modern Fr. orthographe
  • oubliette

P

  • pair
  • palace (Old Fr. palais)
  • palm (Old Fr. palme)
  • pansy (Fr. pensée)
  • pant (Old Fr. pantaisier)
  • pantaloon (Fr. pantalon)
  • panther (Old Fr. pantère)
  • papier mâché
  • parade
  • paragon
  • parent
  • parentage
  • parfait
  • parley
  • parliament
  • part (Old Fr. part)
  • partial (Old Fr. parcial, compare modern Fr. partial)
  • partisan
  • partition
  • pass (Old Fr. passer)
  • passion
  • passé
  • passive
  • passport
  • paste
  • pastel
  • pastiche
  • pastille
  • pastor
  • pasture
  • pasturage
  • pasty
  • pastry
  • patch
  • pâté
  • patent
  • paternity
  • pathetic
  • pathology
  • patience (Old Fr. pacience)
  • patient
  • patisserie
  • pause (Old Fr. pause)
  • pawn (Old Fr. pan, pant)
  • peace (Old Fr. pais)
  • peach
  • pear
  • pell-mell (Fr. pêle-mêle)
  • pelt (Old Fr. pelete)
  • pen (Old Fr. penne)
  • penal
  • pencil
  • pension
  • pensive
  • penthouse (Old Fr. apentis)
  • people (Old Fr. peupel)
  • perchance
  • perceiver
  • perch (Old Fr. perche)
  • perdition
  • perfect
  • perfection
  • perfume, from Middle French, «parfum»
  • person (Old Fr. persone)
  • petty (Old Fr. petit)
  • petulant, compare pétulant
  • phial
  • philanthropic (Fr. philanthropique)
  • philately (Fr. philatélie)
  • philharmonic
  • philosophy (Old Fr. filosofie)
  • philtre (Fr. philtre)
  • physics (Fr. physique)
  • phantom (Fr. fantôme)
  • phlebotomy
  • phlegm
  • piece (Old Fr. piece)
  • pied à terre
  • piety (Old Fr. piete)
  • pipe
  • pipette
  • piquant
  • piqué
  • pirouette
  • piss (Old Fr. pisser, still used today in slang)
  • pistol
  • pistole
  • plain (Old Fr. plain)
  • plant
  • plaque
  • plash
  • plastic (Fr. plastique)
  • plat du jour
  • plate
  • plateau
  • platform (Fr. plateforme)
  • platoon (Fr. peloton)
  • platter
  • plebiscite (Fr. plébiscite)
  • plea (Old Fr. plait)
  • please (Fr. plaire)
  • pleasant (Old Fr. plaisant)
  • pleasantry (Old Fr. plaisanterie)
  • pleasure (Old Fr. plesir, modern French «plaisir»)
  • plead
  • pledge (Old Fr. plege)
  • plié
  • plumage
  • plumb
  • plumber (Old Fr. plommier)
  • plume, Wiktionary:nom de plume
  • plural (Old Fr. pluriel)
  • plurality
  • plus ça change
  • plush
  • pneumatic
  • poach, as in cookery, from Old French, compare modern Fr. pocher
  • poem (Fr. poème)
  • poesy (Old Fr. poesie)
  • poetic (Fr. poétique)
  • pole
  • policy, from police (as a contract)
  • poor (Old Fr. poure, compare poverty)
  • populace (Fr. populace)
  • popular
  • pork
  • porous
  • porpoise
  • port (Old Fr. port)
  • portage
  • porter
  • portion
  • portmanteau
  • pose, compare poser
  • position (Old Fr. position)
  • positive (Old Fr. positif)
  • posology
  • possess (Old Fr. possesser, modern Fr. posséder)
  • possibility
  • possible (Fr. possible)
  • post, compare poste
  • poultry
  • poutine
  • poverty (O.Fr. poverte, compare poor)
  • power (Old Fr. poeir)
  • practical (Old Fr. practique)
  • practise
  • precious
  • pregnant
  • prejudice
  • premier (Fr. = first)
  • premiere (Fr. première)
  • prepare
  • prerogative
  • presence
  • present
  • president
  • prêt-à-porter
  • pretend
  • pretense
  • price (Old Fr. pris)
  • prince (Old Fr. prince)
  • princess
  • princical
  • principality (Old Fr. principalité)
  • principle
  • print
  • prison (Old Fr. prisoun)
  • prize compare price
  • proof (Old Fr. proeve)
  • pronoun (Fr. pronom)
  • pronounce
  • pronunciation
  • proper (Old Fr. propre)
  • property
  • prophecy (Old Fr. profecie)
  • prophesy
  • proportion (Old Fr. proportion)
  • propose, from proposer
  • proposition (Old Fr. proposition)
  • prorogue
  • prosaic
  • prose (Old Fr. prose)
  • prosecution
  • protection (Old Fr. protection)
  • protein
  • protestation
  • protocol (Old Fr. prothocole)
  • proud (Old Fr. prud)
  • province (Old Fr. province)
  • pulley
  • punish (Old Fr. puniss-)
  • pure (Old Fr. pur)
  • purify (Old Fr. purifier)
  • purpose (Old Fr. porpos)
  • putty (Modern Fr. potée)

Q

  • qualify
  • quality
  • quantity
  • quarter
  • quartet
  • quartier
  • quatrain
  • quatrefoil
  • quay
  • queasy
  • Québécois
  • quest
  • question
  • questionnaire
  • queue
  • quiche
  • quiet
  • quilt
  • quintessence
  • quintuple
  • quit
  • quittance
  • quotidian

R

  • rabble (Fr. râble)
  • raconteur
  • rage (Old Fr. raige)
  • raison d’être
  • rare (Old Fr. rere)
  • rarefy
  • rarity
  • ratatouille
  • rat
  • rate
  • ration
  • rave
  • real (O.Fr. reel)
  • realm
  • reason (Old Fr. raison)
  • reasonable
  • rebound
  • receipt, from un reçu, un récépissé
  • receive (Old Fr. receivre, modern Fr. recevoir)
  • reception
  • receptor
  • recitation
  • recite
  • record
  • reclaim
  • recognize
  • recognizance
  • recoil
  • recollection
  • Récollet
  • reconnoitre, compare reconnaître
  • record
  • recorder (Old Fr. recordeur)
  • recover
  • recovery
  • recreation
  • recruit
  • rector
  • rectory
  • regret, from Old French, compare modern Fr. regretter
  • reign, from régnier
  • remain (Old. Fr. remaindre)
  • remark
  • remarkable
  • rendezvous
  • reservoir
  • responsible
  • rest
  • restaurant
  • restauranteur, compare restaurateur
  • resume
  • résumé
  • rime
  • riposte
  • risqué
  • rock (Old Fr. ro(c) que)
  • role (Fr. rôle, compare roll)
  • roll (Old Fr. rolle)
  • Roman
  • romantic
  • rotisserie
  • rouge
  • roué
  • roulette
  • round
  • roundel
  • rouse
  • rout (Old Fr. route)
  • route
  • routine
  • roux
  • royal (Old Fr. roial)
  • royalty
  • rubble
  • rubric
  • rush (Old Fr. ruser)
  • ruse
  • russet
  • rut

S

  • sabot
  • sabotage
  • saboteur
  • sachet
  • sacrament, compare sacrement
  • Saint Louis (named for Louis IX)
  • salon
  • saloon, compare salon
  • sample (Old Fr. essample)
  • satin
  • sauce (Old Fr. sauce)
  • sauté
  • savage (Old Fr. sauvage)
  • savant
  • savate
  • save (Anglo-fr. sa(u) ver, Old Fr. salver)
  • savoir faire
  • scepter
  • scholar
  • science
  • screw (Old Fr. escroue)
  • seal (Old Fr. seel)
  • séance
  • search (Old Fr. cerchier)
  • season (Old Fr. saison)
  • second (Old Fr. second)
  • sensitive
  • sentence (Old Fr. sentence)
  • sentiment (Old Fr. sentement)
  • sentinel
  • sepal
  • separable
  • separation
  • septillion (from sept seven)
  • sepulchre
  • sepulchral
  • sequester
  • serf (Old Fr. serf)
  • sergeant or serjeant, from Old French, compare modern Fr. sergent
  • servant
  • several (from Old Fr. seperalis via Anglo-Fr. several)
  • sex
  • shop (Old Fr. eschoppe)
  • similar (Fr. similaire)
  • simple (Old Fr. simple)
  • skate (from Old Fr. eschace via Dutch schaats)
  • slice (Old Fr. esclis)
  • slot (Old Fr. esclot)
  • snye
  • sober (Old Fr. sobre)
  • sobriety
  • sobriquet
  • sociable (Fr. sociable)
  • social (Fr. social)
  • socialism (Fr. socialisme)
  • society (Fr. société)
  • socket
  • soil (Old Fr. soil)
  • soiree (Fr. soirée)
  • sojourn (Old Fr. sojorn)
  • solder
  • sole
  • solemnize
  • solicit (Old Fr. solliciter)
  • solicitor (Old Fr. solliciteur)
  • solid
  • solidarity (Fr. solidarité)
  • soldier
  • sombre (Fr. sombre)
  • sort (Old Fr. sorte)
  • soufflé
  • sound (Old Fr. son)
  • soupçon
  • sovereign
  • sovereignist (Fr. souverainiste)
  • special
  • spirit (Old Fr. esprit)
  • sport (Old Fr. desport)
  • stage (Old Fr. estage)
  • state
  • stay
  • stereotype
  • story (Old Fr. estorie)
  • stray
  • stress (Old Fr. estresse)
  • structure (Old Fr. structure)
  • study
  • stuff (Old Fr. estoffe, modern Fr. étoffe)
  • stupid
  • sturgeon, from esturgeon
  • subject, from sujet
  • subtle
  • subtlety
  • succession
  • successor
  • succumb
  • succour
  • suffer
  • sufficient
  • suit, from Old Fr. seoir
  • suitor
  • superior
  • superlative
  • support (Old Fr. supporter)
  • suppose (Old Fr. supposer)
  • sure (Old Fr. sur, seur)
  • surety (Old Fr. seurté)
  • surface
  • surgeon
  • surgery
  • surgical
  • surmise
  • surmount
  • surname (Old Fr. surnom)
  • surpass
  • surplus
  • surprise
  • surrender (Old Fr. surrendre)
  • surrealism (Fr. surréalisme)
  • suspend
  • suspense (Fr. suspens)
  • suspension
  • sustain
  • system

T

  • tablature
  • table
  • tableau
  • tablet
  • tailor (Old Fr. tailleor)
  • talc
  • tally
  • talon
  • tambour
  • tamp
  • tampon
  • tapestry
  • tapis
  • target
  • tariff (Fr. tarif)
  • tarot
  • tarnish (Fr. ternir)
  • Tartar (Old Fr. Tartare)
  • tart, as in cookery, compare tarte
  • task (from Old Fr. tasche via Norman Fr. tasque)
  • taste (Old Fr. tast)
  • taupe
  • tax (Old Fr. taxer)
  • taximeter (Fr. taximètre)
  • teat (Old Fr. tete)
  • telegraph (Fr. télégraphe)
  • temporal (Old Fr. temporel)
  • temporize
  • tempt (Old Fr. tempter)
  • tenant
  • tench (Old Fr. tenche)
  • tend (Old Fr. tend)
  • tender
  • tendon (Fr. tendon)
  • tennis (Old Fr. Tenez, to start the game)
  • tent
  • terrace, from terrasse
  • terrible
  • terror (Old Fr. terreur)
  • terrorism (first used during French Revolution)
  • theatre
  • theology (Old Fr. theologie)
  • theorem (Fr. théorème)
  • therapeutics (Fr. thérapeutique)
  • thermal
  • toilet, compare toilette
  • tonne
  • torrid
  • tortuous
  • torture
  • touch (Old Fr. touchier)
  • toupée
  • tout de suite or toot sweet, compare tout de suite
  • transfer
  • transparent
  • trial
  • triangle
  • tribe (Old Fr. tribu)
  • tribunal
  • trompe l’Œil
  • troop, from troupe
  • troupe
  • try (Old Fr. trier)
  • tuff
  • tube
  • tyrant (from Fr. tyran, through Latin tyrannus and Greek turannos)

U

  • unique
  • unity
  • universal
  • university
  • universe
  • urgent
  • use
  • usurp
  • usurper

V

  • vague
  • vast (Fr. vaste, compare waste)
  • veal (Old Fr. veel)
  • velcro, from velours, velvet, and crochet, hook
  • ventre à terre
  • verdigris, from vert de gris, the colour of the copper oxide
  • verdict
  • Vermont (from les verts monts the green mountains)
  • versatile
  • verse
  • version
  • vert
  • vertical
  • very (Old Fr. verai)
  • vesper
  • vest
  • view (Old Fr. veue)
  • victory
  • vigour
  • vile
  • villain (Old Fr. villain)
  • village (Old Fr. village)
  • vintage
  • viol (Old Fr. viel(l) e)
  • violence (Old Fr. violence)
  • violent
  • vin, vin blanc, vin rouge, vin rosé, etc
  • vintage
  • virgin (Old Fr. virgine)
  • virginal
  • virtue
  • vis-a-vis
  • visible
  • viscount
  • vogue
  • voice
  • voilà
  • void
  • volant
  • volatile
  • volley
  • volte-face
  • voluble
  • volume (Old Fr. volume)
  • voluntary
  • volunteer
  • voluptuous
  • volute
  • voodoo (from a West African language)
  • voyage (Old Fr. veiage)
  • voyeur

W

Many English words imported from French that start with a «w» have a «g» in French. This is because in old French the «g» was pronounced as a modern «w».

  • wage (Old Fr. gage)
  • wager, from gager.
  • war, from guerre.
  • wardrobe, from Garde-Robe, meaning the keep a dress, or clothes.
  • warrant, from garantie.
  • waste (Old Fr. wast, compare vast)
  • Wisconsin, from Ouisconsin, a French variant of a Native American word

See also

  • French phrases used by English speakers

A
| B
| C
| D
| E
| F
| G
| H
| I
| J
| K
| L
| M
| N
| O
| P
| Q
| R
| S
| T
| U
| V
| W
| X
| Y
| Z


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    words of English origin
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    words of Dutch origin
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Published — January 2009

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99 French words we use in English all the time

You’re probably aware that we regularly use plenty of French words in English.

But did you know that English is so close to the French language, that around 30% of English words come from the language of love?

Some of these French phrases in English (otherwise known as cognates!) are borrowed directly from the French language, while others have evolved from French origins.

We’ve put together some responses to some of the most common questions about the French presence in the English language for you, plus 99 examples of how English words didn’t fall too far from the French tree. 

Everything you’ve ever wanted, right?

Why are there French words in the English language?

The origin of the English language is a topic linguists love to debate.

Although English is a Germanic language, it shares a lot of vocabulary with French – a Romance language.

But why?

The Norman Conquest of 1066 was a key event that led to French words being used in England.

Following the conquest, England was ruled by the Normans who spoke a northern form of Old French called Anglo-Norman French.

Under Norman rule, Anglo-Norman French began to influence the language of administration, law and culture in England, and hence making its mark on the English language.

Since then, French phrases and words – funny quirks and all – continued to make their way into the English language.

And French isn’t the only language that has made its mark on the English language. There are plenty of Spanish words in English, and a good handful of Japanese words in English, too.

How many French words are there in English? 

There exists around 7,000 French words in the English language at present.

Believe it or not, though, there were plenty more English words that came from French (and typically Latin) roots originally – around 10,000, to be exact.

Do any examples come to mind? At this point, I’m sure you’re desperate to see some examples of English words with French origins… 

Let’s start with 99 (we thought any more might be a bit much!).

Here are 99 common French words used in English, and their meaning

  1. Allowance – from the Old French word alouance (payment)
  2. Apostrophe – from the French word apostrophe
  3. Attaché – from the French word attaché (attached)
  4. Apéritif – from the French word apéritif 
  5. Avant-garde – from the French word avant-garde
  6. Aviation – from the French word aviation
  7. Bachelor – from the Anglo-Norman word bacheler (bachelier in modern French)
  8. Baguette – from the French word baguette (stick)
  9. Ballet – from the French word ballet
  10. Beret – from the French word béret
  11. Bon voyage – from the French phrase bon voyage (have a good journey)
  12. Brunette – from the French word brunette
  13. Bureau – from the French word bureau (desk, office)
  14. Cabaret – from the French word cabaret
  15. Cadet – from the French word cadet
  16. Champagne – from the French word champagne
  17. Chauffeur – from the French word chauffeur
  18. Chic – from the French word chic (elegant)
  19. Cliché – from the French word cliché
  20. Connoisseur – from the French word connoisseur
  21. Cul-de-sac – from the French word cul-de-sac (bottom of the bag/sack)
  22. Debris – from the French word débris (broken, crumbled)
  23. Déjà vu – from the French words déjà (already) and vu (seen – past participle of ‘voir’)
  24. Delegate – from the Old French word delegat
  25. Detour – from the French word détour (from détourner)
  26. Dossier – from the French word dossier
  27. Eau de toilette – from the French word eau de toilette
  28. Elite – from the Old French word elit (chosen)
  29. Energy – from the Middle French word énergie
  30. En route – from the French en route
  31. Envisage – from the French word envisager
  32. Expatriate – from the French word expatrier
  33. Facade – from the French word façade
  34. Faux, as in faux fur – from the French word faux (false)
  35. Faux-pas – from the French word faux pas
  36. Fiancé – from the French word fiancé
  37. Film noir – from the French word film noir (a film genre)
  38. Gallery – from the Old French word galerie
  39. Gastronomy – from the French word gastronomie
  40. Gateau – from the French word gâteau
  41. Gazette – from the French word gazette
  42. Heritage – from the Old French word eritage (héritage in modern French)
  43. Homage – from the Old French word homage
  44. Hotel – from the French word hôtel
  45. Identity – from the Middle French word identité
  46. Illusion – from the Old French word illusion
  47. Insult – from the Middle French words insult (noun) and insulter (verb)
  48. Irony – from the Middle French word ironie
  49. Jubilee – from the Middle French word jubile (modern French jubilé)
  50. Kilogram – from the French word kilogramme
  51. Lacrosse – from the Canadian French word la crosse (the stick)
  52. Laissez-faire – from the French word laissez-faire (leave things to take their course)
  53. Liaison – from the French word liaison
  54. Literature – from the Old French word littérature
  55. Machine – from the Middle French word machine
  56. Magnificent – from the Middle French word magnificent
  57. Maisonette – from the French word maisonette
  58. Massage – from the French word massage
  59. Menu – from the French word menu
  60. Metabolism – from the French word métabolisme
  61. Metro – from the French word métro
  62. Musketeer – from the French word mousquetaire
  63. Navy – from the Old French word navie
  64. Neutral – from the Middle French word neutral
  65. Nocturnal – from the Middle French word nocturnal
  66. Novel – from the Old French word novel
  67. Occasion – from the Middle French word occasion
  68. Omelette – from the French word omelette
  69. Optimism – from the French word optimisme
  70. Papier-mâché – from the French word papier-mâché
  71. Parasol – from the French word parasol
  72. Poetic – from the Middle French word poétique
  73. Premiere – from the French word première
  74. Purify – from the Old French word purifier
  75. Recipient – from the Middle French word récipient
  76. Rendez-vous – from the French word rendez-vous (appointment)
  77. Reservoir – from the French word ‘réservoir’ (collection place)
  78. Restaurant – from the French word restaurant
  79. Ricochet – from the French word ricochet
  80. Rich – from the French word riche
  81. Ridicule – from the French word ridicule
  82. Risqué – from the French word risqué
  83. Sabotage – from the French word sabotage
  84. Salad – from the French word salade
  85. Sentiment – from the Old French word sentement
  86. Silhouette – from the French word silhouette 
  87. Solicitor – from the Middle French word soliciteur
  88. Souvenir – from the French word souvenir (memory)
  89. Soufflé – from the French word soufflé
  90. Soup – from the French word soupe
  91. Technique – from the French word technique
  92. Television – from the French word télévision
  93. Tournament – from the Old French word tornoiement (tournoiement in modern French)
  94. Uniform – from the Middle French word uniforme
  95. Utensil – from the Old French word utensile
  96. Valid – from the Middle French word valide
  97. Variety – from the Middle French word varieté
  98. Vinaigrette – from the French word vinaigrette
  99. Zest – from the French word zeste
@busuu

Guess the origin 🇬🇧-🇫🇷

♬ original sound — Busuu

If you’re an English speaker and you ever thought French was difficult (or a French speaker and ever thought English was difficult!) hopefully, this is something to reassure you: no matter whether you’ve got your French pronunciation accent down or not, the learning process may be easier than you think!

You already have a good understanding of so many French words – why not learn even more today?


There’s so much more to French than these 99 words

We’re Busuu, the language-learning app – and we help people really learn French. 

Level up with help from award-winning self-paced courses, support from our community of 120+ million native speakers and more.


We think you might also like…

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English is from the Germanic language family, and French is a romance language. So they don’t have much in common, right? 

Well, actually, although the two languages have different backgrounds, English is full of words derived from French vocabulary. Just take budget, camouflage, chic, entrepreneur and sport—they all have French roots! 

Why, you ask? Long story (very) short: Starting in the 11th century, French speakers occupied England. For 200 years, French noblemen were in positions of power, and the language of the ruling class was French. This contributed to the formation of the mixed-up language of Middle English, and things continued to evolve from there!

Fascinating, isn’t it?

Below, we cover 11 words with French origins, including their original forms and examples of how to use them. 

  • 1. Advice
  • 2. Beige
  • 3. Budget
  • 4. Camouflage
  • 5. Chic
  • 6. Denim
  • 7. Entrepreneur
  • 8. Honesty
  • 9. Money
  • 10. Mortgage
  • 11. Sport

Ready to start learning with Lingoda?


1. Advice

What it means: A recommendation about what to do in a particular situation

French background: “Advice” stems from the French avis, meaning “opinion, idea, view, or judgment.” The word avis evolved from the French phrase Ce m’est à vis, which translates to “It seems to me.”

How to use it: I’m trying to decide on a career; I would really love your advice on what I should do!

2. Beige

What it means: A pale yellowish-brown color

French background: This one comes from the Old French word bege, translating to “the natural color of wool and cotton; not dyed.”

How to use it: Every house in this neighborhood is beige! When I have a house, I’m going to paint it bright purple.

3. Budget

What it means: A plan that shows how much money a person makes, spends and saves

French background: It’s said that the word “budget” comes from bougette, which evolved from the French word bouge, describing a leather purse or pouch.

How to use it: If you want to go on your dream vacation, you’re going to need a strict budget to start saving money. 

4. Camouflage

What it means: A way of hiding something by painting it or covering it with leaves, branches, fabrics, etc. to match its surroundings. 

French background: The English word “camouflage” is derived from the French verb camoufler—to disguise.

How to use it: I have a big pimple on my nose! If I use the right makeup, I think I’ll be able to camouflage it.

5. Chic

What it means: Stylish and fashionable

French background: This word in its current form is actually the same in French and in English. It comes from the French chic, meaning “stylishness.” Some say chic comes from the word chicanerie, or “trickery,” though the connection to fashion isn’t totally clear. 

How to use it: Wow! Is that a new dress? You look so chic!

6. Denim

What it means: A thick, strong cotton material typically used to make jeans.

French background: This is an interesting one: The word “denim” stems from the French term serge de Nimesserge is a strong fabric, de means “from” or “of” and Nîmes is the place it came from.  So “denim” = de + Nîmes.

How to use it: An outfit consisting of a denim jacket and a pair of jeans is jokingly called a Canadian tuxedo. 

7. Entrepreneur

What it means: Someone who starts their own business based on an idea or product they have developed.

French background: This word comes directly from the French entreprendre—“to undertake.” So, an entrepreneur is someone who undertakes a new business venture.

How to use it: I never want to work in a company where I’m making money for someone else. I want to be an entrepreneur, so I can work for my own success!

8. Honesty

What it means: The quality of being truthful

French background: The word “honesty” comes from the modern French word honnêteté, which derives from the Old French term honesté, translating to “virtuous, respectable or honorable.”

How to use it: I think telling the truth is very important, no matter what. Honesty is the number-one quality I look for in a person.

9. Money

What it means: Coins and banknotes; currency

French background: The English word “money” is derived from the French monnaie, which itself comes from the Latin word moneta. Sounds pretty similar, doesn’t it?

How to use it: I’d love to go out to dinner with you tomorrow night but I have no money right now.

10. Mortgage

What it means: A loan used to purchase a home

French background: This is a descendant of the Old French morgage, which is a combination of two words: mort, meaning “dead,” and gage, meaning “pledge.” This actually has nothing to do with the death of a person. Rather, it means a deal (“pledge”) is complete (“dead”) when the loan is paid off or when the loan recipient fails to pay.

How to use it: We just bought a house! We got a 30-year mortgage, so we’ll have to pay back the loan by 2047.

11. Sport

Meaning: A type of physical activity that’s done for exercise or fun, often in the form of a competition.

French background: The word “sport” is a shortening of disport, which was borrowed from the Old French word desporter, which meant “to take pleasure.”

How to use it: Taking up a sport like soccer or volleyball is a great way to stay in shape, improve your mood and meet new friends!

English words with French origins are everywhere

The words we’ve mentioned above are just a small sample of French-derived words in English. Take the time to learn some French vocabulary or dig a little deeper into English etymology and you’ll be surprised what you find!  

Ready to start learning with Lingoda?


Andrea is a Canadian freelance writer and editor specializing in English, e-learning, EdTech, and SaaS. She has a background as an ESL teacher in beautiful Vancouver, British Columbia. In her free time, Andrea loves hanging out with her husband and children, creating recipes in the kitchen, and reading fiction. She also loves camping and jumping into lakes whenever possible. Learn more about Andrea on LinkedIn or check out her website.

Список английских слов французского происхождения — List of English words of French origin

Статья со списком Википедии Процент современных английских слов, полученных из каждой языковой группы, следующий:. англо-нормандский французский, затем французский : ~ 29%. латынь (включая слова, используемые только в научном, медицинском или юридическом контексте): ~ 29 %. Германские : ~ 26%. Другие: ~ 16%

Большое количество слов французского происхождения вошло в английский язык в той мере, в какой многие латинские слова пришли в английский язык. Согласно различным источникам, 45% всех английских слов имеют французское происхождение. Это предполагает, что в этом списке должно появиться 80 000 слов; этот список, однако, включает только слова, импортированные непосредственно из французского, такие как joy и joyous, и не включает производные, образованные на английском языке от слов, заимствованных из французского, включая радостный, радостный, партийность и отцовство. Также исключаются обе комбинации слов французского происхождения со словами, происхождение которых не французское, например, мороженое, sunray, jellyfish, <821.>killjoy, спасатель и проход — и английские комбинации слов французского происхождения, например, грейпфрут (виноград + фрукты ), непрофессионал (мирянин + человек ), почтовый заказ, сорока, торговая площадка, капитуляция, нижняя юбка и смирительная рубашка. В этот список также не включены слова, пришедшие из французского языка, но введенные в английский язык не французским языком, в том числе коммодор, властитель, флибустьер, кетон, лоджия, лото, мариачи, монсеньор, гобой, паэлья, панцер, пикаюн, ранчо, vendue и шпон.

Хотя французский язык происходит в основном из латыни (на долю которого приходится около 60% словарного запаса английского языка напрямую или через романский язык ), сюда также входят слова из галльского и германского языки (особенно старофранкский ). Поскольку английский имеет германское происхождение, слова, вошедшие в английский язык из германских элементов французского языка, могут не бросаться в глаза в отличие от французского. И наоборот, поскольку латинский язык дал много производных как от английского, так и от французского языков, в некоторых случаях может быть сложно установить, что данное производное от латинского языка не пришло в английский язык через французский.

Содержание

  • 1 Исторический контекст
  • 2 Известные области французского влияния
    • 2.1 Феодализм
    • 2.2 Геральдика
    • 2.3 Военное дело
    • 2.4 Политика и экономика
    • 2.5 Право
    • 2.6 Дипломатия
    • 2.7 Искусство
    • 2.8 Архитектура
    • 2.9 Авиация и автомобилестроение
    • 2.10 Кухня
    • 2.11 Цвета и другие влияния
    • 2.12 Термины, придуманные французами
    • 2.13 Названы в честь французов
    • 2.14 Имена собственные
  • 3 Основные модели влияния
  • 4 A – C
  • 5 D – I
  • 6 J – R
  • 7 S – Z
  • 8 См. Также
  • 9 Ссылки
  • 10 Внешние ссылки

Исторический контекст

Большая часть французской лексики, которая сейчас появляется в английском языке, была импортирована в течение столетий после норманнского завоевания 1066 года, когда Англия попала под управление норманноязычных народов. Вильгельм Завоеватель вторгся на Британские острова, раздав земли и собственность Норману, Бретону, Фламандцу и французские солдаты. В результате старофранцузский стал языком культуры и управления, превратившись в англо-нормандский французский. Большинство населения Англии продолжало использовать свой англосаксонский язык, но на него повлиял язык правящей элиты, что привело к дублетам. Рассмотрим, например, слова, обозначающие мясо, которое ели англо-норманская знать и соответствующие животные, выращенные англо-саксонскими крестьянами : говядина / ox, баранина / овца, телятина / теленок, свинина / свинья, или пары слов, относящиеся к разным регистрам языка : начать / начать, продолжить / продолжить, отмена / отмена, встреча / встреча, продажа / продажа, покупка / покупка, коммерция / торговля. Слова французского происхождения часто относятся к более абстрактным или сложным понятиям, чем их англосаксонские эквиваленты (например, свобода / свобода, справедливость / справедливость ), и поэтому реже используются в повседневном языке. Однако это может быть не для всех английских слов французского происхождения. Рассмотрим, например, некоторые из наиболее распространенных слов в английском языке : able, car, chair, city, страна, другой, штраф, фрукты, путешествие, сок, просто, часть, человек, человек, место, реальный, остаться, стол, путешествия, использовать, очень и ждать.

После повышения Генрих Плантагенет на престол Англии, другие формы диалектного французского, возможно, приобрели влияние в ущерб англо-нормандскому французскому (особенно варианты Анжу, откуда произошел Дом Плантагенетов, и, возможно, Пуатевин, язык Элеоноры Аквитанской ). С притязаниями англичан на трон Франции, влияние языка, используемого при королевском дворе Франции в Париже, усилилось. Культурное влияние Франции оставалось сильным в последующие века, и с Возрождения и далее заимствования в основном делались из парижского французского, который стал де-факто литературным языком Франция.

Известные области французского влияния

Феодализм

Нормандское правление Англии оказало длительное влияние на британское общество. Слова из англо-нормандского или старофранцузского включают термины, относящиеся к рыцарству (поклонение, сеньор, крестьянин, сеньораж, сюзерен, вассал, злодей ) и другие учреждения (судебный пристав, канцлер, совет, правительство, мэр, министр, парламент ), организация религии (аббатство, духовенство, монастырь, епархия, монах, месса, приход, молитва, проповедь, священник, ризница, облачение, ризница, викарий ), дворянство (барон, граф, дама, герцог, маркиз, принц, сэр ) и военное искусство (доспех, балдрик, темница, хауберк, кольчуга, решетка, вал, сюрко ). Многие из этих слов, относящихся к феодальной системе или средневековой войне, имеют германское происхождение (в основном через древнефранкский ) (см. Также французские слова германского происхождение ).

Нормандское происхождение британской монархии до сих пор видно в таких выражениях, как принц-регент, наследник, принцесса-королевская, где прилагательное ставится после существительного, как во французском языке.

Геральдика

Словарь геральдики находится под сильным влиянием французского (герб, or, серебристый, соболь, gules, passant ), подробнее см. настойки, отношения и обвинения в геральдике.

Иногда используются в геральдике некоторые мифологические звери (василис, дракон, грифон, гиппогриф, феникс ) или экзотических животных (лев, леопард, антилопа, газель, жираф, верблюд, зебу, слон, павиан, макака, муфлон, дельфин, оцелот, страус, хамелеон ) получили свое название от французского. То же самое и с некоторыми животными из Европы (англо-нормандским языком: орел, канюк, сокол, белка, кони, кролик, зайчонок, ящерица, куница, хорек, лосось, гадюка ).

Военный

Словарь военных и военных включает множество слов и выражений французского происхождения (снаряжение, адъютант, армия, артиллерия, батальон, бивак, бригада, камуфляж, карабинер, кавалерия, санитарный кордон, корпус, корвет, драгун, шпионаж, мундир, этат майор, стрелок, гренадер, охранник, вне боя, пехота, уборная, легионер, тыловое обеспечение, материальная часть, морской пехотинец, боевой дух, мушкетер, офицер, пистолет, взвод, разведка / разведчик, полк, рандеву, осада, солдат, вылазка, отряд, эскадрилья, капитуляция, наблюдение, местность, отряд, залп ). Сюда входят воинские звания: адмирал, капитан, полковник, капрал, генерал, лейтенант, сержант. Многие термины фехтования также взяты из французского.

Политика и экономика

Политический / экономический лексикон включает множество слов французского происхождения, таких как деньги, казначейство, казначейство, коммерция, финансы, налоги, либерализм, капитализм, материализм, национализм, плебисцит, государственный переворот, режим, суверенитет, государство, администрация, федеральный, бюрократия, конституция, юрисдикция, округ.

Закон

На судебную лексику также сильно повлиял французский язык (судья, судья, присяжные, поверенный, суд, дело ).

Дипломатия

атташе, поверенный в делах, посланник, посольство, канцелярия, дипломатия, демарш, коммюнике, памятная записка, разрядка, согласие, сближение, соглашение, договор, союз, паспорт, протокол.

Arts

искусство, музыка, танец, театр, автор, сцена, краска, холст, перформанс, гармония, мелодия, ритм, труба, примечание, директор, галерея, портрет, кисть, поддон, монтаж, сюрреализм, импрессионизм, фовизм, кубизм, символизм, ар-нуво, гуашь, акварель, коллаж, рендер, фриз, гризайль.

Архитектура

проход, аркада, арка, убежище, вуссуар, колокольня, арка-бутант, контрфорс, пролет, перемычка, эстрада, фасад, балюстрада, терраса, люнет, ниша, павильон, пилястр, porte cochère.

Авиация и автомобилестроение

Франция сыграла новаторскую роль в области авиации (гондола, оперения, фюзеляжа, элерон, высотомер, утка, декаляж, монокок, турбина ) и автомобиль проектирование или проектирование (шасси, поршень, оправка, решетка, тонна, berline, седан, лимузин, кабриолет, купе, кабриолет ).

Кухня

baba au rhum, говядина, говядина бургиньон, буден, карамель, запеканка, кассуле, клафути, конфи, консоме, сливки, круассан, заварной крем, филе миньон, филе, фуа-гра, флогнард, помадка, фондю, гато, гратен, мадлен, мармелад, майонез, безе, mille-feuille, горчица, баранина, наварин, паштет, выпечка, петит четыре, свинина, каша, потейдж, пудинг, пюре, рагу, рататуй, ру, салат, соус, колбаса, суфле, суп, рагу, террин, мелочь, телятина, волован.

Цвета и прочее luences

Другие влияния включают названия цветов (экрю, лиловый, бежевый, карминный, бордовый, синий, оранжевый, фиолетовый, киноварь, бирюзовый, сиреневый, перс, алый, вишневый ), овощи или фрукты (кабачок, баклажан, капуста, морковь, вишня, каштан, огурец, мускат, айва, шпинат, лимон, апельсин, абрикос ) и месяцы года (январь, март, май, июль, ноябрь, декабрь ).

Термины, придуманные французами

Некоторые французские слова, которые вошли в английский язык, были придуманы франкоязычными изобретателями, первооткрывателями, первооткрывателями или учеными: кино, телевидение, вертолет, парашют, фисгармония, батискаф, лактоза, лецитин, бактериофаг, хлорофилл, мастодонт, птеродактил, оксид, кислород, водород, углерод, фотография, стетоскоп, термометр, стратосфера, тропосфера.

Назван в честь французов

Некоторые французские слова были названы в честь французов (от их фамилии), особенно в областях науки (ампер, апертизация, бод, беккерель, шрифт Брайля, кулон, кюри, дагерротип, паскаль, пастериз, нониус ), ботаника и минералогия (бегония, бугенвиллея, клементин, магнолия, доломит, никотин ), мода и стиль или любой другой культурный аспект (петличный, купальник, рекамьер, мансарда, шовинизм, кир, пралине, саксофон, силуэт, гильотина).

Имена собственные

Названия некоторых городов в нефранкоязычных регионах / странах введены на английском языке с французским написанием (Constance, Ypres, Брюгге, Лувен, Турин, Милан, Плезанс, Флоренция, Рим, Неаполь, Сиракузы, Вена, Прага, Мюнхен, Кельн, Экс-ла-Шапель, Севилья, Константинополь ).

В Северной Америке имена некоторых из коренных американцев народов или первых наций, с которыми французы впервые вступили в контакт, взяты из французского (Сиу, Солто, Ирокез, Нез Перс, Гурон, Шайенн, Алгонкин ). Это также относится к некоторым географическим названиям, таким как Канада, Арканзас, Мичиган, Иллинойс, Мэн, Вермонт, Де-Мойн, Детройт, Чикаго и Батон-Руж.

Основные модели влияния

Некоторые слова из старофранцузского были снова заимствованы из среднефранцузского или современного французского, но, как правило, во второй раз приняли более ограничительное или специализированное значение. Рассмотрим, например, эти дублеты : шеф / повар, светильник / светильник, ликер / ликер, замок / замок, хостел / отель, маска / masque, необходимый / nécessaire, petty / petit, билет / этикет, отряд / труппа, авангард / авангард. Обратите внимание, что слово во французском языке сохранило общее значение: например, château по-французски означает «замок», а шеф-повар означает «шеф». Даже если они не импортировались несколько раз в разных формах, заимствования из французского обычно имеют более ограничительное или специализированное значение, чем во французском: например, бобовые (на фр. Légume означает «овощ»), gateau (на фр. Gâteau означает «пирог»).

В некоторых случаях английский язык был более консервативным, чем французский, со старофранцузскими словами, по крайней мере, в написании, если не в произношении: например, апостол (O.Fr. апостол / M.Fr. apôtre), замок (O.Fr. castel или chastel / M.Fr. château), лес (О.Фр. Лес / М.Фр. Форет), судно (О.Фр. Вайссель / М.Фр. Вайссо). Другие старофранцузские слова даже исчезли из современного французского: одуванчик.

С другой стороны, попытка восстановить классические корни (латинское или древнегреческое ) произошли в 16-17 веках. Таким образом, слова из древнефранцузского языка подверглись повторной латинизации написания. Хотя в большинстве случаев это не повлияло на их произношение (например, долг, сомнение, обвинительный акт, мэр ), в некоторых случаях это повлияло (например, ненормальное, приключенческое, преимущество ). Восстановлена ​​транскрипция слов греческой этимологии ph вместо f. Таким образом фантом стал фантомом, фесан стал фазаном. Этот шаг произошел также во французском языке, хотя и менее систематично: старофранцузское farmacie превратилось в Pharmacy («аптека»), fenix превратилось в phénix («феникс»), но fantosme превратилось в fantôme («призрак, призрак»), а fesan превратилось в faisan («фазан»).).

Помимо повторной латинизации, которая размыла французское происхождение некоторых слов (например, peradventure ), другие модификации в написании включали изменения народной этимологии (например, колокольня, раки, gillyflower, имбирный пряник, пентхаус, кирка ).

Кроме того, было изменено написание некоторых слов, чтобы сохранить произношение как можно ближе к оригиналу (например, закваска ), тогда как в других случаях французское написание было сохранено и привело к произношение, отличное от французского (например, leopard, levee ). Термины, которые недавно вошли в английский язык, сохранили французское произношение и правописание (ambiance, aplomb, armoire, armoire, барраж, дружелюбие, буржуазия, брошюра, бюро, кафе, дух товарищества, каталог, люстра, шофер, прическа, коллаж, кортеж, ясли, критика, мусор, декор, декорации, депо, досье, элита, окружение, тоска, предприниматель, шпионаж, экспертиза, разоблачение, финансист, гараж, жанр, ледник, интрига, связной, нижнее белье, машина, массаж, миллионер, мираж, монтаж, щегольство, склонность, персонал, п laque, променад, раппорт, репертуар, резервуар, рутина, саботаж, саше, сувенир, таблица, местность, транш ), хотя это может измениться со временем (например начальная буква h в hotel больше не молчит, учтите также развивающееся произношение herb или garage ). Выражения вроде femme fatale, bête noire и enfantrible по-прежнему являются узнаваемыми французскими.

Заимствования не являются односторонним процессом (см. Повторное заимствование ), некоторые слова французского происхождения в конечном итоге происходят из древнеанглийского (англосаксонские слова): например, бато, шифон, гурман. И наоборот, английские слова французского происхождения «вернулись» в современный французский: budget, challenge, design, Discount, заведение, топливо, гей, джин, юмор, интервью, жюри, менеджмент, беспорядок, родословная, запись, репортер, селезенка, спорт, присед, стандарт, саспенс, теннис, билет, тосты, тобогган, туннель, винтаж.

A – C

D – I

J – R

S – Z

См. Также

Список слов, относящихся к французскому языку происхождения, см. English термины, производные от французской категории слов в Wiktionary, бесплатном словаре.
Список слов, относящихся к среднефранцузскому происхождению, см. в английские термины, производные от среднефранцузских категории слов в Викисловарь, бесплатный словарь.
Для получения списка слов, относящихся к старофранцузскому происхождению, см. английские термины, полученные из Французский категория слов в Викисловарь, бесплатный словарь.
Список слов, относящихся к старосеверно-французскому происхождению, см. В Английские термины, производные от древне-северофранцузского категории слов в Wiktionary, бесплатном словаре.
Для списка слов, относящихся к англо-нормандскому языку происхождение, см. английские термины, полученные из англо-норманнской категории слов в Викисловарь, бесплатный словарь.
Список слов, относящихся к канадскому французскому происхождению, см. В английских терминах, полученных от канадского Fre nch категория слов в Викисловарь, бесплатный словарь.
Список слов, относящихся к французскому Луизианскому происхождению, см. в Английские термины, производные от Cajun French категории слов в Wiktionary, бесплатном словаре.
Для списка слов, относящихся к французскому Луизианскому происхождению см. английские термины, производные от луизианского креольского французского категории слов в Wiktionary, бесплатном словаре.
  • Влияние французского языка на английский
  • французский фразы, используемые носителями английского языка
  • Правовой французский
  • Глоссарий фехтования (преимущественно с французского)
  • Глоссарий балета (преимущественно с французского)
  • Списки английских заимствованных слов по странам или языкам происхождение
  • Список английских слов галльского происхождения
  • Список английских слов латинского происхождения
  • Список английских латинян германского происхождения
  • Латинское влияние в английском языке
  • Список французских слов германского происхождения
  • Список французских слов галльского происхождения
  • Список французских слов арабского происхождения
  • Список французских слов английского происхождения
  • Список немецких слов французского происхождения

Ссылки

Внешние ссылки

  • Более чем 5000 французских слов с произношением
  • Одно французское слово в день
  • Интернет-словарь этимологии
  • Список английских слов французского происхождения
  • Национальный центр ресурсов Textuelles et Lexicales (на французском языке)
  • 101 Французские слова, обычно используемые в английском языке
  • Английские слова французского происхождения, относящиеся к еде и кулинарии

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