А вы знаете, что английские слова тоже играют в игры? И именно поэтому иногда сложно оценить шутки на английском языке?
Вообще, по-научному, игра слов – это литературный
прием, основанный на явлениях полисемии и омонимии слов, и используемый в юмористических
целях.
Но, конечно, такое определение начисто отбивает охоту преследовать «юмористические цели»)))
Итак, play on words
или игра слов – что это?
Разбираемся, что такое игра слов в английском языке и
смотрим примеры из фильмов на английском.
Сначала матчасть, а чуть попозже — примеры игры слов из фильмов на английском. А можно сразу прокрутить вниз, если вы не лингвист-энтузиаст))
Игра слов или Play on words
Вот как объясняется игра слов (play on words) в толковом словаре английского языка:
Play on words is a humorous use of a word with more than one meaning or that sounds like another word.
Простое, человеческое определение))Собственно, words with more than one meaning –
это и есть многозначность слова, когда у одного слова несколько значений (полисемия).
А words that sound like other words– это тот случай, когда
слова звучат или пишутся одинаково или очень похоже (омонимия).
Вот на таких явлениях и основана игра слов (в любом языке).
Чем многозначные слова отличаются от
омонимов?
Омонимы
Ну, вот например, слово spring. Это
одновременно и весна, и родник, и пружина. Эти три значения не связаны друг с
другом, а значит, перед нами омонимы. Всего лишь слова, которые волей случая
пишутся и произносятся одинаково (подробнее о слове spring и о том, как пользоваться английским толковым словарем)
Или слово bat, которое и бита, и
летучая мышь. И опять, связи между ними нет никакой, а значит, это омонимы.
Многозначные слова
Совсем другое дело со словом chip. Это и:
— чипс (который картофельный)
— чип (который с микросхемами)
— кусочек дерева или стекла
— фишка (как в казино)
— просто кусочек (как в chocolate chip
cookie – печенье с кусочками шоколада)
У этих слов есть что-то общее. Все они так
или иначе – кусочки чего-то большего.
Вот и получается, что chip – многозначное
слово, а не омонимы.
И несколько примеров игры слов, основанной на многозначности слов и похожем (или одинаковом) звучании.
Похожее звучание слов:
lettuce celebrate = let us celebrate
lemonaid = lemonade
Многозначность слов:
your son got stoned = 1) его инкрустировали 2) он укурился
you are both nuts = 1) вы оба психи 2) вы оба гайки 3) вы оба орехи
Ну а теперь – отрывки из фильмов с примерами игры слов на
английском языке.
Игра слов. Примеры
Пример 1
Do you want the cancer?
The what?
Do you want the cancer?
The cancer?
The can. Sir?
Oh! No, I’m fine, thank you.
Откуда здесь берется игра слов?
Из одинакового звучания слова cancer и фразы can, sir.
С формулировкой Do you want the can, sir я бы, правда, поспорила. Все же есть более стандартные клише
для предложений-угощений. Думаю,
сценаристы намеренно взяли именно эту корявую фразу.
Пример игры слов 2
So, you’re a friend of Maggie’s? What happened to you? Oh, sorry. It’s okay.
I fell.
Evidently! Off a train?
I fell in love.
А в этом примере игра слов чуть изящнее, несмотря на ее
растиражированность.
Игра слов основана на глаголе fall. Сам по себе он означает «упасть»,
а в устойчивом словосочетании fall in love – «влюбиться»
Пример игры слов 3
Find someone you trust.
Someone like you?
Someone you like.
В этом примере игра слов основана на многозначности и
многофункциональности слова like в английском языке.
Like
в английском может быть и глаголом, и предлогом. И вообще, резвится как хочет))
Подробнее о слове like.
Пример 4
Are you becoming religious?
I dunno (don’t know). I dunno what I’m becoming. But I wanna change.
Oh.
No, really change… Must be Eli. So I better change.
Change
в английском – слово многозначное (то есть разные значения по сути связаны
между собой).
В первой фразе I wanna change персонаж говорит о глобальных
переменах — измениться, стать лучше.
А во второй I better change он уже имеет в виду «Надо бы
переодеться».
Пример 5
— Now, I know it’s tradition at the rehearsal dinner for the maid of honor
to reveal embarrassing things about the bride. But in our group we
never kiss and tell. So, I’d like to make a toast to the groom.
— There’s a word he’s heard before!
— Who is that again?
— Karl… he’s a partner at the firm.
— Karl’s kind of a jerk.
— You know what they say – three times a charm!
— Hey
«dick wad»… I’m speaking. Now. There were times when we had our doubts
about this gorgeous man. But after careful observation over the last
hundred years, my doubts are over. So… here’s to the groom. A man who
finally got «Carrie-d» away.
Шикарная игра слов:
- A man who finally got ‘Carrie-d’ away
Carrie – имя невесты
Got carried away (от слова carry) = снесло крышу
Пример игры слов 6
Rach, I got a message from you! Who’s Michael?
Oh, my god, oh, my god. Ross, hang up the phone! Give me the phone. Ross, give me the phone, give me the phone.
You’re over me?
Oh, god!
You’re over me? When were you under me?
You’re over me = твои чувства ко мне прошли?
В этом контексте over означает «все прошло, я перестал думать о чем-то / переживать».
Но over еще и предлог места, такой же, как behind, next to, under.
You’re over me?
= Твои чувства ко мне прошли?
= Ты надо мной?
When were you under me?
= А когда ты была подо мной?
Отсюда и игра слов и смех за кадром))
Пример 7
Do you think there’s a town in Missouri or someplace, called Sample? And
as you’re driving into the town, there’s, like, a sign and it says,
You’re in Sample.
Здесь игра слов основана на одинаковом звучании фразы:
- You’re in Sample = Вы в (городе) Сэмпл
и
- Urine sample = образец мочи
Прелесть какая, да?))
Пример игры слов 8
Этот отрывок с Аль Пачино прекрасен весь от начала до конца, чудный совершенно разговор! Но если ближе к теме поста — в этом отрывке два примера игры слов.
He wants to stay indefinitely, and I can give him the honeymoon suite.
He doesn’t want the honeymoon suite. It’s not my honeymoon, and I’m not very sweet.
Здесь игра слов основана на одинаковом звучании слов
- suite = a room in a hotel
- sweet = nice
I’ll check you in, okay?
While you’re checking me in, I’ll check you out.
Применимо к гостиницам, check in и check out — антонимы. Но дело в том, что у слова check out есть еще одно значение — «оценить», «заценить», «любоваться».
Вот и получается:
- while you’re checking me in, I’ll check you out
- пока вы меня регистрируете, я вас оценю / я на вас полюбуюсь
Не знаю, как вы, а я очень люблю этот литературный прием,
основанный на полисемии и омонимии игру слов – и в английском, и в русском.
Вот натурально смакую каждый раз особенно талантливые и неожиданные фразы.
А вот тем, кто учит английский, приходится туго. Особенно
поначалу. Игра слов в английском – это все-таки развлечение для продвинутых. Но
ничего, трудно только первые 30 лет))
А вы любите игру слов? Понимаете? Оставьте комментарий — обсудим.
Автор: Дарья Масловская
play on words
A creative use of words that have multiple meanings, often in a humorous way; a pun. Most people groan when they hear a pun, but a clever play on words can always make me laugh.
Farlex Dictionary of Idioms. © 2022 Farlex, Inc, all rights reserved.
play on words
A word or turn of phrase with a double meaning, a pun or other humorous use of language. For example, Shakespeare was a master at plays on words-his dramas are full of puns. [First half of 1700s]
The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer. Copyright © 2003, 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
a play on words
COMMON A play on words is a clever or humorous use of a word, especially one that has more than one meaning. This play got most of its laughs from a play on words. Its short form, TGB, is a French play on words on the TGV, the high speed train project.
Collins COBUILD Idioms Dictionary, 3rd ed. © HarperCollins Publishers 2012
a play on ˈwords
a clever or amusing use of a word that has more than one meaning, or of words that have different meanings but sound similar/the same; a pun: When Elvis Presley had his hair cut off in the army he said, ‘Hair today and gone tomorrow’. It was a play on words — the usual expression is ‘here today and gone tomorrow.’ ▶ ˈwordplay noun: Many of the jokes are based on puns and wordplay.
Farlex Partner Idioms Dictionary © Farlex 2017
- a play on words
- exchange no more than
- exchange no more than (an amount of) words
- have no words for
- have no words for (someone or something)
- a smile is worth a thousand words
- all talk and no cider
- cramp words
- have words
- exchange words (with someone)
It goes without saying that writers are drawn to language, but because we love words so much, the English language is filled with word play. By interrogating the complexities of language—homophones, homographs, words with multiple meanings, sentence structures, etc.—writers can explore new possibilities in their work through a play on words.
It’s easiest to employ word play in poetry, given how many linguistic possibilities there are in poetry that are harder to achieve in prose. Nonetheless, the devices listed in this article apply to writers of all genres, styles, and forms of writing.
After examining different word play examples—such as portmanteaus, malapropisms, and oxymorons—we’ll look at opportunities for how these devices can propel your writing. But first, let’s establish what we mean when we’re talking about a play on words.
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Wordplay Definition
Word play, also written as wordplay, word-play, or a play on words, is when a writer experiments with the sound, meaning, and/or construction of words to produce new and interesting meanings. In other words, the writer is twisting language to say something unexpected, with the intent of entertaining or provoking the reader.
Wordplay definition: Experimentation with the sounds, definitions, and/or constructions of words to produce new and interesting meanings.
It should come as no surprise that many word play examples were written by Shakespeare. One such example comes from Hamlet. Some time after Polonius is killed, Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius, asks him where Polonius is. The below exchange occurs:
KING CLAUDIUS
Now, Hamlet, where’s Polonius?
HAMLET
At supper.
KING CLAUDIUS
At supper! where?
HAMLET
Not where he eats, but where he is eaten: a certain
convocation of politic worms are e’en at him. Your
worm is your only emperor for diet: we fat all
creatures else to fat us, and we fat ourselves for
maggots: your fat king and your lean beggar is but
variable service, two dishes, but to one table:
that’s the end.
The line “Not where he eats, but where he is eaten” is a play on words, drawing the audience’s attention to Polonius’ death. He is not eating, but being consumed by the worms. This play on the meaning of “eat” utilizes the verb’s multiple definitions—to consume versus to decompose. (It is also an example of synchysis, and of polyptoton, a type of repetition device.)
The most common of word play examples is the pun. A pun directly plays with the sounds and meanings of words to create new and surprising sentences. For example, “The incredulous cat said you’ve got to be kitten me right meow!” puns on the words “kidding” (kitten) and “now” (meow).
To learn more about puns, check out our article on Pun Examples in Literature. Some of the play on words examples in this article can also count as puns, but because we’ve covered puns in a previous blog, this article covers different and surprising possibilities for twisting and torturing language.
Examples of a Play on Words: 10 Literary Devices
Word play isn’t just a way to have fun with language, it’s also a means of creating new and surprising meanings. By experimenting with the possibilities of sound and meaning, writers can create new ideas that traditional language fails to encompass.
Let’s see word play in action. The following examples of a play on words all come from published works of literature.
1. Word Play Examples: Anthimeria
Anthimeria is a type of word play in which a word is employed using a different part of speech than what is typically associated with that word. (For reference, the parts of speech are: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, articles, interjections, conjunctions, and prepositions.)
Most commonly, a writer using anthimeria will make a verb a noun (nominalization), or make a noun a verb (verbification). It would be much harder to employ this device using other parts of speech: using an adjective as a pronoun, for example, would be difficult to read, even for the reader familiar with anthimeria.
Here are some word play examples using anthimeria:
Nouns to Verbs
The thunder would not peace at my bidding.
—From King Lear, (IV, vi.) by Shakespeare
The word “peace” is being used as a verb, meaning “to calm down.” Many anthimeria examples come to us from Shakespare, in part because of his genius with language, and in part because he needed to use certain words that would preserve the meter of his verse.
“I’ll unhair thy head.”
—From Antony and Cleopatra (II, v.) by Shakespeare
Of course, “unhair” isn’t a word at all. But, it’s using “hair” as a verb, and then using the opposite of that verb, to express scalping someone’s hair off.
Up from my cabin, My sea-gown scarf’d about me, in the dark
Groped I to find out them; had my desire.
—From Hamlet, (V, ii.) by Shakespeare
Shakespeare is using “scarf” as a verb, meaning “to wrap around.” Nowadays, the use of “scarf” as a verb is recognized by the Oxford English Dictionary, but at the time, this was a very new usage of the word.
Verbs to Nouns
It’s difficult to find examples of nominalization in literature, mostly because it’s not a wise decision in terms of writing style. Verbs are the strongest parts of speech: they provide the action of your sentences, and can also provide necessary description and characterization in far fewer words than nouns and adjectives can. Using a verb as a noun only hampers the power of that verb.
Nonetheless, we use verbs as nouns all the time in everyday conversation. If you “hashtag” something on social media, you’re using the noun hashtag as a verb. Or, if you “need a good drink,” you’re noun-ing the verb “drink.” Often, nouns become acceptable dictionary entries for verbs because of the repeated use of nominalizations in everyday speech.
Nouns and Verbs to Adjectives
“The parishioners about here,” continued Mrs. Day, not looking at any living being, but snatching up the brown delf tea-things, “are the laziest, gossipest, poachest, jailest set of any ever I came among.”
—From Under the Greenwood Tree by Thomas Hardy
The words “gossipest, poachest, jailest” might seem silly or immature. But, they’re fun and striking uses of language, and they help characterize Mrs. Day through dialogue.
“I’ll get you, my pretty.”
—From The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum
By using the adjective “pretty” as a noun, the witch’s use of anthimeria in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz strikes a chilling note: it’s both pejorative and suggests that the witch could own Dorothy’s beauty.
Anthimeria isn’t just a form of language play, it’s also a means of forging neologisms, which eventually enter the English lexicon. Many words began as anthimerias. For example, the word “typing” used to be a new word, as people didn’t “employ type” until the invention of typing devices, like typewriters. The word “ceiling” comes from an antiquated word “ceil,” meaning sky: “ceiling” means to cover over something, and that verb eventually became the noun we use today.
2. Word Play Examples: Double Entendre
A double entendre is a form of word play in which a word or phrase is used ambiguously, meaning the reader can interpret it in multiple ways. A double entendre usually has a literal meaning and a figurative meaning, with both meanings interacting with each other in some surprising or unusual way.
In everyday speech, the double entendre is often employed sexually. Indeed, writers often use the device lasciviously, and bawdry bards like Shakespeare won’t hesitate when it comes to dirty jokes.
Nonetheless, here a few examples of double entendre that are a little more PG:
“Marriage is a fine institution, but I’m not ready for an institution.”
—Mae West, quoted in The 2,548 Best Things Anybody Ever Said by Robert Byrne
The repeated use of “institution” suggests a double meaning. While marriage is, literally, an institution, West is also suggesting that marriage is an institution in a different sense—like a prison or a psychiatric hospital, one that she’s not ready to commit to.
“What ails you, Polyphemus,” said they, “that you make such a noise, breaking the stillness of the night, and preventing us from being able to sleep? Surely no man is carrying off your sheep? Surely no man is trying to kill you either by fraud or by force?”But Polyphemus shouted to them from inside the cave, “No man is killing me by fraud; no man is killing me by force.”
“Then,” said they, “if no man is attacking you, you must be ill; when Jove makes people ill, there is no help for it, and you had better pray to your father Neptune.”
—Odyssey by Homer
In Homer’s Odyssey, the hero, Odysseus, tells the cyclops Polyphemus that his name is “no man.” Then, when Odysseus blinds Polyphemus, the cyclops is enraged and tells people that “no man” did this, suggesting that his blindness is an affliction from the gods. In this instance, Polyphemus means one thing but communicates another, causing humorous ambiguity for the audience.
On the contrary, Aunt Augusta, I’ve now realized for the first time in my life the vital importance of being Earnest.
—The Importance of Being Earnest, A Trivial Comedy for Serious People by Oscar Wilde
In Oscar Wilde’s play, the protagonist Jack Worthing leads a double life: to his lover in the countryside, he’s Jack, while he’s Ernest to his lover in the city. The play follows this character’s deceptions, as well as his realization of the necessity of being true to himself. Thus, in this final line of the play, Jack realizes the importance of being “earnest,” a pun and double entendre on “Ernest.”
3. Word Play Examples: Kenning
The kenning is a type of metaphor that was popular among medieval poets. It is a phrase, usually two nouns, that describes something figuratively, often using words only somewhat related to the object being described.
If you’ve read Beowulf, you’ve seen the kenning in action—and you know that, in translation, some kennings are easier understood than others. For example, the ocean is often described as the “whale path,” which makes sense. But a dragon is described as a “mound keeper,” and if you don’t know that dragons in literature tend to hoard piles of gold, it might be harder to understand this kenning.
A kenning is constructed with a “base word” and a “determinant.” The base word has a metaphoric relationship with the object being described, and the determinant modifies the base word. So, in the kenning “whale path,” the “path” is the base word, as it’s a metaphor for the sea. “Whale” acts as a determinant, cluing the reader towards the water.
The kenning is a play on words because it uses marginally related nouns to describe things in new and exciting language. Here are a few examples:
Kenning In Beowulf
At some point in the text of Beowulf, the following kennings occur:
- Battle shirt — armor
- Battle sweat — blood
- Earth hall — burial mound
- Helmet bearer — warrior
- Raven harvest — corpse
- Ring giver — king
- Sail road — the sea
- Sea cloth — sail
- Sky candle — the sun
- Sword sleep — death
Don’t be too surprised by all of the references to fighting and death. Most of Beowulf is a series of battles, and given that the story developed across centuries of Old English, much of the epic poem explores God, glory, and victory.
Kenning Elsewhere in Literature
The majority of kennings come from Old English poetry, though some contemporary poets also employ the device in their work. Here are a few more kenning word play examples.
So the earth-stepper spoke, mindful of hardships,
of fierce slaughter, the fall of kin:
Oft must I, alone, the hour before dawn
lament my care. Among the living
none now remains to whom I dare
my inmost thought clearly reveal.
I know it for truth: it is in a warrior
noble strength to bind fast his spirit,
guard his wealth-chamber, think what he will.
—”The Wanderer” (Anonymous)
“The Wanderer” is a poem anonymously written and preserved in a codex called The Exeter Book, a manuscript from the late 900s. It contains approximately ⅙ of the Old English poetry we know about today. In this poem, an “earth-stepper” is a person, and a “wealth-chamber” is the wanderer’s mind or heart—wherever it is that he stores his immaterial virtues.
No, they’re sapped and now-swept as my sea-wolf’s love-cry.
—from “Cuil Cliffs” by Ian Crockatt
Ian Crockatt is a contemporary poet and translator from Scotland, and his work with Old Norse poetry certainly influences his own poems. “Sea wolf” is a kenning for “sailor,” and a “love cry” is a love poem.
There is a singer everyone has heard,Loud, a mid-summer and a mid-wood bird,
Who makes the solid tree trunks sound again.
He says that leaves are old and that for flowers
Mid-summer is to spring as one to ten.
He says the early petal-fall is past
When pear and cherry bloom went down in showers
On sunny days a moment overcast;
And comes that other fall we name the fall.
He says the highway dust is over all.
The bird would cease and be as other birds
But that he knows in singing not to sing.
The question that he frames in all but words
Is what to make of a diminished thing.
—“The Oven Bird” by Robert Frost
In this Frost sonnet, the speaker employs the kenning “petal-fall” to describe the autumn. The full text of the poem has been included, not for any particular reason, other than it’s simply a lovely, striking poem.
4. Word Play Examples: Malapropism
A malapropism is a device primarily used in dialogue. It is employed when the correct word in a sentence is replaced with a similar-sounding word or phrase that has an entirely different meaning.
For example, the word “assimilation” sounds a lot like the phrase “a simulation.” Employing a malapropism, I might have a character say “Everything is programmed. We all live in assimilation.”
For the most part, malapropisms are humorous examples of a play on words. They often make fun of people who use pretentious language to sound intelligent. But, in everyday speech, we probably employ more malapropisms than we think, so this device also emulates real speech.
The name “malapropism” comes from the play The Rivals by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. In it, the character Mrs. Malaprop often uses words with opposite meanings but similar sounds to the word she intends. Here’s an example from the play:
“He is the very pineapple of politeness!” (Instead of pinnacle.)
Malapropisms are also known as Dogberryisms (from Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing), or as acyrologia. Though this word play device is employed humorously, it also demonstrates the complex relationship our brain has with language, and how easy it is to mix words up phonetically.
5. Word Play Examples: Metalepsis
Metalepsis is the use of a figure of speech in a new or surprising context, creating multiple layers of meaning. In other words, the writer takes a figure of speech and employs it metaphorically, using that figure of speech to reference something that is otherwise unspoken.
This is a tricky literary device to define, so let’s look at an example right away:
As he swung toward them holding up the handHalf in appeal, but half as if to keep
The life from spilling…
—“Out, Out” by Robert Frost
The expected phrase here would be “the blood from spilling.” But, in this excerpt, “life” replaces the word “blood.” The word life, then, becomes a metonymy for “blood,” and as this displacement occurs in the common phrase “spilled blood,” “life” becomes a metalepsis.
So, there are two layers of meaning going on here. One is the meaning derived from the phrase “spilled blood,” and the other comes from the use of “life” to represent “blood.” In any metalepsis, there are multiple layers of meaning occurring, as a metaphor or metonymy is employed to modify a figurative phrase, adding complexity to the phrase itself.
This is a tricky, advanced example of word play, and it primarily occurs in poetry. Here are a few other examples in literature:
“Was this the face that launched a thousand ships and burnt the topless towers of Ilium?”
—Dr. Faustus by Christopher Marlowe
Here, the face in question is that of Helen of Troy, the most beautiful woman in the world (according to The Iliad and the Odyssey). Helen is claimed by Paris, a prince of Troy, and when he takes Helen home with him, it incites the Trojan war—thus the references to a thousand ships and the towers of Ilium. So, the face refers to Helen, and Faustus describes the beauty of that face tangentially, referencing the magnitude of the Trojan War.
“And I also have given you cleanness of teeth in all your cities.”
—The Book of Amos (4:6)
In this Biblical passage, the phrase “cleanness of teeth” is actually referencing hunger. By having nothing to eat, the people have nothing to stain their teeth with. Thus, the figurative image of clean teeth becomes a metalepsis for starvation.
“To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player,
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more. It is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.”
—Macbeth (V; v), by Shakespeare
This is a complex extended metaphor and metalepsis. Instead of saying “to the ends of time,” Shakespeare modifies this phrase to “the last syllable of recorded time.” He then extends this idea by saying that life is “a walking shadow, a poor player”—in other words, that which speaks the syllables of recorded time, and then never speaks again. By describing life as an idiot which signifies nothing, Macbeth is saying that life has no inherent value or meaning, and that all men are fools who exist at the whim of a random universe.
Note: this soliloquy arrives after the death of Macbeth’s wife, and it clues us towards Macbeth’s growing madness. So, yes, it’s a very dark passage, but dark for a reason.
To summarize: a metalepsis is a type of word play in which the writer describes something using a tangentially related image or figure of speech. It is, put most succinctly, a metonymy of a metonymy. There is also a narratological device called metalepsis, but it has nothing to do with this particular literary device.
6. Word Play Examples: Oxymoron
An oxymoron is a self-contradictory phrase. It is usually just two words long, with each word’s definition contrasting the other one’s, despite the apparent meaning of the words themselves. It is a play on words because opposing meanings are juxtaposed to form a new, seemingly-impossible idea.
A common example of this is the phrase “virtual reality.” Well, if it’s virtual, then it isn’t reality, just a simulation of a new reality. Nonetheless, we employ those words together all the time, and in fact, the juxtaposition of these incompatible terms creates a new, interesting meaning.
Oxymorons occur all the time in everyday speech. “Same difference,” “Only option,” “live recording,” and even the genre “magical realism.” In any of these examples, a new meaning forms from the placement of these incongruous words.
Here are a few examples from literature:
“Parting is such sweet sorrow.”
—Romeo and Juliet (II; ii), by Shakespeare
“No light; but rather darkness visible”
—Paradise Lost by John Milton
“Their traitorous trueness, and their loyal deceit.”
—“The Hound of Heaven” by Francis Thompson
Note: an oxymoron is not self-negating, but self-contradictory. The use of opposing words should mean that each word cancels the other out, but in a good oxymoron, a new meaning is produced amidst the contradictions. So, you can’t just put two opposing words together: writing “the healthy sick man,” for example, doesn’t mean anything, unless maybe it’s placed into a very specific context. An oxymoron should produce new meaning on its own.
7. Word Play Examples: Palindrome
The palindrome is a word play device not often employed in literature, but it is language at its most entertaining, and can provide interesting challenges to the daring poet or storyteller.
A palindrome is a word or phrase that is spelled the exact same forwards and backwards (excluding spaces). The word “racecar,” for example, is spelled the same in both directions. So is the phrase “Able was I ere I saw Elba.” So is the sentence “A man, a plan, a canal, Panama.”
The longer a palindrome gets, the less likely it is to make sense. Take, for example, the poem “Dammit I’m Mad” by Demetri Martin. It’s a perfect palindrome, but, although there are some striking examples of language (for example, “A hymn I plug, deified as a sign in ruby ash”), much of the word choice is nonsensical.
Because of this, there are also palindromes that occur at the line-level. Meaning, the words cannot be read forwards and backwards, but the lines of a poem are the same forwards and backwards. The poem “Doppelganger” by James A. Lindon is an example.
Want to challenge yourself? Write a palindrome that tells a cohesive story. You’ll be playing with both the spellings of words and with the meanings that arise from unconventional word choice. Good luck!
8. Word Play Examples: Paraprosdokian
A paraprosdokian is a play on words where the writer diverts from the expected ending of a sentence. In other words, the writer starts a sentence with a predictable ending, but then supplies a new, unexpected ending that complicates the original meanings of the words and surprises the reader.
Here’s an example sentence: “Is there anything that mankind can’t accomplish? We’ve been to the moon, eradicated polio, and made grapes that taste like cotton candy.” This last clause is a paraprosdokian: the reader expects the list to contain great, life-altering achievements, but ending the list with something a bit more trivial, like cotton candy grapes, is a humorous and unexpected twist.
With the paraprosdokian, writers contort the expected endings of sentences to create surprising juxtapositions, playing with both words and sentence structures. Here are a few literary examples, with the paraprosdokian in bold:
By the time you swear you’re his,
Shivering and sighing,
And he vows his passion is
Infinite, undying—
Lady, make a note of this:
One of you is lying.
—“Unfortunate Coincidence” by Dorothy Parker
“By the wide lake’s margin I mark’d her lie –The wide, weird lake where the alders sigh –
A young fair thing, with a shy, soft eye;
And I deem’d that her thoughts had flown …
All motionless, all alone.
Then I heard a noise, as of men and boys,
And a boisterous troop drew nigh.
Whither now will retreat those fairy feet?
Where hide till the storm pass by?
On the lake where the alders sigh …
For she was a water-rat.”
—“Shelter” by Charles Stuart Calverley
9. Word Play Examples: Portmanteau
A portmanteau is a word which combines two distinct words in both sound and meaning. “Smog,” for example, is a portmanteau of both “smoke” and “fog,” because both the sounds of the words are combined as well as the definition of each word.
The portmanteau has become a popular marketing tactic in recent years. A portmanteau is also, often, an example of a neologism—a coined word for which new language is necessary to describe new things.
Here are a few portmanteaus that have recently entered the English lexicon:
- Fanzine (fan + magazine)
- Telethon (telephone + marathon)
- Camcorder (camera + recorder)
- Blog (web + log)
- Vlog (video + blog)
- Staycation (stay + vacation)
- Bromance (brother + romance)
- Webinar (web + seminar)
- Hangry (hungry + angry)
- Cosplay (costume + play)
Lewis Carroll popularized the portmanteau, but a work of fiction that’s rife with this word play is Finnegan’s Wake by James Joyce. The novel—which is notoriously difficult to read due to its use of foreign words, as well as its disregard for conventional spelling and syntax—has coined portmanteaus like “ethiquetical” (ethical + etiquette), “laysense” (layman + sense), and “fadograph” (fading + photograph).
10. Word Play Examples: Spoonerism
A spoonerism occurs when the initial sounds of two neighboring words are swapped. For instance, the phrase “blushing crow” is a spoonerism of “crushing blow.”
Often, spoonerisms are slips of the tongue. We might confuse our syllables when we speak, which is a natural result of our brains’ relationships to language.
Spoonerisms can be literary examples of a play on words. But they’re also just ways to have fun with language. An example is Shel Silverstein’s posthumous collection of children’s poems Runny Babbit: A Billy Sook.
How to Use a Play on Words in Your Writing
Writers can utilize word play for two different strategies: literary effect, and creative thinking.
When it comes to literary effect, a play on words can surprise, delight, provoke, and entertain the reader. Devices like oxymoron, metalepsis, and kenning offer new, innovative possibilities in language, and a strong example of these devices can move the reader in a way that ordinary language cannot.
Word play can also stimulate your own creativity. If you experiment with language using literary devices, you might stumble upon the following:
- A title for your work.
- Character names.
- Witty dialogue.
- Interesting or provocative description.
- The core idea of a poem or short story.
I’ll give a personal example. Once, in a fiction course, I was struggling to come up with an idea for a short story. A friend and I ended up bouncing words around and came up with the phrase “psychic psychiatrist” (an example of alliteration and polyptoton). Just playing with words like this was enough to inspire me to write a story about exactly that, a psychiatrist who predicts the future for their clients without realizing it.
Titles like The Importance of Being Earnest (a self-referential pun), “Dammit I’m Mad” (palindrome), or Back to the Future (oxymoron) all use word play to frame and guide the story or poem. You might find inspiration for your own work by considering, with careful attention and an appreciation for language, the many possibilities of a play on words.
Experiment with Word Play at Writers.com
The instructors at Writers.com are masters of word play. Not only do we love words, we love to mess with them in surprising and innovative ways. If you want to formulate new ideas for your work, take a look at our upcoming online writing classes, where you’ll receive expert instruction on all the work you write and submit.
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play on words
Large English-Russian phrasebook > play on words
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play on words
play on words игра слов, каламбур;
Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > play on words
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play on words
Англо-русский синонимический словарь > play on words
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play of words
игра словами, фразёрство; краснобайство ; тж. a play on words
The speeches of Thucydides everywhere exhibit the antitheses, the climaxes, the plays of words… of the rhetoriciain. (B. Jowett, ‘Thucydides’, OED) — Речи Фукидида изобилуют антитезами, нарастаниями и прочими словесными фокусами риторики.
Large English-Russian phrasebook > play of words
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play of words
игpa cлoвaми, фpaзёpcтвo, кpacнoбaйcтвo (
нe cмeшивaть
c pуccк. игpa cлoв cм. a play on words)
The speeches of Thucydides everywhere exhibit the antitheses, the climaxes, the plays of words of the rhetorician (B. Jowett)
Concise English-Russian phrasebook > play of words
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play on words
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > play on words
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play of words
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > play of words
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play on words
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > play on words
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play upon words
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > play upon words
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play on words
игра слов, каламбур
каламбурить
Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > play on words
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play upon words
игра слов, каламбур
каламбурить
Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > play upon words
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play on words
игра слов, каламбур
* * *
1. игра слов
2. каламбуритьНовый англо-русский словарь > play on words
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play upon words
Новый англо-русский словарь > play upon words
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a play on words
To a Latin or French speaker the name of Urse might have suggested an easy play upon words. (E. Freeman, ‘The History of the Norman Conquest’, ch. XVIII) — Для человека, говорящего на латыни или по-французски, имя Урс легко становилось источником каламбуров.
Large English-Russian phrasebook > a play on words
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a play upon words
Concise English-Russian phrasebook > a play upon words
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(a) play of words
English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (a) play of words
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a play on words
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > a play on words
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a play upon words
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > a play upon words
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play
play [pleɪ]
1) игра́; заба́ва;
2) мане́ра игры́, игра́
3) пье́са, дра́ма; представле́ние, спекта́кль;
4) де́йствие, де́ятельность;
5) свобо́да, просто́р;
6) движе́ние
7) аза́ртная игра́
перели́вы, игра́;
9)
тех.
зазо́р; игра́; люфт; свобо́дный ход; шата́ние (части механизма, прибора)
1) игра́ть, резви́ться, забавля́ться;
2) игра́ть на музыка́льном инструме́нте;
4) приводи́ть в де́йствие, пуска́ть;
5) игра́ть (в
кино
, театре);
6) дава́ть представле́ние ( о труппе)
7) игра́ть роль (кого-л.), быть (кем-л.);
сыгра́ть ( шутку), разыгра́ть;
9) игра́ть в аза́ртные и́гры
10) игра́ть (на чём-л.), воспо́льзоваться (чем-л.);
to play in favour of smb., smth. благоприя́тствовать кому́-л., чему́-л.
11) игра́ть (во что-л., на что-л.), уча́ствовать в игре́;
12) подходи́ть для игры́, быть в хоро́шем состоя́нии;
14) ходи́ть (шашкой, картой)
15)
спорт.
отбива́ть, подава́ть ( мяч)
16) порха́ть, носи́ться; танцева́ть;
17) бить ( о фонтане); перелива́ться, игра́ть; мелька́ть;
18) притворя́ться, прики́дываться
19) направля́ть ( свет
и т.п.
; on, over, along — на что-л.); обстре́ливать (on, upon);
20) дать (вре́мя) ( рыбе) хорошо́ клю́нуть
21)
разг.
поступа́ть, де́йствовать;
22) свобо́дно владе́ть;
а) манипули́ровать, подтасо́вывать;
б)
разг.
заводи́ть любо́вную интри́жку;
а) натра́вливать ( against — на);
б) сыгра́ть повто́рную па́ртию по́сле ничье́й;
play on игра́ть (на чьих-л. чувствах);
а) разы́грывать (кого-л.);
б) капри́зничать, пристава́ть;
в) стара́ться игра́ть как мо́жно лу́чше;
д) вести́ себя́ му́жественно, герои́чески;
to play into the hands of smb. сыгра́ть на́ руку кому́-л.
;
to play it low on smb. разг. по́дло поступи́ть по отноше́нию к кому́-л.
;
Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > play
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20
play upon
play upon играть (на чьих-л. чувствах); to play upon words каламбурить;Politicians often win votes by playing upon the electors’ distrust of theparty in power.
Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > play upon
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См. также в других словарях:
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play upon words — play on words or play upon words noun A pun or other manipulation of words depending on their sound • • • Main Entry: ↑play * * * play on words or play upon words, = pun. (Cf. ↑pun) … Useful english dictionary
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play with words/language — to use words that sound similar or that have several different meanings especially in a clever or funny way a writer who enjoys playing with words • • • Main Entry: ↑play … Useful english dictionary
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play with words — see ↑play, 1 • • • Main Entry: ↑word … Useful english dictionary
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play upon words — index distort Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
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play on words — play′ on words′ n. a pun or the act of punning … From formal English to slang
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play on words — n. a pun or punning … English World dictionary
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Play On Words (game) — Infobox Game title = Play on Words image link = image caption = Game and Packaging designer = illustrator = publisher = Winning Moves players = 1 to 4 ages = 8 and up setup time = 2 minutes playing time = 2 15 minutes, depending on number of… … Wikipedia
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play on words — a pun or the act of punning. * * * play on words or play upon words noun A pun or other manipulation of words depending on their sound • • • Main Entry: ↑play * * * play on words or play upon words, = pun. (Cf. ↑pun) … Useful english dictionary
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play on words — plays on words N COUNT: usu a N in sing A play on words is the same as a pun … English dictionary
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play on words — See a play on words … English idioms
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play on words — a humorous use of a word to suggest a different meaning There are many cases of using a play on words in the newspaper headlines … Idioms and examples
Предложения:
play on words
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.
For example, if you dream of kissing an actor this may be a play on words.
Например, если вы мечтаете поцеловать актера, это может быть игра слов.
It was literally… a play on words.
A play on words cannot be translated literally without losing its original meaning.
Игру слов нельзя буквально перевести, поскольку при этом будет утрачено исходное значение.
A play on words is one thing; the real meaning is something else.
Игра слов — это одно, истинное значение — другое.
The sign contains a play on words, using the word «fencing» to mean «distancing».
Плакат содержит игру слов, используя слово «отгораживаться» в значении «дистанцироваться».
A good method because it involves at its core — a joke, a play on words.
Хороший метод, так как он предполагает в своей основе — шутку, игру слов.
The above title is more than just a play on words.
В этом названии — нечто большее, чем просто игра слов.
I think that this is more of a play on words.
Я бы сказал, что это больше игра слов.
This joke is a play on words.
В этой шутке юмор заключается в игре слов.
There is a play on words here in the original.
В оригинале здесь присутствует игра слов.
The design concept is based on a play on words.
Рекламная концепция строилась на игре слов.
The names are probably a play on words as they all end with the «zaru» verb.
Имена, вероятно, являются игрой слов, поскольку все они заканчиваются глаголом «зару».
It may reflect your restaurant’s theme or its location, or simply be a play on words.
Оно может отображать ресторанную концепцию, географическое место, или же просто быть игрой слов.
The name is also a play on words.
Также само название содержит игру слов.
The name Manuela is actually a play on words.
На самом деле, название «Макарена» является игрой слов.
There is a play on words here that gets lost in the translation.
«Здесь еще есть игра слов, которая в переводе теряется.
There is really something ridiculous about talking and writing; a real conversation is just a play on words.
«Воистину говорить и писать — забавная штука; настоящий разговор — это чистая игра слов.
Another money laundering is planned due to a play on words
Намечается очередной отмыв денег, благодаря игре слов
In any event, I think the ‘golden age’ is more of a play on words.
Хотя, по большому счету, все «эпохи» скорее игра слов.
This TRB root involves a play on words characteristic of Sufic thinking.
Корень ТРБ участвует в игре слов, характерной для суфийского мышления.
Результатов: 150. Точных совпадений: 150. Затраченное время: 115 мс
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