English grammar word file

CONTENTS

THE VERB

1. The Verb “to be” ………………………………………………………………………….

8

2. “There is (are)” Construction…………………………………………………………..

11

3. The Verb “to have”

……………………………………………………………………….

13

4. English Tenses Active ……………………………………………………………………

16

5. The Indefinite (Simple) Forms……………………………….

………………………..

18

5.1

The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense……………………………………………..

18

5.2

The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense…………………………………………………

20

5.3

The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense……………………………………………….

24

6. The Continuous Forms…………………………………………………………………..

27

6.1

The Present Continuous Tense……………………………………………………..

27

6.2

The Present Continuous and Present Indefinite (Simple)………………………..

31

6.3

The Past Continuous Tense…………………………………………………………

34

6.4

The Past Continuous and Past Indefinite (Simple)………………………………..

35

6.5

The Future Continuous Tense………………………………………………………

39

6.6

Revision………………………………………………………………………………..

41

7. The Perfect Forms

……………………………………………………………………….

42

7.1

The Present Perfect Tense…………………………………………………………

42

7.2

The Present Perfect and Past Indefinite (Simple)…………………………………

47

7.3

The Past Perfect Tense……………………………………………………………

52

7.4

The Future Perfect Tense……………………………………………………………

58

8. The Perfect Continuous Forms ………………………………………………………..

60

8.1

The Present Perfect Continuous……………………………………………………

60

8.2

The Present Continuous and Present Perfect Continuous………………………

61

8.3

The Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous……………………………

62

8.4

Revision………………………………………………………………………………..

65

8.5

The Past Perfect Continuous………………………………………………………..

67

I

8.6

The Past Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous……………………………….

69

8.7

The Future Perfect Continuous……………………………………………………..

71

9. The Revision of Tenses………………………………………………………………….

72

10. Tests ……………………………………………………………………………………….

80

11. Talking about the

Future………………………………………………………………

82

11.1 Present Tenses with a Future Meaning……………………………………………..

82

11.2“to be going to

…” ………………………………………………………………….

84

11.3The Future Indefinite (Simple) ……………………………………………………….

85

11.4“be to”, “be about to”, “be due to” ………………………………………………

88

11.5Revision………………………………………………………………………………..

88

THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES

1. General Rules……………………………………………………………………………..

91

2. Revision…………………………………………………………………………………….

96

3. Tests ………………………………………………………………………………………..

97

1.

Indirect Statement…………………………………………….

……………………….. 98

2.

Indirect Command and Request…………………………………………………….

100

3.

Indirect Questions…………………………………………………………………….

101

3.1

Indirect General Questions…………………………………………………………..

101

3.2

Indirect Special Questions………………………………………………………….

102

4. Revision………………………………………………………………………………….

103

1.

The Formation of the Passive Voice………………………………………………

107

2.

Uses of the Passive VoicePeculiar to the English Language………………….

108

3.

Revision………………………………………………………………………………….

118

4. Tests ……………………………………………………………………………………..

120

1.

Conditional Sentences……………………………………………………………….

122

1.1

Revision……………………………………………………………………………..

130

1.2

Test…………………………………………………………………………………..

131

2.

Making a Wish…………………………………………………………………………

132

3.

Revision………………………………………………………………………………….

135

4.

Tests

……………………………………………………………………………………..

136

MODAL VERBS

1.

Definition………………………………………………………………………………..

137

2.

Can……………………………………………………………………………………….

138

2.1

Revision……………………………………………………………………………..

143

3.

M ay

………………………………………………………

…………………………….. 144

4.

Must………………………………………………………………………………………

147

4.1

Revision……………………………………………………………………………..

154

5.

Should and Ought…………………………………………………………………….

155

6.

Need……………………………………………………………………………………..

158

7.

Revision………………………………………………………………………………….

160

8.

Tests

……………………………………………………………………………………..

164

THE NOUN

1.

Formation of Nouns

…………………………………………………………………..

166

2.

Classification

of Nouns………………………………………………………………

169

3.

The

Category

of ……………………………………………………….

Number

172

4. The

Category

of …………………………………………………………..

Case

177

5.

Tests

……………………………………………………………………………………..

181

THE ARTICLE

1. The

Use of Articles with Common Nouns ………………………………………..

182

1.1

The Use of the Indefinite Article (a/an)……………………………………………

182

1.2

The Use of the Definite Article (the)………………………………………………

184

1.3

The Zero Article………………………………………………………………………

186

1.4

Revision……………………………………………………………………………….

191

2. The

Use of Articles with Nouns of Material and Abstract Nouns…………..

193

3. The

Use of Articles with Proper Nouns ………………………………………….

196

3.1

Geographical Names………………………………………………………………..

196

3.2

Names of Persons…………………………………………………………………..

197

3.3

The Use of Articles in the Names of Places, Some Buildings,

public organizations, etc…………………………………………………………….

198

3.4

Revision……………………………………………………………………………….

200

4. Special Difficulties in the Use of Articles………………………………………….

201

5. The Use of Articles with Nounsin Some Set Expressions………………………

205

6. Tests ……………………………………………………………………………………….

207

THE PRONOUN

1. Classification

of

Pronouns …………………………………………………………..

209

1.1

Personal and Possessive Pronouns………………………………………………..

209

1.2

Reflexive Pronouns…………………………………………………………………..

212

1.3

Demostrative Pronouns………………………………………………………………

215

1.4

Interrogative Pronouns……………………………………………………………….

216

1.5

Defining Pronouns……………………………………………………………………

217

1.6

Indefinite and Negative Pronouns…………………………………………………..

224

1.7 “Much/many”, “little/few”,“a little/a few” ……………………………………

231

2. Tests ……………………………

…………………………………………………………

234

THE ADJECTIVE

1. Formation of Adjectives……………………………………………………………….

235

2. Word Order: adjective + noun……………………………………………………….

238

3. The Comparison of Adjectives………………………………………………………

241

4. Tests ……………………………

…………………………………………………………

249

THE ADVERB

1. Definition and

Forms………………………………………………………………….

250

2. Classification

of Adverbs…………………………………………………………….

254

2.1

Adverbs of

Manner………………………………………………………………

254

2.2

Adverbs of

Time…………………………………………………………………

256

2.3

Adverbs of

Frequency……………………………………………………………

258

2.4

Adverbs of

Place andDirection………………………………………………….

259

2.5

Adverbs of

Degree, Measureand Quantity…………………………………….

260

2.6

Viewpoint Adverbs…………………………………………………………………..

266

3. Revision……………………………………………………………………………………

268

4. Tests ……………………………………………………………………………………….

270

THE VERB TO BE’ IN THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

POSITIVE FORM

NEGATIVE FORM

QUESTIONS

I

am (I’m)

I

am

not

(I’m not)

Am

I?

You

are (you’re)

You

are

not

(you’re not or you aren’t)

Are you?

He

is

(he’s)

He

is

not

(he’s not or he isn’t)

Is

he?

She

is

(she’s)

She

is

not

(she’s not orshe isn’t)

Is

she?

It

is

(it’s)

It

is

not

(it’s not or itisn’t)

Is

it?

We

are

(we’re)

We

are

not

(we’re not orwe aren’t)

Are we?

You

are

(you’re)

You

are

not

(you’re not oryou aren’t)

Are you?

They are

(they’re)

They

are

not

(they’re not orthey aren’t)

Are they?

Ex. 1

I. Write short forms (she’s/we’re, etc.).

1. he is

he’s

3. she isnot____________

5.1am not___________

2. they are__________

4. it is not ______________

6. you are not_________

II. Write the full forms (she is/we are, etc.)

7. we aren’t

we are not

9. you’re ____________

11. it isn’t____________

8. I’m ______________

10. they aren’t __________

12. she’s ____________

1.

Brussels…the capital of Belgium) Brussels is the capital of Belgium.

2.

1…1nterested in hockey) Iam not interestedin hockev.

6.

1…afraid

of dogs)

7.

My hands…

dirty)_____________________________________

8.

Russia…a very big country)

9.

The Amur…

in Europe)___

10.

Diamonds…

cheap)

11.

Motor-racing…a dangerous sport)

12.

Squirrels…

big animals)________

3.

(Where my trousers?)__________________________________________

?

4.

(How old your grandmother?)______________________________________

?

5.

(What colour his hair?)___________________________________________

?

Ex. 6. Ask questions. (Read the answers to the questions first.)

1.

(his name?) What’s his name?

Robert.

2.

(single or married?) Are vou single or married?

I’msingle.

3.

(British?)

No, I’mnot.

4.

(where / from?)

FromAustralia.

5.

(howold?)

I’m 18.

6.

(astudent?)

No, I’ma secretary.

7.

(your mother a teacher?)

No, she’s a lawyer.

8.

(where / from?)

She’s Italian.

9.

(her name?)

Rachel.

10.

(howold?)

She’s 40.