Doing calculations in excel

Calculated items in Excel and Excel Services

Microsoft Excel 2013 offers a variety of business intelligence capabilities that enable you to create powerful reports, scorecards, and dashboards. New and improved capabilities include the ability to create calculated items, such as Calculated Measures, Calculated Members, and Calculated Fields. Read this article to learn about calculated items and whether they’re supported in Excel Services.

Calculated items in Excel Services

In Excel, people can create calculated items that include Calculated Measures, Calculated Members, and Calculated Fields. Calculated items enable you to define and use custom calculations and sets of items that do not exist in the databases that are used to create PivotChart reports or PivotTable reports.

When you have a workbook that contains calculated items, you can share the workbook with others by uploading it to a SharePoint library. Depending on how your SharePoint environment is configured, people can typically view and use workbooks that contain calculated items in a browser window. However, some environments might not support that capability.

If your organization is using Office Web Apps Server alongside SharePoint Server 2013 (on premises), then either Excel Services (SharePoint Server 2013) or Excel Web App (Office Web Apps Server)is used to render workbooks in a browser window. This decision can affect whether workbooks that contain Calculated Fields (created by using Power Pivot for Excel) can be viewed in a browser window.

The following table summarizes whether calculated items are supported in Excel Services (SharePoint Server 2013), Excel Web App (Office Web Apps Server), and Excel for the web (in SharePoint).

Excel Services (SharePoint Server 2013, on premises)

Excel Web App (Office Web Apps, on premises)

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Use Excel as your calculator

Instead of using a calculator, use Microsoft Excel to do the math!

You can enter simple formulas to add, divide, multiply, and subtract two or more numeric values. Or use the AutoSum feature to quickly total a series of values without entering them manually in a formula. After you create a formula, you can copy it into adjacent cells — no need to create the same formula over and over again.

Subtract in Excel

Multiply in Excel

Divide in Excel

Learn more about simple formulas

All formula entries begin with an equal sign ( =). For simple formulas, simply type the equal sign followed by the numeric values that you want to calculate and the math operators that you want to use — the plus sign ( +) to add, the minus sign ( —) to subtract, the asterisk ( *) to multiply, and the forward slash ( /) to divide. Then, press ENTER, and Excel instantly calculates and displays the result of the formula.

For example, when you type =12.99+16.99 in cell C5 and press ENTER, Excel calculates the result and displays 29.98 in that cell.

The formula that you enter in a cell remains visible in the formula bar, and you can see it whenever that cell is selected.

Important: Although there is a SUM function, there is no SUBTRACT function. Instead, use the minus (-) operator in a formula; for example, =8-3+2-4+12. Or, you can use a minus sign to convert a number to its negative value in the SUM function; for example, the formula =SUM(12,5,-3,8,-4) uses the SUM function to add 12, 5, subtract 3, add 8, and subtract 4, in that order.

Use AutoSum

The easiest way to add a SUM formula to your worksheet is to use AutoSum. Select an empty cell directly above or below the range that you want to sum, and on the Home or Formula tabs of the ribbon, click AutoSum > Sum. AutoSum will automatically sense the range to be summed and build the formula for you. This also works horizontally if you select a cell to the left or right of the range that you need to sum.

Note: AutoSum does not work on non-contiguous ranges.

In the figure above, the AutoSum feature is seen to automatically detect cells B2:B5 as the range to sum. All you need to do is press ENTER to confirm it. If you need to add/exclude more cells, you can hold the Shift Key + the arrow key of your choice until your selection matches what you want. Then press Enter to complete the task.

Intellisense function guide: the SUM(number1,[number2], …) floating tag beneath the function is its Intellisense guide. If you click the SUM or function name, it will change o a blue hyperlink to the Help topic for that function. If you click the individual function elements, their representative pieces in the formula will be highlighted. In this case, only B2:B5 would be highlighted, since there is only one number reference in this formula. The Intellisense tag will appear for any function.

Learn more in the article on the SUM function.

Avoid rewriting the same formula

After you create a formula, you can copy it to other cells — no need to rewrite the same formula. You can either copy the formula, or use the fill handle to copy the formula to adjacent cells.

For example, when you copy the formula in cell B6 to C6, the formula in that cell automatically changes to update to cell references in column C.

When you copy the formula, ensure that the cell references are correct. Cell references may change if they have relative references. For more information, see Copy and paste a formula to another cell or worksheet.

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Overview of formulas in Excel

Get started on how to create formulas and use built-in functions to perform calculations and solve problems.

Important: The calculated results of formulas and some Excel worksheet functions may differ slightly between a Windows PC using x86 or x86-64 architecture and a Windows RT PC using ARM architecture. Learn more about the differences.

Important: In this article we discuss XLOOKUP and VLOOKUP, which are similar. Try using the new XLOOKUP function, an improved version of VLOOKUP that works in any direction and returns exact matches by default, making it easier and more convenient to use than its predecessor.

Create a formula that refers to values in other cells

Type the equal sign =.

Note: Formulas in Excel always begin with the equal sign.

Select a cell or type its address in the selected cell.

Enter an operator. For example, – for subtraction.

Select the next cell, or type its address in the selected cell.

Press Enter. The result of the calculation appears in the cell with the formula.

See a formula

When a formula is entered into a cell, it also appears in the Formula bar.

To see a formula, select a cell, and it will appear in the formula bar.

Enter a formula that contains a built-in function

Select an empty cell.

Type an equal sign = and then type a function. For example, =SUM for getting the total sales.

Type an opening parenthesis (.

Select the range of cells, and then type a closing parenthesis).

Press Enter to get the result.

Download our Formulas tutorial workbook

We’ve put together a Get started with Formulas workbook that you can download. If you’re new to Excel, or even if you have some experience with it, you can walk through Excel’s most common formulas in this tour. With real-world examples and helpful visuals, you’ll be able to Sum, Count, Average, and Vlookup like a pro.

Formulas in-depth

You can browse through the individual sections below to learn more about specific formula elements.

A formula can also contain any or all of the following: functions, references, operators, and constants.

Parts of a formula

1. Functions: The PI() function returns the value of pi: 3.142.

2. References: A2 returns the value in cell A2.

3. Constants: Numbers or text values entered directly into a formula, such as 2.

4. Operators: The ^ (caret) operator raises a number to a power, and the * (asterisk) operator multiplies numbers.

A constant is a value that is not calculated; it always stays the same. For example, the date 10/9/2008, the number 210, and the text «Quarterly Earnings» are all constants. An expression or a value resulting from an expression is not a constant. If you use constants in a formula instead of references to cells (for example, =30+70+110), the result changes only if you modify the formula. In general, it’s best to place constants in individual cells where they can be easily changed if needed, then reference those cells in formulas.

A reference identifies a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet, and tells Excel where to look for the values or data you want to use in a formula. You can use references to use data contained in different parts of a worksheet in one formula or use the value from one cell in several formulas. You can also refer to cells on other sheets in the same workbook, and to other workbooks. References to cells in other workbooks are called links or external references.

The A1 reference style

By default, Excel uses the A1 reference style, which refers to columns with letters (A through XFD, for a total of 16,384 columns) and refers to rows with numbers (1 through 1,048,576). These letters and numbers are called row and column headings. To refer to a cell, enter the column letter followed by the row number. For example, B2 refers to the cell at the intersection of column B and row 2.

The cell in column A and row 10

The range of cells in column A and rows 10 through 20

The range of cells in row 15 and columns B through E

All cells in row 5

All cells in rows 5 through 10

All cells in column H

All cells in columns H through J

The range of cells in columns A through E and rows 10 through 20

Making a reference to a cell or a range of cells on another worksheet in the same workbook

In the following example, the AVERAGE function calculates the average value for the range B1:B10 on the worksheet named Marketing in the same workbook.

1. Refers to the worksheet named Marketing

2. Refers to the range of cells from B1 to B10

3. The exclamation point (!) Separates the worksheet reference from the cell range reference

Note: If the referenced worksheet has spaces or numbers in it, then you need to add apostrophes (‘) before and after the worksheet name, like =’123′!A1 or =’January Revenue’!A1.

The difference between absolute, relative and mixed references

Relative references A relative cell reference in a formula, such as A1, is based on the relative position of the cell that contains the formula and the cell the reference refers to. If the position of the cell that contains the formula changes, the reference is changed. If you copy or fill the formula across rows or down columns, the reference automatically adjusts. By default, new formulas use relative references. For example, if you copy or fill a relative reference in cell B2 to cell B3, it automatically adjusts from =A1 to =A2.

Copied formula with relative reference

Absolute references An absolute cell reference in a formula, such as $A$1, always refer to a cell in a specific location. If the position of the cell that contains the formula changes, the absolute reference remains the same. If you copy or fill the formula across rows or down columns, the absolute reference does not adjust. By default, new formulas use relative references, so you may need to switch them to absolute references. For example, if you copy or fill an absolute reference in cell B2 to cell B3, it stays the same in both cells: =$A$1.

Copied formula with absolute reference

Mixed references A mixed reference has either an absolute column and relative row, or absolute row and relative column. An absolute column reference takes the form $A1, $B1, and so on. An absolute row reference takes the form A$1, B$1, and so on. If the position of the cell that contains the formula changes, the relative reference is changed, and the absolute reference does not change. If you copy or fill the formula across rows or down columns, the relative reference automatically adjusts, and the absolute reference does not adjust. For example, if you copy or fill a mixed reference from cell A2 to B3, it adjusts from =A$1 to =B$1.

Copied formula with mixed reference

The 3-D reference style

Conveniently referencing multiple worksheets If you want to analyze data in the same cell or range of cells on multiple worksheets within a workbook, use a 3-D reference. A 3-D reference includes the cell or range reference, preceded by a range of worksheet names. Excel uses any worksheets stored between the starting and ending names of the reference. For example, =SUM(Sheet2:Sheet13!B5) adds all the values contained in cell B5 on all the worksheets between and including Sheet 2 and Sheet 13.

You can use 3-D references to refer to cells on other sheets, to define names, and to create formulas by using the following functions: SUM, AVERAGE, AVERAGEA, COUNT, COUNTA, MAX, MAXA, MIN, MINA, PRODUCT, STDEV.P, STDEV.S, STDEVA, STDEVPA, VAR.P, VAR.S, VARA, and VARPA.

3-D references cannot be used in array formulas.

3-D references cannot be used with the intersection operator (a single space) or in formulas that use implicit intersection.

What occurs when you move, copy, insert, or delete worksheets The following examples explain what happens when you move, copy, insert, or delete worksheets that are included in a 3-D reference. The examples use the formula =SUM(Sheet2:Sheet6!A2:A5) to add cells A2 through A5 on worksheets 2 through 6.

Insert or copy If you insert or copy sheets between Sheet2 and Sheet6 (the endpoints in this example), Excel includes all values in cells A2 through A5 from the added sheets in the calculations.

Delete If you delete sheets between Sheet2 and Sheet6, Excel removes their values from the calculation.

Move If you move sheets from between Sheet2 and Sheet6 to a location outside the referenced sheet range, Excel removes their values from the calculation.

Move an endpoint If you move Sheet2 or Sheet6 to another location in the same workbook, Excel adjusts the calculation to accommodate the new range of sheets between them.

Delete an endpoint If you delete Sheet2 or Sheet6, Excel adjusts the calculation to accommodate the range of sheets between them.

The R1C1 reference style

You can also use a reference style where both the rows and the columns on the worksheet are numbered. The R1C1 reference style is useful for computing row and column positions in macros. In the R1C1 style, Excel indicates the location of a cell with an «R» followed by a row number and a «C» followed by a column number.

A relative reference to the cell two rows up and in the same column

A relative reference to the cell two rows down and two columns to the right

An absolute reference to the cell in the second row and in the second column

A relative reference to the entire row above the active cell

An absolute reference to the current row

When you record a macro, Excel records some commands by using the R1C1 reference style. For example, if you record a command, such as clicking the AutoSum button to insert a formula that adds a range of cells, Excel records the formula by using R1C1 style, not A1 style, references.

You can turn the R1C1 reference style on or off by setting or clearing the R1C1 reference style check box under the Working with formulas section in the Formulas category of the Options dialog box. To display this dialog box, click the File tab.

Need more help?

You can always ask an expert in the Excel Tech Community or get support in the Answers community.

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How to Calculate in Excel (Table of Contents)

• Introduction to Calculations in Excel
• Examples of Calculations in Excel

Introduction to Calculations in Excel

The following article provides an outline for Calculations in Excel. MS Excel is the most preferred option for calculation; most investment bankers and financial analysts use it to do data crunching, prepare presentations, or model data.

There are two ways to perform the Excel calculation: Formula and the second is Function. Where formula is the normal arithmetic operation like summation, multiplication, subtraction, etc. Function is the inbuilt formula like SUM (), COUNT (), COUNTA (), COUNTIF (), SQRT () etc.

Operator Precedence: It will use default order to calculate; if there is some operation in parentheses, then it will calculate that part first, then multiplication or division after that addition or subtraction. It is the same as the BODMAS rule.

Examples of Calculations in Excel

Here are some examples of How to Use Excel to Calculate Basic calculations.

You can download this Calculations Excel Template here – Calculations Excel Template

Example #1 – Basic Calculations like Multiplication, Summation, Subtraction, and Square Root

Here we are going to learn how to do basic calculations like multiplication, summation, subtraction, and square root in Excel.

Let’s assume a user wants to perform calculations like multiplication, summation, subtraction by 4 and find out the square root of all numbers in Excel.

Let’s see how we can do this with the help of calculations.

Step 1: Open an Excel sheet. Go to sheet 1 and insert the data as shown below.

Step 2: Now create headers for Multiplication, Summation, Subtraction, and Square Root in row one.

Step 3: Now calculate the multiplication by 4. Use the equal sign to calculate. Write in cell C2 and use asterisk symbol (*) to multiply “=A2*4“

Step 4: Now press on the Enter key; multiplication will be calculated.

Step 5: Drag the same formula to the C9 cell to apply to the remaining cells.

Step 6: Now calculate subtraction by 4. Use an equal sign to calculate. Write in cell D2 “=A2-4“

Step 7: Now click on the Enter key, the subtraction will be calculated.

Step 8: Drag the same formula till cell D9 to apply to the remaining cells.

Step 9: Now calculate the addition by 4, use an equal sign to calculate. Write in E2 Cell “=A2+4“

Step 10: Now press on the Enter key, the addition will be calculated.

Step 11: Drag the same formula to the E9 cell to apply to the remaining cells.

Step 12: Now calculate the square root>> use equal sign to calculate >> Write in F2 Cell >> “=SQRT (A2“

Step 13: Now, press on the Enter key >> square root will be calculated.

Step 14: Drag the same formula till the F9 cell to apply the remaining cell.

Summary of Example 1: As the user wants to perform calculations like multiplication, summation, subtraction by 4 and find out the square root of all numbers in MS Excel.

Example #2 – Basic Calculations like Summation, Average, and Counting

Here we are going to learn how to use Excel to calculate basic calculations like summation, average, and counting.

Let’s assume a user wants to find out total sales, average sales, and the total number of products available in his stock for sale.

Let’s see how we can do this with the help of calculations.

Step 1: Open an Excel sheet. Go to Sheet1 and insert the data as shown below.

Step 2: Now create headers for Result table, Grand Total, Number of Product and an Average Sale of his product in column D.

Step 3: Now calculate grand total sales. Use the SUM function to calculate the grand total. Write in cell E3. “=SUM (“

Step 4: Now, it will ask for the numbers, so give the data range, which is available in column B. Write in cell E3. “=SUM (B2:B11) “

Step 5: Now press on the Enter key. Grand total sales will be calculated.

Step 6: Now calculate the total number of products in the stock, use the COUNT function to calculate the grand total. Write in cell E4 “=COUNT (“

Step 7: Now, it will ask for the values, so give the data range, which is available in column B. Write in cell E4. “=COUNT (B2:B11) “

Step 8: Now press on the Enter key. The total number of products will be calculated.

Step 9: Now calculate the average sale of products in the stock, use the AVERAGE function to calculate the average sale. Write in cell E5. “=AVERAGE (“

Step 10: Now, it will ask for the numbers, so give the data range which is available in column B. Write in cell E5. “=AVERAGE (B2:B11) “

Step 11: Now click on the Enter key. The average sale of products will be calculated.

Summary of Example 2: As the user wants to find out total sales, average sales, and the total number of products available in his stock for sale. 

Things to Remember about Calculations in Excel

• During calculations, if there are some operations in parentheses, then it will calculate that part first, then multiplication or division after that addition or subtraction.
• It is the same as the BODMAS rule: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction.
• When a user uses an equal sign (=) in any cell, it means that the user is going to put some formula, not a value.
• A small difference from the normal mathematics symbol like multiplication uses asterisk symbol (*) and for division uses forward-slash (/).
• There is no need to write the same formula for each cell; once it is written, then just copy-paste to other cells, it will calculate automatically.
• A user can use the SQRT function to calculate the square root of any value; it has only one parameter. But a user cannot calculate square root for a negative number; it will throw an error #NUM!

• If a negative value occurs as output, use the ABS formula to determine the absolute value, which is an in-built function in MS Excel.
• A user can use the COUNTA in-built function if there is confusion in the data type because COUNT supports only numeric values.

Recommended Articles

This is a guide to Calculations in Excel. Here we discuss how to use excel to calculate along with examples and a downloadable excel template. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –

1. Create a Lookup Table in Excel
2. Use of COLUMNS Formula in Excel
3. CHOOSE Formula in Excel with Examples
4. What is Chart Wizard in Excel?

How to Use Excel as a Calculator?

In Excel, by default, there is no calculator button or option available in it. But, we can enable it manually from the “Options” section and then from the “Quick Access Toolbar,” where we can go to the commands not available in the ribbon. There further, we will find the calculator option available. Just click on “Add” and the “OK” to add the calculator to our Excel ribbon.

I have never seen beyond Excel to do the calculations in my career. Most of the calculations are possible with Excel spreadsheets. Not only are the calculations, but they are also flexible enough to reflect the immediate results if there are any modifications to the numbers, which is the power of applying formulas.

By using formulas, we need to worry about all the steps in the calculations because formulas will capture the numbers and show immediate real-time results for us. Excel has hundreds of built-in formulas to work with some of the complex calculations. On top of this, we see the spreadsheet as a mathematics calculator to add, divide, subtract, and multiply.

This article will show you how to use Excel as a calculator.

How to Calculate in Excel Sheet?

Below are examples of how to use Excel as a calculator.

You can download this Calculation in Excel Template here – Calculation in Excel Template

Example #1 – Use Formulas in Excel as a Calculator

As told, Excel has many of its built-in formulas, and on top of this, we can use Excel in the form of a calculator. To enter anything in the cell, we type the content in the required cell but apply the formula, and we need to start the equal sign in the cell.

So, 50 + 30 = 80.

It is the basic use of ExcelIn today’s corporate working and data management process, Microsoft Excel is a powerful tool.» Every employee is required to have this expertise. The primary uses of Excel are as follows: Data Analysis and Interpretation, Data Organizing and Restructuring, Data Filtering, Goal Seek Analysis, Interactive Charts and Graphs.
read more as a calculator. Similarly, we can use cell references to the formulaCell reference in excel is referring the other cells to a cell to use its values or properties. For instance, if we have data in cell A2 and want to use that in cell A1, use =A2 in cell A1, and this will copy the A2 value in A1.read more.

Example #2 – Use Cell References

For example, look at the below values in cells A1, A2, and A3.

• We must open an equal sign in the A4 cell.

• Then, select cell A1 first.

• After selecting cell A1, we need to put a plus sign and choose the A2 cell.

• Now, put one more plus sign and select A3 cell.

• Press the “ENTER” key to get the result in the A4 cell.

It is the result of using cell references.

Example #3 – Cell Reference Formulas are Flexible

By using cell references, we can make the formula real-time and flexible. We said cell reference formulas are flexible because if we make any changes to the formula input cells (A1, A2, A3), it will reflect the changes in the formula cell (A4).

• We will change the number in cell A2 from 40 to 50.

We have changed the number but have not yet pressed the “ENTER” key. If we hit the “ENTER” key, we can see the result in the A4 cell.

• The moment we press the “ENTER” key, we see the impact on cell A4.

Example #4 – Formula Cell is not Value, It is the only Formula

We need to know when we use a cell reference for formulas because formula cells hold the result of the formula, not the value itself.

• Suppose we have a value of 50 in cell C2.

• If we copy and paste it to the next cell, we still get the value of 50 only.

• But, now come back to cell A4.

• Here we can see 90, but this is not the value but the formula. So we will copy and paste it to the next cell and see what we get.

Oh oh!!! We got zero.

We got zero because cell A4 has the formula =A1 + A2 + A3. When we copy cell A4 and paste it to B4, formula-referenced cells are changed from A1 + A2 + A3 to B1 + B2 + B3.

We got zero since there are no values in the cells B1, B2, and B3. So now, we will put 60 in any of the cells in B1, B2, and B3 and see the result.

• Look here the moment we have entered 60; we got the result as 60 because cell B4 already has the cell reference of the above three cells (B1, B2, and B3).

Example #5 – Built-In Formulas are Best Suited for Excel

We have seen how to use cell references for the formulas in the above examples. But those are best suited only for the small number of data sets, for a maximum of 5 to 10 cells.

Now, look at the below data.

We have numbers from A1 to D5, and in the B7 cell, we need the total of these numbers. In these large data sets, we cannot give individual cell references, which takes a lot of time for us. That is where Excel’s built-in formulas come into the example.

• We should first open the SUM functionThe SUM function in excel adds the numerical values in a range of cells. Being categorized under the Math and Trigonometry function, it is entered by typing “=SUM” followed by the values to be summed. The values supplied to the function can be numbers, cell references or ranges.read more in cell B7.

• Now, hold the left-click of the mouse and select the range of cells from A1 to D5.

• After that, close the bracket and press the “Enter” key.

So, like this, we can use built-in formulas to work with large data sets.

This way, we can calculate in the Excel sheet.

Recommended Articles

This article is a guide to Excel as a Calculator. Here, we discuss how to do a calculation in an Excel sheet with examples and downloadable Excel templates. You may also look at these useful functions in Excel: –

• Calculate Percentage in Excel Formula
• Multiply in Excel Formula
• How to Divide using Excel Formulas?
• Excel Subtraction Formula