Do any computers come with word

Laptop with Microsoft Office Installed (Top 7 Picks)

  • 1: ASUS VivoBook L203MA Laptop.
  • 2: HP Stream 14-inch Laptop.
  • 3: Acer Aspire 1 A114-32-C1YA.
  • 4: HP 14″ HD Intel N4000.
  • 5: 2020 Newest HP 14 Inch.
  • 6: Microsoft Surface Laptop 3.
  • 7: Dell XPS 9370 Laptop.
  • Wrapping things up…

Contents

  • 1 Do any laptops come with Word?
  • 2 Is Microsoft Word free on laptop?
  • 3 Do Windows 10 laptops come with Microsoft Word?
  • 4 Do any computers come with Word?
  • 5 Do laptops come with Excel and Word?
  • 6 Why is Microsoft Word so bad?
  • 7 Does Microsoft Word cost money?
  • 8 How much does it cost to buy a word on a laptop?
  • 9 Do laptops come with Office 365?
  • 10 Does Microsoft Word come with Excel?
  • 11 Do you have to buy Word on Windows 10?
  • 12 Does a Chromebook have word?
  • 13 How do I know if I have word on my computer?
  • 14 What is the best laptop for office use?
  • 15 What laptop should I buy for office?
  • 16 Do new laptops come with Windows 10?
  • 17 How do I get Microsoft Word for free on Windows 10?
  • 18 Why is Microsoft Word not free?
  • 19 Can I just buy Microsoft Word?
  • 20 What can I use instead of Word?

Do any laptops come with Word?

Asus VivoBook, Acer Aspire, and HP Stream are a few laptops made for Office work.A popular 2020 option involves laptops with Microsoft Office 365 which enables cloud storage. This comes with the advantage of even accessing documents remotely, from multiple computers.

Is Microsoft Word free on laptop?

Much like Google Docs, Microsoft has Office Online and in order to access it all you need to do is sign up for a free Microsoft account. You can use Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote and Outlook at no cost.

Do Windows 10 laptops come with Microsoft Word?

No, it does not. Microsoft Word, like Microsoft Office in general, has always been a separate product with its own price. If a computer you owned in the past came with Word, you paid for it in the purchase price of the computer. Windows does include Wordpad, which is a word processor very much like Word.

Do any computers come with Word?

Computers generally do not come with Microsoft Office.Most typical version of Microsoft office are “Home and Student” and “Professional”. For a short peroid of time, Microsoft was shipping some computers with “Office Starter” – a free Word and Excel (with ads), but that was short-lived.

Do laptops come with Excel and Word?

The Starter editions includes only Word and Excel. If you need PowerPoint or other Office components, then yes, you will have to pay for it, but for many, many users, the Starter Edition with Word and Excel is more than adequate. 7.

Why is Microsoft Word so bad?

And Microsoft Word is an atrocious tool for Web writing. Its document-formatting mission means that every piece of text it creates is thickly wrapped in metadata, layer on layer of invisible, unnecessary instructions about how the words should look on paper.

Does Microsoft Word cost money?

Do You Have to Pay for Microsoft Word? No! It’s great news that Microsoft Word and other Office apps are available online for free, as you don’t have to pay for the basic functionality. If you’ve never tried Office Online, you should test it out to see if it works for your needs.

How much does it cost to buy a word on a laptop?

Download Office 2019 From Microsoft: $149.99
This includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote but lacks some solutions Microsoft 365 has.

Do laptops come with Office 365?

Your new laptop includes Microsoft Office 365 Personal pre-installed. Your 1-year subscription includes a host of benefits: Office 365 Personal can also be installed on one tablet and one smartphone, allowing you to sync your files across all your devices.

Does Microsoft Word come with Excel?

It includes: Full Office desktop apps such as Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Outlook, Publisher and Access for Windows PCs, as well as access to additional OneNote features (features vary).

Do you have to buy Word on Windows 10?

It’s a free app that will be preinstalled with Windows 10, and you don’t need an Office 365 subscription to use it.You can download the new Office app from the Microsoft Store, and it’s rolling out to existing Windows 10 users over the coming weeks.

Does a Chromebook have word?

You can access your Microsoft 365 apps from the web — including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, OneDrive, and Outlook.

How do I know if I have word on my computer?

If you have Windows, open a Word document, choose File from the top left corner, and then click either Account or Help on the left nav bar. You’ll see your Office version and information under Product information, on the right side of the window.

What is the best laptop for office use?

Which business laptop is best?

  1. Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon (Gen 9) Best overall business laptop.
  2. Apple MacBook Pro (13-inch, M1)
  3. HP EliteBook x360 1040 G7.
  4. Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Yoga (6th Gen, 2021)
  5. Dell Latitude 9420 2-in-1.
  6. HP Pro C640 Chrome Enterprise.
  7. Dell Latitude 7320 Detachable.
  8. Lenovo ThinkPad P15 Gen 2.

What laptop should I buy for office?

Best laptops for office use at home in India

  • Mi Notebook Horizon Edition 14 XMA1904-AF. The Mi Notebook Horizon Edition 14 features a 14-inch Full HD display and weighs just 1.35kg.
  • HP 14s dq2535TU.
  • Lenovo ThinkPad E15.
  • HP 14s-fq1030AU.
  • Asus VivoBook 15.
  • Avita Liber V14 NS14A8INF561.

Do new laptops come with Windows 10?

A: Any new PC system you get these days will come with Windows 10 pre-installed on it.Most newer systems found in stores will already be around six-to-twelve months behind at time of purchase, so nearly all of them will require some sort of set-up phase, since this is how they will be brought up to current speed.

How do I get Microsoft Word for free on Windows 10?

You can open and create Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents right in your browser. To access these free web apps, just head to Office.com and sign in with a free Microsoft account. Click an application icon—like Word, Excel, or PowerPoint—to open the web version of that application.

Why is Microsoft Word not free?

Except for the advertising-supported Microsoft Word Starter 2010, Word has never been free except as part of a limited-time trial of Office. When the trial expires, you cannot continue to use Word without buying either Office or a freestanding copy of Word.

Can I just buy Microsoft Word?

Yes. You can buy standalone versions of Word, Excel, and PowerPoint for Mac or PC. Go to the Microsoft Store and search for the app you want. You can also get a one-time purchase or a subscription version of Visio or Project, available for PCs only.

What can I use instead of Word?

5 free alternatives to Microsoft Word

  • Google Docs. Google.
  • Apache OpenOffice Writer. Apache.
  • LibreOffice Writer. The Document Foundation.
  • WPS Office Writer. WPS Software.
  • Microsoft Office Word Online. Microsoft.

Many Windows-based computers come with a version of Microsoft Word, the widely used word processing software. More often then not, however, Apple computer’s do not come with any version of Word. You can, however, open Word documents pn a Mac laptop or desktop computer without having to download any special program.

Beside this, can you get Microsoft Access on a Mac?

There is no such thing as Microsoft Access for Mac. Microsoft has never made a version of Access that can run on Mac. You can install Windows on your Mac, either through Bootcamp, or using virtualization software like Parallels, VMWare, VirtualBox etc..

Is access a part of Office 365?

Many Office 365 plans also include the desktop version of the latest Office applications, which users can install across multiple computers and devices. The fully installed applications include: Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Outlook, Publisher, and Access. (Publisher and Access are available on PC only.)

Is access free?

Microsoft offers free runtime versions of Microsoft Access which allow users to run an Access desktop application without needing to purchase or install a retail version of Microsoft Access. This allows Access developers to create databases that can be freely distributed to an unlimited number of end-users.

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Windows 10 includes online versions of OneNote, Word, Excel and PowerPoint from Microsoft Office. The online programs often have their own apps as well, including apps for Android and Apple smartphones and tablets.

Is word free for Windows 10?

Whether you’re using a Windows 10 PC, Mac, or Chromebook, you can use Microsoft Office for free in a web browser. … You can open and create Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents right in your browser. To access these free web apps, just head to Office.com and sign in with a free Microsoft account.

Is Word automatically installed on Windows 10?

The 64-bit version of Office is automatically installed unless you explicitly select the 32-bit version before beginning the installation process. To install either the 32 or 64-bit version of Microsoft 365, Office 2021, or Office 2019, follow the steps in Install Office on a PC.

How do I activate Microsoft Word for free on Windows 10?

B. Activating an Office Purchase or Free Offer and Setting up a Microsoft Account

  1. Go to Start > Word 2016. …
  2. Select Activate. …
  3. Follow the prompts to complete the activation process.

What does Windows Home 10 include?

Home is the standard version of Windows 10, the baseline package designed for the general user primarily accessing Windows at home. This version contains all the core features targeting a broad consumer market, such as the Cortana voice assistant, Outlook, OneNote, and Microsoft Edge.

29 related questions found

Do new computers come with Microsoft Word?

Computers generally do not come with Microsoft Office. … The average quality computer today costs about $600 which includes the hardware (Processor, Ram, CPU, Cd Burner, etc..) and the operating system (typically Windows 10). If you are buying a laptop then include the screen as well.

How do I get Microsoft Word on Windows 10?

How to install Office apps on Windows 10 S

  1. Open Start.
  2. On the App list, find and click an Office app you want to use, for example, Word or Excel.
  3. The Office page will open in the Windows Store, and you should click Install.
  4. Open one of the newly installed apps from the Office product page.

How can I get Microsoft Word for free?

To grab the app, head to the Microsoft Store and search for Word Mobile. Otherwise, click the link below to open it in a browser tab, and then the Download button to open it in Microsoft Store on your Windows computer. Proceed to download it like any app.

How can I use Microsoft Word for free?

To start using Office for free, all you’ve got to do is open your browser, go to Office.com, and select the app you want to use. There’s online copies of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote you can choose from, as well as contacts and calendar apps and the OneDrive online storage.

How can I get Microsoft Office for free?

3 Ways to Get Microsoft Office for Free

  1. Check out Office.com. Microsoft offers Office free to anyone who accesses it directly from Office.com. …
  2. Download Microsoft apps. You can download Microsoft’s revamped Office mobile app, available for iPhone or Android devices, for free.
  3. Enroll in Office 365 Education.

Do you have to pay for Microsoft Word on a laptop?

Do You Have to Pay for Microsoft Word? No! It’s great news that Microsoft Word and other Office apps are available online for free, as you don’t have to pay for the basic functionality. If you’ve never tried Office Online, you should test it out to see if it works for your needs.

Why is Microsoft Word not free?

The reason is that the functionality of these apps is limited: They only run through your web browser, and you can’t use them if you aren’t online. There are also fewer features than the full Microsoft 365 versions.

How do I install Word on my laptop?

Go to office.com/setup and sign in with an existing Microsoft account or create a new one, then enter your product key. Follow the remaining prompts to finish linking your Microsoft account with this version of Office.

Is Microsoft Word no longer free?

You can use Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote and Outlook at no cost. It’s true that these programs don’t have the full list of features that you get with the paid-for version but if you’re only a basic user then it shouldn’t matter much.

Where is Microsoft Word on my computer?

Choose Start, type the name of the application, like Word or Excel, in the Search programs and files box. In the search results, click the application to start it. Choose Start > All Programs to see a list of all your applications. You might need to scroll down to see the Microsoft Office group.

Where is Microsoft Office installed Windows 10?

If you already have Office, you can find your Office apps in Windows 10 by typing the app name in the search box on the taskbar. For example, type word in the search box on the taskbar and then select it from the list of results.

Do all laptops come with word?

Not all laptops come with installed Office programs. You might be able to install Office alternatives such as Open Office on them or simply purchase a subscription on Microsoft’s website. Does Windows 10 come with Office? … However, Microsoft Office tends to run best on Windows computers.

Do all new computers come with Windows 10?

A: Any new PC system you get these days will come with Windows 10 pre-installed on it. … Most newer systems found in stores will already be around six-to-twelve months behind at time of purchase, so nearly all of them will require some sort of set-up phase, since this is how they will be brought up to current speed.

Do all Windows laptops come with word?

Although most laptops now come with Windows 10 installed, not all of them have Microsoft Office software applications installed. … If you got the budget for it, go for the Microsoft Surface Laptop 3 or the Dell XPS 9370 Laptop. That way, you have the power needed to do more than just your work.

How can I download Microsoft Word 2010 for free?

Microsoft Office 2010 is now available as a free download on microsoft.com/office. Alternatively, you may use this link to access the directly installer of Office 2010 Professional edition — the link may require you to sign-in with your Windows Live ID.

Can I download just Microsoft Word?

If you wish to use only Word and do not want to install the suite’s other components, then your best option would be just to purchase and install Word outright and not worry about getting the office suite at all. Word can be obtained online for a one-time installation fee of $129.

Do you have to pay for Microsoft Word every year?

You can choose to pay for your subscription on a monthly or yearly basis. The Microsoft 365 Family plan also lets you share your subscription with your family for up to six people, and use your apps on multiple PCs, Macs, tablets, and phones.

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Computer As It Is (Компьютер как он есть)

The word «computer» comes from a Latin word which means to count.

Слово «компьютер» происходит от латинского слова, означающего считать.

Initially, the computer was designed as a tool to manipulate numbers. Although designed originally for arithmetic purposes, at present it is applicable for a

great variety of tasks. Computers are now an integral part of our day-to-day lives. Today it would be difficult to find any task calling for the processing of large amounts of information that is not performed by a computer. The computer may be stated to have become an important and powerful tool for collecting, recording, analysing,

and distributing tremendous masses of information.

Первоначально компьютер был разработан как инструмент для манипулирования числами. Хотя предназначенный изначально для арифметических целей, в настоящее время он применяется для самых разнообразных задач. Компьютеры в настоящее время стали неотъемлемой частью нашей жизни изо дня в день. Сегодня было бы трудно найти любую задачу для обработки больших объемов информации, которую не берет на себя компьютер. Компьютер может быть важным и мощным инструментом для сбора, регистрации, анализа и распространения огромной массы информации.

In science, computers digest and analyse masses of measurements, such as the positions and velocities of a spacecraft and solve extraordinary long and complex mathematical problems, such as the trajectory of the spacecraft.

В науке, компьютеры считают и анализируют массу измерений, таких, как положения и скорости корабля и решают чрезвычайно длинные и сложные математические задачи, например, траекторию космических аппаратов.

In commerce, computers record and process inventories, purchases, bills, payrolls, bank deposits and the like and keep track of ongoing business transactions.

В торговле, компьютеры записывают и обработатывают запасы, закупки, вексели, платежные ведомости, банковские депозиты и т.п., и отслеживает текущие бизнес-операций.

In industry, they monitor and control manufacturing processes.

В промышленности они смотрят и контролируют производственные процессы.

In government, computers keep statistics, analyse and distribute information.

В правительстве, компьютеры ведут статистику, анализируют и распространяют информацию.

Computer technology has made dramatic strides in application of virtually every segment of a modern industrialized culture, from product design and manufacturing, through sales, warehousing and distribution. Nowadays computer-aided design can no longer be separated from computer-aided manufacturing, they are one and the same. Hence, the acronym, CAD/CAM. The list of applications is large and growing rapidly.

Компьютерная технология сделала серьезные успехи в применении, практически в каждом сегменте, современной индустриальной культуры, начиная с проектирования и производства, путем продажи, складирования и дистрибуции. В настоящее время система автоматизированного проектирования не может быть отделена от автоматизации производственных процессов, они являются одним и тем же. Отсюда, сокращение, CAD/CAM. Список приложений, большой и быстро растет.

To many people, the computer is a superhuman robot. Indeed, it can perform lightingfast calculations and can perform billions of operations in a second. But the computer is not superhuman for itcan accomplish none of these things by itself. Every computer

now in existence must be told what to do: it must have a set of instructions. The writing of these instructions is called programming. Programming is done by a man.

Для многих людей компьютер — сверхчеловеческий робот. В самом деле, он может выполнять сверхскоростные вычисления и может выполнять миллиарды операций в секунду. Но компьютер не сверхчеловек, так как он не может выполнить ни одну из этих вещей сам по себе. Каждому компьютеру, существующему в настоящее время нужно сказать, что делать: он должна иметь набор инструкций. Написания этих инструкций называется программированием. Программирование осуществляется с помощью человека.

Surely, there are similarities with human brain, but there exists one important difference. Despite all its accomplishments, the electronic brain must be programmed by a human brain.

Конечно, есть сходство с человеческим мозгом, но существует одно важное отличие. Несмотря на все свои достижения, электронный мозг должен быть запрограммирован человеческим мозгом.

Although accepted for different purposes, computers virtually do not differ in

structure. Regardless of their size or purpose most computer systems consist at least of three elements: the input-output ports, the memory hierarchy and the central processing unit.

Хотя принятые в различных целях, компьютеры практически не отличаются по своей структуре. Независимо от их размера или цели большинство компьютерных систем состоят как минимум из трех элементов: портов вводавывода, иерархии памяти и центрального процессора.

The input-output ports are known to be paths whereby information (instructions and data) is fed into the computer or taken out of it.

Порты ввода-вывода, как известно, это каналы, по которым информация (инструкции и данные) подается в компьютер или выводится из него.

There are several types of memory. Memory is essential to the computer’s operation. Items of information can be written to, stored in, retrieved from it on

demand by the central processing unit, or erased32 to make room for other information.

Есть несколько типов оперативной памяти. Память имеет важное значение для работы компьютера. Информация может записываться, храниться, извлекаться из компьютера по требованию центрального процессора, или удалятся, чтобы освободить место для другой информации.

The central processing unit, or CPU, controls the operation of the entire system

by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on the responses. When required, itreads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory, and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.

Центральный процессор, или просто процессор, управляет работой всей системы путем выдачи команд на другие части системы и, откликается на ответы. При необходимости, он считывает информацию из памяти, интерпретирует инструкции, выполняет операции над данными в соответствии с инструкциями, записывает результаты обратно в память, и передает информацию между уровнями памяти или с помощью портов ввода-вывода.

Advances in microelectronic components led to the development of smaller computers. In 1971 Intel. Corp. delivered the first microprocessor, the 4004. The central processing unit of a computer was put onto a single silicon chip less than 1/4 in square. When a central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is implemented in a single, or very small number of integrated circuits, we call it amicroprocessor. When a

computer incorporates a microprocessor as a major component, we call it a microcomputer. When the entire computer, including CPU, memory and input-output capability, is incorporated into a single 1C, we call the latter a one-chip microcompute.

Достижения в области микроэлектронных компонентов привели к развитию меньших компьютеров. В 1971 году Корпорация Intel поставила первый микропроцессор, 4004. Центральный процессор компьютера был поставлен на одном кристалле кремния менее 1/4 квадрата. Когда центральный процессор (CPU) компьютера реализован в виде одной микросхемы, или в виде очень небольшого количества интегральных схем, мы называем это микропроцессором. Когда компьютер включает в себя микропроцессор в качестве основного компонента, мы называем это микрокомпьютер. Когда весь компьютер, включая процессор, память и порты ввода-вывода, включен в одиночный 1С, мы называем это однокристальным микрокомпьютером.

The first design was followed by many others. The progress toward smaller computers is certain to continue: gradually there appear nano- computers and pico-computers. These computers are more flexible. Modern computers are virtually symbiotic.

Первый проект породил многие другие. Прогресс в сторону меньших компьютеров, несомненно, будет продолжаться: постепенно появляются нанокомпьютеров и пико-компьютеры. Эти компьютеры более гибкие. Современные компьютеры практически симбиотические.

Advances in microelectronics give rise to advances in computers. Computers today are providing an expanding range of services.

Достижения в области микроэлектроники привели к достижениям в области вычислительной техники. Компьютеры сегодня предоставляют расширение спектра услуг.

Computers are classified by size and capability as microcomputers, mainframes and supercomputers, depending on the size of their main memories and on their processing speed.

Компьютеры классифицируются по размеру и возможностям, на микрокомпьютеры, большие компьютеры (ЭВМ) и суперкомпьютеры, в зависимости от размера их основной памяти и от скорости обработки данных.

Most microcomputers are mostly used by individuals.

Большинство микрокомпьютеров в основном используются частными лицами.

Mainframes are used by large corporations, government agencies and other large institutions.

ЭВМ используются крупными корпорациями, правительственными агентствами и другими крупными учреждениями.

Supercomputers are the largest and fastest of all computers. They have memories and processing speeds that may be measured in several picoseconds (trillions of a second). The boundaries separating the categories change frequently as computer technology advances.

Суперкомпьютеры крупные и самые быстрые из всех компьютеров. У них есть память и скорость обработки, которые могут быть измерены в несколько пикосекунд (триллионы секунд). Границы, разделяющие категории часто меняются в зависимости от достижений техники.

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I. The word «computer» comes from a Latin word which means to count.1 A computer is reallу a very special kind of counting machine.

Initially,2 the computer was designed as a tool to manipulate numbers and thus solve arithmetic problems. Although designed originally3 for arithmetic purposes at present it is applicable for a great variety of tasks.

Nowadays computers are considered to be complicated4 machines for doing arithmetic and logic. The computer may be stated to have become an important and powerful tool for collect­ing, recording,5 analysing, and distributing6 tremendous masses of information.

Viewed7 in the contemporary8 scene and historical per­spective the computer simulates man. Indeed,9 two important and highly visible characteristics of man are his intelligence and his ability to perform in and control his environment.10

Significantly, man’s attempts to understand the phenomena of intelligence, control and power has led to simulations of his brain, of himself and of organizational and group structures in which he most often finds himself. In the last 30 years man has made exten­sive use of the computer for these simulations.

Surely, there are similarities with human brain, but there ex­ists one very important difference. Despite11 all its ac­complishments,12 the so-called electronic brain must be pro­grammed by a human brain.

As already stated, originally computers were used only for doing calculations.

Today it would be difficult to find any task that calls for13 the processing of large amounts14 of information that is not per­formed by a computer. In science computers digest and analyse masses of measurements, such as the sequential15 positions and velocities of a spacecraft and solve extraordinary long and complex mathematical problems, such as the trajectory of the spacecraft. In commerce16 they record and process inventories, purchases (по­купка), bills, payrolls (платежная ведомость), bank deposits and the like and keep track of ongoing business transactions.17 In industry they monitor18 and control manufacturing processes. In government they keep statistics and analyse economic infor­mation.

A computer system can perform millions of operations a sec­ond. In the mid-1950’s the average19 speed of main-memory20 was about 10 ms, in the mid-1960’s 1 ms, in the mid-1970’s a tenth to a hundredth of a microsecond and in the mid-1980’s it largely increased.

The computer’s role is influenced not only by its speed but also by its memory-size. A large memory makes it easier to work with large programs, including data (compare linear programming or regression analysis requiring large matrices).

The increase in main memory capacity has been spectacular21 too: mid-1950’s 100 thousand bits, mid-1960’s 1 to 10 million, mid-1970’s nearly 1 billion bits. Secondary storage22 has been greatly expanded by the use of discs. Primary and secondary storage have been integrated by the virtual memory technique.

Although accepted for different purposes computers virtually do not differ in structure.

Any computer is, architecturally, like any other computer. Regardless23 of their size or purpose most computer systems consist of three basic elements: the input-output ports,24 the memory hierarchy and the central processing unit. The input-out­put ports are paths whereby25 information (instructions and data) is fed26 into the computer or taken out of it by such means as punch cards,27 magnetic tages and terminals. The memory hierarchy stores the instructions (the program) and the data in the system so that they can be retrieved28 quickly on deinjpd by the central processing unit. The central processing unit controls the operation of the entire29 system by issuing30 commands to other parts of the system and by acting on the responses. When required it reads31 information from mememory, interprets32 instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports. The operations it performs on the data can be either arithmetic or logical.

As stated above any computer is, architecturally, like any other computer in the early days of computers. However, there are differences. They are the following: An early processor used to be made of thousands of vacuum tubes. Reliability was measured in mere hours between failures, and the cooling plant was often larger than the computer itself. Then, the transistor was invented. The number of them was enormous in each mainframe. Besides, in computers of the 1950’s, the transistors, diodes, resistors, ca­pacitors and other components were mounted33 on printed-circuit (PC) cards. A typical 5-in. card contained a dozen transistors and a hundred other parts. A card might have contained a single flip-flop34 and a thousand cards were required to build each computer.

In the early 1960’s semiconductors makers created a wholly new technology, a whole flip-flop could be integrated. Several of integrated circuits (ICs) could be mounted on a single printed card.35 Soon, improved fabrication processes enabled even more complex circuit to be created in a single IC. The new technology was called medium-scale integration (MSI), and the older tech­nology was labelled36 small-scale integration (SSI). The progress towards smaller computers continued.

If used for computers discrete transistors were too costly and unreliable, they were too large and too slow.

In the 1960’s advances in microelectronic components led to the development of the minicomputer, followed more recently by an even smaller microcomputer. Both have filled a need for small but relatively flexible37 processing systems able to execute38 comparatively simple computing functions at lower cost.

In 1971, Intel Corp. delivered the first microprocessor, the 4004. All the logic to implement39 the CPU, the central processing unit, of a tiny computer was put onto a single silicon chip less than 1/4-in square. That design was soon followed by many others. The progress toward smaller computers is likely to continue: there is already talk of nano-computers and pico-computers.

When the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is im­plemented in a single or very small number of integrated circuits, we call it a microprocessor. When a computer incorporates40 a microprocessor as its major component, the resulting configura­tion is called a microcomputer. When the entire computer, in­cluding CPU, memory and input-output capability, is incorporated into a single IC, we also call that configuration a microcomputer. To distinguish41 between the two microprocessor types, we call the latter a one-chip microcomputer.

Modern computers and microelectronic devices have in­teracted so closely in their evolution that they can be regarded as virtually symbiotic. Microelectronics and data processing are linked.42

Today the hardware in data-processing machines is built out of microelectronic devices. Advances in microelectronic devices give rise to advances in data-processing machinery.

As previously pointed computers today are providing an ex­panding range of services to rapidly growing pool (количество) of users. Such facilities43 could make our lives easier, and indeed they already enhance the productivity. Yet a bottleneck (труд­ность) remains which hinders44 the wider availability of such systems; this bottleneck is the man-machine communication barrier.

Simply put, todays systems are not very good at com­municating with their users. They often fail45, to understand what their users want them to do and then are unable to explain the nature of the misunderstanding to the user. Communication with the machines is sometimes time-consuming.46 What are the causes of this communication barrier?

One of the most important causes of the man-machine com­munication barrier is that an interactive computer system typically responds only to commands phrased with total accuracy in a highly restricted47 artificial48 language designed specifically for that system. If a user fails to use this language or makes a mistake, however small, an error49 message50 is the response he can ex­pect.

II. Several developments have helped to reduce programming effort. High-level languages like FORTRAN, ALGOL, PL-1, and COBOL have replaced assembler languages to a great extent. There is a trend51 towards languages with a free format and more error checking.52 Thus programming itself takes less time since fewer errors are made and residual53 errors are detected and corrected more rapidly. ADA seems destined54 to become the dominant programming language of 1980’s. The term «ADA» comes from the name of Byron’s daughter Ada, Lady Lovelace. She was the first programmer in the world.

These high-level languages, however, require more com­pilation and running time, and more memory space.

Currently,55 almost all man-machine interaction takes place through typed input and output. Superficially,56 at least, it is this mode, that human communication needs.

However, this type of man-machine communication is rapidly becoming outmoded57 by a generation of powerful personal computers. These machines are intended58 for dedicated use by a single individual and feature an integral high-resolution, bit-map, graphics display with a pointing device, as well as a conventional keyboard. This allows the computers to provide multiple in­dependent output channels. Besides extra communication chan­nels, such machines provide for different communication modali­ties: a graphics screen59 can display line drawings or images60 and produce attention-commanding effects such as highlighting (вы­свечивать) or flashing the background61 of certain areas of the screen.

The multiple communication channels and modalities allow for more effective interaction.

Recent Computer technology advances are the following: Voice annotations Facsimile images, High-drawn sketches, Animated sequences. The potential advantages of multimedia communications technology are too great to ignore.

Many scientists are conducting a research on man-machine communication. The work is ongoing. Of particular interest are information systems that model complex real-world events.

Active information systems are database processing tools in­tended to represent and manipulate data descriptions of large real-world systems that have a complex dynamic behaviour.62

It is apparent63 that if the language of recipient and sender differs, the data of the message cannot be used. Problems in un­derstanding the content must be resolved by cooperation between the sender and the recipient.

In automated information systems the computers must re­ceive and at the same time interpret and act on the data. In infor­mation systems, to be more explicit, the fields of computers and communications are merging.64

In this case data reliability is a significant design factor. More and more data are stored in machines without paper or manual backup.65 That data must be accurate, protected, and available.

Besides computers and information systems are becoming more distributed. At the same time the integration and co­ordination of the individual information systems and computers in an organization are becoming more of necessity. This introduces new requirements, design parameters, and tradeoffs.66

These considerations affect system issues ranging from the ar­chitecture of specific computers to the architecture of overall in­formation systems.

To sum up, computers have certain disadvantages. We have not given them those common-sense skills67 of interaction and communication that people find so natural and effortless. Nevertheless computers are fast enough to permit man to control mechanisms having rates of response exceeding his own reaction time.

The computer has made it possible to mechanize much of the information interchange and processing that constitute68 the nervous system of our society.

The versatility,69 and convenience70 of the microprocessor has altered the entire architecture of modern computer systems. No longer is the processing of information carried out only in the computer’s central processing unit. Today there is a trend toward distributing more processing capability throughout a computer system, with various areas having smafi local processors for han­dling operations in those areas.

There are a number of advantages to distributed processing. First, since many elements of the computer can be working on different portions of the same task, the work may be done faster. Second, if one element in the network malfunctions, its work­load71 can be shifted to another element or shared among several elements, sothat the entire work is relatively immune to failure. Third, the network can be small enough to be contained within a single laboratory or building, or it can be spread out over a wide area.

A major obstacle72 to designing an effective distributed-processing system is the difficulty involved in writing the system’s software, which must enable the various elements of the network to operate and interact efficiently.

The method of processing data as well as available peripheral devices define computer generations.73 We are now operating third and fourth generation computers and looking ahead to the fifth. An advantage of the fifth generation will be the ability of people without knowledge of programming to use computer ter­minals. Remote74 processing will be common too.



Аальтернативная стоимость. Кривая производственных возможностей В экономике Буридании есть 100 ед. труда с производительностью 4 м ткани или 2 кг мяса…

Вычисление основной дактилоскопической формулы Вычислением основной дактоформулы обычно занимается следователь. Для этого все десять пальцев разбиваются на пять пар…

Расчетные и графические задания Равновесный объем — это объем, определяемый равенством спроса и предложения…

Кардиналистский и ординалистский подходы Кардиналистский (количественный подход) к анализу полезности основан на представлении о возможности измерения различных благ в условных единицах полезности…

Lesson 2: What is a Computer?

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What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.

Watch the video below to learn about different types of computers.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Hardware vs. software

Before we talk about different types of computers, let’s talk about two things all computers have in common: hardware and software.

  • Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer’s internal parts, which you can see in the image below.

    viewing hardware

  • Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it. Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors.

    viewing software

Everything you do on your computer will rely on both hardware and software. For example, right now you may be viewing this lesson in a web browser (software) and using your mouse (hardware) to click from page to page. As you learn about different types of computers, ask yourself about the differences in their hardware. As you progress through this tutorial, you’ll see that different types of computers also often use different types of software.

What are the different types of computers?

When most people hear the word computer, they think of a personal computer such as a desktop or laptop. However, computers come in many shapes and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store, or use a calculator, you’re using a type of computer.

viewing a variety of computers

Desktop computers

showing a desktop computer

Many people use desktop computers at work, home, and school. Desktop computers are designed to be placed on a desk, and they’re typically made up of a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

Laptop computers

showing a laptop computer

The second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop computer, commonly called a laptop. Laptops are battery-powered computers that are more portable than desktops, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Tablet computers

showing a tablet computer

Tablet computers—or tablets—are handheld computers that are even more portable than laptops. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, tablets use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. The iPad is an example of a tablet.

Servers

showing servers

A server is a computer that serves up information to other computers on a network. For example, whenever you use the Internet, you’re looking at something that’s stored on a server. Many businesses also use local file servers to store and share files internally.

Other types of computers

Many of today’s electronics are basically specialized computers, though we don’t always think of them that way. Here are a few common examples.

  • Smartphones: Many cell phones can do a lot of things computers can do, including browsing the Internet and playing games. They are often called smartphones.
  • Wearables: Wearable technology is a general term for a group of devices—including fitness trackers and smartwatches—that are designed to be worn throughout the day. These devices are often called wearables for short.
  • Game consoles: A game console is a specialized type of computer that is used for playing video games on your TV.
  • TVs: Many TVs now include applications—or apps—that let you access various types of online content. For example, you can stream video from the Internet directly onto your TV.

PCs and Macs

Personal computers come in two main styles: PC and Mac. Both are fully functional, but they have a different look and feel, and many people prefer one or the other.

PCs

showing a pc

This type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981. Other companies began creating similar computers, which were called IBM PC Compatible (often shortened to PC). Today, this is the most common type of personal computer, and it typically includes the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Macs

showing a mac

The Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold personal computer with a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). All Macs are made by one company (Apple), and they almost always use the Mac OS X operating system.

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