Different types of word designs

New
words in different notional classes appear also as a result of
various non-patterned ways of word creation. The two main types of
non-patterned word-creation are: I. Various
ways of transformation of a word-form into a word usually referred to
as lexicalisation
and II. Shortening
which consists in substituting a part for a whole. Shortening
comprises essentially different ways of word creation. It involves 1.
transformation
of a word-group into a word, and 2.
a
change of the word-structure resulting in a new lexical item, i.e.
clipping.

I.
Lexicalisation.
Due to various semantic and syntactic reasons the grammatical flexion
in some word-forms, most often the plural of nouns, as in, e.g. the
nouns arms,
customs, colours, loses
its grammatical meaning and becomes isolated from the paradigm of the
words arm,
custom, look. As
a result of the re-interpretation of the plural suffix the word-form
arms,
customs developed
a different lexical meaning ‘weapons’ and ‘import duties’
respectively. This led to a complete break of semantic links with the
semantic structure of the words arm,
custom

¹
See
‘Word-Formation’, §
13, p.
123,

187

and
thus to the appearance of new words with a different set of
grammatical features. It must be noted that there is no unanimity of
opinion on whether all such items should be viewed as new words or
only as new meanings. Different approaches to the problem are
connected with the border-line between polysemy and homonymy¹
and
many individual cases are actually open to doubt.

Essentially
the same phenomenon of lexicalisation is observed in the transition
of participles into adjectives. The process is also known as
adjectivisation.
It may be illustrated by a number of adjectives such as tired,
devoted, interesting, amusing, etc.
which are now felt as homonymous to the participles of the verbs to
tire, to marry, etc.

Lexicalisation
is a long, gradual historical process which synchronically results in
the appearance of new vocabulary units.

II.
Shortening.
Distinction should be made between shorten-” ing which results in
new lexical
items and a specific type of shortening proper only to written speech
resulting in numerous graphical
abbreviations
which are only signs representing words and word-groups of high
frequency of occurrence in various spheres of human activity as for
instance, RD
for
Road
and
St
for
Street
in
addresses on envelopes and in letters; tu
for
tube,
aer for
aerial
in
Radio Engineering literature, etc. English graphical abbreviations
include rather numerous shortened ‘ variants of Latin and French
words and word-groups, e.g.: i.e. (L. id est)
— ‘that
is’; R.S.V.P.
(Fr.
— Repondez
s’il vous plait)
— ‘reply
please’, etc.

Graphical
abbreviations are restricted in use to written speech, occurring only
in various kinds of texts, articles, books, advertisements, letters,
etc. In reading, many of them are substituted by the words and
phrases that they represent, e.g. Dr.
=
doctor,
Mr.=mister, Oct.= October, etc.;
the abbreviations of Latin and French words and phrases are usually
read as their English equivalents. It follows that graphical
abbreviations cannot be considered new lexical vocabulary units.

It
is only natural that in the course of language development some
graphical abbreviations should gradually penetrate into the sphere of
oral intercourse and, as a result, turn into self-contained lexical
units used both in oral and written speech. That is the case, for
instance, with a.m. [‘ei’em]
— ‘in
the morning, before noon’; p.m. [‘pi:’em]
— ‘in
the afternoon’; S.O.S.
[‘es
‘ou ‘es] (=Save Our Souls)
— ‘urgent
call for help’, etc.

1.
Transformations
of word-groups into words involve different types of lexical
shortening: ellipsis or substantivisation, initial letter or syllable
abbreviations (also referred to as acronyms), blendings, etc.

Substantivisation
consists in dropping of the final nominal member of a frequently used
attributive word-group. When such a member of the word-group is
dropped as, for example, was the case with a
documentary film the
remaining adjective takes on the meaning and all the syntactic
functions of the noun and thus develops into a new

¹
See ‘Semasiology’, §
36, p.
42;
‘Various
Aspects…’,
§ 12, p.
194
— 195, 188

word
changing its class membership and becoming homonymous to the
existing
adjective. It may be illustrated by a number of nouns that appeared
in this way, e.g. an
incendiary goes
back to an
incendiary bomb, the finals to
the
final examinations, an editorial to
an
editorial article, etc.
Other more recent creations are an
orbital (Br.
‘a
highway going around the suburbs of a city’), a
verbal (‘a
verbal confession introduced as evidence at a trial’), a
topless which
goes to three different word-groups and accordingly has three
meanings: 1)
a
topless dress, bathing suit, etc., 2)
a
waitress, dancer, etc. wearing topless garments, 3)
a
bar, night-club featuring topless waitresses or performers.

Substantivisation
is often accompanied by productive suffixation as in, e.g., a
one-winger from
one-wing plane, a
two-decker from
two-deck
bus or
ship;
it
may be accompanied by clipping and productive suffixation, e.g.
flickers
(coll.)
from
flicking
pictures, a smoker from
smoking
carriage, etc.

Acronyms
and letter
abbreviations
are lexical abbreviations of a phrase. There are different types of
such abbreviations and there is no unanimity of opinion among
scholars whether all of them can be regarded as regular vocabulary
units. It seems logical to make distinction between acronyms and
letter abbreviations. Letter abbreviations are mere replacements of
longer phrases including names of well-known organisations of
undeniable currency, names of agencies and institutions, political
parties, famous people, names of official offices, etc. They are not
spoken or treated as words but pronounced letter by letter and as a
rule possess no other linguistic forms proper to words. The following
may serve as examples of such abbreviations: CBW
=
chemical
and biological warfare, DOD
=
Department
of Defence (of the USA), 1TV
=
Independent
Television, Instructional Television, SST
=
supersonic
transport, etc. It should be remembered that the border-line between
letter abbreviations and true acronyms is fluid and many letter
abbreviations in the course of time may turn into regular vocabulary
units. Occasionally letter abbreviations are given ‘pronunciation
spelling’ as for instance dejay
(=
D.J.
=
disc
jokey), emce
(=
M.C.
=
master
of ceremonies) in which case they tend to pass over into true
acronyms.

Acronyms
are regular vocabulary units spoken as words. They are formed in
various ways:

1) from
the initial letters or syllables of a phrase, which may be pronounced
differently a) as a succession of sounds denoted by the constituent
letters forming a syllabic pattern, i.e. as regular words, e.g. UNO
[‘ju:nou]
=
United
Nations Organisations; NATO
[‘neitou]
=
North
Atlantic Treaty Organisation, UNESCO
[ju:’neskou];
laser
[‘leisa]
=
= light
amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; radar
[‘reidэ]
=
=radio
detection and ranging; BMEWS
[‘bi:mju:z]
=
Ballistic
Missile Early Warning System; b) as a succession of the alphabetical
readings of the constituent letters as in, e.g., YCL
[‘wai’si:’el]
=
Young
Communist League; BBC
[‘bi:’bi:’si:]
= British
Broadcasting Corporation; MP
[’em’pi:] =
Member
of Parliament; SOS
[‘es’ou’es]
=
Save
Our Souls.

189

1. Acronyms
   may be formed from the initial syllables of each word
   of
   the phrase, e.g. Interpol
   =
   inter/national
   pol/ice; tacsatcom
   =
   Tactical
   Satellite Communications: Capcom
   =
   Capsule
   Communicator (the person at a space flight centre who communicates
   with the astronauts during a space flight).

2. Acronyms
   may be formed by a combination of the abbreviation of the first or
   the first two members of the phrase with the last member undergoing
   no change at all, e.g. V-day
   =
   Victory
   Day; H-bomb
   =
   = hydrogen
   bomb; g-force
   =
   gravity
   force, etc.

All
acronyms unlike letter abbreviations perform the syntactical
functions of ordinary words taking on grammatical inflexions, e.g.
MPs
(will
attack huge arms bill), M.P’s
(concern
at .
. .). They
also serve as derivational bases for derived words and easily
collocate with derivational suffixes as, e.g. YCLer
(=
member
of the YCL); MPess
(=
woman-member
of Parliament); radarman,
etc.

Вlendings
are the result of conscious creation of words by merging irregular
fragments of several words which are aptly called “splinters.” ¹
Splinters
assume different shapes
— they
may be severed from the source word at a morpheme boundary as in
transceiver
(=transmitter
and receiver), transistor (=
transfer
and resistor) or at a syllable boundary like cute (from execute)
in
electrocute, medicare (from
medical
care), polutician
(from pollute
and
politician)
or
boundaries of both kinds may be disregarded as in brunch
(from
breakfast
and
lunch),
smog
(from
smoke
and
fog),
ballute
(from
baloon
and
parachute),
etc.
Many blends show some degree of overlapping of vowels, consonants and
syllables or echo the word or word fragment it replaces. This device
is often used to attain punning effect, as in foolosopher
echoing
philosopher;
icecapade (=
spectacular
shows on ice) echoing escapade;
baloonatic (=
baloon
and lunatic).

Blends are coined not
infrequently in scientific and technical language as a means of
naming new things, as trade names in advertisements. Since blends
break the rules of morphology they result in original combinations
which catch quickly. Most of the blends have a colloquial flavour.

2.
Clipping
refers
to the creation of new words by shortening a word of two or more
syllables (usually nouns and adjectives) without changing its class
membership. Clipped words, though they often exist together with the
longer original source word function as independent lexical units
with a certain phonetic shape and lexical meaning of their own. The
lexical meanings of the clipped word and its source do not as a rule
coincide, for instance, doc
refers
only to ‘one who practices medicine’, whereas doctor
denotes
also ‘the higher degree given by a university and a person who has
received it’, e.g. Doctor
of Law, Doctor of Philosophy. Clipped
words always differ from the non-clipped words in the emotive charge
and stylistic reference. Clippings indicate an attitude of
familiarity on the part of the user either towards the object denoted
or towards the audience, thus clipped words are characteristic of

¹
See
V.
Adams. An
Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation, L., 1973.
190

colloquial
speech. In the course of time, though, many clipped words find their
way into the literary language losing some of their colloquial
colouring. Clippings show various degrees of semantic dissociation
from their full forms. Some are no longer felt to be clippings, e.g.
pants
(cf. pantaloons), bus (cf. omnibus), bike (cf. bicycle), etc.
Some of them retain rather close semantic ties with the original
word. This gives ground to doubt whether the clipped words should be
considered separate words. Some linguists hold the view that in case
semantic dissociation is slight and the major difference lies in the
emotive charge and stylistic application the two units should be
regarded as word-variants (e.g. exam
and
examination,
lab and
laboratory,
etc.).¹

Clipping
often accompanies other ways of shortening such as substantivisation,
e.g. perm
(from
permanent
wave), op
(from
optical
art), pop
(from
popular
music, art, singer, etc.),
etc.

As
independent vocabulary units clippings serve as derivational bases
for suffixal derivations collocating with highly productive neutral
and stylistically non-neutral suffixes -ie,
-er, e.g.
nightie
(cf. nightdress), panties, hanky (cf. handkerchief). Cases
of conversion are not infrequent, e.g. to
taxi, to perm, etc.

There do not seem to be any
clear rules by means of which we might predict where a word will be
cut though there are several types into which clippings are
traditionally classified according to the part of the word that is
clipped:

1. Words
   that have been shortened at the end—the
   so-called apocope,
   e.g. ad
   (from
   advertisement),
   lab
   (from
   laboratory),
   mike
   (from
   microphone),
   etc.

2. Words
   that have been shortened at the beginning—the
   so-called aphaeresis,
   e.g. car
   (from
   motor-car),
   phone
   (from
   telephone),
   copter
   (from
   helicopter),
   etc.

3. Words
   in which some syllables or sounds have been omitted from the
   middle—the
   so-called syncope,
   e.g. maths
   (from
   mathematics),
   pants
   (from
   pantaloons),
   specs
   (from
   spectacles),
   etc.

4. Words
   that have been clipped both at the beginning and at the end, e.g.
   flu
   (from
   influenza),
   tec
   (from
   detective),
   fridge
   (from
   refrigerator),
   etc.

It must be stressed that
acronyms and clipping are the main ways of word-creation most active
in present-day English. The peculiarity of both types of words is
that they are structurally simple, semantically non-motivated and
give rise to new root-morphemes.

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Puzzles are intuitive games that serve both purposes of providing fun and educating the players simultaneously. There are various types of puzzles; some are number-based, while others feature different types of word puzzles.

Word puzzles are one of the many types of puzzles played by many; they include different types of word games, which are entertaining and brain-tasking; at the same time, they also test your language proficiency. 

Just as the different types of word games have different designs, aims, and rules, different kinds of puzzles run by different rules. Hence, it is essential to understand the rules peculiar to each. 

Everyone, young or old, can enjoy word puzzles; among other benefits of playing word puzzles, it helps sharpen your cognitive skills and expand your vocabulary. If you are a lover or an enthusiast of various word puzzle types like crosswords and scrabble, then this guide is for you as you will be introduced to other types of word and logic puzzles. 

In this guide, you will learn the following:

• The different types of puzzles
• Various types of word puzzles
• The different types of Crossword puzzles
• Understand the types of word games
• The different types of logic puzzles 

Word Puzzles

Word puzzles are one of several types of puzzles that feature different types of word games. These games are good for growing children as it serves as a good foundation for excellent language skills. 

Types of Word Puzzles

There are several types of word puzzles, and each features different types of word games. The different types of word puzzles include the following:

1. Crossword puzzles

Crosswords are the most popular of all the many word puzzle types; in actuality, if one has a conversation about “word puzzles,” crosswords are usually the first thing that comes to mind. Hence we will start here.

Puzzle type crosswords encourage the player to explore their imagination; it can transport a person to a whole alternative world. Playing Crossword puzzle games are universal and can be played by everyone. They are an excellent way to relieve stress, improve mood, and improve one’s overall mental health. The game is not restricted to a certain age. 

Anyone and everyone can play it at any time and in any convenient place. Crosswords usually come in the form of a grid that consists of squares and blanks. The player aims to fill the horizontal and vertical rows and columns with words derived from the page’s side clues. 

These clues could be phrases that describe or state the uses of the actual words you are trying to guess. Crossword puzzles have several variants, but no matter the variant being played, best believe it would task your brain, and one will indeed have a swell time playing. 

Crossword puzzles have different variations, like the American-style grid in which over one-sixth of the entire squares are blacked out. In comparison, British Crossword puzzles have a lattice-shaped grid and some darkened squares. 

There are several ways to classify crosswords, but here is a fundamental breakdown of the different types of word puzzles:

Types of Crossword Puzzles

• Cryptic puzzles 

Cryptic crossword puzzles are the puzzle type Crossword you find in the Sunday newspaper edition; they are more complex than other types because the clues are word puzzles instead of the usual definitions and descriptions. So if you are one that embraces challenges, then you will love cryptic puzzles. 

Cryptic crossword puzzles offer a direct deduction towards the actual answer, which is always definite. Players have the arduous task of figuring out the correct interpretations and then placing the words correctly. 

They usually find this type of word puzzle crossword in escape rooms and puzzle hunts. The game is more prevalent in the United Kingdom as it originated from there. However, the game is also quite renowned in the United States. 

Over there, it is known as “British-style” crosswords. Consistent gameplay improves skills such as deduction, word formation, word sorting, and lots more. Experts with years of experience and good knowledge of the audience design the games according to the genre and ensure various difficulty levels, starting from the easiest to the hardest. 

The complexity of Cryptic crosswords makes them loved by everyone. The clues are usually written like scrambled poetry as they do not directly imply the written words, there is always a hidden message, and it is up to the players to solve the puzzles by figuring out the right answers to the clues.

We can further divide the Cryptic Puzzles into three categories: 

• Blocked Grids

Blocked Grids puzzles are the types of puzzles that come to mind when one comes across the word “crossword.” Blocked grids comprise a grid of squares where random squares mark the spaces between words and the end of words. 

Fundamentally, the design for blocked grids is 15 squares by 15 squares. But it doesn’t always have to be like this. It is worth noting that a 15×15 blocked grid puzzle has approximately 30-32 words in it. 

The squares’ grid, which comprises random squares from the block, must be filled correctly using the clues. 

• Barred grids

Barred grids are another type of word puzzle crossword; they are quite different from blocked grids. As the name suggests, bars mark the end of the words and divisions instead of blocks in blocked grids. And also, the vocabulary used here is recondite and often given for reference. 

The general layout for the barred grid’s crossword puzzles is 12 squares by 12 squares. There is a higher division of the letter proportion in every solution where cross answering verifies every answer. In barred grid puzzles, the words are dense and intelligently packed. 

As a result, even if the puzzle appears a bit small, it still has more words. Each puzzle has about 32-36 words. 

• Thematics 

Thematics are puzzle type crosswords with barred grids with different layouts; however, they could come in other layouts like a double L shape instead of squares and rectangles. 

As the name suggests, Thematics are usually based on a particular theme. Solving thematic puzzles by yourself is the best way to understand its diversity. 

How to navigate cryptic puzzles 

You realize that deduction is a crucial process you have to master, and once you have achieved that, you can proceed to word formation and the sorting procedure. From the very beginning, you have to master the deduction process. 

This process ensures that the words apply to the deduction clues and have the same length as the spaces provided. Before all this, make sure you have understood the theme as it gives you an extra edge while solving the puzzle.

2. Word Search Puzzles

Word search puzzles are also quite popular and are as much fun as other types of crossword puzzles. Many people are already familiar with it as teachers sometimes like to hand them out during class periods to help students broaden their vocabulary and improve their word formation skills.

Word searches are relatively easy to learn for beginners who are not yet skilled in playing word puzzle games. They usually come as square grids filled with letters; some come with several clues while others come themed. 

During gameplay, players must locate several given words within the grid. The words’ placement varies; the words might go upwards or downwards, left-to-right, or right-to-left. At other times, the words could be arranged diagonally or even backward to confuse the player a little.

3. Letter Arrangement Games 

These are some of the significant and iconic types of word puzzles one can find. Fundamentally, the primary aim of letter arrangement games is to create as many words as possible from a limited letter supply. 

You might say to yourself, “but that’s no big deal.” It is no big deal; however, it could get complicated and make you sweat a little. 

For example, in scrabble, it is not “just” always about the words, sometimes the players are scored based on the quality of words, and there’s also the competitive race to make every letter fit into a word grid in a game of Bananagrams. 

Letter arrangement games require a swift and creative mind and, like other types of puzzles on this list, will naturally expand your vocabulary. These puzzles encompass many more social games on the word puzzle spectrum, incorporating fun competitive elements into the formula. 

4. Anagrams 

This list of word puzzles would have been incomplete without the all-time anagrams. Anagrams are very educational puzzles; however, they are an equal fun source. Creating so many words from a limited pool of letters is equally satisfying, and you’ll be surprised by how much you can do playing this game. 

An anagram is a type of word puzzle where a player is provided with letters and must create as many words as possible from the set of letters. Anagrams are the most flexible of all the word puzzle types, as you can play with any game set.

All you need to play a game of anagrams is any Collection of letter tiles like those found in a scrabble or Bananagrams set. You can also play the mobile version available on various mobile apps.

5. Ciphers 

Many people are not familiar with Ciphers as much as they are with other word puzzles because they are trickier and tease one’s brain. Still, with practice, players often get the hang of it in no time. Ciphers are one of the different types of word puzzles and are also referred to as a “cryptogram.” 

Primarily, each letter is substituted for a different letter or symbol. The player’s task is to find the missing word or phrase. Clues are made available to help players find the correct letters that make up the words. 

In the real world, Ciphers are used in real codes, but that doesn’t mean we can’t enjoy them as word puzzles as well! Solving a cipher takes patience and persistence. It requires you to recognize patterns in the cipher that match actual words. 

Cracking the code gives a fantastic sense of accomplishment that makes all the effort more than worthwhile!

6. Rebus Puzzles 

Rebus puzzles made it to this list of word puzzles because they are an excellent option for people good with visual images. The layout involves printed pictures, symbols, and words; these symbols are arranged to point as a clue to help the player figure the solution.

One unique feature that makes the rebus puzzle stand out from other word puzzle types is that one has to think outside the box and sometimes use unconventional methods to solve it.

7. Semantics Games

Semantic games like Mad libs and codenames slightly differ from other types of word puzzles in that the games focus more on the players’ understanding of the meaning of the words other than spelling or word search. 

It is worth noting that many people prefer semantic games as they feature social elements and are usually played in groups; thus, it has become a classic party game choice.

8. Word Jumbles 

The last game on our list of word puzzles is Word Jumbles. Most people are quite familiar with word jumbles, as it has been introduced to school children to help them with reading, writing, and spelling skills. 

The primary aim of word jumble puzzles is to re-arrange random letters into a proper word.

Logic Puzzles 

Logic puzzles are different kinds of puzzles that are solved by deductive reasoning. Like other word puzzles, several clues are provided to help the player fill up the grid. 

Lewis Carroll, known to others as Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, was the author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland; he created the first set of Logic puzzles. 

There are different types of Logic puzzles, and they all come in different designs; however, the most common is the logic grid puzzles. 

Elimination grid logic puzzle 

The elimination grid logic puzzle is one of the types of logic puzzles we have; here, the game requires the player to pair objects in a Collection correctly. Paired objects are then eliminated till there is nothing left. The grids are aligned systematically so that objects within the collection are placed in the rows. 

In contrast, objects that must be paired are placed in the columns. Other types of logic puzzles include the following:

a) Cryptogram puzzles: Here, you get different characters instead of numerical digits. And the puzzle’s main aim is for the player to find out the values of the characters. 

b) Syllogism puzzles: syllogisms are the most fundamental type of logic puzzles. Here, you get a set of statements, and your goal is to find some truth from the given statements. Sometimes one has to utilize a few principles to find the truth in those statements.

Conclusion 

How to solve a word puzzle when faced with a puzzle, the first thing you should do is to identify the categories and the elements that make them up.  Players are given a limited number of options and can only use each option once and no more. 

In the same vein, players must use the clues to figure out which option pairs best in the series. Syllogisms are among the most straightforward logic puzzles one can find since the player must find out the truth from a couple of given statements.

When you create a new document in Microsoft Word, it looks decent right off the bat. But sometimes you want to make your page look much better than the default. 

Use Microsoft Word’s page layout design tools to make easy-to-read documents that reflect positively on you and your business—even if you’re new to Word.

You can make page layout designs in Microsoft Word from scratch. Or, skip the grunt work by using Microsoft Word templates. 

Envato Elements and GraphicRiver are both great sources of print templates for Word. Each template is made by professional designers. Elements makes a compelling offer. Download unlimited templates, fonts, photos, and other creative assets for one fixed subscription price.

But, if you only need the occasional template for MS Word and prefer to pay for each single use, then look to GraphicRiver.

How to Make Awesome Page Layout Designs in Microsoft Word (Video)

If you create or modify documents in Word, you may want to change the standard Microsoft Word layout. There are a number of changes you can make.

Watch this quick screencast to find out what you need to know about Word page layout options:

To learn more about changing page layouts in Microsoft Word, study the complete written tutorial below:

Why Learn About Page Layouts In Word?

Page layout settings in Word determine how your document looks when you print it out. It includes the page orientation, margins, and columns, for example.

It’s important to pay attention to the page layout of your document for several reasons:

• It ensures consistency. This gives your readers a good experience while consuming your document.
• A good page layout makes your document more readable. When your document is aesthetically pleasing and has a consistent look, your audience is more likely to read, comprehend, and remember your content.
• A well-designed document reflects well on you. It reinforces your credibility and authority in your field.

Microsoft Word has robust page settings that allow you to control your page layout design. Everything is designed to be as simple and intuitive as possible. Yet, doing page layout in Word can be daunting if you’re new to the software.

This article breaks things down for you. So, you can follow along, step-by-step, and take control of how your document looks.

Types of Documents You Can Create in MS Word

You can create all kinds of printed documents in Microsoft Word.

Make business documents like:

• resumes
• cover letters
• business letters
• reports
• proposals
• invoices
• certificates
• forms

MS Word is also very handy for creating marketing documents. Create everything from:

• flyers
• brochures
• advertising inserts
• and more

For education or training use Word to prepare:

• handouts
• workbooks
• manuals
• certificates

You can also produce postcards, invitations, newsletters, and signs. If you can print it, then you can whip it up in Word.

In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Microsoft Word’s page layout tools to produce the print materials you need.

How to Work With Templates to Quickly Change Your Design

The quickest way to change or apply a page layout is by using a print template for Word. For the examples below, we’ll be using the SEO Proposal template from Envato Elements. 

When looking for a print template for Word, it’s a good idea to choose one that uses paragraph and character styles. The styles feature will allow you to quickly format text even in a long document.

Below are some roundups of Microsoft Word templates you can choose from:

Now that you’ve chosen a template with a good page layout in Word, it’s time to learn how to use it. 

1. Download the Template

Download the template of your choice to your computer’s hard drive. Unzip the file, then copy the template. This way, you’ve got the original template file intact, if you want to revert to it.

2. Customize the Template With Your Own Content

Replace the text with your own information.

If you want to change the text formatting, change the settings for fonts and paragraphs.

To add your own image, click on an image placeholder. The Format Picture dialog box opens. Under Fill, select Picture or texture fill. Under Picture source, click Insert….

Find and select the image you want to use. Click Insert.

Now, the image is inserted.

To replace an existing logo on the template, click on the logo, then click on the Picture Format tab.

Click the Change Picture button on the ribbon. Find and select the logo file, then click Insert.

If necessary, click-and-drag one of the handles of the logo to resize it.

Next, I’d like to change the color of the rectangle on the cover page. To do that, select the shape, then click the Shape Format tab.

The Shape Format ribbon is displayed. Click on the drop-down arrow beside the Shape Fill button. Select from the color options shown or click More Fill Colors… to specify the color you want to apply.

This is what the customized proposal cover looks like now:

Repeat these steps to customize the other pages of the template.

As you can see, when you start with a template for Word most of the design and page formatting decisions are already made for you by the template creator.

But, if you prefer to start your document from scratch, follow the steps below to change the default page format settings.

Type or paste your text into the document. Apply text and paragraph formatting to modify settings for fonts, spacing, alignment, and more. Then, you can move on to the page layout.

3. How to Set the Microsoft Word Page Orientation as Portrait or Landscape

To set the Microsoft Word page orientation of your document, go to File > Page Setup….

The Page Setup dialog opens. Click on the button for either Word portrait or landscape layout orientation.

4. How to Set the Print Size of the Paper

From the Microsoft Word Page Setup dialog, you can also change the paper size when you print the document. Click on the Paper Size field to show the different paper size choices available.

Select the size you wish to use. You can also click Manage Custom Sizes… to specify your own size.

5. How to Split Your Text into Multiple Columns

Sometimes you may want to divide your text into columns. This can make the document more readable and adds variety to an otherwise monotonous layout. Columns are popular in magazines, newsletters, and similar types of materials.

Arrange the Entire Document into Columns 

To change the MS Word layout to columns, follow these steps:

1. Go to Layout > Columns.

The Columns dialog box opens. 

2. Select one of the Presets or manually set the:

• number of columns
• width and spacing
• apply to the whole document or from that point forward

3. When you’re happy with the settings, click OK.

Apply Columns to a Part of the Document

You can also apply columns to only a specific part of the document.

1. Select the text you wish to display in columns.

2. Go to Layout > Columns.

3. In the Columns dialog box, choose the settings you want to apply.

Notice that you now have the option to apply the column settings to Selected text. Click OK.

Now, only the selected text has been broken into two columns. The rest remains in one column.

6. How to Add Page and Section Breaks

Sections in Microsoft Word enable you to apply different layouts to different parts of your document. This is useful for making creative layouts, especially to long documents.

Insert a Page Break in Word

A page break separates text, so that anything after the break is moved to a succeeding page. It’s useful for dividing up a document into chapters and sections.

To insert a page break, place the cursor at the point where you want the break to be, then go to Insert > Break > Page Break.

In our sample document, the title page is now on a separate page from the rest of the text.

Insert a Section Break in Word

If you wish to apply varying formatting on different parts of the document, then you’ll want to break it into sections. This includes varying the columns, headers and footers, pagination, borders, and other settings.

To create a section break, place the cursor where you would like the section break to be. Go to Insert > Break > Section Break.

Select the type of section break you want to insert:

• Section Break (Next Page) creates a section break and moves the next section into a new page.
• Section Break (Continuous) keeps the two sections on the same page while allowing you to apply different formatting settings for each.
• Section Break (Odd Page) starts a new section on the next odd-numbered page.
• Section Break (Even Page) starts a new section on the next even-numbered page.

Take Control of Your Page Layouts with Microsoft Word

Use Microsoft Word’s page layout tools to give your documents a consistent, readable, and professional look. You don’t have to be an expert in Word to take better control of your document’s page layouts. With Microsoft Word’s page layout tools, you can make any document look the way you want it to.

You don’t have to start from scratch, either. You can have professional designers make most of the design and layout decisions for you by using print templates for MS Word. If you want unlimited downloads of templates as well as photos, fonts, icons, and other creative assets—all for one small, fixed fee—then Envato Elements is the best source for you.

For one-off Word templates and other desktop publishing tools, look to GraphicRiver. Here, you can access everything you need to create impressive print materials on a pay-per-use basis.

And when you use a template, the skills you learned in this post will help you customize and adapt it to your needs.

Editorial Note: Video added by Alexis (Lexi) Rodrigo.

WORD STRUCTURE IN MODERN ENGLISH

  I.   The morphological structure of a word. Morphemes. Types of morphemes. Allomorphs.

II.   Structural types of words.

III.   Principles of morphemic analysis.

  IV.   Derivational level of analysis. Stems. Types of stems. Derivational types of words.

I.   The morphological structure of a word. Morphemes. Types of Morphemes.  Allomorphs.

There are two levels of approach to the study of word- structure: the level of morphemic analysis and the level of derivational or word-formation analysis.

Word is the principal and basic unit of the language system, the largest on the morphologic and the smallest on the syntactic plane of linguistic analysis.

It has been universally acknowledged that a great many words have a composite nature and are made up of morphemes, the basic units on the morphemic level, which are defined as the smallest indivisible two-facet language units.

The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe “form ”+ -eme. The Greek suffix –eme has been adopted by linguistic to denote the smallest unit or the minimum distinctive feature.

The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form. A form in these cases a recurring discrete unit of speech. Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of single morpheme. Even a cursory examination of the morphemic structure of English words reveals that they are composed of morphemes of different types: root-morphemes and affixational morphemes. Words that consist of a root and an affix are called derived words or derivatives and are produced by the process of word building known as affixation (or derivation).

The root-morpheme is the lexical nucleus of the word; it has a very general and abstract lexical meaning common to a set of semantically related words constituting one word-cluster, e.g. (to) teach, teacher, teaching. Besides the lexical meaning root-morphemes possess all other types of meaning proper to morphemes except the part-of-speech meaning which is not found in roots.

Affixational morphemes include inflectional affixes or inflections and derivational affixes. Inflections carry only grammatical meaning and are thus relevant only for the formation of word-forms. Derivational affixes are relevant for building various types of words. They are lexically always dependent on the root which they modify. They possess the same types of meaning as found in roots, but unlike root-morphemes most of them have the part-of-speech meaning which makes them structurally the important part of the word as they condition the lexico-grammatical class the word belongs to. Due to this component of their meaning the derivational affixes are classified into affixes building different parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs.

Roots and derivational affixes are generally easily distinguished and the difference between them is clearly felt as, e.g., in the words helpless, handy, blackness, Londoner, refill, etc.: the root-morphemes help-, hand-, black-, London-, fill-, are understood as the lexical centers of the words, and –less, -y,      -ness, -er, re- are felt as morphemes dependent on these roots.

 Distinction is also made of free and bound morphemes.

Free morphemes coincide with word-forms of independently functioning words. It is obvious that free morphemes can be found only among roots, so the morpheme boy- in the word boy is a free morpheme; in the word undesirable there is only one free morpheme desire-; the word pen-holder has two free morphemes  pen- and hold-. It follows that bound morphemes are those that do not coincide with separate word- forms, consequently all derivational morphemes, such as –ness, -able, -er are bound. Root-morphemes may be both free and bound. The morphemes theor- in the words theory, theoretical, or horr- in the words horror, horrible, horrify; Angl- in  Anglo-Saxon; Afr- in Afro-Asian are all bound roots as there are no identical word-forms.

It should also be noted that morphemes may have different phonemic shapes. In the word-cluster please , pleasing , pleasure , pleasant the phonemic shapes of the word stand in complementary distribution or in alternation with each other. All the representations of the given morpheme, that manifest alternation are called allomorphs/or morphemic variants/ of that morpheme.

The combining form allo- from Greek allos “other” is used in linguistic terminology to denote elements of a group whose members together consistute a structural unit of the language (allophones, allomorphs). Thus, for example, -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation are the positional variants of the same suffix, they do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound form depending on the final phoneme of the preceding stem. They are considered as variants of one and the same morpheme and called its allomorphs.

Allomorph is defined as a positional variant of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment and so characterized by complementary description.

Complementary distribution is said to take place, when two linguistic variants cannot appear in the same environment.

Different morphemes are characterized by contrastive distribution, i.e. if they occur in the same environment they signal different meanings. The suffixes –able and –ed, for instance, are different morphemes, not allomorphs, because adjectives in –able mean “ capable of beings”.

Allomorphs will also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the initials of the stem with which they will assimilate.

Two or more sound forms of a stem existing under conditions of complementary distribution may also be regarded as allomorphs, as, for instance, in long a: length n.

II. Structural types of words.

The morphological analysis of word- structure on the morphemic level aims at splitting the word into its constituent morphemes – the basic units at this level of analysis – and at determining their number and types. The four types (root words, derived words, compound, shortenings) represent the main structural types of Modern English words, and conversion, derivation and composition the most productive ways of word building.

According to the number of morphemes words can be classified into monomorphic and polymorphic. Monomorphic or root-words consist of only one root-morpheme, e.g. small, dog, make, give, etc. All polymorphic word fall into two subgroups:  derived words and compound words – according to the number of root-morphemes they have. Derived words are composed of one root-morpheme and one or more derivational morphemes, e.g. acceptable, outdo, disagreeable, etc. Compound words are those which contain at least two root-morphemes, the number of derivational morphemes being insignificant. There can be both root- and derivational morphemes in compounds as in pen-holder, light-mindedness, or only root-morphemes as in lamp-shade, eye-ball, etc.

These structural types are not of equal importance. The clue to the correct understanding of their comparative value lies in a careful consideration of: 1)the importance of each type in the existing wordstock, and 2) their frequency value in actual speech. Frequency is by far the most important factor. According to the available word counts made in different parts of speech, we find that derived words numerically constitute the largest class of words in the existing wordstock; derived nouns comprise approximately 67% of the total number, adjectives about 86%, whereas compound nouns make about 15% and adjectives about 4%. Root words come to 18% in nouns, i.e. a trifle more than the number of compound words; adjectives root words come to approximately 12%.

But we cannot fail to perceive that root-words occupy a predominant place. In English, according to the recent frequency counts, about 60% of the total number of nouns and 62% of the total number of adjectives in current use are root-words. Of the total number of adjectives and nouns, derived words comprise about 38% and 37% respectively while compound words comprise an insignificant 2% in nouns and 0.2% in adjectives. Thus it is the root-words that constitute the foundation and the backbone of the vocabulary and that are of paramount importance in speech. It should also be mentioned that root words are characterized by a high degree of collocability and a complex variety of meanings in contrast with words of other structural types whose semantic structures are much poorer. Root- words also serve as parent forms for all types of derived and compound words.

III. Principles of morphemic analysis.

In most cases the morphemic structure of words is transparent enough and individual morphemes clearly stand out within the word. The segmentation of words is generally carried out according to the method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents. This method is based on the binary principle, i.e. each stage of the procedure involves two components the word immediately breaks into. At each stage these two components are referred to as the Immediate Constituents. Each Immediate Constituent at the next stage of analysis is in turn broken into smaller meaningful elements. The analysis is completed when we arrive at constituents incapable of further division, i.e. morphemes. These are referred to Ultimate Constituents.

A synchronic morphological analysis is most effectively accomplished by the procedure known as the analysis into Immediate Constituents. ICs are the two meaningful parts forming a large linguistic unity.

The method is based on the fact that a word characterized by morphological divisibility is involved in certain structural correlations. To sum up: as we break the word we obtain at any level only ICs one of which is the stem of the given word. All the time the analysis is based on the patterns characteristic of the English vocabulary. As a pattern showing the interdependence of all the constituents segregated at various stages, we obtain the following formula:

un+ { [ ( gent- + -le ) + -man ] + -ly}

Breaking a word into its Immediate Constituents we observe in each cut the structural order of the constituents.

A  diagram presenting the four cuts described looks as follows:

1. un- / gentlemanly

2.   un- / gentleman / — ly

3.   un- / gentle / — man / — ly

4.   un- / gentl / — e / — man / — ly

A similar analysis on the word-formation level showing not only the morphemic constituents of the word but also the structural pattern on which it is built.

The analysis of word-structure at the morphemic level must proceed to the stage of Ultimate Constituents. For example, the noun friendliness is first segmented into the ICs: [frendlı-] recurring in the adjectives friendly-looking and friendly and [-nıs] found in a countless number  of nouns, such as unhappiness, blackness, sameness, etc. the IC [-nıs] is at the same time an UC of the word, as it cannot be broken into any smaller elements possessing both sound-form and meaning. Any further division of –ness would give individual speech-sounds which denote nothing by themselves. The IC [frendlı-] is next broken into the ICs [-lı] and [frend-] which are both UCs of the word.

Morphemic analysis under the method of Ultimate Constituents may be carried out on the basis of two principles: the so-called root-principle and affix principle.

According to the affix principle the splitting of the word into its constituent morphemes is based on the identification of the affix within a set of words, e.g. the identification of the suffix –er leads to the segmentation of words singer, teacher, swimmer into the derivational morpheme – er  and the roots teach- , sing-, drive-.

According to the root-principle, the segmentation of the word is based on the identification of the root-morpheme in a word-cluster, for example the identification of the root-morpheme agree-  in the words agreeable, agreement, disagree.

As a rule, the application of these principles is sufficient for the morphemic segmentation of words.

However, the morphemic structure of words in a number of cases defies such analysis, as it is not always so transparent and simple as in the cases mentioned above. Sometimes not only the segmentation of words into morphemes, but the recognition of certain sound-clusters as morphemes become doubtful which naturally affects the classification of words. In words like retain, detain, contain or  receive, deceive, conceive, perceive the sound-clusters [rı-], [dı-] seem to be singled quite easily, on the other hand, they undoubtedly have nothing in common with the phonetically identical prefixes  re-, de- as found in words re-write, re-organize, de-organize, de-code. Moreover, neither the sound-cluster [rı-] or [dı-], nor the [-teın] or [-sı:v] possess any lexical or functional meaning of their own. Yet, these sound-clusters are felt as having a certain meaning because [rı-] distinguishes retain from detain and [-teın] distinguishes retain from receive.

It follows that all these sound-clusters have a differential and a certain distributional meaning as their order arrangement point to the affixal status of re-, de-, con-, per- and makes one understand —tain and –ceive as roots. The differential and distributional meanings seem to give sufficient ground to recognize these sound-clusters as morphemes, but as they lack lexical meaning of their own, they are set apart from all other types of morphemes and are known in linguistic literature as pseudo- morphemes. Pseudo- morphemes of the same kind  are also encountered in words like rusty-fusty.

IV.   Derivational level of analysis. Stems. Types of Stems. Derivational types of word.

The morphemic analysis of words only defines the constituent morphemes, determining their types and their meaning but does not reveal the hierarchy of the morphemes comprising the word. Words are no mere sum totals of morpheme, the latter reveal a definite, sometimes very complex interrelation. Morphemes are arranged according to certain rules, the arrangement differing in various types of words and particular groups within the same types. The pattern of morpheme arrangement underlies the classification of words into different types and enables one to understand how new words appear in the language. These relations within the word and the interrelations between different types and classes of words are known as derivative or word- formation relations.

The analysis of derivative relations aims at establishing a correlation between different types and the structural patterns words are built on. The basic unit at the derivational level is the stem.

The stem is defined as that part of the word which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm, thus the stem which appears in the paradigm (to) ask ( ), asks, asked, asking is ask-; thestem of the word singer ( ), singer’s, singers, singers’ is singer-. It is the stem of the word that takes the inflections which shape the word grammatically as one or another part of speech.

The structure of stems should be described in terms of IC’s analysis, which at this level aims at establishing the patterns of typical derivative relations within the stem and the derivative correlation between stems of different types.

There are three types of stems: simple, derived and compound.

Simple stems are semantically non-motivated and do not constitute a pattern on analogy with which new stems may be modeled. Simple stems are generally monomorphic and phonetically identical with the root morpheme. The derivational structure of stems does not always coincide with the result of morphemic analysis. Comparison proves that not all morphemes relevant at the morphemic level are relevant at the derivational level of analysis. It follows that bound morphemes and all types of pseudo- morphemes are irrelevant to the derivational structure of stems as they do not meet requirements of double opposition and derivative interrelations. So the stem of such words as retain, receive, horrible, pocket, motion, etc. should be regarded as simple, non- motivated stems.

Derived stems are built on stems of various structures though which they are motivated, i.e. derived stems are understood on the basis  of the derivative relations between their IC’s and the correlated stems. The derived stems are mostly polymorphic in which case the segmentation results only in one IC that is itself a stem, the other IC being necessarily a derivational affix.

Derived stems are not necessarily polymorphic.

Compound stems are made up of two IC’s, both of which are themselves stems, for example match-box, driving-suit, pen-holder, etc. It is built by joining of two stems, one of which is simple, the other derived.

In more complex cases the result of the analysis at the two levels sometimes seems even to contracted one another.

The derivational types of words are classified according to the structure of their stems into simple, derived and compound words.

Derived words are those composed of one root- morpheme and one or more derivational morpheme.

Compound words contain at least two root- morphemes, the number of derivational morphemes being insignificant.

Derivational compound is a word formed by a simultaneous process of composition and derivational.

Compound words proper are formed by joining together stems of word already available in the language.

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