Descriptive and prescriptive the english word law means

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The English word «law» refers to
limits upon various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive:
they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually
behave. An example is the consistent law of gravity. Other laws are
prescriptive—they prescribe how people ought to behave. For
example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers are laws that
prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we
actually do drive, of course.

In all societies,
relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of
them are customs—that is, informal rules of social and moral
behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social
institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups.

Customs need not be
made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how
we are expected to behave in society through the instruction of
family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our experiences in
dealing with strangers. Sometimes, we can break these rules without
suffering any penalty. The ways in which people talk, eat and
drink, work, and relax together are usually guided by many such
informal rules which have very little to do with laws created by
governments.

What motives do
governments have in making and enforcing laws? Social control is
undoubtedly one purpose. Public laws establish the authority of the
government itself, and civil laws provide a framework for interaction
among citizens. Without laws, it is argued, there would be anarchy in
society.

Another purpose is the
implementation of justice. Justice is a concept that most people feel
is very important. What should the court decide, for example, when a
man kills his wife because she has a painful illness and begs him to
help her die? It seems unjust to find him guilty of a crime, yet if
we do not, isn’t there a danger that such mercy-killing will become
so widespread that abuses will occur? Many philosophers have proposed
concepts of justice that are much more theoretical than everyday
notions of fairness. And sometimes governments are influenced by
philosophers, such as the French revolutionaries who tried to
implement Montesquieu’s doctrine of the Separation of Powers; or the
Russian revolutionaries who accepted Marx’s assertion that systems of
law exist to protect the property of those who have political power.
But in general, governments are guided by more practical
considerations such as rising crime rates.

Sometimes laws are
simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most
people that dangerous driving should be punished; that Fathers should
provide financial support for their children if they desert their
families; that a person should be compensated for losses when someone
else breaks an agreement with him or her. But in order to be
enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law, and when
definitions are being written, it becomes clear that common sense is
not such a simple matter. Instead, it is a complex skill based upon
long observation of many different people in different situations.

The
laws made by the government of one country are often very different
from the laws of another country. The legal system of England and
Wales is one of the oldest still operating in the modern world.
(Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own internal legal systems,
although many laws made by the British government operate throughout
Britain.) English law has directly influenced the law of former
British colonies such as Australia, India, Canada and the nation
where law plays a bigger part in everyday life than anywhere else,
the United States.

Text
— study

1. Learn
   the following words.

The
Law
Society
– Общество юристов (профессиональный
союз солиситеров)

duplication
– дублирование

conveyancing
– передача прав собственности

litigation
– тяжба

to
hire
– нанимать на работу

to
beg
– просить

to
enforce
– проводить в жизнь

justice
– правосудие

crime
rate
– уровень преступности.

1. Choose
   the correct answer to the following questions.

1. What is the main function of
   the law?

1. to protect our life;

2. to protect our property;

3. to protect our reputation.

1. What restricts speed limits?

1. police instructions;

2. prescriptive laws;

3. driver’s conscience.

1. What threatens a person who
   continually breaks the rules?

1. a strict penalty;

2. criticism and isolation;

3. indifference.

1. What should we do in the
   absence of law?

1. we should be happy;

2. we should rely on our
   friends;

3. there would be anarchy in
   society.

1. Match
   the given Russian word-combinations on the left with the English
   word-combinations on the right.

1.
предписывать
a) to suffer a penalty

2.
проводить закон в жизнь b)
prescribe

3.
нести
наказание
c) to enforce law

4.
защищать
собственность
d) implementation of justice

5.
отправление правосудия e)
to
protect
property.

1. Find in the text the words
   that correspond to the following definitions.

1. an
   official rule that all the citizens of the country must obey;

2. keeping safe from harm,
   illness or danger;

3. someone who has deliberately
   killed another person;

4. generally accepted behaviour
   in a social group;

5. to destroy or come to an end;

6. putting of the law into
   action;

7. to put into execution.

1. Give the English
   equivalents for the following words and expressions.

1. нарушать правила;

2. создавать закон;

3. взаимоотношение
   между гражданами;

4. убийство из
   сострадания;

5. проводить закон
   в жизнь;

6. защищать
   собственность;

7. отправление
   правосудия;

8. признать виновным
   в преступлении;

9. оказывать влияние
   на закон;

10. бросить
    семью.

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iptive. Descriptive laws describe how people behave in society. Prescriptive laws prescribe how people ought to behave,for example,the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive. In all societies,descriptive laws regulate relations between people and some of them are customs.Customs are not made by government and they need not to be written down.Learning customs we know how to behave in society though the instruction of family,elder people,teachers and the advice of friends.

В английском языке слово закон означает различные формы поведения. Законы носят описательный и предписывающий характер. Описательные законы описывают, как люди ведут себя в обществе. Предписывающие законы предписывают, как люди должны вести себя, например, ограничения скорости законы, которые предписывают, как быстро мы должны двигаться. Во всех обществах, описательные законы регулируют отношения между людьми, и некоторые из них customs.Customs не сделаны правительством, и они не должны быть написаны down.Learning обычаи мы знаем, как вести себя в обществе, хотя инструкции семьи, пожилых людей, преподаватели и советы друзей.