Derivative structure of the word is

Derivative
structure of English words:The
nature, type and arrangement of the ICs (immediate constituent —
непосредственная составляющая) of the
word is known as its derivative structure. The derivative base – is
the part of the word from which the word was built. The derivative
pattern – is formed by derivative base and derivative affixes.

Though the
derivative structure of the word is closely connected with its
morphemic or morphological structure and often coincides with it, it
differs from it in principle.

According
to the derivative structure all words fall into two big classes:
simplexes
or simple, non-derived words and complexes or derivatives.

Simplexes
are words which derivationally can’t be segmented into ICs. The
morphological stem of simple words, i.e. the part of the word which
takes on the system of grammatical inflections is semantically
non-motivated and independent of other words, e.g. hand, come, blue,
etc.

Derivatives
are words which depend on some other simpler lexical items that
motivate them structurally and semantically, i.e. the meaning and the
structure of the derivative is understood through the comparison with
the meaning and the structure of the source word. Hence derivatives
are secondary, motivated units, made up as a rule of two ICs, i.e.
binary units, e.g. words like teacher is made up of the ICs “to
teach” and “-er”. The ICs are brought together according to
specific rules of order and arrangement preconditioned by the system
of the language. It follows that all derivatives are marked by the
fixed order of their ICs.

Types of
derivational bases:

— bases
that coincide with morphemes (morphological stamps) – dutiful

— bases
that coincide with grammatical word-forms – unknown

— bases the
coincide with word-groups – second-rateness

Types of
derivations:

—
Derivative words (Affixational Conversions)

— Compound
words (Compound words proper Derivational compounds.)

The
distinction between morphological stem and derivational base:
Derivational
morphemes makes
new words from old ones.Thus creation is
formed from create ,
but they are two separate words. Inflectional
morphemes:
vary (or «inflect») the form of words in order to express
grammatical features, such as singular/plural or past/present
tense. Thus Boy and boys, for
example, are two different forms of the «same» word; the
choice between them, singular vs. plural, is a matter of grammar and
thus the business of inflectional morphology.

Derivational
morphemes generally:
1) Change the part of speech or the basic meaning of a word.
Thus -ment added
to a verb forms a noun (judg-ment). re-activate means
«activate again.»2) Are not required by syntactic relations
outside the word. Thus un-kind combines un- and kind into
a single new word, but has no particular syntactic connections
outside the word — we can say he
is unkind or he
is kind or they
are unkind or they
are kind,
depending on what we mean.3) Are often not productive — derivational
morphemes can be selective about what they’ll combine with, and may
also have erratic effects on meaning. Thus the suffix -hood occurs
with just a few nouns such as brother,
neighbor, and knight,
but not with most others. 4) Typically occur between the stem and any
inflectional affixes. Thus in governments,-ment,
a derivational suffix, precedes -s, an inflectional suffix. 5) In
English, may appear either as prefixes or suffixes: pre-arrange,
arrange-ment.

Inflectional
Morphemes generally:1)
Do not change basic meaning or part of speech, e.g., big,
bigg-er, bigg-est are
all adjectives.2) Express grammatically-required features or indicate
relations between different words in the sentence. Thus in Lee
love-s Kim: -s marks
the 3rd person singular present form of the verb, and also relates it
to the 3rd singular subject Lee.3)
Are productive. Inflectional morphemes typically combine freely with
all members of some large class of morphemes, with predictable
effects on usage/meaning. Thus the plural morpheme can be combined
with nearly any noun, usually in the same form, and usually with the
same effect on meaning.4) Occur outside any derivational morphemes.
Thus in ration-al-iz-ation-s the
final -s is
inflectional, and appears at the very end of the word, outside
the derivational morphemes -al, -iz, -ation.5)
In English, are suffixes only.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as un- or -ness. For example, unhappy and happiness derive from the root word happy.

It is differentiated from inflection, which is the modification of a word to form different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine.^[1]

Derivational patterns[edit]

Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, one effect of the English derivational suffix -ly is to change an adjective into an adverb (slow → slowly).

Here are examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:

• adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)
• adjective-to-verb: -en (weak → weaken)
• adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
• adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)
• noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)
• noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
• verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
• verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
• verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write → writer)

However, derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the lexical category; they may change merely the meaning of the base and leave the category unchanged. A prefix (write → re-write; lord → over-lord) rarely changes the lexical category in English. The prefix un- applies to adjectives (healthy → unhealthy) and some verbs (do → undo) but rarely to nouns. A few exceptions are the derivational prefixes en- and be-. En- (replaced by em- before labials) is usually a transitive marker on verbs, but it can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verbs: circle (verb) → encircle (verb) but rich (adj) → enrich (verb), large (adj) → enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) → enrapture (verb), slave (noun) → enslave (verb).

When derivation occurs without any change to the word, such as in the conversion of the noun breakfast into the verb to breakfast, it’s known as conversion, or zero derivation.

Derivation that results in a noun may be called nominalization. It may involve the use of an affix (such as with employ → employee), or it may occur via conversion (such as with the derivation of the noun run from the verb to run). In contrast, a derivation resulting in a verb may be called verbalization (such as from the noun butter to the verb to butter).

Derivation and inflection[edit]

Derivation can be contrasted with inflection, in that derivation can produce a new word (a distinct lexeme) but isn’t required to change this, whereas inflection produces grammatical variants of the same word.

Generally speaking, inflection applies in more or less regular patterns to all members of a part of speech (for example, nearly every English verb adds -s for the third person singular present tense), while derivation follows less consistent patterns (for example, the nominalizing suffix -ity can be used with the adjectives modern and dense, but not with open or strong). However, it is important to note that derivations and inflections can share homonyms, that being, morphemes that have the same sound, but not the same meaning. For example, when the affix -er, is added to an adjective, as in small-er, it acts as an inflection, but when added to a verb, as in cook-er, it acts as a derivation.^[2]

As mentioned above, a derivation can produce a new word (or new part of speech) but is not required to do so. For example, the derivation of the word «common» to «uncommon» is a derivational morpheme but doesn’t change the part of speech (adjective).

An important distinction between derivational and inflectional morphology lies in the content/function of a listeme^{[clarification needed]}. Derivational morphology changes both the meaning and the content of a listeme, while inflectional morphology doesn’t change the meaning, but changes the function.

A non-exhaustive list of derivational morphemes in English: -ful, -able, im-, un-, -ing, -er

A non-exhaustive list of inflectional morphemes in English: -er, -est, -ing, -en, -ed, -s

Derivation and other types of word formation[edit]

Derivation can be contrasted with other types of word formation such as compounding. For full details see Word formation.

Note that derivational affixes are bound morphemes – they are meaningful units, but can only normally occur when attached to another word. In that respect, derivation differs from compounding by which free morphemes are combined (lawsuit, Latin professor). It also differs from inflection in that inflection does not create new lexemes but new word forms (table → tables; open → opened).

Productivity[edit]

Derivational patterns differ in the degree to which they can be called productive. A productive pattern or affix is one that is commonly used to produce novel forms. For example, the negating prefix un- is more productive in English than the alternative in-; both of them occur in established words (such as unusual and inaccessible), but faced with a new word which does not have an established negation, a native speaker is more likely to create a novel form with un- than with in-. The same thing happens with suffixes. For example, if comparing two words Thatcherite and Thatcherist, the analysis shows that both suffixes -ite and -ist are productive and can be added to proper names, moreover, both derived adjectives are established and have the same meaning. But the suffix -ist is more productive and, thus, can be found more often in word formation not only from proper names.

See also[edit]

• Agglutination
• Collocation
• Inflection
• Nominalization
• Word formation
• Word root

References[edit]

• Speech and Language Processing, Jurafsky, D. & Martin J.,H.

Presentation on theme: «DERIVATION LECTURE 9. Derivation I.Derivational Structure. II.Derivational Relations. III.Derivational Bases. 3.1. Structural Classification of Derivational.»— Presentation transcript:

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DERIVATION LECTURE 9

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Derivation I.Derivational Structure. II.Derivational Relations. III.Derivational Bases. 3.1. Structural Classification of Derivational Bases. IV.Derivational Affixes. 4.1. Semantic Characteristics of Derivational Affixes. 4.2. Semi-affixes. V.Derivational Patterns. 5.1. Structural-semantic Classification of Derivational Patterns.

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I. DERIVATIONAL STRUCTURE Word-derivation in morphology is a word- formation process by which a new word is built from a stem – usually through the addition of an affix – that changes the word class and / or basic meaning of the word.

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Derivational structure — the nature, type and arrangement of the ICs of the word. Prefixational derivative Unmistakable — the prefixational morpheme is added to the sequence of the root and suffixational morphemes. Un- and -mistakable = ‘not mistakable’ Suffixational derivative Discouraging – the suffixational morpheme is added to the combination of the prefixational and the root morphemes. Discourage- and –ing = ‘something that discourages’.

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II. DERIVATIONAL RELATIONS Derivational relations are the relations between words with a common root but of different derivational structure. According to the derivational structure all words fall into two big classes: simplexes, non-derived words and complexes or derivatives.

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SIMPLEXES — are words which derivationally cannot be segmented into ICs. The morphological stem of simple words, i.e. the part of the word which takes on the system of grammatical inflections is semantically non- motivated and independent of other words, for example, hand, come, blue, etc.

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COMPLEXES/DERIVATIVES are words which depend on some other simpler lexical items that motivate them structurally and semantically, i.e. the meaning and the structure of the derivative is understood through the comparison with the meaning and the structure of the source word.

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Derivatives are secondary, motivated units, made up as a rule of two ICs, i.e. binary units, for example, words like Friendliness = friendly + -ness, Unwifely = un- + wifely, school-masterish = schoolmaster+-ish The ICs are brought together according to specific rules of order and arrangement preconditioned by the system of the language. Derivatives are marked by the fixed order of their ICs.

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DERIVATIONAL BASE is the part of the word, which establishes connection with the lexical unit that motivates the derivative and determines its individual lexical meaning describing the difference between words in the same derivational set. dancer, rebuilder, whitewasher — active doers of the action, is signaled by the lexical meaning of the derivational bases: dance-, rebuild-, whitewash-, which establish connection with the motivating source verb.

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Differential characteristics of morphological stem and derivational base A morphological stemA derivational base 1) the starting point for the forms of the word (heart – hearts) 1) the starting point for different words (heart – hearty – heartless, heartbeat) 2) predicts the part-of-speech meaning of the word (daydreamer (n)) 2) does not predict the part-of-speech meaning of the word (daydreamer (n) from daydream (v)) 3) stands for the whole semantic structure of the word, represents all lexical meanings of the word (glass (n) – 1. a hard clear substance; 2. a small container for drinking out of; 3. attractive objects made of glass; 4. mirror; 5. a barometer) 3) represents only one meaning of the source word (glassful – a drinking vessel; glassy – smooth and shiny like glass)

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3.1. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF DERIVATIONAL BASES 1. Bases that coincide with morphological stems, for example, dutiful, dutifully; to day- dream, daydreamer; Stems that serve as this class of bases may be of different derivational types thus forming derivational bases of different degrees of complexity: 1.simple stems, which consist of only one, semantically non-motivated constituent: pocket, motion, retain;

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2.derived stems, which are semantically and structurally motivated. They are binary: girlish, girlishness. The derived stem of the word girlish is girl, whereas the derived stem of the word girlishness – girlish-;

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3.compound stems are always binary and semantically motivated, but unlike the derived stems both ICs of compound stems are stems themselves: match-box (two simple stems), letter-writer (one simple and one derived stem); aircraft-carrier ( a compound and derived stem).

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2. Bases that coincide with word- forms: unsmiling, paper-bound. This class of bases is represented by verbal word-forms the present and the past participles. The collocability of this class of derivational bases is confined to: a)a few derivational affixes such as the prefix un- and the suffix –ly: unnamed, unknown; smilingly, knowingly; b)other bases which coincide only with nominal and adjectival stems: mocking-bird, dancing-girl, ice-bound, easygoing.

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3. Bases they coincide with word- groups: flat-waisted, second-rateness. Bases of this class allow a rather limited range of collocability. They are mostly combined with derivational affixes in the class of adjectives and nouns: blue-eyed, long-fingered, old-worldish. Free word-groups make up the greater part of this class of bases.

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IV. DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES — are Immediate Constituents of derived words in all parts of speech. Semantically derivational affixes are characterized by a unity of part-of-speech meaning, lexical meaning, differential meaning; distributional meanings.

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Derivational affixes have two basic functions: 1.stem building which is common to all affixational morphemes: derivational and non-derivational, cf.: -sh in the words girlish, greyish and –ish in the words publish, distinguish;

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2.word-building, this is the function of repatterning a derivational base and thus forming new words. The repatterning may result in transferring a derivational base into the stem of another part of speech, for example, the derivational suffix –ness in the words friendliness and girlishness repattern the adjectival derivational bases friendly-, girlish- into the noun stems.

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4.1. SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES The part-of-speech meaning is proper to derivational suffixes and prefixes in different degrees. Prefixes like en-, de-, out-, un-, be- possess the part-of-speech meaning and function as verb classifiers, for example, enlarge, deice, unhook, befriend. The prefix over- evidently lacks the part-of- speech meaning and is freely used both for verbs and adjectives, for example, oversleep, overeat, over-confident, over-worried.

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The lexical meaning in derivational affixes may be viewed at different levels: 1.the lexical meaning of a generic type proper to a set of affixes, forming a semantic subset. The meaning of resemblance found in the suffixes –ish, -like, -y, -ly (spiderish, spiderlike, spidery); The meaning of abstract quality conveyed by the suffixes –ness, -ty (blindness, equality); The meaning of absence conveyed by the prefix un- and the suffix –less (unclean, unlucky, speechless, heartless);

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2.an individual lexical meaning shared by no other affix. The suffixes –ish, -like, -y all have the meaning of resemblance but –like conveys an overall resemblance, -ish conveys likeness to the most typical qualities of the object; -y conveys likeness to outer shape, form, size of the object.

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Derivational affixes may be monosemantic, for example, the prefix omni- meaning ‘all’ (omnipresence, omniscience), and polysemantic, for example, the suffix –less meaning ‘lacking smth’ (brainless, endless) and ‘exceeding a category’ (timeless, countless).

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4.2. SEMI-AFFIXES — are elements which stand midway between roots and affixes. These are morphemes whose derivational function does not allow one to refer them either to derivational affixes or to bases, e.g., half- in the word half-done, half-broken; self- in the words self-made, self-interest; ill- in the word ill-dressed, ill-behaved. On the one hand, these morphemes retain certain lexical ties with the root-morphemes of independent words, on the other hand, they function as derivational prefixes.

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V. DERIVATIONAL PATTERNS DP is a regular meaningful arrangement, a structure that imposes rigid rules on the order and the nature of the derivational bases and affixes that may be brought together. Small letters v, n, a, d, num stand for the bases which coincide with the stems of the respective parts of speech: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs; v ed, v ing stand for the bases which are the past and present participles respectively. In words of the long-fingered or sit-inner type the derivational bases are represented by bracketed symbols of the parts of speech making up the corresponding collocations, for example (a+n)+ +- ed), (v+d) + er.

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5.1. STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF DERIVATIONAL PATTERNS 1.at the level of structural types patterns are known as structural formulas. They specify only the class membership of ICs and the direction of motivation, such as a+sf → N, prf +n → V, prf + n → N, n + sf → N, n + sf → V, etc.

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In terms of patterns of this type, all words may be classified into four classes: 1.suffixal derivatives: friendship, glorified, blackness, skyward, etc.; 2.prefixal derivatives: rewrite, exboxer, non-smoker, un-happy, etc.; 3.conversions: a cut, to parrot, to winter, etc.; 4.compound words: key-ring, music- lover, wind-driven, etc.

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2.at the level of structural patterns which specify the base classes and individual affixes thus indicating the lexical-grammatical and lexical classes of derivatives within certain structural classes of words. The affixes refer derivatives to specific parts of speech and lexical subsets as, for example, DP n + ish → A signals a set of adjectives with the lexical meaning of resemblance, for example, boyish, girlish, womanish, whereas a + -ish → A signals adjectives meaning a small degree of quality, for example, pinkish, whitish, wildish, etc.

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3.at the level of structural-semantic patterns the latter specify semantic peculiarities of bases and individual meanings of affixes. The nominal bases in the pattern n+-ess → N are confined to nouns having in their semantic structures a component ‘a male animate being’: lioness, traitress, stewardess, etc.; The nominal bases in n+-ful 2 → N are limited by nouns having a semantic component ‘container’: lungful, carful, mouthful, whereas in n+ -ful 1 → A the nominal bases are confined to nouns of abstract meaning.

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6. HISTORICAL CHANGEABILITY OF WORD- STRUCTURE 1.Process of simplification: a.root-morphemes may turn into affixational or semi-affixational morphemes; b.polymorphic words may become monomorphic; c. compound words may be transformed into derived or even simple words. E.g. friendship – frēōndscipe; husband – hus-bond-a; cupboard [k 0bqd ]

30

Summary and Conclusions 1.Derivational level of analysis aims at finding out the derivative types of words, the interrelation between them and at finding out how different types of derivatives are constructed.

31

2.Derivationally all words form two structural classes: simplexes, i.e. simple, non-derived words and complexes, or derivatives. Derivatives fall into: suffixal derivatives, prefixal derivatives, conversions and compounds. The relative importance of each structural type is conditioned by its frequency value in actual speech and its importance in the existing word-stock.

32

3.Each structural type of complexes shows preference for one or another part of speech. Within each part of speech derivative structures are characterised by a set of derivational patterns. 4.The basic elementary units of the derivative structure are: derivational bases, derivational affixes, derivational patterns.

33

5.Derivational bases differ from stems both structurally and semantically. Derivational bases are built on the following language units: a) stems of various structure, b) word-forms, c) word-groups or phrases. Each class and subset of bases has its own range of collocability and shows peculiar ties with different parts of speech.

34

6.Derivational affixes form derived stems by repatterning derivational bases. Semantically derivational affixes present a unity of lexical meaning and other types of meaning: functional, distributional and differential unlike non-derivational affixes which lack lexical meaning.

35

7.Derivational patterns (DP) are meaningful arrangements of various types of ICs that can be observed in a set of words based on their mutual interdependence. DPs can be viewed in terms of collocability of each IC. There are two types of DPs — structural that specify base classes and individual affixes, and structural- semantic that specify semantic peculiarities of bases and the individual meaning of the affix.

36

DPs of different levels of generalisation signal: 1.1) the class of source unit that motivates the derivative and the direction of motivation between different classes of words; 2.2) the part of speech of the derivative; 3.3) the lexical sets and semantic features of derivatives.

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REFERENCES: 1.Gunzburg R.Z. A Course in Modern English Lexicology, M., 1979. 2.Zykova I.V. Practical Course of English Lexicology, M., 2006.