Definition of word must - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

Verb

we must be quiet during the performance

Recent Examples on the Web

Sustainably made shoes from Allbirds are a must, and no Houston shopping center would be complete without western wear.

—Gabi De La Rosa, Chron, 8 Apr. 2023

My advice: Regularly changing your car’s onboard Wi-Fi network password is a must.

—Kim Komando, USA TODAY, 6 Apr. 2023

Homedics TotalClean PetPlus 5-in-1 Tower Air Purifier Now 13% Off With all the allergens, germs, and particles out there, a good purified is a must.

—Mark Stock, menshealth.com, 5 Apr. 2023

Coming into contact with such particles isn’t only bad for your health but also slowly ruining your upholstery, so keeping your sofa clean is a must.

—Jessica Cherner, House Beautiful, 4 Apr. 2023

If there are young children in the house or if the chest freezer is in the garage, a safety lock is a must.

—Rachel Klein, Popular Mechanics, 30 Mar. 2023

Treatment: There are ways to treat this sudden onset heat, but if feeling sweaty is accompanied by other symptoms like chest pains or gastrointestinal issues, talking more about your anxiety with a qualified therapist is a must.

—Zee Krstic, Good Housekeeping, 29 Mar. 2023

That means these towels are a must near any highly-trafficked sink, like your downstairs powder room or kitchen sink.

—Laura Denby, Peoplemag, 28 Mar. 2023

Price at time of publish: $126 for top, $96 for leggings, and $168 for duster Best Cozy Socks Alo Women’s Cashmere Jet Set Socks View On Aloyoga.com Cozy socks are a must on a long-haul flight, both for warmth and for foot protection against the dubious airplane floors.

—Alesandra Dubin, Travel + Leisure, 27 Mar. 2023

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These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘must.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Источник

English[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(stressed) IPA^(key): /ˈmʌst/
(unstressed) IPA^(key): /məs(t)/
Rhymes: -ʌst
Homophone: mussed

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle English moste («must», literally, «had to», the past tense of Middle English moten (“to have to”)), from Old English mōste (“had to”), 1st & 3rd person singular past tense of mōtan (“to be allowed, be able to, have the opportunity to, be compelled to, must, may”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtaną. Cognate with Dutch moest (“had to”), German musste (“had to”), Swedish måste (“must, have to, be obliged to”). More at mote.

Alternative forms[edit]

mus’ (dialectal)

Verb[edit]

must (third-person singular simple present must, no present participle, simple past must, no past participle)

(modal auxiliary, defective) To do as a requirement; indicates that the sentence subject is required as an imperative or directive to execute the sentence predicate, with failure to do so resulting in a failure or negative consequence.

You must arrive in class on time. (the requirement is an imperative)

This door handle must be rotated fully. (the requirement is a directive, necessary to operate the handle)
(modal auxiliary, defective) To do with certainty; indicates that the speaker is certain that the subject will have executed the predicate.

If it has rained all day, it must be very wet outside.

You picked one of two, and it wasn’t the first: it must have been the second.
(modal auxiliary, defective) Used to indicate that something is very likely, probable, or certain to be true.

The children must be asleep by now.

Usage notes[edit]

(auxiliary, to do as a requirement): Compare with weaker auxiliary verb should, indicating mere intent for the predicate’s execution; and stronger auxiliary verb will, indicating that the negative consequence will be unusually severe.
(auxiliary, to do with certainty): Compare with weaker auxiliary verb should, indicating a strong probability of the predicate’s execution.
The past tense of “must” is also “must”. In main clauses, this use of the past tense is almost always literary (see King James Bible, Leiber, and Alcott quotations at Citations:must). In subordinate clauses, it is more common: He knew what he must do. Otherwise, the past sense is usually conveyed by had to. It is possible to use was bound to for the past also. For this reason, have to and be bound to are also used as alternatives to must in the present and future.
The principal verb, if easily supplied (especially go), may be omitted. In modern usage this is mainly literary (see Housman and Tolkien quotations at Citations:must).
Must is unusual in its negation: must not still expresses a definite certainty or requirement. Need and have to, on the other hand, are negated in the usual manner. Compare:

You must not read that book. (It is necessary that you not read that book.)

You need not read that book. / You do not have to read that book. (It is not necessary that you read that book.)

The second-person singular (thou being the subject) no longer adds -est (as it did in Old English).

Conjugation[edit]

Translations[edit]

be required to

Afrikaans: moet (af)
Aghwan: 𐔱𐔴𐕘𐔰 (beġa)
Arabic: وَجَبَ‎ (ar) (wajaba) (present tense: يَجِب‎ (yajib)), يَتَحَتَّم‎ (yataḥattam), يَلْزَم‎ (yalzam), لَا بُدَّ‎ (lā budda)

Egyptian Arabic: (adjective) لازم‎ (lāzim)

Levantine Arabic: (adjective) لَازِم‎ (lāzim)
Armenian: պետք է (petkʿ ē)
Bashkir: тейеш (teyeş)
Belarusian: му́сіць (músicʹ), (predicative) паві́нен m (pavínjen), паві́нна f or n (pavínna), паві́нны pl (pavínny)
Bulgarian: тря́бва (bg) (trjábva)
Burmese: ရ (my) (ra.)
Catalan: deure (ca)
Chinese:

Mandarin: 應該／应该 (zh) (yīnggāi), 必須／必须 (zh) (bìxū)
Czech: muset (cs)
Dalmatian: dovar
Danish: skulle (da)
Dutch: moeten (nl)
Esperanto: devi (eo)
Estonian: pidama (et)
Finnish: täytyy (fi)
French: devoir (fr)
Friulian: dovê
Galician: deber (gl)
Georgian: უნდა (unda)
German: müssen (de)

Alemannic German: müese
Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan), 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban)
Greek: πρέπει (el) (prépei)
Haitian Creole: dwe
Hindi: चाहिए (hi) (cāhie), पड़ना (hi) (paṛnā), (pattern: dative + verb + होना (hi) (honā)), होगा (hogā)
Hungarian: kell (hu), muszáj (hu)
Icelandic: verða (is)
Ido: mustar (io)
Indonesian: harus (id)
Irish: caithfidh, is éigean, ní foláir, bí ar
Italian: dovere (it)
Japanese: …なければならない (…nakereba naranai) (conditional negative form + «naranai»), …なくてはいけない (…nakutewa ikenai) (conditional negative form + «ikenai»), …ないと駄目だ (ja) (…nai to dame da) (conditional negative form + «dame da»), …なきゃ (ja) (…nakya) (informal), …なくちゃ (ja) (…nakucha) (informal)
Khmer: ត្រូវ (km) (trəv)
Korean: 해야 하다 (haeya hada)
Ladin: dovei
Lao: ຕ້ອງ (tǭng)
Latin: debeō (la), debere, (use a verb in the periphrastic conjugations) futurus sum (i must be), (use a verb in the periphrastic conjugations) servandus sum (i must save)
Latvian: please add this translation if you can
Lithuanian: privalo
Lü: ᦏᦱᧉ (ṫhaa²), ᦎᦸᧂᧉ (ṫoang²)
Macedonian: мо́ра (móra)
Malay: mesti
Mongolian: ёстой (jostoj)
Neapolitan: avé a
North Frisian: (Mooring) mötj, (Föhr-Amrum) skel, mut
Norwegian: måtte (no)
Occitan: deure (oc)
Old English: sċulan
Old Saxon: motan
Persian: باید‎ (fa) (bâyad)
Polish: musieć (pl)
Portuguese: dever (pt)
Romanian: trebui (ro)
Romansch: stuair, stuer, stueir, stuvair
Russian: (predicative) до́лжен (ru) m (dólžen), должна́ (ru) f (dolžná), должно́ (ru) n (dolžnó), должны́ (ru) pl (dolžný)
Samoan: tatau lava
Scots: maun
Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: мо́рати

Roman: mórati (sh)
Slovak: musieť
Slovene: morati (sl)
Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: dejaś impf, musaś impf

Upper Sorbian: dyrbjeć impf, (regional) musyć (hsb) impf
Spanish: deber (es), tener que
Swahili: lazima (sw)
Swedish: måste (sv)
Tagalog: dapat
Thai: ต้อง (th) (dtɔ̂ng)
Tok Pisin: mas (tpi)
Tongan: pau
Turkish: -meli (tr), -malı (tr), lazım olmak, gerek olmak
Ukrainian: му́сити (uk) (músyty), (predicative) пови́нний (povýnnyj), пови́нен (povýnen)
Urdu: چاہئے‎ (cāhie), پڑنا‎ (paṛnā), (pattern: dative + verb + ہونا (hōnā)), ہو گا‎ (hogā)
Vietnamese: phải (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy) rhaid i + pronoun or noun, gorfod (cy)
West Frisian: moatte
Yiddish: מוזן‎ (muzn)
Yup’ik: -naurte (verbal postbase)

said about something that is very likely, probable, or certain to be true

Arabic: لَابُدَّ‎ (lābudda)
Catalan: deure (ca)
Esperanto: sendube (eo) (adverb), certe (eo) (adverb)
Finnish: täytyy (fi)
French: devoir (fr)
Hungarian: biztos (hu), bizonyára (hu), minden bizonnyal, alighanem (hu), biztosan (hu), kétségkívül (hu), kétségtelenül (hu)
Italian: dovere (it)
Latin: certē (literally means «surely»; use present indicative)
Portuguese: dever (pt)
Russian: должно́ быть (ru) (dolžnó bytʹ) (adverb), наве́рное (ru) (navérnoje)
Spanish: deber de
Welsh: bod (cy) rhaid bod (cy) + pronoun or noun

Noun[edit]

must (plural musts)

Something that is mandatory or required.

If you’re trekking all day, a map is a must.

Synonyms: imperative, necessity

Hyponyms: must-do, must-have, must-see

Antonym: no-no

Descendants[edit]

→ French: must

Translations[edit]

something mandatory

Dutch: moetje (nl) n
Finnish: pakko (fi)
French: must (fr) m, obligation (fr) m
Galician: deber (gl)
German: Muss (de) n
Greek: αναγκαιότητα (el) f (anagkaiótita), υποχρέωση (el) f (ypochréosi)
Italian: obbligo (it), dovere (it)
Norwegian: krav n, must (no) n
Plautdietsch: Muss m
Portuguese: dever (pt) m
Swedish: måste (sv)
Turkish: gereklilik (tr), zorunluluk (tr), olmazsa olmaz, şart (tr), koşul (tr), şıra (tr)

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle English must, from Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.

Noun[edit]

must (countable and uncountable, plural musts)

The property of being stale or musty.
Something that exhibits the property of being stale or musty.
Fruit juice that will ferment or has fermented, usually from grapes.
- c. 1874, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ovid in Exile
  
  No sweet grape lies hidden here in the shade of its vine-leaves,
  No fermenting must fills and o’erflows the deep vats.

Translations[edit]

fruit juice that will ferment or has fermented, usually from grapes

Albanian: musht (sq) m
Arabic: عَصِير‎ m (ʕaṣīr)
Armenian: մաճար (hy) (mačar) (slightly fermented, grapes)
Aromanian: mustu
Asturian: mostiu (ast) m
Basque: muztio
Bulgarian: шира (bg) f (šira)
Catalan: most (ca) m
Czech: mošt (cs) m
Dutch: most (nl) m
Esperanto: mosto
Finnish: puristemehu
French: moût (fr) m or mout (fr) m
Friulian: most m
Galician: mosto (gl) m
German: Most (de) m
Greek: μούστος (el) m (moústos)

Ancient: γλεῦκος n (gleûkos)
Hungarian: must (hu)
Ido: mosto (io)
Italian: mosto (it)
Latin: mustum n
Norwegian:

Bokmål: most (no) m

Nynorsk: most m
Persian: پوراب‎ (purâb)
Polish: moszcz (pl) m
Portuguese: mosto (pt) m
Romanian: must (ro)
Russian: муст (ru) m (must)
Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: мошт m

Roman: mošt (sh) m
Spanish: mosto (es) m
Swedish: must (sv) c
Turkish: şıra (tr)
Venetian: mosto (vec) m
Welsh: gwin newydd m, mwst m

Verb[edit]

must (third-person singular simple present musts, present participle musting, simple past and past participle musted)

(transitive) To make musty.
(intransitive) To become musty.

Etymology 3[edit]

From Persian مست‎ (mast, “drunk, inebriated”), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭮𐭲‎ (mast).

Noun[edit]

must (countable and uncountable, plural musts)

Alternative form of musth
- 1936, George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant, an essay in the magazine New Writing:
  
  It was not, of course, a wild elephant, but a tame one which had gone ‘must’.

Anagrams[edit]

MTUs, UMTS, smut, stum, tums

Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From English must, from Old English mōste, from the past tense of Proto-West Germanic *mōtan, whence native moeten.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /mʏst/

Noun[edit]

must m (plural musts)

a must (necessity, prerequisite)

Synonym: moetje

Een rijbewijs is een must als je taxichauffeur wil worden.

A driver’s license is a must if you want to be a taxi driver.

Estonian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *musta. Cognate with Finnish musta, Veps must and Livonian mustā. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *mus-ta-, compare Norwegian Bokmål must (“steam, fume, mist”).^[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈmust/
Hyphenation: must

Adjective[edit]

must (genitive musta, partitive musta, comparative mustem, superlative kõige mustem or mustim)

black (color)

Lindude sulestik on must, aga tiibadel märkame valget laiku.

The plumage of the birds is black, but you can notice a white spot on the wings.
Dark, without light, illumination (and poorly visible).

Mustad sügisööd.

Dark autumn nights.
1. Without snow.
  
  Maa on must ja kelgutada ei saa.
  
  The ground is without snow and you can’t go sledding.
Having dark skin.

Must poiss muudkui naeris.

The black kid kept laughing.
Dirty, unclean, full of garbage and/or grime.

Synonym: räpane

Mu riided said mustaks ja pidin neid pesema.

My clothes became dirty and I had to wash them.
1. Not requiring special skills, making something or someone dirty.
  
  Hauakaevaja must töö.
  
  The dirty job of a gravedigger.
Grim, dreary, hopeless, without any (good) solution.

Meeleolu on must.

The mood around here is dark.
1. Illegal, unofficial, disgraceful.
  
  Kartsin, et mu mustad teod tulevad päevavalgele.
  
  I feared, that my dark acts will come to light.

Declension[edit]

Declension of must (type külm)

Noun[edit]

must (genitive musta, partitive musta)

The color black.

Halli värvi kombineerdes musta ja valgega suurendad enda usaldatavust.

By combining gray with black and white, you increase your own reliability.
Something colored in black.

Otsustasime, kumb mängib valgete, kumb mustadega.

We decided, who plays with whites (white chesspieces), and who plays with blacks (black chesspieces).
A person having dark skin.

Meie tulevikulootus ei ole enam lapsed, vaid hoopis mustad.

Our hopes for the future aren’t our children anymore, but blacks.

Declension[edit]

Declension of must (type külm)

Antonyms[edit]

valge

Derived terms[edit]

mustus
mustuma
mustendama
mustenma
mustama

[edit]

must auk
mustvalge
musträstas
süsimust
must sõstar

References[edit]

^ http://eki.ee/dict/ety/index.cgi?Q=must&F=M&C06=en

Finnish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

A variant of musta < minusta (“of me”).

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈmust/, [ˈmus̠t̪]
Rhymes: -ust
Syllabification^(key): must

Pronoun[edit]

must

(colloquial) elative singular of mä

Must on tärkeetä, että.. / Minusta on tärkeää, että… (standard)

I think it is important that…

Etymology 2[edit]

Borrowed from English must.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈmɑst/, [ˈmɑs̠t̪]

Noun[edit]

must

(colloquial) must (something mandatory or required)

Se on ihan must!

It’s a must!

Declension[edit]

Not inflected.

Synonyms[edit]

pakko; pakollinen juttu

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from English must.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /mœst/

Noun[edit]

must m (plural musts)

(informal) that which is compulsory; an obligation; duty; must

Synonyms: essentiel, impératif
- 2003, Élisabeth Badinter, Fausse route, Odile Jacob, →ISBN:
  
  Comme le fait remarquer Daphne Patai, Loïs Pineau, contrairement à Catherine MacKinnon, postule que les femmes sont tout à fait capables de donner un consentement explicite et verbal sans en rester au geste et au sous-entendu. Non seulement l’explicitation n’est pas un problème, mais c’est un must.
  
  As Daphne Patai points out, Loïs Pineau, unlike Catherine MacKinnon, postulates that women are entirely capable of giving explicit and verbal consent without relying on gesture and insinuation. Not only is explanation not a problem, but it’s a must.
(often humorous) must-have (item that one must own)
- 2014, Annie Ernaux, Regarde les lumières mon amour, Seuil, →ISBN, page 62:
  
  La fête des Mères s’affiche partout dans le centre commercial. À Auchan, un espace lui est réservé, rempli de robots, d’aspirateurs, de machines à café – le must apparemment – parfums, etc.
  
  Mother’s Day is on display everywhere in the mall. At Auchan, a space is reserved for it, filled with appliances, vacuum cleaners, coffee makers — the apparent must-have — perfumes, etc.

Hungarian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ˈmuʃt]
Hyphenation: must
Rhymes: -uʃt

Noun[edit]

must (usually uncountable, plural mustok)

must (sweet fresh grape juice that has not fermented yet)

Declension[edit]

Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	must	mustok
accusative	mustot	mustokat
dative	mustnak	mustoknak
instrumental	musttal	mustokkal
causal-final	mustért	mustokért
translative	musttá	mustokká
terminative	mustig	mustokig
essive-formal	mustként	mustokként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	mustban	mustokban
superessive	muston	mustokon
adessive	mustnál	mustoknál
illative	mustba	mustokba
sublative	mustra	mustokra
allative	musthoz	mustokhoz
elative	mustból	mustokból
delative	mustról	mustokról
ablative	musttól	mustoktól
non-attributive possessive — singular	musté	mustoké
non-attributive possessive — plural	mustéi	mustokéi

Possessive forms of must
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	mustom	mustjaim
2nd person sing.	mustod	mustjaid
3rd person sing.	mustja	mustjai
1st person plural	mustunk	mustjaink
2nd person plural	mustotok	mustjaitok
3rd person plural	mustjuk	mustjaik

Ludian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *musta.

Adjective[edit]

must

black

Middle English[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

most, moste, moust, muste

Etymology[edit]

From Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /must/

Noun[edit]

must (uncountable)

must (wine that is not fully fermented)
(rare, with qualifier) fruit juice

Descendants[edit]

English: must

References[edit]

“must, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin mustum, from Proto-Indo-European *mus-, *mews- (“damp”).

Noun[edit]

must n (plural musturi)

unfermented wine; grape or other fruit juice
must (of grapes)

Declension[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

mujdei
mustar
musti
mustometru
mustuială
mustărie

[edit]

mustos
mustăreață

Swedish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse muster, moster, from Latin mustum.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /mɵst/

Noun[edit]

must c (uncountable)

(drink made from) fruit or berry juice (that has been prevented from fermenting)
a kind of soft drink, more commonly known as julmust

Declension[edit]

Declension of must
	Uncountable
Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	must	musten	—	—
Genitive	musts	mustens	—	—

References[edit]

must in Svensk ordbok (SO)
must in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
must in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Anagrams[edit]

stum, tums

Veps[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *musta.

Adjective[edit]

must

black

Inflection[edit]

Inflection of must (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	must
genitive sing.	mustan
partitive sing.	mustad
partitive plur.	mustid
	singular	plural
nominative	must	mustad
accusative	mustan	mustad
genitive	mustan	mustiden
partitive	mustad	mustid
essive-instructive	mustan	mustin
translative	mustaks	mustikš

inessive	mustas	mustiš
elative	mustaspäi	mustišpäi
illative	mustaha mustha	mustihe

adessive	mustal	mustil
ablative	mustalpäi	mustilpäi
allative	mustale	mustile

abessive	mustata	mustita
comitative	mustanke	mustidenke
prolative	mustadme	mustidme

approximative I	mustanno	mustidenno
approximative II	mustannoks	mustidennoks
egressive	mustannopäi	mustidennopäi

terminative I	mustahasai musthasai	mustihesai
terminative II	mustalesai	mustilesai
terminative III	mustassai	—

additive I	mustahapäi musthapäi	mustihepäi
additive II	mustalepäi	mustilepäi

Derived terms[edit]

musteta
Mustmägi
mustsil’mäine
mustverine

Noun[edit]

must

black

Inflection[edit]

Inflection of must (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	must
genitive sing.	mustan
partitive sing.	mustad
partitive plur.	mustid
	singular	plural
nominative	must	mustad
accusative	mustan	mustad
genitive	mustan	mustiden
partitive	mustad	mustid
essive-instructive	mustan	mustin
translative	mustaks	mustikš

inessive	mustas	mustiš
elative	mustaspäi	mustišpäi
illative	mustaha mustha	mustihe

adessive	mustal	mustil
ablative	mustalpäi	mustilpäi
allative	mustale	mustile

abessive	mustata	mustita
comitative	mustanke	mustidenke
prolative	mustadme	mustidme

approximative I	mustanno	mustidenno
approximative II	mustannoks	mustidennoks
egressive	mustannopäi	mustidennopäi

terminative I	mustahasai musthasai	mustihesai
terminative II	mustalesai	mustilesai
terminative III	mustassai	—

additive I	mustahapäi musthapäi	mustihepäi
additive II	mustalepäi	mustilepäi

References[edit]

Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “чёрный”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Volapük[edit]

Noun[edit]

must (nominative plural musts)

must (new wine; sweet cider)

Declension[edit]

Võro[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *musta.

Adjective[edit]

must (genitive musta, partitive musta)

black (colour)

Inflection[edit]

Источник

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British
Idioms And Phrases

This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.

auxiliary verb

to be obliged or bound to by an imperative requirement: I must keep my word.

to be under the necessity to; need to: Animals must eat to live.

to be required or compelled to, as by the use or threat of force: You must obey the law.

to be compelled to in order to fulfill some need or achieve an aim: We must hurry if we’re to arrive on time.

to be forced to, as by convention or the requirements of honesty: I must say, that is a lovely hat.

to be or feel urged to; ought to: I must buy that book.

to be reasonably expected to; is bound to: It must have stopped raining by now. She must be at least 60.

to be inevitably certain to; be compelled by nature: Everyone must die.

verb (used without object)

to be obliged; be compelled: Do I have to go? I must, I suppose.

Archaic. (sometimes used with ellipsis of go, get, or some similar verb readily understood from the context): We must away.

adjective

noun

something necessary, vital, or required: This law is a must.

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Origin of must

First recorded before 900; Middle English most(e), Old English mōste (past tense); cognate with German musste. See mote²

synonym study for must

1. Must, ought, should express necessity or duty. Must expresses necessity or compulsion: I must attend to those patients first. Soldiers must obey orders. Ought (weaker than must ) expresses obligation, duty, desirability: You ought to tell your mother. Should expresses obligation, expectation, or probability: You are not behaving as you should. Children should be taught to speak the truth. They should arrive at one o’clock.

Words nearby must

Mussolini, Mussolini, Benito, Mussorgsky, Mussulman, mussy, must, mustache, mustache cup, mustachio, mustachioed, Mustafa Kemal

Other definitions for must (2 of 4)

noun

new wine; the unfermented juice as pressed from the grape or other fruit.

Origin of must

First recordedbefore 900; Middle English, Old English, from Latin mustum, short for vīnum mustum “new wine”

Other definitions for must (3 of 4)

noun

mold; moldiness; mustiness: a castle harboring the must of centuries.

Origin of must

First recorded in 1595–1605; back formation from musty¹

Other definitions for must (4 of 4)

noun

musk, especially a powder made from musk.

verb (used with object)

Origin of must

⁴

First recorded in 1480–90; earlier moist, from Middle French must, variant of musc; see origin at musk

Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023

Words related to must

precondition, prerequisite, requisite, charge, commitment, committal, condition, devoir, duty, fundamental, imperative, must-have, necessary, need, obligation, requirement, right, have, ought, sine qua non

How to use must in a sentence

Ohio is a must-win swing state for Republicans if they are to reclaim the White House.
During the Showtime era, Lakers games became a must-see event that attracted fans and celebrities alike.
In other words, this book is a must-read for every U.S. citizen.
Meyers still has a way to go if he wants to make his new weeknight gig must-see daily viewing.

It’s now a must-have wardrobe staple, similar to that of the t-shirt or a pair of jeans.
All of a sudden the Writer and the Sketcher found themselves thrust into the presence of He-who-must-be-obeyed.
All of a sudden, with one accord, they put to the Sphinx the question that He-who-must-be-obeyed had asked them.
Had not He-who-must-be-obeyed ordered them to seek out the solution of the Great Conundrum?
The starching, the fluting, the ironing, all take precious hours that might be employed upon some of the must-haves.
It was that terrible once-on-board-the-lugger-and-the-girl-is-mine-I-must-and-shall-possess-her feeling in its most acute form.

British Dictionary definitions for must (1 of 5)

must¹

/ (mʌst, unstressed məst, məs) /

verb (takes an infinitive without to or an implied infinitive)

used as an auxiliary to express obligation or compulsion: you must pay your dues . In this sense, must does not form a negative. If used with a negative infinitive it indicates obligatory prohibition

used as an auxiliary to indicate necessityI must go to the bank tomorrow

used as an auxiliary to indicate the probable correctness of a statementhe must be there by now

used as an auxiliary to indicate inevitabilityall good things must come to an end

(used as an auxiliary to express resolution)

on the part of the speaker when used with I or weI must finish this
on the part of another or others as imputed to them by the speaker, when used with you, he, she, they, etclet him get drunk if he must

(used emphatically) used as an auxiliary to express conviction or certainty on the part of the speakerhe must have reached the town by now, surely; you must be joking

(foll by away) used with an implied verb of motion to express compelling hasteI must away

noun

an essential or necessary thingstrong shoes are a must for hill walking

Word Origin for must

Old English mōste past tense of mōtan to be allowed, be obliged to; related to Old Saxon mōtan, Old High German muozan, German müssen

British Dictionary definitions for must (2 of 5)

Word Origin for must

C17: back formation from musty

British Dictionary definitions for must (3 of 5)

noun

the newly pressed juice of grapes or other fruit ready for fermentation

Word Origin for must

Old English, from Latin mustum new wine, must, from mustus (adj) newborn

British Dictionary definitions for must (4 of 5)

noun

a variant spelling of musth

British Dictionary definitions for must (5 of 5)

combining form

indicating that something is highly recommended or desirablea must-see film; this season’s must-haves

Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

Other Idioms and Phrases with must

see a must; show must go on.

The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.

Источник

Britannica Dictionary definition of MUST

[modal verb]

somewhat formal in US English

— used to say that something is required or necessary

You must stop. [=you have to stop; I command you to stop]
I told him what he must do. [=what he had to do]
One must eat to live.
You must follow the rules.
We must [=have to, need to] correct these problems soon or the project will fail.
I must remember to stop at the store.
“Must you go?” [=do you have to go?] “Yes, I’m afraid I really must.”
“Must you go?” “No, I don’t have to.”
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
It must be noted, however, that the company was already in financial difficulties.
We must keep/bear in mind that she didn’t have any previous experience. = It must be borne in mind that she didn’t have any previous experience.

◊ Note the difference in meaning between must not and not have to.

You must not do it. [=it is necessary that you do not do it; I command you not to do it]
You don’t have to do it. [=it is not necessary for you to do it]

— used to say that something is required by a rule or law

All passengers must exit at the next stop.
Students must have completed Sociology 101 before they can take Sociology 102.

somewhat formal in US English

— used to say that someone should do something

You must [=ought to, should, have to] read this book. It’s fantastic!
You must come visit us soon. [=we would like to have you come visit us soon]
You really must see the doctor about that cough. [=I urge you to see the doctor; I really think you need to see the doctor]

— used to say that something is very likely

It must be almost dinner time.
She must think I’m a fool.
It must have been the coffee that kept me awake.
He must have been the most gifted student at the school. [=I think he was the most gifted student]
He must have a lot of money to live the way he does.
The bus must be coming soon.
You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.
You’re going to wear that? You must be joking!
You must have been very worried.
You must be thrilled about the new baby.
If he really was there, I must have seen him, but I don’t remember seeing him.
There must be some mistake.

— used in various phrases to emphasize a statement

I must say, I was surprised to hear from him.
She’s a talented actress, I must say.
She’s a talented actress, you must admit.
I must admit, I expected better results.
I must warn you, this will not be easy.
I must confess, I haven’t actually read the book yet.

somewhat formal in US English

— used in questions that express annoyance or anger

Must you be so unreasonable? [=do you have to be so unreasonable?]
Why must it always rain on the weekend? [=why does it always have to rain on the weekend?]

if you must

— used to say that you will allow someone to do something even though you do not approve of it

You can smoke if you must, but please do it outdoors.

if you must know

—

see ¹know

Britannica Dictionary definition of MUST

[count]

something that is or seems to be required or necessary

— usually singular

If you’re going to hike this trail, sturdy shoes are a must.
Regular exercise is a must [=is very important; is strongly recommended] as you grow older.

Источник

Other forms: musts

A must is something that’s so important it can’t be missed or ignored. When you’re taking kayaking lessons, a lifejacket is a must.

Anything that is required is a must: drinking enough water is a must for being healthy. When you adopt a new dog, making sure he’ll get along with your cat is a must. Another meaning of the noun must is a stale, stuffy smell. Your damp basement and dry, hot attic might both smell of must. This meaning comes from the adjective musty, a variation on the older, now obsolete moisty.

Definitions of must

noun

a necessary or essential thing

“seat belts are an absolute
must”
adjective

highly recommended

“a book that is
must reading”

Synonyms:

essential

basic and fundamental
noun

the quality of smelling or tasting old or stale or mouldy
noun

grape juice before or during fermentation

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Источник

must

ought; should; obliged, bound, required, or compelled to: You must be on time.; a necessity; vital: A warm coat is a must in this weather.

Not to be confused with:

mussed – messy; untidy; tangled: mussed hair

must¹

(mŭst)

v.aux.

1. To be obliged or required by morality, law, or custom: Citizens must register in order to vote.

2. To be compelled, as by a physical necessity or requirement: Plants must have oxygen in order to live.

3. Used to express a command or admonition: You must not go there alone. You simply must be careful.

4. To be determined to; have as a fixed resolve: If you must leave, do it quietly.

a. Used to indicate inevitability or certainty: We all must die.

b. Used to indicate logical probability or presumptive certainty: If the lights were on, they must have been at home.

v.intr. Archaic

To be required or obliged to go: «I must from hence» (Shakespeare).

Something that is absolutely required or indispensable: Promptness on the job is a must. Comfortable boots are a must when going on a hike.

[Middle English moste, from Old English mōste, past tense of mōtan, to be allowed; see med- in Indo-European roots.]

must²

(mŭst)

The quality or condition of being stale or musty.

[Probably back-formation from musty.]

must³

(mŭst)

The unfermented or fermenting juice expressed from fruit, especially grapes.

[Middle English, from Old English, from Latin mustum, from neuter of mustus, new, fresh.]

must⁴

(mŭst)

must⁵

(mŭst)

[Scottish, from Old French, variant of musc; see musk.]

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

must

(mʌst; unstressed məst; məs)

1. used as an auxiliary to express obligation or compulsion: you must pay your dues. In this sense, must does not form a negative. If used with a negative infinitive it indicates obligatory prohibition

2. used as an auxiliary to indicate necessity: I must go to the bank tomorrow.

3. used as an auxiliary to indicate the probable correctness of a statement: he must be there by now.

4. used as an auxiliary to indicate inevitability: all good things must come to an end.

5. (used as an auxiliary to express resolution)

a. on the part of the speaker when used with I or we: I must finish this.

b. on the part of another or others as imputed to them by the speaker, when used with you, he, she, they, etc: let him get drunk if he must.

6. (used emphatically) used as an auxiliary to express conviction or certainty on the part of the speaker: he must have reached the town by now, surely; you must be joking.

7. (foll by away) used with an implied verb of motion to express compelling haste: I must away.

an essential or necessary thing: strong shoes are a must for hill walking.

[Old English mōste past tense of mōtan to be allowed, be obliged to; related to Old Saxon mōtan, Old High German muozan, German müssen]

must

(mʌst)

[C17: back formation from musty]

must

(mʌst)

(Brewing) the newly pressed juice of grapes or other fruit ready for fermentation

[Old English, from Latin mustum new wine, must, from mustus (adj) newborn]

must

(mʌst)

(Zoology) a variant spelling of musth

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

must¹

(mʌst)

auxiliary v.andv., pres. sing.andpl. 1st, 2nd, and3rd pers. must, auxiliary verb.

1. (used to express obligation or imperative requirement): I must keep my promise. We really must go now.

2. (used to express requirement or compulsion by law, social convention, or morality): The rules must be obeyed. I must say, you look wonderful.

3. (used to express advisability or desirability): You really must read this book.

4. (used to express inevitability, necessity, or compulsion by natural laws): All good things must come to an end. One must eat to live.

5. (used to express logical necessity): There must be some mistake.

6. (used to express strong probability or reasonable expectation): You must be joking. He must be at least 70.

7. (used to express intention or determination, often persistence in something unwelcome): if you must know; Must you repeat everything I say?

v.i.

8. Archaic. (sometimes used with ellipsis of go, get, or some similar verb readily understood from the context): We must away.

adj.

9. necessary; vital: A raincoat is must clothing in this area.

10. something necessary, vital, or required: Getting enough sleep is a must.

[before 900; Middle English most(e), Old English mōste, past tense of Middle English mote, Old English mot mote², 3rd singular of motan, c. Old Frisian mōta, Old Saxon mōtan to have cause to, must, Old High German muozan may; compare empty]

must²

(mʌst)

the juice of grapes or other fruit during fermentation.

[before 900; Middle English, Old English < Latin mustum, short for vīnum mustum new wine]

must³

(mʌst)

mold; moldiness; mustiness.

must⁴

(mʌst)

must

Must is usually used to say that something is necessary. It can also be used to say that you believe that something is true. Must is called a ‘modal‘.

1. ‘must’, ‘have to’, ‘have got to’, and ‘need to’

The expressions have to, have got to, and need to can sometimes be used with the same meaning as must.

The negative form of must is must not or mustn’t. The negative forms of have to and have got to are don’t have to and haven’t got to. The negative form of need to is need not, needn’t or don’t need to. However, these negative forms do not all have the same meaning. This is explained below under negative necessity.

2. necessity in the present

Must, have to, have got to, and need to are all used to say that it is necessary that something is done.

I must go now.

You have to find a solution.

We‘ve got to get up early tomorrow.

A few things need to be done before we can leave.

After must you use an infinitive without to. Don’t use a to-infinitive. Don’t say, for example, ‘I must to go now.’

If someone is required to do something regularly, for example as a job or duty, say that they have to do it. Don’t use ‘must’.

She has to do all the cooking and cleaning.

We always have to write to our grandparents to thank them for our birthday gifts.

If someone is required to do something on a particular occasion, say that they have got to do it or, in formal English and American English, that they have to do it.

I‘ve got to go and see the headmaster.

We have to take all these boxes upstairs.

In formal English, must is used to say that someone is required to do something by a rule or law.

You must submit your application by the end of this month.

3. necessity in the past

If you want to say that something was necessary in the past, you use had to. Don’t use ‘must’.

She couldn’t stay because she had to go to work.

We had to sit in silence.

4. necessity in the future

If you want to say that something will be necessary in the future, you use will have to.

He‘ll have to go to hospital.

We will have to finish this tomorrow.

5. negative necessity

You use must not or mustn’t to say that it is important that something is not done.

You must not be late.

We mustn’t forget the tickets.

If you want to say that it is not necessary that something is done, you use don’t have to, haven’t got to, needn’t, or don’t need to.

You don’t have to eat everything on your plate.

I haven’t got to work tomorrow, so I can sleep late.

You don’t need to explain.

Be Careful!
Don’t use ‘must not’, ‘mustn’t’, or ‘have not to’ to say that it is not necessary that something is done. Don’t say, for example ‘You mustn’t explain‘ when you mean that it is not necessary to explain.

To say that it was not necessary for something to be done on a particular occasion in the past, use didn’t have to or didn’t need to.

Fortunately, she didn’t have to choose.

I didn’t need to say anything at all.

6. strong belief

You use must to say that you strongly believe that something is true, because of particular facts or circumstances.

There must be some mistake.

Oh, you must be Gloria’s husband.

Have to and have got to can also be used in this way, but not when the subject is you.

There has to be way out.

Money has got to be the reason.

You can use must with be and an -ing form to say that you believe something is happening.

He isn’t in his office. He must be working at home.

You must be getting tired.

Be Careful!
Don’t use must with an infinitive to say that you believe something is happening. Don’t say, for example, ‘He isn’t in his office. He must work at home‘.

To say that you believe something is not true, use cannot or can’t. Don’t use ‘must’ or ‘have to’ with not.

The two statements cannot both be correct.

You can’t have forgotten me.

Collins COBUILD English Usage © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 2004, 2011, 2012

Translations

أكيد أن ، لا بُد أنضَرورَه، شَيء حَيَويعَلَيْكَ أن، يَجِب أن، من الواجِب أنيَجِبيَجِبُ

musetnezbytnost

måmåttenødvendighedskulle

deberdeber de (probability)haber detener quetener que (obligation)

täytyätäytyy

morati

kellkötelezõ dolog

e-î nauîsynlegthlÿturverîurverîur, má til

･･･しなければならない

…해야 한다

būtinai turėtibūtinybėprivalėtiprivalomas daiktasreikėti

neatliekama vajadzībanepieciešamība

morati

måste

ต้อง

phải

must

² [mʌst]

A. MODAL AUX VB

2. (probability) → deber de
you must be tired → debes de estar cansado
it must be cold up there → debe de hacer frío allí arriba
he must be there by now → ya debe de estar allí
it must be eight o’clock by now → ya deben de ser las ocho
but you must have seen her! → ¡pero debes de haberla visto!
there must be a reason → debe de haber or tiene que haber una razón

Collins Spanish Dictionary — Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005

must

[ˈmʌst](STRONG) [məst]

modal aux vb

(obligation)
I must buy some presents → Il faut que j’achète des cadeaux.
I really must go now → Il faut que j’y aille.
I must do it → il faut que je le fasse, je dois le faire

(urging, inviting)
You mustn’t forget to send her a card → N’oublie surtout pas de lui envoyer une carte.
You must come and see us → Venez donc nous voir.

(necessity) if you must … (= if you have to) → si vous devez absolument …
If you must smoke → Si vous devez absolument fumer … (= if you insist) → si tu y tiens absolument
OK, if I must!
BUT d’accord , s’il le faut!.
if you must know → si tu veux tout savoir
must you …?
Must you be so careless? → Faut-il vraiment que tu sois si négligent?

(probability)
You must be tired → Tu dois être fatigué.
They must have plenty of money → Ils doivent avoir beaucoup d’argent.
There must be some problem → il doit y avoir un problème.
He must be there by now → Il doit y être maintenant., Il y est probablement maintenant.
I must have made a mistake → J’ai dû me tromper.

(for emphasis) you must be joking! → tu plaisantes!
I must be mad! → je suis fou, ma parole !

n
to be a must (= necessary) → être indispensable (= not to be missed) → être un must (= something one should try)
The lamb served in a tagine is a must → La tagine d’agneau est à goûter absolument.

Collins English/French Electronic Resource. © HarperCollins Publishers 2005

must

vb aux present tense only

→ müssen; you must (go and) see this church → Sie müssen sich (dat) → diese Kirche unbedingt ansehen; do it if you must → tu, was du nicht lassen kannst; if you must know → wenn du es unbedingt wissen willst; must you/I etc? (= really?) → ja (wirklich)?; (= do you/I have to?) → muss das sein?; we must away (old) → wir müssen fort

(in neg sentences) → dürfen; I mustn’t forget that → ich darf das nicht vergessen

(= be certain to) he must be there by now → er ist wohl inzwischen da; (= is bound to) → er ist inzwischen bestimmt da, er muss (wohl) inzwischen da sein; he (surely) must be there by now → er MUSS doch inzwischen da sein; I must have lost it → ich habe es wohl verloren, ich muss es wohl verloren haben; (with stress on must) → ich muss es verloren haben; you must have heard of him → Sie haben bestimmt schon von ihm gehört; (with stress on must) → Sie müssen doch schon von ihm gehört haben; there must have been five of them → es müssen fünf gewesen sein; (about five) → es waren wohl etwa fünf; (at least five) → es waren bestimmt fünf; he must be older than that → er muss älter sein; there must be a reason for it → es gibt bestimmt eine Erklärung dafür; (with stress on must) → es muss doch eine Erklärung dafür geben; it must be about 3 o’clock → es wird wohl (so) etwa 3 Uhr sein, es muss so gegen 3 Uhr sein; I must have been dreaming → da habe ich wohl geträumt; I must have been mad → ich muss (wohl) wahnsinnig gewesen sein; you must be crazy! → du bist ja or wohl wahnsinnig!

must

n (= mustiness) → Muffigkeit f

must

n (Winemaking) → Most m

Collins German Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 7th Edition 2005. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1980 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2007

must

¹ [mʌst] modal aux vb

a. (obligation) → dovere
I must do it → devo farlo
if you must → se proprio devi
one must not be too hopeful → non bisogna sperare troppo
there must be a reason → ci deve (pur) essere un motivo
I must say → francamente

b. (probability) he must be there by now → dovrebbe essere arrivato ormai
it must be cold up there → dev’essere freddo lassù
I must have made a mistake → devo essermi sbagliato

must

³ [mʌst] n (in wine-making) → mosto

must

(mast) – negative short form ˈmustn’t (-snt) – verb

1. used with another verb to express need. We must go to the shops to get milk.

2. used, usually with another verb, to suggest a probability. They must be finding it very difficult to live in such a small house.

3. used, usually with another verb, to express duty, an order, rule etc. You must come home before midnight; All competitors must be under 15 years of age.

noun

something necessary, essential, or not to be missed. This new tent is a must for the serious camper.

must have

used to state a probability about something in the past. She must have been very young when she got married.

must

→ يَجِبُ muset må müssen πρέπει deber täytyä devoir morati dovere ･･･しなければならない …해야 한다 moeten må musieć dever быть обязанным måste ต้อง Zorunda olmak phải 必须

must

v. aux. deber, ser necesario, tener que;

You must take the medication → Usted debe, tú debes tomar la medicina.

We have to get him to a hospital (US)
We must get him to hospital (UK)

Источник

Содержание

Модальный глагол «must« [mʌst] имеет одну неизменяемую форму (не изменяется в зависимости от лица и числа, и не имеет формы прошедшего времени), выражает долженствование сделать что-либо или глубокую уверенность в том что событие имеет место:

I must be home at 9. – Я должен быть дома в 9.
He must be home now. – Он должен быть дома сейчас. (Я уверен, что сей час он дома.)
What must he do in this situation? – Что он должен делать в этой ситуации?

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются без вспомогательного глагола «do»:

Must I go there. – Нужно ли мне туда пойти?
I must not go there. – Я не должен туда идти.

При отрицании, в разговорном варианте, может употребляться сокращённая форма «mustn’t« [mʌstnt]:

You mustn’t be here when she comes. – Тебя не должно быть здесь, когда она придёт.

Глагол «must» также употребляется для передачи высокой уверенности при выражении предположения, личного мнения:

You must hear that every day. – Вы, должно быть, слышите это каждый день.
He must be home by now. – Он, должно быть, с’час дома.

В этом значении употребляется также и с перфектным инфинитивом (так называемый модальный перфект), указывая на большую уверенность в том, что уже произошло:

He must have gone already. – Он, должно быть, уже ушёл.

Следует подчеркнуть, что с перфектным инфинитивом, глагол «must», не указывает на долженствование, а только на уверенность или высокую вероятность события:

He must have gone already. – Он, должно быть, уже ушёл. Но не: Он не должен был уходить.

Для выражения уверенности в отрицательных предложениях вместо глагола «must» употребляется модальный глагол «can» (передаёт неверие в действие или событие):

He can’t have gone already. – Не может быть, что он уже ушёл.
He can’t be home by now. – Не может быть, что он с’час дом.

В отрицательных предложениях глагол «must» передаёт сомнение:

You must not have locked the door. – Ты, должно быть, не запер дверь.

Must vs Need

Для выражения долженствования в английском языке может потребляться глагол «need», указывая на менее категоричную необходимость выполнения действия, чем глагол «must». Но в отличие от «must», глагол «need» может употребляться и как полнозначный глагол, а как модальный употребляется только в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях:

Need I go there. – Нужно ли мне туда пойти?

No, you needn’t. – Нет, не нужно (не обязан, нет необходимости).

В случае положительного ответа на вопрос с «need», употребляется глагол «must»:

Need I go there. – Нужно ли мне туда пойти?

Yes, you must. – Да, нужно (должен).

Композиты с «must»

С глаголом «must» образуются несколько сложных слов (композитов):

must-have [,mʌst’hæv] (нужная, необходимая вещь)
must-be [,mʌst’bi] (то, что обязательно должно произойти) а также синоним must-have
must-list [‘mʌst’lɪst] (список неотложных дел)

Water is a must-have for having life in any planet in the Universe. – Вода необходима для существования жизни на любой планете во вселенной.
A contact list is a must-be feature of any phone. – Список контактов это необходимая функция для любого телефона.
It’s my must-list of things I do every day. – Это мой обязательный список вещей, которые я делаю каждый день.

Обратим внимание, что «must-have» и «must-be» в качестве предикатива в составе именного сказуемого, употребляются как существительные, а не прилагательные:

This book is a mast-have for every teacher. – Эту книгу нужно иметь каждому учителю.
Но не: This book is mast-have for every teacher.
These books are must-haves for every teacher. – Эти книги нужно иметь каждому учителю.

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Модальный глагол must используется преимущественно для выражения долженствования, но в разговорной речи часто заменяется на оборот have to. В этой статье мы рассмотрим значения глагола must, примеры употребления, отличия от have to, should, be supposed to.

Содержание:

Таблица: глагол Must в утвердительной, отрицательной и вопросительной форме.
Значения глагола Must.
Модальный глагол Must и Have to.
Разница между Must, Have to, Should, Be Supposed to.

Глагол must, как и все модальные глаголы, употребляется по особым правилам:

1. В утвердительной и отрицательной форме между must и глаголом в неопределенной форме не ставится частица to.

Правильно: You must forgive them. — Вы должны их простить.

Неправильно: You must to forgive them.

2. Глагол must не образует форму будущего времени с помощью глагола will. У него, в отличие от can, нет формы прошедшего времени. В будущем и прошедшем времени глагол must можно заменить на оборот to have to (быть должным).

Правильно: You will have to find a new house. — Ты должен будешь найти новый дом.

Неправильно: You will must find a new house.

3. В форме третьего лица единственного числа модальный глагол must не изменяется, к нему не прибавляется окончание -s, то есть не существует формы «musts»:

Правильно: He/She/It must.

Неправильно: He/She/It musts.

4. По особой схеме строятся вопрос и утверждение (см. таблицу).

	Схема	Пример
Утверждение	Подлежащее + must + глагол	I must go.
Отрицание	Подлежащее + must + глагол	I must not (mustn’t) go.
Вопрос	Must + подлежащее + глагол	Must I go?

Must not можно сократить до mustn’t. Обратите внимание, что у отрицательной формы must not не противоположное must значение (не должен), а совсем другое значение (запрет). Подробнее читайте ниже.

Значения модального глагола Must

Модальный глагол must употребляется для выражения долженствования, запрета и предположения.

1. Долженствование, приказ, настойчивый совет

На практике зачастую трудно провести грань между долженствованием, приказом, настойчивым советом и просто советом. Но наиболее общее значение глагола must — долженствование. В этом значении must употребляется с глаголом в неопределенной форме.

You must obey. — Ты должен подчиниться (приказ).

You must do your duty. — Ты должен выполнить свой долг (долженствование, приказ).

You must read more. — Ты должен больше читать (настойчивый совет).

Глагол must может относиться не только к настоящему, но и к будущему времени:

We must finish our work tomorrow. — Мы должны закончить нашу работу завтра.

He must return in an hour. — Он должен вернуться через час.

Для выражения долженствования, совета могут использоваться и другие средства, подробнее об этом читайте ниже.

2. Категорический запрет

Модальный глагол must в отрицательной форме обозначает категорический запрет, а не «не должен».

You must not smoke in this area. — Запрещается курить на этой территории.

You mustn’t break item in a store. — Нельзя разбивать товар в магазине.

Более мягкие формы запрета — это can’t (особенно популярно в разговорной речи) и may not:

You can’t just leave without paying for your meal. — Вы не можете просто уйти, не заплатив за блюдо (это запрещено).

You may not take these tools. — Вам нельзя брать эти инструменты (это запрещено).

3. Предположение

С помощью must выражается уверенное предположение, которое говорящий считает правдоподобным. Предположение может относиться к настоящему и прошедшему времени. Обратите внимание, что для неуверенного предположения, которое говорящий не считает правдоподобным, используется глагол may / might.

3.1 Предположение, относящееся к настоящему времени

Схема: must + инфинитив.

He must see us from there. — Он, должно быть, видит нас оттуда.

Sandy must remember my address. — Сэнди, должно быть, помнит мой адрес.

Особенно часто используется оборот с глаголом to be:

You must be John. — Вы, должно быть, Джон.

He must be busy now. — Он сейчас, должно быть, занят.

Если предполагается, что действие совершается в момент речи, используется глагол с окончанием -ing:

Where is he? — He must be swimming in the pool. — Где он? — Он, должно быть, плавает в бассейне (сейчас).

3.2 Предположение, относящееся к прошедшему времени

Схема: must + have + Past Participle.

Where is my phone? I must have forgotten it at home. — Где мой телефон? Я, должно быть, забыл его дома.

She must have been very dissapointed. — Она, должно быть, очень разочаровалась.

Примечание: как выразить предположение, относящееся к будущему времени?

Глагол must не используется для выражения предположения, относящегося к будущему. Для этого можно использовать другие средства, например: probably, perhaps — вероятно, to be likely to (быть возможным, вероятным).

Январь, должно быть, будет холодным. — January will probably be cold / January is likely to be cold / Perhaps, January will be cold.

Она, должно быть, простит своего мужа. — She will probably forgive her husband / She is likely to forgive her husband / Perhaps, she will forgive her husband.

Также обратите внимание, что предположение с must не может быть построено в отрицательной форме. Для этого тоже используются другие слова.

Он, должно быть, не говорит по-английски. — He probably doesn’t speak English.

Модальный глагол Must и оборот Have to

Синонимом глагола must является оборот have to — быть должным. В отличие от must, он может использоваться в любом времени. В отрицательной форме он выражает не запрет, а отсутствие необходимости («не должен»). Между ними есть довольно тонкая смысловая разница.

Must используется как «сильное» долженствование, выражая обязанность или необходимость сделать что-то, что вы действительно считаете необходимым, имеющее к вам личное отношение, а также что-то крайне важное.

I must pass the exam. — Я должен сдать экзамен (это мое обязательство).

Have to может выражать «мягкое» долженствование: необходимость что-то сделать, зачастую вынужденная, иногда не такая уж и важная.

We have to hurry. — Нам нужно поторопиться (Мы должны поторопиться).

You don’t have to tip a bartender here. — Здесь ты не обязан давать чаевые бармену (не должен).

He didn’t have to help me. — Он не обязан был мне помогать.

I will have to wait. — Мне придется подождать.

Однако в разговорной речи have to часто используется в том же значении, что и must.

I have to pass the exam. — Я должен сдать экзамен.

Это предложение можно понять двояко: 1) я должен сдать экзамен, потому что вынужден, обязан, 2) я должен сдать экзамен, потому что это мой личный моральный долг (как с глаголом must).

Попробуем сравнить два предложения с must и have to, чтобы лучше понять разницу. Компания ушла в поход, в процессе выяснилось, что Тиму трудно нести свои вещи. Приходится ему помогать.

We must help Tim. — Мы должны помочь Тиму.

В этом случае Тим — это наш друг, мы не может его бросить, ему нужно, обязательно нужно помочь. Ну и что, что взял больше вещей, чем может нести? Мы ему поможем. На нашем месте Тим поступил бы так же.

We have to help Tim. — Мы должны помочь Тиму.

Какой-то Тим взял больше барахла, чем он в состоянии утащить. Из-за него всем приходится идти медленнее, он постоянно просит подождать. Придется ему помочь, но в следующий раз мы его с собой не возьмем.

Это очень приблизительный пример, потому что вариант с have to может подойти и для первого случая с Тимом-другом. Многое зависит от контекста, конкретного случая и даже того, с какой интонацией вы скажете фразу.

Вообще, в разговорной речи намного чаще используют have to, когда нужно сказать что-то вроде «я должен», «я вынужден», «мне приходится» и т. д.

Разница между Must, Have to, Should, Be Supposed to

Разницу между must и have to мы уже разобрали. Посмотрим, чем от них отличаются модальный глагол should и оборот be supposed to. Главное отличие в том, что они не выражают долженствования, хотя и могут переводиться на русский язык со словами «нужно» или «должен».

Should — это модальный глагол, используемый (в частности) для выражения совета, пожелания, рекомендации. То есть не «ты должен», а «тебе следует»:

You should try this cake, it’s delicious. — Тебе следует (ты должен / тебе стоит / тебе нужно) попробовать этот пирог, он очень вкусный.

We shouldn’t leave the door open. It’s cold out there. — Нам не стоит (не следует) оставлять дверь открытой. Снаружи холодно.

Выражения с оборотом be supposed to часто переводятся со словом «должен», но это не «должен» в значении «обязан, вынужден», а «должен» в значении «по идее должен» или «подразумевается, что». Разница огромная.

I saw you outside smoking, but you were supposed to be working. — Я видел, как ты курил на улице, то ты ведь (по идее) должен был работать (но не работал).

This is supposed to be the best day in my life, but I’m not feeling happy. — Это должен быть (по идее) лучший день в моей жизни, но я не чувствую себя счастливым.

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Здравствуйте! Меня зовут Сергей Ним, я автор этого сайта, а также книг, курсов, видеоуроков по английскому языку.

Подпишитесь на мой Телеграм-канал, чтобы узнавать о новых видео, материалах по английскому языку.

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Meaning Must

What does Must mean? Here you find 42 meanings of the word Must. You can also add a definition of Must yourself

1	0 0 Crushed grapes about to go or going through fermentation.

2	0 0 Must The unfermented juice of grapes extracted by crushing or pressing; grape juice in the cask or vat before it is converted into wine.

3	0 0 Must «that which has to be done, seen, or experienced,» 1892, from must (v.). As an adjective, «obligatory, indispensable,» by 1912, from the noun; must-read is from 1959.

4	0 0 Must «new wine,» Old English must, from Latin mustum (also source of Old High German, German most, Old French moust, Modern French moût, Spanish, Italian mosto), short for vinum mustum «fre [..]

5	0 0 Must «mold,» c. 1600, perhaps a back-formation of musty (q.v.).

6	0 0 Must «male elephant frenzy,» 1871, from Urdu mast «intoxicated, in rut,» from Persian mast, literally «intoxicated,» related to Sanskrit matta- «drunk, intoxicated,» [..]

7	0 0 Must Old English moste, past tense of motan «have to, be able to,» from Proto-Germanic *mot- «ability, leisure (to do something)» (source also of Old Saxon motan «to be obliged to, [..]

8	0 0 Must to have to do something, such as going to school every day, almost a constraint

9	0 0 Must er report

10	0 0 Must The Standards use the word "must" to specify an unconditional requirement.

11	0 0 Must muzn

12	0 0 Must darfn

13	0 0 Must unfermented grape juice including seeds, skins, and stems

14	0 0 Must a sweet, viscous liquid that is red-yellow in color. It comes from fresh grape must, known as «stafilopat.» In other parts of Greece it is known as «petmezi.»

15	0 0 Must fresh extracted grape or fruit juice

16	0 0 Must copy that must appear, e.g. apology or correction

17	0 0 Must The freshly pressed juice of Jamaican grapes or other Jamaican fruit before fermentation occurs. Must can include pulp, skins and seeds. T

18	0 0 Must a sweet, viscous liquid that is red-yellow in color. It comes from fresh grape must, known as "stafilopat." In other parts of Greece it is known as "petmezi."

19	0 0 Must (n) a necessary or essential thing(n) grape juice before or during fermentation(n) the quality of smelling or tasting old or stale or mouldy(adj) highly recommended

20	0 0 Must Must means a mandate; the action is required. N

21	0 0 Must Unfermented grape juice, including pips (seeds), skins and stalks.

22	0 0 Must , liquor, or finished wine. Insufficient acidity in the must

23	0 0 Must and wait 12 hours before adding yeast. Campden tablets come in various sizes and doses and may contain either sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite, so inquire if not packaged with instructi [..]

24	0 0 Must during fermentation in the primary fermentation vessel

25	0 0 Must was treated with Campden tablets

26	0 0 Must During Anaerobic Fermentation

27	0 0 Must is the media, the water, the yeast, and all other ingredients mixed together, while the fermentation media more narrowly refers to the crushed grapes, chopped raisins, pulped peaches, cracked wheat, o [..]

28	0 0 Must When the alcohol in the liquor reaches 8 or 9%, it can more accurately be referred to as wine. Maceration:

29	0 0 Must The combination of basic ingredients, both solid and liquid, from which wine is made. The liquid content of must is called liquor

30	0 0 Must from which wine is to be made. For equipment, a 1% solution (10 grams dissolved in 1 liter of water) is sufficient for washing and rinsing. After using the solution, the equipment should not again be [..]

31	0 0 Must One should wait at least 12 hours after sanitizing the must before adding the yeast. Both bottles of solution (1% and 10%) should be clearly labeled as to strength and active compound to prevent disas [..]

32	0 0 Must from which wine is to be made. It is about 17.5% stronger than potassium metabisulfite

33	0 0 Must Wood Aging:

34	0 0 Must to initiate active fermentation, it should be «started.» After mixing the primary ingredients, but before adding crushed Campden tablet or other sterilizing compound to the must

35	0 0 Must Then add this cup of yeast culture to the must

36	0 0 Must Freshly pressed juice, seeds, stems, skins and sometimes stems.

37	0 0 Must Unfermented grape juice, including pips, skins and stalks.

38	0 0 Must mixture of grape pulp, skins, seeds and stems.

39	0 0 Must As negotiating language, “must” creates an obligation to act for the addressee. It is binding

40	0 0 Must Must is the word for grape juice which has not finished fermenting and has not yet become wine. In other words, it is juice in which the yeasts have not yet finished converting the natural sugar of th [..]

41	0 0 Must (modal,_\|auxiliary\|defective) To do with certainty;Compare with weaker auxiliary verbCompare with weaker auxiliary verbfor the past also. For this reason,andare also used as alternatives toin the pr [..]

42	0 0 Must lang=en 1600s=1678 \|1800s=1843 * »’1678»’ — . »». *: Behold how he engageth all his wits; Also his snares, lines, angles, hooks, and nets; Yet fish there be, that neither hook, nor line, Nor [..]

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должен, нужно, надо, обязан, необходимость, муст, быть должным

вспомогательный глагол ↓

- выражает долженствование, долг, необходимость:

- выражает увещевание, убедительную просьбу, настойчивый совет:

- выражает запрещение (в отрицательных предложениях):

you must not touch this book! — не смей трогать эту книгу!
you must not speak so loud here — здесь нельзя говорить так громко
cars must not be parked in front of this gate — стоянка у этих ворот запрещена

- выражает непредвиденную и как правило досадную случайность:

just when we were ready to go away for the holidays, the baby must catch measles — и надо же было ребёнку подхватить корь, как раз когда мы собрались уехать на праздники
as we were starting what must he do but cut his finger! — когда мы уже собирались отправиться, он взял и порезал себе палец!

- выражает нежелательное действие:

must you shout so loudly! — неужели нужно так громко кричать!
+6 at a time when everybody was in bed, he must turn on the wireless — когда все уже легли спать, ему обязательно понадобилось включить радио /он взял да включил радио/

he must be there now — он, вероятно, сейчас там
if he says so it must be true — если он это говорит, то это, должно быть, правда
as you must know, it is quite untrue — как вы, вероятно, знаете, это совершенно не так
this must be what he means — по-видимому, это то, что он имеет в виду
he must have made a mistake — он, наверное /должно быть, вероятно/, допустил ошибку
he must have seen it — он, наверное, это видел

- выражает неосуществлённую возможность в прошлом, употребляется с перфектным инфинитивом только в условных предложениях:

if he had looked, he must have seen the lights of the approaching train — если бы он только посмотрел, он должен был бы увидеть /он обязательно увидел бы/ огни приближающегося поезда
+2 I must say — должен сказать

I must say, I’m rather surprised — должен сказать, что это меня удивляет
he is right, I must say — я должен сказать /нужно признаться/, что он прав

существительное ↓

- разг. необходимость, насущная потребность

a raincoat is an absolute must — плащ совершенно необходим

- то, что необходимо увидеть, прочесть и т. п.

I want to see the film; they say it’s a must — я хочу посмотреть этот фильм; говорят, что пропустить его
this book is a must — непременно нужно прочитать эту книгу

- муст, виноградное сусло; молодое вино
- диал. жмых яблок или груш
- плесень
- затхлость
- бешенство в период гона (у слонов или верблюдов)

глагол

- диал. заплесневеть, покрыться плесенью, зацвести
- покрыть плесенью

Мои примеры

Примеры с переводом

What must be will be.

Чему быть, того не миновать.

You must know her.

Ты должен её знать.

Exercise is a must.

Заниматься спортом необходимо.

You must do as I tell you.

Ты должен делать так, как я тебе говорю.

All of you must read this book.

Вам всем следует прочитать эту книгу.

You must go and see this film.

Ты просто обязан пойти и посмотреть этот фильм.

He said he must speak to the doctor.

Он сказал, что должен поговорить с доктором.

ещё 12 примеров свернуть

Однокоренные слова

mustiness — затхлость, плесень, косность, отсталость

Источник

valge	hall	must
punane; karmiinpunane	oranž; pruun	kollane; kreem
laimiroheline, kollakasroheline	roheline	mündiroheline; tumeroheline
tsüaansinine, rohekassinine; sinakasroheline, siniroheline	taevasinine, taevassinine	sinine
lilla, violetne; potisinine, indigosinine	fuksia, magentapunane; lilla, purpurne, purpurpunane	roosa

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Estonian[edit]

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Finnish[edit]

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must¹

must²

must³

must⁴

must⁵

must¹

must²

must³

must⁴