Educalingo cookies are used to personalize ads and get web traffic statistics. We also share information about the use of the site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners.
Download the app
educalingo
I hate the idea of getting in a building that someone else has designed and having to do something to it yourself to sort of dress it up — it’s like using presets in your tracks.
Sean Booth
PRONUNCIATION OF BUILDING
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF BUILDING
Building is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.
WHAT DOES BUILDING MEAN IN ENGLISH?
Building
A building is a man-made structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place. Buildings come in a variety of shapes, sizes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the term building compare the list of nonbuilding structures. Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat and the outside. Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have also become objects or canvasess of artistic expression. In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has also become an intentional part of the design process of many new buildings.
Definition of building in the English dictionary
The definition of building in the dictionary is something built with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory. Other definition of building is the act, business, occupation, or art of building houses, boats, etc.
WORDS THAT RHYME WITH BUILDING
Synonyms and antonyms of building in the English dictionary of synonyms
SYNONYMS OF «BUILDING»
The following words have a similar or identical meaning as «building» and belong to the same grammatical category.
Translation of «building» into 25 languages
TRANSLATION OF BUILDING
Find out the translation of building to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of building from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «building» in English.
Translator English — Chinese
建筑物
1,325 millions of speakers
Translator English — Spanish
edificio
570 millions of speakers
English
building
510 millions of speakers
Translator English — Hindi
इमारत
380 millions of speakers
Translator English — Arabic
بِنَاء
280 millions of speakers
Translator English — Russian
здание
278 millions of speakers
Translator English — Portuguese
edifício
270 millions of speakers
Translator English — Bengali
ভবন
260 millions of speakers
Translator English — French
bâtiment
220 millions of speakers
Translator English — Malay
Bangunan
190 millions of speakers
Translator English — German
Gebäude
180 millions of speakers
Translator English — Japanese
建物
130 millions of speakers
Translator English — Korean
건물
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Javanese
Bangunan
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Vietnamese
tòa nhà
80 millions of speakers
Translator English — Tamil
கட்டிடம்
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Marathi
इमारत
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Turkish
bina
70 millions of speakers
Translator English — Italian
edificio
65 millions of speakers
Translator English — Polish
budynek
50 millions of speakers
Translator English — Ukrainian
будівля
40 millions of speakers
Translator English — Romanian
clădire
30 millions of speakers
Translator English — Greek
κτήριο
15 millions of speakers
Translator English — Afrikaans
gebou
14 millions of speakers
Translator English — Swedish
byggnad
10 millions of speakers
Translator English — Norwegian
bygning
5 millions of speakers
Trends of use of building
TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «BUILDING»
The term «building» is very widely used and occupies the 1.431 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
FREQUENCY
Very widely used
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «building» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of building
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «building».
FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «BUILDING» OVER TIME
The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «building» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «building» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.
Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about building
10 QUOTES WITH «BUILDING»
Famous quotes and sentences with the word building.
This art of acting is a process I love very much. It’s an unbelievably fulfilling experience for me and I look forward to building upon my art in the years to come.
Since I am a Japanese man who’s been building through the experience of Japanese architecture, my actual designs come from Japanese architectural concepts, although they’re based on Western methods and materials.
There are three types of biomimicry — one is copying form and shape, another is copying a process, like photosynthesis in a leaf, and the third is mimicking at an ecosystem’s level, like building a nature-inspired city.
In this time of budget cuts, we cannot forget that basic science is a building block for scientific innovation and economic growth in the information age.
I hate the idea of getting in a building that someone else has designed and having to do something to it yourself to sort of dress it up — it’s like using presets in your tracks.
The most important thing for building a robot that you can interact with socially is its visual attention system. Because what it pays attention to is what it’s seeing and interacting with, and what you’re understanding what it’s doing.
Living in New York after 14 years, I’m such an outdoors kind of person. I love gardening and building things. I like restoring old furniture.
The basic principle which I believe has contributed more than any other to the building of our business as it is today, is the ownership of our company by the people employed in it.
Colleges would compete by adding professors, enhancing programs, or building nicer facilities. So they competed by making institutions better.
Stripe is building payment infrastructure for the Web, so we make it easy to accept credit cards online. Before Stripe, the way you’d do this is using the legacy banking structure. It was slow, it was complex, it was expensive. It had this very chilling effect on e-commerce.
10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «BUILDING»
Discover the use of building in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to building and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Building Construction Illustrated
This new edition of the revered classic remains as relevant as ever-providing the latest information in Francis D.K. Ching’s signature style.
Francis D. K. Ching, 2011
2
Steven Caney’s Ultimate Building Book
Presents an introduction to the concept of structure with explanations, diagrams, and examples of space frame, brick, and block structures, and provides a series of experiments which can be done to illustrate these principles.
3
Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to Understanding the …
A guide to understanding the International Building Code that uses detailed diagrams to explain the criteria for code development and the reasons for code provisions.
Francis D. K. Ching, Steven R. Winkel, 2007
4
Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq
The need for post-conflict reconstruction will not cease with the end of the Afghanistan and Iraq missions. This timely volume offers the critical reflection and evaluation necessary to avoid repeating costly mistakes in the future.
5
The Timeless Way of Building
This introductory volume to Alexander’s other works, A Pattern of Language and The Oregon Experiment, explains concepts fundamental to his original approaches to the theory and application of architecture
Christopher Alexander, 1979
6
Building Partnerships for Service-Learning
Faculty, administrators, student leaders, and community and corporate leaders will find this volume filled with vital information, exemplary models, and practical tools needed to make service-learning succeed.
Barbara Jacoby and Associates, 2003
Detailed diagrams and full-color photographs take readers step by step through the complete process of constructing stairs, from essential tools and materials, through the planning and design steps, through the entire building process, to …
8
Building Valve Amplifiers
The companion volume to Building Valve Amplifiers, Morgan Jones’s Valve Amplifiers, has been widely recognised as the most complete guide to valve amplifier design written for over 30 years.
9
Building Green: A Complete How-To Guide to Alternative …
The bestselling reference to sustainable construction, updated with online resource tie-ins, features more than 1,200 step-by-step photographs that follow the actual erection of an alternative building from site selection to final-touch …
Clarke Snell, Tim Callahan, 2009
10
the yacoubian building
The Yacoubian Building holds all that Egypt was and has become over the 75 years since its namesake was built.
10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «BUILDING»
Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term building is used in the context of the following news items.
snarkitecture turns the national building museum into a 10000 sq ft …
from now through september 7, 2015, the national building museum in washington D.C. hosts a 10,000 square foot ball pit filled by nearly one … «Designboom, Jul 15»
A New Office Building for the Brooklyn Navy Yard
Called Dock 72, the building is expected to house about 4,000 workers when fully occupied. Construction is expected to begin this year and … «Wall Street Journal, Jul 15»
HSBC staff sacked after filming ISIS-style mock execution during …
Six HSBC staff have been sacked after filming themselves staging a mock ISIS-style beheading during a team building day at a go karting … «Daily Mail, Jul 15»
Panel rejects demolition of historic Martinsburg building
DC Properties partner Daniel Helmut told the commission that a 2009 fire burned the building beyond reasonable repair. He said he doesn’t … «Charleston Gazette, Jul 15»
Fallout 4 interview: Bethesda’s Todd Howard on building the …
Skyrim took wing in 2011 and for four years most of Bethesda’s team has been building the apocalypse, shifting from a fantasy realm to a … «Telegraph.co.uk, Jul 15»
Who does this building look like?
Architecture firm Elenberg Fraser is building a new luxury skyscraper in the heart of Melbourne whose “spiralling curves” are inspired by none … «NEWS.com.au, Jul 15»
Clifton Park medical building up for final approval
Clifton Park. A $14.6 million medical office building that would consolidate Community Care Physicians’ practices is expected to get final … «Albany Times Union, Jul 15»
As Reddit Burns, Some Hard-Earned Lessons on Building an Open …
Every strategy and tactic I’ve learned in community building starts with embracing this reality. The goal is to shine a bright light on the good, … «Re/code, Jul 15»
Loved ones of Archie Hunt who died after Queen Victoria Building …
Devastated family and classmates have released blue balloons into the sky at the funeral of a 13-year-old boy who fell to his death in Sydney’s … «Daily Mail, Jul 15»
Fire Destroys Byrne Dairy Building in Phelps
According to deputies, the building suffered extensive damage. No one was hurt in the fire. Phelps Fire Chief says employees waited between … «TWC News, Jul 15»
REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Building [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/building>. Apr 2023 ».
Download the educalingo app
Discover all that is hidden in the words on 
build·ing
(bĭl′dĭng)
n.
1. Something that is built, as for human habitation; a structure.
2. The act, process, art, or occupation of constructing.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
building
(ˈbɪldɪŋ)
n
1. (Building) something built with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory
2. (Building) the act, business, occupation, or art of building houses, boats, etc
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014
build•ing
(ˈbɪl dɪŋ)
n.
1. any relatively permanent enclosed structure on a plot of land, having a roof and usu. windows.
2. anything built or constructed.
3. the act, business, or practice of constructing houses, office buildings, etc.
[1250–1300]
build′ing•less, adj.
Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.
Building
a flock of rooks, 1470 [from their nesting habits].
Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
| Noun | 1. |  building — a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place; «there was a three-story building on the corner»; «it was an imposing edifice»
edifice abattoir, butchery, slaughterhouse, shambles — a building where animals are butchered annex, annexe, wing, extension — an addition that extends a main building antechamber, anteroom, entrance hall, foyer, lobby, vestibule, hall — a large entrance or reception room or area apartment building, apartment house — a building that is divided into apartments architecture — an architectural product or work aviary, bird sanctuary, volary — a building where birds are kept bathhouse, bathing machine — a building containing dressing rooms for bathers bowling alley — a building that contains several alleys for bowling center, centre — a building dedicated to a particular activity; «they were raising money to build a new center for research» chapterhouse — a building attached to a monastery or cathedral; used as a meeting place for the chapter clubhouse, club — a building that is occupied by a social club; «the clubhouse needed a new roof» quoin, corner — (architecture) solid exterior angle of a building; especially one formed by a cornerstone nook, corner — an interior angle formed by two meeting walls; «a piano was in one corner of the room» cornerstone — a stone at the outer corner of two intersecting masonry walls cornerstone — a stone in the exterior of a large and important building; usually carved with a date and laid with appropriate ceremonies courtyard, court — an area wholly or partly surrounded by walls or buildings; «the house was built around an inner court» cullis — a gutter in a roof dorm, dormitory, residence hall, student residence, hall — a college or university building containing living quarters for students elevator, lift — lifting device consisting of a platform or cage that is raised and lowered mechanically in a vertical shaft in order to move people from one floor to another in a building exterior door, outside door — a doorway that allows entrance to or exit from a building farm building — a building on a farm feedlot — a building where livestock are fattened for market firetrap — a building that would be hard to escape from if it were to catch fire storey, floor, story, level — a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale; «what level is the office on?» foundation stone — a stone laid at a ceremony to mark the founding of a new building gambling den, gambling hell, gambling house, gaming house — a public building in which a variety of games of chance can be played (operated as a business) gazebo, summerhouse — a small roofed building affording shade and rest government building — a building that houses a branch of government glasshouse, greenhouse, nursery — a building with glass walls and roof; for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions hall — a large building for meetings or entertainment hall — a large building used by a college or university for teaching or research; «halls of learning» Hall of Fame — a building containing trophies honoring famous people heating plant, heating system, heating, heat — utility to warm a building; «the heating system wasn’t working»; «they have radiant heating» hotel — a building where travelers can pay for lodging and meals and other services casino-hotel, hotel-casino — a building that houses both a hotel and a casino house — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families; «he has a house on Cape Cod»; «she felt she had to get out of the house» house — a building in which something is sheltered or located; «they had a large carriage house» interior door — a door that closes off rooms within a building library — a building that houses a collection of books and other materials health facility, healthcare facility, medical building — building where medicine is practiced ministry — building where the business of a government department is transacted dead room, morgue, mortuary — a building (or room) where dead bodies are kept before burial or cremation observatory — a building designed and equipped to observe astronomical phenomena |
| 2. |  building — the act of constructing something; «during the construction we had to take a detour»; «his hobby was the building of boats»
construction creating from raw materials — the act of creating something that is different from the materials that went into it crenelation, crenellation — the action of constructing ramparts with gaps for firing guns or arrows erecting, erection — the act of building or putting up house-raising — construction by a group of neighbors assembly, fabrication — the act of constructing something (as a piece of machinery) dry walling — the activity of building stone walls without mortar leveling, grading — changing the ground level to a smooth horizontal or gently sloping surface road construction — the construction of roads ship building, shipbuilding — the construction of ships rustication — the construction of masonry or brickwork in a rustic manner reface — provide with a new facing; «The building was refaced with beautiful stones» wattle — build of or with wattle frame up, frame — construct by fitting or uniting parts together rebuild, reconstruct — build again; «The house was rebuild after it was hit by a bomb» groin — build with groins; «The ceiling was groined» erect, put up, set up, rear, raise — construct, build, or erect; «Raise a barn» preassemble, prefabricate — to manufacture sections of (a building), especially in a factory, so that they can be easily transported to and rapidly assembled on a building site of buildings |
|
| 3. | building — the commercial activity involved in repairing old structures or constructing new ones; «their main business is home construction»; «workers in the building trades»
construction masonry — the craft of a mason house painting, painting — the occupation of a house painter; «house painting was the only craft he knew» plumbery, plumbing — the occupation of a plumber (installing and repairing pipes and fixtures for water or gas or sewage in a building) roofing — the craft of a roofer sheet-metal work — the craft of doing sheet metal work (as in ventilation systems) shingling — the laying on of shingles; «shingling is a craft very different from carpentry» business enterprise, commercial enterprise, business — the activity of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and industrial aspects; «computers are now widely used in business» jerry-building — construction of inferior buildings for a quick profit |
|
| 4. | building — the occupants of a building; «the entire building complained about the noise»
assemblage, gathering — a group of persons together in one place |
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.
building
noun structure, house, construction, dwelling, erection, edifice, domicile, pile They were on the upper floor of the building.
Buildings and monuments
Admiralty House, Althorp House, Alhambra, Angel of the North, Arc de Triomphe, Barbican, Beehive, Big Ben, Blenheim Palace, Buckingham Palace, Cenotaph, Charminar, Cleopatra’s Needle, Crystal Palace, Edinburgh Castle, Eiffel Tower, Elysées Palace, Empire State Building, Forbidden City, Hampton Court Palace, Hermitage, Holyroodhouse, Houses of Parliament, Kaaba, Kensington Palace, Knossos, Kremlin, Lambeth Palace, Lateran, Leaning Tower of Pisa, Longleat House, Louvre, Masada, Mansion House, Monument, Nelson’s Column, Pentagon, Saint James’s Palace, Scone Palace, Taj Mahal, Tower of London, Vatican, Palace of Versailles, Westminster Abbey, White House
Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002
building
noun
A usually permanent construction, such as a house or store:
The American Heritage® Roget’s Thesaurus. Copyright © 2013, 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Translations
budovastavbastavebnístavitelství
bygning
ehitamahoone
rakennus
zgradagradnjaizgradnjazdanje
építés
bygging
建物
건물
aedificium
clădire
stavebníctvo
zgradbagradnja
byggnadhusbygge
ตึก อาคาร
عمارت
toà nhàtòa nhà
Collins Spanish Dictionary — Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005
building
[ˈbɪldɪŋ] n
(= block) (residential, offices) → immeuble mbuilding block n
Collins English/French Electronic Resource. © HarperCollins Publishers 2005
Collins German Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 7th Edition 2005. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1980 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2007
Collins Italian Dictionary 1st Edition © HarperCollins Publishers 1995
build
(bild) – past tense, past participle built (-t) – verb
to form or construct from parts. build a house/railway/bookcase.
noun
physical form. a man of heavy build.
ˈbuilder noun
a person who builds houses etc. The builder who built our house has gone bankrupt.
ˈbuilding noun
1. the art or business of putting up (houses etc) (also adjective). a building contractor.
2. anything built. The new supermarket is a very ugly building.
ˈbuilding society
a business firm that lends money for building or buying houses.
ˌbuilt-ˈin adjective
forming a permanent part of the building etc. Built-in cupboards save space.
ˌbuilt-ˈup adjective
covered with houses etc. a built-up area.
build up
1. to increase (the size or extent of). The traffic begins to build up around five o’clock.
2. to strengthen gradually (a business, one’s health, reputation etc). His father built up that grocery business from nothing.
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd.
building
→ بِنَاء budova bygning Gebäude κτήριο edificio rakennus bâtiment zgrada edificio 建物 건물 gebouw bygning budynek edifício, prédio здание byggnad ตึก อาคาร yapı tòa nhà 建筑物
Multilingual Translator © HarperCollins Publishers 2009
- Is there an elevator in the building? (US)
Is there a lift in the building? (UK)
Collins Multilingual Translator © HarperCollins Publishers 2009
Word-building in
English, major means of WB in English:
a) affixation;
b) conversion;
c) composition; types
of compounds.
WB
is the process of creating new words in a language with the help of
its inner sources.
Two
types of WB proper :
-
Word derivation when 1 stem undergoes different changes;
-
Word composition when 2 or more stems are put together.
The most important means of word derivation are:
a) affixation;
b) conversion;
c) composition; types of compounds.
Affixation,
conversion, composition are the most productive or major means of WB
in modern English.
Shortening
occupies the intermediate position between major & “minor” or
less productive & unproductive means of WB.
Minor
means of word-building are:
-
Back formation = reversion;
-
Blending = telescoping;
-
Reduplication = doubling the stem;
-
Sound immitation;
-
Sound interchange;
-
Shift of stress, etc.
Affixation is the most productive means of word-building in English.
Affixation is the formation of new words by adding a derivational
affix to a derivational base.
Affixation is subdivided into:
-
Suffixation
-
Prefixation.
The essential differences between suffixes &
preffixes is that preffixes as a rule only modify the lexical meaning
of a word without changing the part of speech to which the word
belongs
e.g. to tie – to untie
However, some preffixes form new words in a
different part of speech:
e.g. friend – N., to be friend-V., adj.- little., V.-
to be little.
Suffixes do not only modify the lexical meaning of a word but also
form a word belonging to a different part of speech.
Suffixes are usually classified according to the part of speech they
form:
-
Noun-forming suffixes ( to read – reader, dark – darkness);
-
Adjective-forming (power-powerful);
-
Verb-forming ( to organize, to purify);
-
Adverbal-forming (quick-quickly).
Prefixes are usually classified according to their meaning:
-
Negative prefixes (-un; -non; -in; -dis…);
-
Reversative = privative (-un; -de; -dis..);
-
Pejorative (уничижительные)
(mis-; mal- (maltreat-дурно
обращаться); pseudo-); -
Preffixes of time & order (fore-(foretell); pre-(prewar); post-;
ex-(ex-wife); -
Prefixes of repetition (re- rewrite);
-
Locative prefixes (super-; sub-subway; into-; trans –atlantic))
The 2 main criteria, according to which all the affixes are
subdivided are:
1)
origin;
2) productivity.
As to their origin (etymology) affixes are:
-
Native;
-
Borrowed.
Borrowed affixes may be classified according to the source of
borrowing (Greek, Latin, etc.) According to their productivity, i.e.
the ability to build new words at the present time, English affixes
are:
-
Productive or living affixes, used to build new words now;
-
Non-productive = unproductive affixes, not used in the word-building
now, or used very rarely.
Productivity shouldn’t be confused with frequency. What is frequent
may turn out to be non-productive (-some (adj.)-handsome is very
frequent, but not productive).
Some native prefixes still productive in English
are: — fore; -out (grow); over (estimate); -un (able); -up
(bringing); -under, -mis, etc.
Productive foreign prefixes are: -dis (like); -en (close); -re(call);
-super (natural); -pre (war); -non (drinking); -anti (noise).
Native noun-forming suffixes in modern English are: -er (writer);
-ster (youngster), -ness(brightness), etc.
Adjective-forming native suffixes (productive in English) are: -y
(rocky); -ish (Turkish), ful; -ed (cultured); -less (useless), etc.
Foreign productive noun-forming suffixes are: -ee
(employee); -tion (revolution); -ism(Gr., realism); -ist, etc.
Borrowed productive verb-forming suffixes of
Romanic origin are: -ise,ize (organize), -fy, ify (signify).
Prefixation is more typical of adjectives & verbs. Suffixation is
approximately evenly used in all parts of speech.
There are 2 types of semantic relations between affixes:
-
Homonymy;
-
Synonymy.
Homonymous prefixes are: -in: inactive, to inform.
Homonymous suffixes are: -ful1
(adjective-forming), -ful2
(noun-forming-spoonful), -ly1
(adj.-forming-friendly), -ly2
(adverb-forming-quickly).
Some affixes make a chain of synonyms: the native
suffix –er denoting an agent, is synonymous to suffix –ist
(Gr.)-socialist & to suffix –eer – also denoting an agent
(engineer) but often having a derrogatory force (`sonneteer-
стихоплёт, profiteer –
спекулянт, etc.)
Some affixes are polysemantic: the noun-forming suffix –er has
several meanings:
-
An agent or doer of the action –giver, etc.
-
An instrument –boiler, trailer
-
A profession, occupation –driver;
-
An inhabitant of some place –londoner.
b)
Conversion
is one of the most productive word-building means in English. Words,
formed by means of conversion have identical phonetic & graphic
initial forms but belong to different parts of speech (noun –
doctor; verb –to doctor). Conversion
is a process of coining (создание)
a new word in a different part of speech & with different
distribution characteristic but without adding any derivative
elements, so that the basic form of the original & the basic form
of the derived words are homonymous (identical). (Arnold)
The
main reason for the widespread conversion in English is its
analytical character, absence of scarcity of inflections. Conversion
is treated differently in linguistic literature. Some linguists
define conversion as a non-affixal way of word-building (Marchened
defines conversion as the formation of new words with the help of a
zero morpheme, hence the term zero derivation)
Some
American & English linguists define conversioon as a functional
shift from one part of speech to another, viewing conversion as a
purely syntactical process. Accoding to this point of view, a word
may function as 2 or more different parts of speech at the same time,
which is impossible. Professor Smernitsky treats conversion as a
morphological way of word-building. According to him conversion is
the formation of a new word through the changes in its paradigm.
Some
other linguists regard conversion as a morphological syntactical way
of word-building, as it involves both a change of the paradigm &
the alterration of the syntactic function of the word.
But
we shouldn’t overlook the semantic change, in the process of
conversion. All the morphological & syntactical changes, only
accompany the semantic process in conversion. Thus, conversion may be
treated as a semantico-morphologico-syntactical process.
As a word within the conversion pair is
semantically derived from the other there are certain semantic
relationswithin a conversion pair.
De-nominal words (от
глагола) make up the largest group &
display the following semantic relations with the nouns:
-
action characteristic of the thing: -a butcher; to butcher
-
instrumental use of the thing: -a whip; to wheep
-
acquisition of a thing: a coat; to coat
-
deprivation of a thing: skin – to skin.
Deverbal substantives (отглаг.сущ)they
may denote:
-
instance of the action: to move – a move;
-
agent of the action: to switch – a switch;
-
place of the action: to walk- a walk;
-
object or result of the action: to find – a find.
The English vocabulary abounds mostly in verbs,
converted from nouns( or denominal verbs) & nouns, converted from
verbs (deverbal substances): pin –to pin; honeymoon-to honeymoon.
There are also some other cases of conversion: batter-to batter, up –
to up, etc.
c)
Composition is one of the most productive word-building
means in modern English. Composition is the production of a new word
by means of uniting 2 or more stems which occur in the language as
free forms (bluebells, ice-cream).
According
to the type of composition & the linking element, there are
following types of compounds:
-
neutral compounds; (1)
-
morphological compounds; (2)
-
syntactical compounds. (3)
(1)
Compounds built by means of stem junction (juxt – opposition)
without any morpheme as a link, are called neutral compounds. The
subtypes of neutral compounds according to the structure of immediate
constituents:
a)
simple neutral compounds (neutral compounds proper) consisting of 2
elements (2 simple stems): sky –blue;film-star.
b) derived compounds (derivational compounds) –
include at least one derived stem: looking-glass, music-lover,
film-goer, mill-owner derived compounds or derivational should be
distinguished from compound derivatives, formed by means of a suffix,
which reffers to the combination of stems as a whole. Compound
derivatives (сложно-произв.слова)
are the result of 2 acts of word-building composition &
derivation. ( golden-haired, broad-shouldered, honey-mooner,
first-nighter).
c)
contracted compounds which have a shortened stem or a simple stem in
their structure, as “V-day” (victory), G-man (goverment), H-bag
(hand-bag).
d)
compounds, in which at least 1 stem is compound (waterpaper(comp)
–basket(simple))
(2)
Compounds with a specific morpheme as a link (comp-s with a linking
element = morphological compounds). E.g. Anglo-Saxon, Franko-German,
speedometer, statesman, tradespeople, handicraft, handiwork.
(3)
Compounds formed from segments of speech by way of isolating speech
sintagmas are sometimes called syntactic compounds, or compounds with
the linking element(s) represented as a rule by the stems of
form-words (brother-in-law, forget-me-not, good-in-nothing).
II.
Compounds may be classified according to a part of speech they belong
& within each part of speech according to their structural
pattern (structural types of compound-nouns):
-
compounds nouns formed of an adjectival stem + a noun stem A+N.
e.g.blackberry, gold fish
-
compound nouns formed of a noun-stem +a noun stem N+N
e.g. waterfall, backbone, homestead, calhurd
III.
Semantically compounds may be: idiomatic (non-motivated),
non-idiomatic
(motivated).
The compounds whose meanings can be derived from the meanings of
their component stems, are called non-idiomatic, e.g. classroom,
handcuff, handbag, smoking-car.
The
compounds whose meanings cannot be derived from the meanings of their
component stems are called idiomatic, e.g. lady-bird, man of war,
mother-of-pearls.
The
critiria applied for distinguishing compounds from word combinations
are:
-
graphic;
-
phonetic;
-
grammatical (morphological, syntactic);
-
semantic.
The graphic criteria can be relied on when
compounds are spelled either sollidly, or with or with a hyphen, but
it fails when the compound is spelled as 2 separate words,
e.g.
blood(-)vessel
(крово-сосудистый)
The phonetic criterium is applied to comp-s which
have either a high stress on the first component as in “hothead”
(буйная голова),
or a double stress “ `washing-ma`chine”, but it’s useless when
a compound has a level stress on both components, as in “
`arm-chair, `ice-cream” etc.
If we apply morphological & syntactical
criterium, we’ll see that compounds consisting of stems, possess
their structural integrity. The components of a compound are
grammatically invariable. No word can be inserted between the
components, while the components of a word-group, being independant
words, have the opposite features (tall-boy(высокий
комод), tall boy (taller&
cleverer,tallest)).
One of the most reliable criteria is the semantic
one. Compounds generally possess the higher degree of semantic
cohesion (слияние) of its elements
than word-groups. Compounds usually convey (передавать)
1 concep. (compare: a tall boy – 2 concepts, & a tallboy – 1
concept). In most cases only a combination of different criteria can
serve to distinguish a compound word from a word combination.
- Top Definitions
- Quiz
- Related Content
- Examples
- British
This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.
This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.
noun
a relatively permanent enclosed construction over a plot of land, having a roof and usually windows and often more than one level, used for any of a wide variety of activities, as living, entertaining, or manufacturing.
anything built or constructed.
the act, business, or practice of constructing houses, office buildings, etc.
QUIZ
CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?
There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?
Which sentence is correct?
Origin of building
First recorded in 1250–1300, building is from the Middle English word byldinge.See build, -ing1
synonym study for building
1. Building, edifice, structure refer to something built. Building and structure may apply to either a finished or an unfinished product of construction, and carry no implications as to size or condition. Edifice is a more formal word and narrower in application, referring to a completed structure, and usually a large and imposing one. Building generally connotes a useful purpose (houses, schools, business offices, etc.); structure suggests the planning and constructive process.
OTHER WORDS FROM building
build·ing·less, adjectiveun·der·build·ing, noun
Words nearby building
buildable, build-down, builder, buildering, build in, building, building and loan association, building block, building line, building paper, building permit
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
Words related to building
architecture, construction, home, house, hut, domicile, edifice, erection, fabric, framework, pile, superstructure, ziggurat
How to use building in a sentence
-
Mike Gallagher, president of HVAC contractor Western Allied, believes that’s going to catch commercial building managers by surprise once the current wave of fires dies down.
-
The refurbishment of buildings is a worthy but generally dull subject.
-
The new goal will require buildings to become more energy-efficient and companies will face more strict pollution caps in the EU’s carbon market, the world’s biggest.
-
They will also provide job preparation resources such as resume prep and building interviewing skills.
-
Broadstone Net Lease owns buildings that house Red Lobster restaurants, among other corporate tenants.
-
But no more so than the Sodexo building maintenance man or the two cops who were also killed in the crossfire.
-
The most recent issue contains detailed instructions for building car bombs, and the magazine frequently draws up hit-lists.
-
Two witnesses outside the Charlie Hebdo office building quoted the Kouachi brothers claiming they were members of al Qaeda.
-
I wish I was a young Carole King, working in the Brill Building.
-
Millions of dollars in renovation later the building is gorgeous—Clean, well-kept, organized.
-
Almost as soon as she had finished building her nest she had discovered a strange-looking egg there.
-
The last-named building remained in the possession of the Unitarians until 1861, when it was sold to the Roman Catholics.
-
Children, and the building of a city shall establish a name, but a blameless wife shall be counted above them both.
-
He has secured the release of certain Spanish prisoners, and is building two ships.
-
He saw a large building, in front of which were long, slender strips of shining steel.
British Dictionary definitions for building
noun
something built with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory
the act, business, occupation, or art of building houses, boats, etc
Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
1
: a usually roofed and walled structure built for permanent use (as for a dwelling)
2
: the art or business of assembling materials into a structure
Synonyms
Example Sentences
My office is in that small brick building.
We bought the land for building.
Recent Examples on the Web
In the middle of the competition, however, scientists discovered conclusively that Mars has water, so the engineers were able to change their mixture to utilize the more convenient Portland Cement, the most common type of cement used in building industries.
—
Manasee Wagh, Popular Mechanics, 5 Apr. 2023
Babor has been carbon neutral since 2020, and is taking further steps by planting trees in the Babor forest, adding only energy-efficient buildings, and powering its HQ entirely with green electricity.
—Erica Smith, ELLE, 5 Apr. 2023
Keep in mind, the effectiveness of a protein powder for muscle building is just one factor.
—Paul Kita, Men’s Health, 5 Apr. 2023
On Saturday, April 1, the new location had its grand opening a block to the west, in a remodeled former Burger King building facing U.S. 11.
—Greg Garrison | , al, 5 Apr. 2023
Sales of rental apartment buildings are falling at the fastest rate since the subprime-mortgage crisis, a sign that higher interest rates, regional banking turmoil and slowing rent growth are undercutting demand for these buildings.
—Will Parker, wsj.com, 4 Apr. 2023
According to the paper, Johnson also told journalists on Monday that her badge to access the legislative office building had been deactivated.
—Praveena Somasundaram, Washington Post, 4 Apr. 2023
Except like so much since Robinson signed his five-year, $90 million contract with the Heat to return in 2021 NBA free agency, there has been little building with Robinson.
—Ira Winderman, Sun Sentinel, 4 Apr. 2023
According to a log posted to the San Diego State University Police Department’s website, the department responded Monday night for several area and building checks in the surrounding area around the arena.
—Lorenzo Reyes, USA TODAY, 4 Apr. 2023
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘building.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Word History
First Known Use
13th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1
Time Traveler
The first known use of building was
in the 13th century
Dictionary Entries Near building
Cite this Entry
“Building.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/building. Accessed 13 Apr. 2023.
Share
More from Merriam-Webster on building
Last Updated:
6 Apr 2023
— Updated example sentences
Subscribe to America’s largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!
Merriam-Webster unabridged
a building where animals are butchered
a building that is divided into apartments
an architectural product or work
a building where birds are kept
a building containing dressing rooms for bathers
a building that contains several alleys for bowling
a building dedicated to a particular activity
a building attached to a monastery or cathedral; used as a meeting place for the chapter
a building that is occupied by a social club
a college or university building containing living quarters for students
a building on a farm
a building where livestock are fattened for market
a building that would be hard to escape from if it were to catch fire
a public building in which a variety of games of chance can be played (operated as a business)
a small roofed building affording shade and rest
a building that houses a branch of government
a building with glass walls and roof; for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions
a large building for meetings or entertainment
a large building used by a college or university for teaching or research
a building containing trophies honoring famous people
a building where travelers can pay for lodging and meals and other services
a building that houses both a hotel and a casino
a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families
a building in which something is sheltered or located
a building that houses a collection of books and other materials
building where medicine is practiced
building where the business of a government department is transacted
a building (or room) where dead bodies are kept before burial or cremation
a building designed and equipped to observe astronomical phenomena
a building containing offices where work is done
a building where opium is sold and used
a building that is subordinate to and separate from a main building
a building where foodstuffs are processed and packed
any building where congregations gather for prayer
a building housing an instrument for projecting the positions of the planets onto a domed ceiling
building reserved for the officiating clergy
a building where people go to eat
a building used for shelter by travelers (especially in areas where there are no hotels)
building that contains a surface for ice skating or roller skating
a building constructed by the ancient Romans
a building having a circular plan and a dome
a ruined building
a building where young people receive education
a building (usually abandoned) where drug addicts buy and use heroin
a building from which signals are sent to control the movements of railway trains
a very tall building with many stories
a building on a college campus dedicated to social and organizational activities of the student body
a building with a bar that is licensed to sell alcoholic drinks
a building that houses telecommunications equipment
an edifice devoted to special or exalted purposes
a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented
a building where prostitutes are available
a building or compound used by a group carrying out religious and humanitarian work
a theater arranged with seats around at least three sides of the stage
an outlying farm building for storing grain or animal feed and housing farm animals
a Roman building used for public administration
a building containing public baths
a house built on or near a beach
tavern with an outdoor area (usually resembling a garden) where beer and other alcoholic drinks are served
a gazebo sited to command a fine view
a house of worship (especially one for sailors)
a small informal restaurant; serves wine
a private house that provides accommodations and meals for paying guests
a small restaurant serving beer and wine as well as food; usually cheap
a combination brewery and restaurant; beer is brewed for consumption on the premises and served along with food
(formerly) a cheap saloon selling liquor by the bucket
a small house with a single story
a center where patients with severe burns can be treated
a small house built of wood; usually in a wooded area
a small restaurant where drinks and snacks are sold
a restaurant or dining area where you serve yourself and pay a cashier
a center equipped to handle a large volume of telephone calls (especially for taking orders or serving customers)
restaurant in a factory; where workers can eat
a restaurant outside; often for soldiers or policemen
a building occupied by a state legislature
a public building for gambling and entertainment
a Swiss house with a sloping roof and wide eaves or a house built in this style
a government building housing the office of a chancellor
a place of worship that has its own altar
a house used as a residence by a chapter of a fraternity
a farm building for housing poultry
a place for public (especially Christian) worship
a theater where films are shown
a building that houses administrative offices of a municipal government
a healthcare facility for outpatient care
a small building for housing coaches and carriages and other vehicles
a center where the members of a community can gather for social or cultural activities
a center where conferences can be conducted
a greenhouse in which plants are arranged in a pleasing manner
a schoolhouse with special facilities for fine arts
the operational center for a group of related activities
a building for religious assembly (especially Nonconformists, e.g., Quakers)
a house (usually large and impressive) on an estate in the country
a building that houses judicial courts
a government building that houses the offices of a county government
a mortuary where corpses are cremated
a government building where customs are collected and where ships are cleared to enter or leave the country
a school building without boarding facilities
a house that stands alone
a restaurant that resembles a dining car
a theater at which dinner is included in the price of admission
government building in which diplomats live or work
a house so small that it is likened to a child’s plaything
a house with two units sharing a common wall
house for a farmer and family
a building for indoor sports
a run-down hotel
a mortuary where those who knew the deceased can come to pay their last respects
an outbuilding (or part of a building) for housing automobiles
a house built at a gateway; usually the gatekeeper’s residence
a small restaurant specializing in short-order fried foods
a restaurant where food is cooked on a grill
a house separate from the main house; for housing guests
the hall of a guild or corporation
the main house on a ranch or large estate
a university dormitory
an inexpensive restaurant
television and video equipment designed to reproduce in the home the experience of being in a movie theater
a health facility where patients receive treatment
a hotel providing overnight lodging for travelers
a house for storing ice
a rink with a floor of ice for ice hockey or ice skating
outbuilding that serves as a shelter for a dog
a small theater for experimental drama or collegiate or community groups
a small (rustic) house used as a temporary shelter
a house where rooms are rented
a restaurant (in a facility) where lunch can be purchased
a public hall for lectures and concerts
a small house
a large and imposing house
(Islam) a Muslim place of worship
a place where illicit sex is available under the guise of therapeutic massage
a small house (on a farm) where meat is stored
(Islam) a Muslim place of worship that usually has a minaret
a hotel for motorists; provides direct access from rooms to parking area
a theater in which vaudeville is staged
a building containing an oast (a kiln for drying hops); usually has a conical or pyramidal roof
a building where musical dramas are performed
a small outbuilding with a bench having holes through which a user can defecate
tavern consisting of a building with a bar and public rooms; often provides light meals
a house where pumps (e.g. to irrigate) are installed and operated
a one story house with a low pitched roof
a tavern below street level featuring beer; originally a German restaurant in the basement of city hall
a center where research is done
the official house or establishment of an important person (as a sovereign or president)
a fashionable hotel usually in a resort area
an ostentatiously elegant hotel
a restaurant that specializes in roasted and barbecued meats
a house that is one of a row of identical houses situated side by side and sharing common walls
a house used as a hiding place or refuge by members of certain organizations
a type of house built in New England; has two stories in front and one behind
a recreational center for servicemen
a center in an underprivileged area that provides community services
an outbuilding with a single story; used for shelter or storage
a place of worship hallowed by association with some sacred thing or person
a hotel at a ski resort
a small house where smoke is used to cure meat or fish
a house built of sod or adobe laid in horizontal courses
a house designed to use solar radiation for heating; usually has large areas of glass in front of heat-absorbing materials
a farm building for housing horses or other livestock
a house where weapons and supplies are hidden
a government building in which a state legislature meets
a restaurant that specializes in steaks
a center for student activities at a college or university
(Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation
a restaurant where tea and light meals are available
place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity
a run-down apartment house barely meeting minimal standards
a government building that houses administrative offices of a town government
one of many houses of similar design constructed together on a tract of land
detached or semidetached suburban house
an apartment building without an elevator
a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians
unlicensed drinking establishment
a hotel located in a resort area
a place where oranges are grown; a plantation of orange trees in warm climes or a greenhouse in cooler areas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A building or edifice, is an enclosed structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place,[1] such as a house or factory (although there’s also portable buildings).[1] Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, prestige, and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the term building compare the list of nonbuilding structures.
Buildings serve several societal needs – occupancy, primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat, a place of comfort and safety and the outside, a place that at times may be harsh and harmful.
Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have also become objects or canvasses of much artistic expression. In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has also become an intentional part of the design process of many new buildings and other structures, usually a green building.
Definition[edit]
The word building is both a noun and a verb: the structure itself and the act of making it. As a noun, a building is ‘a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place’;[1] «there was a three-storey building on the corner»; «it was an imposing edifice». In the broadest interpretation a fence or wall is a building.[2] However, the word structure is used more broadly than building including natural and man-made formations[3] and does not necessarily have walls. Structure is more likely to be used for a fence. Sturgis’ Dictionary included that «[building] differs from architecture in excluding all idea of artistic treatment; and it differs from construction in the idea of excluding scientific or highly skilful treatment.»[4] As a verb, building is the act of construction.
Structural height in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on building from street-level. Depending on how they are classified, spires and masts may or may not be included in this height. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included. The definition of a low-rise vs. a high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three stories or less is considered low-rise.[5]
History[edit]
There is clear evidence of homebuilding from around 18,000 BC.[6] Buildings became common during the Neolithic (see Neolithic architecture).[7]
Types[edit]
The Mitilineu House, a city-house in Bucharest, dating from 1898
Residential[edit]
Single-family residential buildings are most often called houses or homes. Multi-family residential buildings containing more than one dwelling unit are called a duplex or an apartment building. A condominium is an apartment that the occupant owns rather than rents. Houses may also be built in pairs (semi-detached), in terraces where all but two of the houses have others either side; apartments may be built round courtyards or as rectangular blocks surrounded by a piece of ground of varying sizes. Houses which were built as a single dwelling may later be divided into apartments or bedsitters; they may also be converted to another use e.g. an office or a shop. hotels, especially of the extended stay variety (like apartels) can also be classed as residential.
Building types may range from huts to multimillion-dollar high-rise apartment blocks able to house thousands of people. Increasing settlement density in buildings (and smaller distances between buildings) is usually a response to high ground prices resulting from many people wanting to live close to work or similar attractors. Other common building materials are brick, concrete or combinations of either of these with stone.
Residential buildings have different names for their use depending if they are seasonal include holiday cottage (vacation home) or timeshare; size such as a cottage or great house; value such as a shack or mansion; manner of construction such as a log home or mobile home;, architectural style such as a mock castle or Victorian house, proximity to the ground or water such as Earth sheltering the earth sheltered house, stilt house, or houseboat floating home. Also if the residents are in need of special care, or society considers them to dangerous to have freedom, there’s residential total institutions such as nursing homes, orphanages, psychiatric hospitals or prison; or in group housing like barracks or dormitories.
Historically many people lived in communal buildings called longhouses, smaller dwellings called pit-houses and houses combined with barns sometimes called housebarns.
Buildings are defined to be substantial, permanent structures so other dwelling forms such as yurts, and motorhomes are dwellings but not buildings.
Commercial[edit]
A commercial building is one in which at least one business is based, but where people don’t live. Examples include stores, restaurants, and hotels.
Industrial[edit]
Industrial buildings are those in which heavy industry is done, such as manufacturing. These edifices include warehouses and factories.
Agricultural[edit]
Agricultural buildings are the outbuildings located on farms, like barns.
Mixed use[edit]
Some buildings incorporate several or multiple different uses, most commonly are those that combine commercial and residential uses.
Complex[edit]
Sometimes a group of inter-related (and possibly inter-connected) builds are referred to as a complex – for example a housing complex,[8] educational complex,[9] hospital complex, etc.
Creation[edit]
The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of professionals and trades. Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building project, the project team may include:
- A real estate developer who secures funding for the project;
- One or more financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding
- Local planning and code authorities
- A surveyor who performs an ALTA/ACSM and construction surveys throughout the project;
- Construction managers who coordinate the effort of different groups of project participants;
- Licensed architects and engineers who provide building design and prepare construction documents;
- The principal design Engineering disciplines which would normally include the following professionals: Civil, Structural, Mechanical building services or HVAC (heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) Electrical Building Services, Plumbing and drainage. Also other possible design Engineer specialists may be involved such as Fire (prevention), Acoustic, façade engineers, building physics, Telecoms, AV (Audio Visual), BMS (Building Management Systems) Automatic controls etc. These design Engineers also prepare construction documents which are issued to specialist contractors to obtain a price for the works and to follow for the installations.
- Landscape architects;
- Interior designers;
- Other consultants;
- Contractors who provide construction services and install building systems such as climate control, electrical, plumbing, decoration, fire protection, security and telecommunications;
- Marketing or leasing agents;
- Facility managers who are responsible for operating the building.
Regardless of their size or intended use, all buildings in the US must comply with zoning ordinances, building codes and other regulations such as fire codes, life safety codes and related standards.
Vehicles—such as trailers, caravans, ships and passenger aircraft—are treated as «buildings» for life safety purposes.
Ownership and funding[edit]
- Mortgage loan
- Real estate developer
Building services[edit]
Physical plant[edit]
Any building requires a certain general amount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and telecommunications, water and wastewater etc. Especially in commercial buildings (such as offices or factories), these can be extremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space (sometimes located in separate areas or double floors / false ceilings) and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance required.
Conveying systems[edit]
Systems for transport of people within buildings:
- Elevator
- Escalator
- Moving sidewalk (horizontal and inclined)
Systems for transport of people between interconnected buildings:
- Skyway
- Underground city
Building damage[edit]
Buildings may be damaged during the construction of the building or during maintenance. There are several other reasons behind building damage like accidents[10] such as storms, explosions, subsidence caused by mining, water withdrawal[11] or poor foundations and landslides.[12] Buildings also may suffer from fire damage[13] and flooding in special circumstances. They may also become dilapidated through lack of proper maintenance or alteration work improperly carried out.
Hypothetical future buildings[edit]
Advances in construction technology, ideologies, etc may allow (or necessitate) the construction of new kinds of buildings and complexes, like an arcology.
See also[edit]
- Autonomous building
- Commercial modular construction
- Earthquake engineering
- Float glass
- Green building
- Hurricane-proof building
- List of buildings and structures
- List of largest buildings in the world
- List of tallest buildings in the world
- Natural building
- Natural disaster and earthquake
- Skyscraper
- Steel building
- Tent
- Zero-energy building
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Max J. Egenhofer (2002). Geographic Information Science: Second International Conference, GIScience 2002, Boulder, CO, USA, September 25–28, 2002. Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-540-44253-0.
- ^ Building def. 2. Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith. The Century dictionary and cyclopedia. vol. 1. New York: Century Co., 1901. 712. Print.
- ^ Structure. def. 2. Merriam-Webster’s dictionary of synonyms: a dictionary of discriminated synonyms with antonyms and analogous and contrasted words.. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster, 1984. 787. Print.
- ^ Building. def 1. Sturgis, Russell. A dictionary of architecture and building: biographical, historical, and descriptive. vol. 1. New York: The Macmillan Co.; 1901. 2236. Print.
- ^ Paul Francis Wendt and Alan Robert Cerf (1979), Real estate investment analysis and taxation, McGraw-Hill, p. 210
- ^ Rob Dunn (Aug 23, 2014). «Meet the lodgers: Wildlife in the great indoors». New Scientist: 34–37. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
- ^ Pace, Anthony (2004). «Tarxien». In Daniel Cilia (ed.). Malta before History – The World’s Oldest Free Standing Stone Architecture. Miranda Publishers. ISBN 978-9990985085.
- ^ «plans to convert housing complex». Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
- ^ «isye building complex». Archived from the original on 2017-01-03.
- ^ «Building Damage». Pb.unimelb.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
- ^ Bru, G.; Herrera, G.; Tomás, R.; Duro, J.; Vega, R. De la; Mulas, J. (2013-02-01). «Control of deformation of buildings affected by subsidence using persistent scatterer interferometry». Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. 9 (2): 188–200. doi:10.1080/15732479.2010.519710. ISSN 1573-2479. S2CID 110521863.
- ^ Soldato, Matteo Del; Bianchini, Silvia; Calcaterra, Domenico; Vita, Pantaleone De; Martire, Diego Di; Tomás, Roberto; Casagli, Nicola (2017-07-12). «A new approach for landslide-induced damage assessment» (PDF). Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. 8 (2): 1524–1537. doi:10.1080/19475705.2017.1347896. ISSN 1947-5705. S2CID 73697187.
- ^ Brotóns, V.; Tomás, R.; Ivorra, S.; Alarcón, J. C. (2013-12-17). «Temperature influence on the physical and mechanical properties of a porous rock: San Julian’s calcarenite». Engineering Geology. 167 (Supplement C): 117–127. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.10.012.
External links[edit]
However, they still follow general English word-building conventions. ❋ Tyler (2009)
Are you intested in something else than word-building? ❋ Unknown (2005)
Icelandic lends itself to word-building like no other language does. ❋ Unknown (2005)
A brief history of the grammatical changes of the language and its vocabulary, with exercises on synonyms, prefixes, suffixes, word-analysis, and word-building. ❋ Brainerd Kellogg (N/A)
Frequent supplementary dictation, word-building and phonic exercises should be given. ❋ John Franklin Bobbitt (N/A)
Hence speech must soon fail to serve the new developments of thought, unless the process of word-building can be itself proportionately improved; unless, in other words, a new and scientifically constructed Language can be devised adequate to all the wants of science. ❋ Various (N/A)
Boethius’s use of _sempiternitas_, as well as his word-building, seem to be peculiar to himself. ❋ Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (1908)
He was always word-building, a metaphorist, lavish with singing adjectives; but often he built in confusion because it was difficult to describe something beautiful in a new yet simple way. ❋ Harold MacGrath (1901)
English speech rather than the conventional syntax of Latin, and to elaborate for himself a clause-architecture or order, so to speak, of word-building, which should depend upon the inherent qualities of euphony and rhythm possessed by English. ❋ George Saintsbury (1889)
The man who could deliver his judgment in this stilted style of pompous word-building, in such circumstances as were then existing, would have required a powdered footman in spotless plush to precede him out of a house on fire. ❋ Emily Sarah Holt (1864)
This intellectual exercise is, perhaps, read to children who have not got far enough in «word-building» to read themselves about little Jimmy and his absorbed pig. ❋ Charles Dudley Warner (1864)
And now we are threatened with ‘word-building’, as I see a book announced under the title of ❋ Richard Chenevix Trench (1846)
“Latin _word-building_”, and, much worse than this, with ‘stand-point’. ❋ Richard Chenevix Trench (1846)
«Words With Friends» is a digital word-building game popular on several platforms. ❋ Unknown (2011)
The new law has Jack Olwell, who teaches physical education in the Farmington school district, reviewing some of the ways he’s learned to blend games like tag with spelling and word-building. ❋ Unknown (2010)
Includes a rhyme finder, five word-building games, and a vocabulary word list that can be created by the user. ❋ Unknown (2010)
- Afrikaans: gebou (af)
- Albanian: ndërtesë (sq) f
- Apache:
- Western Apache: kįh
- Arabic: مَبْنَى (ar) m (mabnā), بِنَاء (ar) f (bināʔ), دَار (ar) f (dār), بِنَايَة (ar) f (bināya)
- Egyptian Arabic: عمارة f (ʕimāra), مبنى m (mabna)
- Armenian: շենք (hy) (šenkʿ)
- Asturian: edificiu (ast) m
- Azerbaijani: yapı, bina (az), tikinti (az)
- Baluchi: ماڑی (máří)
- Basque: eraikin
- Belarusian: буды́нак m (budýnak), дом (be) m (dom)
- Bengali: ভবন (bhobon)
- Breton: savadur (br) m
- Bulgarian: зда́ние (bg) n (zdánie), постро́йка (bg) f (postrójka), сгра́да (bg) f (sgráda), къ́ща (bg) f (kǎ́šta), дом (bg) m (dom)
- Burmese: တိုက်အိမ် (my) (tuik-im), တိုက် (my) (tuik), ရုံ (my) (rum), အဆောက်အအုံ (my) (a.hcauk-a.um)
- Catalan: edifici (ca) m
- Cherokee: ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎢ (adanelvi)
- Chickasaw: abooha, aboowa
- Chinese:
- Cantonese: 建築物／建筑物 (gin3 zuk1 mat6)
- Mandarin: 建築／建筑 (zh) (jiànzhù), 建築物／建筑物 (zh) (jiànzhùwù)
- Choctaw: chuka
- Crimean Tatar: bina
- Czech: budova (cs) f, stavba (cs) f, dům (cs) m
- Danish: bygning (da) c
- Dutch: gebouw (nl) n
- Esperanto: konstruaĵo
- Estonian: hoone
- Faroese: bygningur m
- Finnish: rakennus (fi)
- French: immeuble (fr) m, édifice (fr) m, bâtiment (fr) m
- Galician: edificio (gl) m, construción (gl) m
- Georgian: შენობა (šenoba), ნაგებობა (nageboba)
- German: Gebäude (de) n, Bau (de) m
- Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐍉 f (gatimrjō)
- Greek: κτίριο (el) n (ktírio), κτίσμα (el) n (ktísma), οικοδομή (el) f (oikodomí), κτήριο (el) n (ktírio)
- Ancient: οἴκημα n (oíkēma), οἰκοδομία f (oikodomía)
- Greenlandic: illuliaq, illu
- Gujarati: મકાન (gu) m (makān)
- Haitian Creole: bilding, batiman
- Hawaiian: hale
- Hebrew: בניין בִּנְיָן (he) m (binyan)
- Hindi: भवन (hi) m (bhavan), इमारत (hi) f (imārat), निर्माण (hi) m (nirmāṇ)
- Hungarian: épület (hu)
- Icelandic: bygging (is) f, hús (is) n
- Ido: edifico (io)
- Indonesian: bangunan (id), gedung (id)
- Irish: foirgneamh (ga) m
- Italian: edificio (it) m, palazzo (it) m
- Japanese: 建物 (ja) (たてもの, tatemono), 建築物 (ja) (けんちくぶつ, kenchiku butsu), 建屋 (たてや, tateya), ビル (ja) (biru) (high‐rise)
- Kazakh: ғимарат (kk) (ğimarat), үй (kk) (üi)
- Khmer: អាគារ (km) (ʼaakiə)
- Korean: 건물(建物) (ko) (geonmul), 빌딩 (ko) (bilding)
- Kurdish:
- Central Kurdish: بینا (ckb) (bîna)
- Kyrgyz: имарат (ky) (imarat), үй (ky) (üy)
- Lao: ການກໍ່ສ້າງ (kān kǭ sāng), ຕຶກ (tưk)
- Latgalian: kuorms, statne, budaveiba
- Latin: aedificium (la) n
- Latvian: celtne, ēka (lv), būve
- Lithuanian: pastatas (lt) m, statinys m
- Luxembourgish: Gebai (lb) n
- Macedonian: зграда f (zgrada), здание n (zdanie), куќа f (kuḱa), дом m (dom)
- Malay: bangunan (ms)
- Maltese: binja f
- Maori: whare (mi)
- Middle English: byldynge
- Mongolian: барьсан зүйл (barʹsan züjl), барилга (mn) (barilga)
- Nepali: भवन (bhavan)
- Norman: înmeubl’ye m
- Norwegian: bygning (no)
- Old English: timbring f, botl n
- Oromo: gamoo
- Ossetian: кӕнд (kænd)
- Pashto: ماڼۍ (ps) f (mānnəi)
- Persian: ساختمان (fa) (sâxtemân), بنا (fa) (banâ), عمارت (fa) (’emârat), ساختمون (sâxtemun) (colloquial)
- Plautdietsch: Bu m
- Polish: budynek (pl) m, budowla (pl) f, dom (pl) m, gmach (pl) m
- Portuguese: edifício (pt) m, prédio (pt) m
- Punjabi: ਇਮਾਰਤ (pa) f (imārat)
- Romanian: edificiu (ro) m, clădire (ro) f, construcție (ro) f
- Romansch: edifizi m, stabiliment m
- Russian: зда́ние (ru) n (zdánije), строе́ние (ru) n (strojénije), постро́йка (ru) f (postrójka), дом (ru) m (dom)
- Sanskrit: भवन (sa) (bhavana), निर्माण (sa) (nirmāṇa)
- Scots: biggin
- Scottish Gaelic: togalach m
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: згра̏да f, зда́ње n, ку̏ћа f, до̏м (sh) m
- Roman: zgrȁda (sh) f, zdánje (sh) n, kȕća (sh) f, dȍm (sh) m
- Slovak: budova (sk) f, stavba f, dom (sk) m
- Slovene: zgradba (sl) f, stavba (sl) f, hiša (sl) f
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: twarjenje n
- Spanish: edificio (es) m
- Swahili: jengo (sw)
- Swedish: byggnad (sv) c, bygge (sv) n, hus (sv) n
- Tagalog: (literally) gusali (tl), edipisyo
- Tajik: бино (tg) (bino), иморат (imorat)
- Tamil: கட்டிடம் (ta) (kaṭṭiṭam)
- Telugu: భవంతి (te) (bhavanti), కట్టడము (te) (kaṭṭaḍamu)
- Thai: ตึก (th) (dtʉ̀k), อาคาร (th) (aa-kaan), โรง (th) (roong), หอ (th) (hɔ̌ɔ)
- Tibetan: ཁང་པ (khang pa)
- Tok Pisin: haus
- Turkish: bina (tr), yapı (tr)
- Turkmen: bina (tk), ymarat
- Ukrainian: буди́нок (uk) m (budýnok), спору́да (uk) f (sporúda), дім m (dim), будівля (uk) f (budivlja)
- Urdu: عمارت f (‘imārat), بھون (bhavan)
- Uyghur: بىنا (bina)
- Uzbek: bino (uz), qirilish
- Vietnamese: toà nhà (vi)
- Volapük: bumot (vo), (diminutive) bumotil, (collective) bumotem, (diminitive, collective) bumotilem
- Welsh: adeilad (cy) f, adail m
- Yiddish: בנין m (binyen), געבײַדע f (gebayde)