Definition of the word tsunami

A tsunami ( (t)soo-NAH-mee, (t)suu-;^[1][2][3][4] from Japanese: 津波, lit. ‘harbour wave’,^[5] pronounced [tsɯnami]) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.^[6] Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are in turn generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water from a large event.

Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves because their wavelength is far longer.^[7] Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide.^[8] For this reason, it is often referred to as a tidal wave,^[9] although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because it might give the false impression of a causal relationship between tides and tsunamis.^[10] Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves, with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called «wave train».^[11] Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous, and they can affect entire ocean basins. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history, with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.

The Ancient Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his 5th century BC History of the Peloponnesian War that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes,^[12][13] but the understanding of tsunamis remained slim until the 20th century, and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include determining why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do. This ongoing research is designed to help accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across oceans as well as how tsunami waves interact with shorelines.

Terminology

Tsunami

Tsunami
«Tsunami» in kanji
Japanese name
Kanji	津波
Transcriptions Romanization tsunami

The term «tsunami» is a borrowing from the Japanese tsunami 津波, meaning «harbour wave.» For the plural, one can either follow ordinary English practice and add an s, or use an invariable plural as in the Japanese.^[14] Some English speakers alter the word’s initial /ts/ to an /s/ by dropping the «t,» since English does not natively permit /ts/ at the beginning of words, though the original Japanese pronunciation is /ts/.

Tidal wave

Tsunamis are sometimes referred to as tidal waves.^[15] This once-popular term derives from the most common appearance of a tsunami, which is that of an extraordinarily high tidal bore. Tsunamis and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of a tsunami, the inland movement of water may be much greater, giving the impression of an incredibly high and forceful tide. In recent years, the term «tidal wave» has fallen out of favour, especially in the scientific community, because the causes of tsunamis have nothing to do with those of tides, which are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun rather than the displacement of water. Although the meanings of «tidal» include «resembling»^[16] or «having the form or character of»^[17] tides, use of the term tidal wave is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.

A 1969 episode of the TV crime show Hawaii Five-O entitled «Forty Feet High and It Kills!» used the terms «tsunami» and «tidal wave» interchangeably.^[18]

Seismic sea wave

The term seismic sea wave is also used to refer to the phenomenon because the waves most often are generated by seismic activity such as earthquakes.^[19] Prior to the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than tidal wave. However, like tsunami, seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes—including underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice slumping into the ocean, meteorite impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly—can generate such waves by displacing water.^[20][21]

History

While Japan may have the longest recorded history of tsunamis,^{[citation needed]} the sheer destruction caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami event mark it as the most devastating of its kind in modern times, killing around 230,000 people.^[22] The Sumatran region is also accustomed to tsunamis, with earthquakes of varying magnitudes regularly occurring off the coast of the island.^[23]

Tsunamis are an often underestimated hazard in the Mediterranean Sea and parts of Europe. Of historical and current (with regard to risk assumptions) importance are the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami (which was caused by the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault), the 1783 Calabrian earthquakes, each causing several tens of thousands of deaths and the 1908 Messina earthquake and tsunami. The tsunami claimed more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and is among the most deadly natural disasters in modern Europe. The Storegga Slide in the Norwegian Sea and some examples of tsunamis affecting the British Isles refer to landslide and meteotsunamis predominantly and less to earthquake-induced waves.

As early as 426 BC the Greek historian Thucydides inquired in his book History of the Peloponnesian War about the causes of tsunami, and was the first to argue that ocean earthquakes must be the cause.^[12][13] The oldest human record of a tsunami dates back to 479 BC, in the Greek colony of Potidaea, thought to be triggered by an earthquake. The tsunami may have saved the colony from an invasion by the Achaemenid Empire.^[13]

The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is driven back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could happen.^[24]

The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae 26.10.15–19) described the typical sequence of a tsunami, including an incipient earthquake, the sudden retreat of the sea and a following gigantic wave, after the 365 AD tsunami devastated Alexandria.^[25][26]

Causes

The principal generation mechanism of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea.^[27] This displacement of water is usually caused by earthquakes,^[28][29][30] but can also be attributed to landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calvings or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests.^[31][32] However, the possibility of a meteorite causing a tsunami is debated.^[33]

Seismicity

Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth’s crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.^[34] More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when thrust faults associated with convergent or destructive plate boundaries move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on normal (extensional) faults can also cause displacement of the seabed, but only the largest of such events (typically related to flexure in the outer trench swell) cause enough displacement to give rise to a significant tsunami, such as the 1977 Sumba and 1933 Sanriku events.^[35][36]

• 

• 

  Plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water.

• 

  The energy released produces tsunami waves.

Tsunamis have a small wave height offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometres long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres),^[37] which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave shoaling process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas.

On April 1, 1946, the 8.6 M_w  Aleutian Islands earthquake occurred with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). It generated a tsunami which inundated Hilo on the island of Hawaii with a 14-metre high (46 ft) surge. Between 165 and 173 were killed. The area where the earthquake occurred is where the Pacific Ocean floor is subducting (or being pushed downwards) under Alaska.

Examples of tsunamis originating at locations away from convergent boundaries include Storegga about 8,000 years ago, Grand Banks in 1929, and Papua New Guinea in 1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilised sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before travelling transoceanic distances.

The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is unknown. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc.).

The 1960 Valdivia earthquake (M_w 9.5), 1964 Alaska earthquake (M_w 9.2), 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (M_w 9.2), and 2011 Tōhoku earthquake (M_w9.0) are recent examples of powerful megathrust earthquakes that generated tsunamis (known as teletsunamis) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (M_w 4.2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (called local and regional tsunamis) that can devastate stretches of coastline, but can do so in only a few minutes at a time.

Landslides

The Tauredunum event was a large tsunami on Lake Geneva in 563 CE, caused by sedimentary deposits destabilized by a landslide.

In the 1950s, it was discovered that tsunamis larger than had previously been believed possible can be caused by giant submarine landslides. These large volumes of rapidly displaced water transfer energy at a faster rate than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (1,719 ft).^[38] The wave did not travel far as it struck land almost immediately. The wave struck three boats—each with two people aboard—anchored in the bay. One boat rode out the wave, but the wave sank the other two, killing both people aboard one of them.^[39][40][41]

Another landslide-tsunami event occurred in 1963 when a massive landslide from Monte Toc entered the reservoir behind the Vajont Dam in Italy. The resulting wave surged over the 262-metre (860 ft)-high dam by 250 metres (820 ft) and destroyed several towns. Around 2,000 people died.^[42][43] Scientists named these waves megatsunamis.

Some geologists claim that large landslides from volcanic islands, e.g. Cumbre Vieja on La Palma (Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard) in the Canary Islands, may be able to generate megatsunamis that can cross oceans, but this is disputed by many others.

In general, landslides generate displacements mainly in the shallower parts of the coastline, and there is conjecture about the nature of large landslides that enter the water. This has been shown to subsequently affect water in enclosed bays and lakes, but a landslide large enough to cause a transoceanic tsunami has not occurred within recorded history. Susceptible locations are believed to be the Big Island of Hawaii, Fogo in the Cape Verde Islands, La Reunion in the Indian Ocean, and Cumbre Vieja on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands; along with other volcanic ocean islands. This is because large masses of relatively unconsolidated volcanic material occurs on the flanks and in some cases detachment planes are believed to be developing. However, there is growing controversy about how dangerous these slopes actually are.^[44]

Volcanic eruptions

Other than by landslides or sector collapse, volcanoes may be able to generate waves by pyroclastic flow submergence, caldera collapse, or underwater explosions.^[45] Tsunamis have been triggered by a number of volcanic eruptions, including the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, and the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai eruption. Over 20% of all fatalities caused by volcanism during the past 250 years are estimated to have been caused by volcanogenic tsunamis.^[46]

Debate has persisted over the origins and source mechanisms of these types of tsunamis, such as those generated by Krakatoa in 1883,^[46] and they remain lesser understood than their seismic relatives. This poses a large problem of awareness and preparedness, as exemplified by the eruption and collapse of Anak Krakatoa in 2018, which killed 426 and injured thousands when no warning was available.

It is still regarded that lateral landslides and ocean-entering pyroclastic currents are most likely to generate the largest and most hazardous waves from volcanism;^[47] however, field investigation of the Tongan event, as well as developments in numerical modelling methods, currently aim to expand the understanding of the other source mechanisms.^[48][49]

Meteorological

Some meteorological conditions, especially rapid changes in barometric pressure, as seen with the passing of a front, can displace bodies of water enough to cause trains of waves with wavelengths. These are comparable to seismic tsunamis, but usually with lower energies. Essentially, they are dynamically equivalent to seismic tsunamis, the only differences being 1) that meteotsunamis lack the transoceanic reach of significant seismic tsunamis, and 2) that the force that displaces the water is sustained over some length of time such that meteotsunamis cannot be modelled as having been caused instantaneously. In spite of their lower energies, on shorelines where they can be amplified by resonance, they are sometimes powerful enough to cause localised damage and potential for loss of life. They have been documented in many places, including the Great Lakes, the Aegean Sea, the English Channel, and the Balearic Islands, where they are common enough to have a local name, rissaga. In Sicily they are called marubbio and in Nagasaki Bay, they are called abiki. Some examples of destructive meteotsunamis include 31 March 1979 at Nagasaki and 15 June 2006 at Menorca, the latter causing damage in the tens of millions of euros.^[50]

Meteotsunamis should not be confused with storm surges, which are local increases in sea level associated with the low barometric pressure of passing tropical cyclones, nor should they be confused with setup, the temporary local raising of sea level caused by strong on-shore winds. Storm surges and setup are also dangerous causes of coastal flooding in severe weather but their dynamics are completely unrelated to tsunami waves.^[50] They are unable to propagate beyond their sources, as waves do.

Man-made or triggered tsunamis

There have been studies of the potential of the induction of and at least one actual attempt to create tsunami waves as a tectonic weapon.

In World War II, the New Zealand Military Forces initiated Project Seal, which attempted to create small tsunamis with explosives in the area of today’s Shakespear Regional Park; the attempt failed.^[51]

There has been considerable speculation on the possibility of using nuclear weapons to cause tsunamis near an enemy coastline. Even during World War II consideration of the idea using conventional explosives was explored. Nuclear testing in the Pacific Proving Ground by the United States seemed to generate poor results. Operation Crossroads fired two 20 kilotonnes of TNT (84 TJ) bombs, one in the air and one underwater, above and below the shallow (50 m (160 ft)) waters of the Bikini Atoll lagoon. Fired about 6 km (3.7 mi) from the nearest island, the waves there were no higher than 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) upon reaching the shoreline. Other underwater tests, mainly Hardtack I/Wahoo (deep water) and Hardtack I/Umbrella (shallow water) confirmed the results. Analysis of the effects of shallow and deep underwater explosions indicate that the energy of the explosions does not easily generate the kind of deep, all-ocean waveforms which are tsunamis; most of the energy creates steam, causes vertical fountains above the water, and creates compressional waveforms.^[52] Tsunamis are hallmarked by permanent large vertical displacements of very large volumes of water which do not occur in explosions.

Characteristics

Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, glacier calvings, and bolides. They cause damage by two mechanisms: the smashing force of a wall of water travelling at high speed, and the destructive power of a large volume of water draining off the land and carrying a large amount of debris with it, even with waves that do not appear to be large.

While everyday wind waves have a wavelength (from crest to crest) of about 100 metres (330 ft) and a height of roughly 2 metres (6.6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a much larger wavelength of up to 200 kilometres (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well over 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph), but owing to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has an amplitude of only about 1 metre (3.3 ft).^[53] This makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water, where ships are unable to feel their passage.

The velocity of a tsunami can be calculated by obtaining the square root of the depth of the water in metres multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (approximated to 10 m/s²). For example, if the Pacific Ocean is considered to have a depth of 5000 metres, the velocity of a tsunami would be √5000 × 10 = √50000 ≈ 224 metres per second (730 ft/s), which equates to a speed of about 806 kilometres per hour (501 mph). This is the formula used for calculating the velocity of shallow-water waves. Even the deep ocean is shallow in this sense because a tsunami wave is so long (horizontally from crest to crest) by comparison.

The reason for the Japanese name «harbour wave» is that sometimes a village’s fishermen would sail out, and encounter no unusual waves while out at sea fishing, and come back to land to find their village devastated by a huge wave.

As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow, wave shoaling compresses the wave and its speed decreases below 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously—in accord with Green’s law. Since the wave still has the same very long period, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does not break, but rather appears like a fast-moving tidal bore.^[54] Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front.

When the tsunami’s wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed run up. Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.^[54] A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run-up.^[55]

About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, but they are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes. However, tsunami interactions with shorelines and the seafloor topography are extremely complex, which leaves some countries more vulnerable than others. For example, the Pacific coasts of the United States and Mexico lie adjacent to each other, but the United States has recorded ten tsunamis in the region since 1788, while Mexico has recorded twenty-five since 1732.^[56][57] Similarly, Japan has had more than a hundred tsunamis in recorded history, while the neighboring island of Taiwan has registered only two, in 1781 and 1867.^[58][59]

Drawback

All waves have a positive and negative peak; that is, a ridge and a trough. In the case of a propagating wave like a tsunami, either may be the first to arrive. If the first part to arrive at the shore is the ridge, a massive breaking wave or sudden flooding will be the first effect noticed on land. However, if the first part to arrive is a trough, a drawback will occur as the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. The drawback can exceed hundreds of metres, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed.

A typical wave period for a damaging tsunami is about twelve minutes. Thus, the sea recedes in the drawback phase, with areas well below sea level exposed after three minutes. For the next six minutes, the wave trough builds into a ridge which may flood the coast, and destruction ensues. During the next six minutes, the wave changes from a ridge to a trough, and the flood waters recede in a second drawback. Victims and debris may be swept into the ocean. The process repeats with succeeding waves.

Scales of intensity and magnitude

As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to set up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allow comparison between different events.^[60]

Intensity scales

The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunamis were the Sieberg-Ambraseys scale (1962), used in the Mediterranean Sea and the Imamura-Iida intensity scale (1963), used in the Pacific Ocean. The latter scale was modified by Soloviev (1972), who calculated the tsunami intensity «I» according to the formula:

where is the «tsunami height» in meters, averaged along the nearest coastline, with the tsunami height defined as the rise of the water level above the normal tidal level at the time of occurrence of the tsunami.^[61] This scale, known as the Soloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by the NGDC/NOAA^[62] and the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami.

This formula yields:

In 2013, following the intensively studied tsunamis in 2004 and 2011, a new 12-point scale was proposed, the Integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS-2012), intended to match as closely as possible to the modified ESI2007 and EMS earthquake intensity scales.^[63][64]

Magnitude scales

The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy.^[60] Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. Abe introduced the tsunami magnitude scale , calculated from,

where h is the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distance R from the epicentre, a, b and D are constants used to make the M_t scale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale.^[65]

Tsunami heights

Several terms are used to describe the different characteristics of tsunami in terms of their height:^{[66][67][68][69]}

• Amplitude, Wave Height, or Tsunami Height: Refers to the height of a tsunami relative to the normal sea level at the time of the tsunami, which may be tidal High Water, or Low Water. It is different from the crest-to-trough height which is commonly used to measure other type of wave height.^[70]
• Run-up Height, or Inundation Height: The height reached by a tsunami on the ground above sea level, Maximum run-up height refers to the maximum height reached by water above sea level, which is sometimes reported as the maximum height reached by a tsunami.
• Flow Depth: Refers to the height of tsunami above ground, regardless of the height of the location or sea level.
• (Maximum) Water Level: Maximum height above sea level as seen from trace or water mark. Different from maximum run-up height in the sense that they are not necessarily water marks at inundation line/limit.

Warnings and predictions

Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors report an accompanying sucking sound), can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings.

In 2004, ten-year-old Tilly Smith of Surrey, England, was on Maikhao beach in Phuket, Thailand with her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney.

In the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami drawback was not reported on the African coast or any other east-facing coasts that it reached. This was because the initial wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the megathrust and upwards on the western side. The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas.

A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists, oceanographers, and seismologists analyse each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom pressure sensors, attached to buoys, which constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column.

Regions with a high tsunami risk typically use tsunami warning systems to warn the population before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to tsunamis from the Pacific Ocean, warning signs indicate evacuation routes. In Japan, the populace is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along Japanese shorelines, tsunami warning signs remind people of the natural hazards along with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliffs of surrounding hills.^[71]

The Pacific Tsunami Warning System is based in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information triggers a tsunami warning. While the subduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate a tsunami. Computers assist in analysing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses.

• 

  A tsunami warning sign in Kamakura, Japan

• 

  A Tsunami hazard sign (Spanish — English) in Iquique, Chile.

As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal areas is being undertaken by national governments and the United Nations Disaster Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean.

Computer models can predict tsunami arrival, usually within minutes of the arrival time. Bottom pressure sensors can relay information in real time. Based on these pressure readings and other seismic information and the seafloor’s shape (bathymetry) and coastal topography, the models estimate the amplitude and surge height of the approaching tsunami. All Pacific Rim countries collaborate in the Tsunami Warning System and most regularly practise evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such preparation is mandatory for government, local authorities, emergency services and the population.

Along the United States west coast, in addition to sirens, warnings are sent on television and radio via the National Weather Service, using the Emergency Alert System.

Possible animal reaction

Some zoologists hypothesise that some animal species have an ability to sense subsonic Rayleigh waves from an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, monitoring their behaviour could provide advance warning of earthquakes and tsunamis. However, the evidence is controversial and is not widely accepted. There are unsubstantiated claims about the Lisbon quake that some animals escaped to higher ground, while many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was also noted by media sources in Sri Lanka in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.^[72][73] It is possible that certain animals (e.g., elephants) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants’ reaction was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some humans went to the shore to investigate and many drowned as a result.

Mitigation

In some tsunami-prone countries, earthquake engineering measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused onshore.

Japan, where tsunami science and response measures first began following a disaster in 1896, has produced ever-more elaborate countermeasures and response plans.^[74] The country has built many tsunami walls of up to 12 metres (39 ft) high to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have built floodgates of up to 15.5 metres (51 ft) high and channels to redirect the water from an incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunamis often overtop the barriers.

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was directly triggered by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, when waves exceeded the height of the plant’s sea wall.^[75] Iwate Prefecture, which is an area at high risk from tsunami, had tsunami barriers walls (Taro sea wall) totalling 25 kilometres (16 mi) long at coastal towns. The 2011 tsunami toppled more than 50% of the walls and caused catastrophic damage.^[76]

The Okushiri, Hokkaidō tsunami which struck Okushiri Island of Hokkaidō within two to five minutes of the earthquake on July 12, 1993, created waves as much as 30 metres (100 ft) tall—as high as a 10-storey building. The port town of Aonae was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life.^[77]

See also

Footnotes

References

• IOC Tsunami Glossary by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) at the International Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC) of UNESCO
• Tsunami Terminology at NOAA
• In June 2011, the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15-minute program on tsunamis as part of its weekly Science in the News series. The program included an interview with an NOAA official who oversees the agency’s tsunami warning system. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at The Ever-Present Threat of Tsunamis.
• abelard.org. tsunamis: tsunamis travel fast but not at infinite speed. retrieved March 29, 2005.
• Dudley, Walter C. & Lee, Min (1988: 1st edition) Tsunami! ISBN 0-8248-1125-9 website
• Iwan, W.D., editor, 2006, Summary report of the Great Sumatra Earthquakes and Indian Ocean tsunamis of December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI Publication #2006-06, 11 chapters, 100-page summary, plus CD-ROM with complete text and supplementary photographs, EERI Report 2006–06. ISBN 1-932884-19-X website
• Kenneally, Christine (December 30, 2004). «Surviving the Tsunami.» Slate. website
• Lambourne, Helen (March 27, 2005). «Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster.» BBC News. website
• Macey, Richard (January 1, 2005). «The Big Bang that Triggered A Tragedy,» The Sydney Morning Herald, p 11—quoting Dr Mark Leonard, seismologist at Geoscience Australia.
• Interactive Map of Historical Tsunamis from NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
• Tappin, D; 2001. Local tsunamis. Geoscientist. 11–8, 4–7.
• Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives, Telegraph.co.uk
• Philippines warned to prepare for Japan’s tsunami, Noypi.ph

Further reading

• Boris Levin, Mikhail Nosov: Physics of tsunamis. Springer, Dordrecht 2009, ISBN 978-1-4020-8855-1.
• Kontar, Y. A. et al.: Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned: Environmental and Societal Significance. Springer, 2014. ISBN 978-94-007-7268-7 (print); ISBN 978-94-007-7269-4 (eBook)
• Kristy F. Tiampo: Earthquakes: simulations, sources and tsunamis. Birkhäuser, Basel 2008, ISBN 978-3-7643-8756-3.
• Linda Maria Koldau: Tsunamis. Entstehung, Geschichte, Prävention, (Tsunami development, history and prevention) C.H. Beck, Munich 2013 (C.H. Beck Reihe Wissen 2770), ISBN 978-3-406-64656-0 (in German).
• Walter C. Dudley, Min Lee: Tsunami! University of Hawaii Press, 1988, 1998, Tsunami! University of Hawai’i Press 1999, ISBN 0-8248-1125-9, ISBN 978-0-8248-1969-9.
• Charles L. Mader: Numerical Modeling of Water Waves CRC Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8493-2311-8.

External links

• World’s Tallest Tsunami – geology.com
• Tsunami Data and Information – National Centers for Environmental Information
• IOC Tsunami Glossary – International Tsunami Information Center (UNESCO)
• Tsunami & Earthquake Research at the USGS – United States Geological Survey
• Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission – Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
• Tsunami – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
• Wave That Shook The World – Nova
• Recent and Historical Tsunami Events and Relevant Data – Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
• Raw Video: Tsunami Slams Northeast Japan – Associated Press
• Tsunami alert page (in English) from Japan Meteorological Agency
• Tsunami animation – Geoscience Australia

Last Updated:
13 Apr 2023
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educalingo

Following the devastating India Ocean tsunami of 2004, I founded Chefs for Humanity, modeled after Doctors Without Borders, but comprised of chefs. There wasn’t anything out there like it, and there was a definite need for chefs to be able to offer assistance and aid.

Cat Cora

ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD TSUNAMI

From Japanese, from tsu port + nami wave.

PRONUNCIATION OF TSUNAMI

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF TSUNAMI

Tsunami is a noun.

WHAT DOES TSUNAMI MEAN IN ENGLISH?

Definition of tsunami in the English dictionary

The definition of tsunami in the dictionary is a large, often destructive, sea wave produced by a submarine earthquake, subsidence, or volcanic eruption. Sometimes incorrectly called a tidal wave. Other definition of tsunami is a sudden increase in or overwhelming number or volume of.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH TSUNAMI

TRANSLATION OF TSUNAMI

Find out the translation of tsunami to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «TSUNAMI»

The term «tsunami» is very widely used and occupies the 12.236 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.

Principal search tendencies and common uses of tsunami

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «TSUNAMI» OVER TIME

10 QUOTES WITH «TSUNAMI»

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10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «TSUNAMI»

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10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «TSUNAMI»

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REFERENCE

« EDUCALINGO. Tsunami [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/tsunami>. Apr 2023 ».

1	0   0 Large ocean wave created from an earthquake or volcanic eruption. Open ocean wave height may be as high as 1 meter. When entering shallow coastal waters, land configuration can amplify waves to height [..]

2	0   0 Tsunami A series of long-period waves (on the order of tens of minutes) that are usually generated by an impulsive disturbance that displaces massive amounts of water, such as an earthquake occurring on or ne [..]

3	0   0 Tsunami 1896, in reference to the one that struck Japan that year on June 15, from Japanese tsunami, from tsu «harbor» + nami «waves.»

4	0   0 Tsunami ocean waves triggered by an earthquake, volcano, or other movement of the ocean floor.

5	0   0 Tsunami (Also called seismic sea wave.) Waves generated by seismic activity (e.g. earthquakes), landslides, volcanic eruptions, and very infrequently by meteorites or other impacts upon the ocean surface. Tsu [..]

6	0   0 Tsunami A tsunami is a sea wave of local or distant origin that results from large-scale seafloor displacements associated with large earthquakes, major submarine slides, or exploding volcanic islands. See al [..]

7	0   0 Tsunami a large wave, or series of waves, caused when an earthquake causes massive undersea crust movements and/or collapses which displace the water above.

8	0   0 Tsunami A great sea wave produced by a submarine earthquake, volcanic eruption, or large landslide. Commonly (but erroneously) called a "tidal wave," tsunamis can cause great damage due to f [..]

9	0   0 Tsunami Giant seismic sea swells that move rapidly from the center of an earthquake; they can be 10 to 20 meters high when they reach shorelines hundreds or even thousands of kilometers from their source. tube feet (podia)

10	0   0 Tsunami A huge wave, the result of an undersea earthquake.

11	0   0 Tsunami (Jap: tsu= harbour; nami=wave) a seawave or waves caused by an earthquake.

12	0   0 Tsunami (n) — a large wave produced from an earthquake underwater

13	0   0 Tsunami Large sea wave produced by submarine earth movement or volcanic eruption.

14	0   0 Tsunami A Japanese word for a seismic sea wave?an unusually large sea wave produced by a seaquake or undersea volcanic eruption.

15	0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave produced by a submarine earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption. These waves may reach enormous dimensions and have sufficient energy to travel across entire oceans. They proceed as [..]

16	0   0 Tsunami giant sea wave caused by an underwater earthquake. tundra —

17

0   0 Tsunami a surge of water with a long wavelength produced by the displacement of a body of water. Causes of tsunami include an earthquake causing offset (uplift or subsidence) of the sea bed, a volcanic eruption, or a large landslide (including sector collapse). The height of a tsunami is influenced by the morphology of the coastline that it travels towards [..]

18	0   0 Tsunami A large wave produced by a submarine earthquake, landslide or volcanic eruption.

19	0   0 Tsunami A tsunami is a giant sea wave produced by submarine earth movement or volcanic eruption. A tsunami is also referred to as a tidal wave.

20	0   0 Tsunami (n) a cataclysm resulting from a destructive sea wave caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption

21

0   0 Tsunami A tsunami is a series of ocean waves generated by sudden displacements in the sea floor, landslides, or volcanic activity. In the deep ocean, the tsunami wave may only be a few inches high at the sea surface. When a tsunami wave comes ashore it will increase in height and can become a fast moving wall of water several meters high.

22	0   0 Tsunami waves generated when a body of water is displaced; earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and large meteoroid impacts have the potential to cause a tsunami; when these waves reach shallow coasta [..]

23	0   0 Tsunami A long-period sea wave produced by a submarine earthquake or volcanic eruption. It may travel unnoticed across the ocean for thousands of miles from its point of origin. it builds up to great heights [..]

24	0   0 Tsunami a giant and deadly wave Tube

25

0   0 Tsunami A series of ocean waves characterized by having long periods and wavelengths that can travel with speeds greater than 500 miles per hour. Tsunami waves can be generated by sudden displacements in the sea floor, landslides, or volcanic activity. In the deep ocean their height may only be a few inches, but as they encounter shallow water their height [..]

26

0   0 Tsunami Long period ocean waves generated by geological and tectonic disturbances below sea level. Incorrectly referred to as «tidal waves», tsunami travel at speeds of up to 800 km/h in the open ocean, where they are of low height. However, tsunami can rise to a height of 10m or more through the shoaling process as they approach land.

27	0   0 Tsunami Seismic sea waves generated by a major disturbance of the sea floor and overlying water.

28	0   0 Tsunami A series of travelling waves generated by the sudden displacement of the sea by submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides or asteroid impacts. The word ‘tsunami’ is Japanese for ‘harbour wave’.

29	0   0 Tsunami A Japanese term which has been universally adopted to describe a large seismically generated sea wave which is capable of considerable destruction in certain coastal areas, especially where underwater [..]

30	0   0 Tsunami 1) A long-period water wave caused by an underwater disturbance such as a volcanic eruption or earthquake. 2) A shallow water progressive wave, potentially catastrophic, caused by an underwater earthquake or volcano.

31	0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave with a long period that is formed by an underwater earthquake or landslide, or volcanic eruption. It may travel unnoticed across the ocean for thousands of miles from its point of origin [..]

32	0   0 Tsunami A shallow water progressive wave, potentially catastrophic, caused by an underwater earthquake or volcano.

33	0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave produced by geological changes that displace water, such as from sub-marine earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions. These waves may reach enormous dimensions and can have sufficient energy to travel across entire oceans. W

34	0   0 Tsunami Series of ocean waves produced by geologic events or underwater Landslides. These waves can Travel at speeds averaging 450 (and up to 600) miles per hour in the open ocean.

35	0   0 Tsunami A destructive wave often formed by the winds around a Typhoon, Hurricane or Tropical Cyclone.

36	0   0 Tsunami A tidal wave caused by a rapid, large-scale disturbance of the sea. Damage caused by tsunami is not covered under home insurance policies in Canada.

37	0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave produced by a sub-marine earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption. These waves may reach enormous dimensions and have sufficient energy to travel across entire oceans.

38	0   0 Tsunami A series of long-period waves (tens of minutes) usually generated by disturbance that displaces massive amounts of water, such as an earthquake occurring on or near the sea floor, underwater volcanic eruptions and landslides.

39	0   0 Tsunami A long-period sea wave, potentially catastrophic, produced by a submarine earthquake or volcanic eruption. It may travel unnoticed across the ocean for thousands of miles from its point of origin, bui [..]

40

0   0 Tsunami A series of long-period waves (on the order of tens of minutes) that are usually generated by an impulsive disturbance that displaces massive amounts of water, such as an earthquake occurring on or near the sea floor. Underwater volcanic eruptions and landslides can also cause tsunami. The resultant waves much the same as waves propagating in a cal [..]

41	0   0 Tsunami Japanese term meaning wave (“nami”) in a harbour (“tsu”). A series of traveling waves of extremely long length and period, usually generated by disturbances associated with earthquakes occurri [..]

42

0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave with a long period that is formed by an underwater earthquake or landslide, or volcanic eruption. It may travel unnoticed across the ocean for thousands of miles from its point of origin and builds up to great heights over shallower water. Also known as a seismic sea wave, and incorrectly, as a tidal wave.

43	0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave with a long period that is formed by an underwater earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption. It may travel unnoticed across the ocean for thousands of miles from its point of origin a [..]

44	0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave with a long period that is formed by an underwater earthquake or landslide, or volcanic eruption. It may travel unnoticed across the ocean for thousands of miles from its point of origin [..]

45	0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave

46	0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave produced by a sub-marine earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption. These waves may reach enormous dimensions and have sufficient energy to travel across entire oceans.

47

0   0 Tsunami An ocean wave with a long period that is formed by an underwater earthquake or landslide, or volcanic eruption. It may travel unnoticed across the ocean for thousands of miles from its point of origin and builds up to great heights over shallower water. Also known as a seismic sea wave, and incorrectly, as a tidal wave.

48	0   0 Tsunami tsunami|lang=en

49	0   0 Tsunami A long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance.

50	0   0 Tsunami A large wave or series of waves caused by an earthquake in a sea which displaces the water above.

51	0   0 Tsunami A seismic sea wave generated by displacement of the seafloor by a volcano, earthquake and or landslide, which causes the formation of a small group of water waves with a wavelength equal to the water [..]

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English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Japanese 津波(つなみ) (tsunami), from 津 (tsu, “harbour”) +‎ 波 (nami, “wave”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /(t)suːˈnɑːmi/; enPR: (t)so͞o-nä’mi
• (General American) IPA^(key): /(t)suˈnɑmi/; enPR: (t)so͞o-nä’mi;
• (Canada) IPA^(key): /(t)suˈnæmi/, /(t)suˈnɑmi/
• Rhymes: -ɑːmi

Noun[edit]

tsunami (plural tsunami or tsunamis)

1. A very large and destructive wave, generally caused by a tremendous disturbance in the ocean, such as an undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption. Tsunami are usually a series of waves, or wave train.
2. (figurative) A large and generally unstoppable surge.

   • 2009, John Bernard Kelly, An Accidental Atheist: A Memoir, Aquinine books, →ISBN, page 306:

     It seemed that what started out as a handful of isolated cases gradually turned into a tsunami of complaints.

   • 2009, Marc Eliot, American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood, Crown Archetype, →ISBN, page 86:

     It set off a tsunami of debate among the more esoteric critics, who either loved it or hated it but could not ignore it.

   • 2012, Demetra M. Pappas, The Euthanasia/Assisted-Suicide Debate, ABC-CLIO, →ISBN, page 60:

     The next decade would culminate in a tsunami of legislation, civil litigation, and criminal prosecutions in which assisted suicide was both criminalized (as in Michigan) and decriminalized (as in Oregon).

   • 2020 August 26, Nigel Harris, “Comment Special: Catastrophe at Carmont”, in Rail, page 4:

     The editor paid a heavy price — he was subsequently compelled to offer a grovelling and humiliating personal apology, following a tsunami of protest.

Quotations[edit]

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:tsunami.

Alternative forms[edit]

• sunami (nonstandard)

Synonyms[edit]

• seismic sea wave
• tidal wave (usage conflict)

Derived terms[edit]

Translations[edit]

See also[edit]

• earthquake
• flood
• natural disaster
• seaquake
• seiche
• tidal wave
• tsunami earthquake
• waterquake

Further reading[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

• Mustain, Natsumi, manitus, santimu, utinams

Cebuano[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from English tsunami, borrowed from Japanese 津波(つなみ) (tsunami), from 津 (tsu, “harbor”) +‎ 波 (nami, “wave”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• Hyphenation: tsu‧na‧mi
• IPA^(key): /tsuˈnami/, [t̪s̪ʊˈn̪a.mɪ]

Noun[edit]

tsunami

1. tsunami

Czech[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

• cunami

Etymology[edit]

Derived from Japanese.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): [ˈt͡sunamɪ]
• Hyphenation: tsu‧na‧mi

Noun[edit]

tsunami f (indeclinable)

1. tsunami

Declension[edit]

• Indeclinable.

Further reading[edit]

• tsunami in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957

Danish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Japanese 津波.

Noun[edit]

tsunami

1. tsunami

Declension[edit]

Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Japanese 津波.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /tsuˈnaːmi/

Noun[edit]

tsunami m (plural tsunami’s, diminutive tsunamietje n)

1. tsunami

Hypernyms[edit]

• vloedgolf

Finnish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Japanese 津波.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /ˈtsunɑmi/, [ˈts̠unɑmi]
• Rhymes: -unɑmi
• Syllabification^(key): tsu‧na‧mi

Noun[edit]

tsunami

1. tsunami

Declension[edit]

Inflection of tsunami (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
nominative	tsunami	tsunamit
genitive	tsunamin	tsunamien
partitive	tsunamia	tsunameja
illative	tsunamiin	tsunameihin
	singular	plural
nominative	tsunami	tsunamit
accusative	nom.	tsunami	tsunamit
gen.	tsunamin
genitive	tsunamin	tsunamien
partitive	tsunamia	tsunameja
inessive	tsunamissa	tsunameissa
elative	tsunamista	tsunameista
illative	tsunamiin	tsunameihin
adessive	tsunamilla	tsunameilla
ablative	tsunamilta	tsunameilta
allative	tsunamille	tsunameille
essive	tsunamina	tsunameina
translative	tsunamiksi	tsunameiksi
instructive	—	tsunamein
abessive	tsunamitta	tsunameitta
comitative	See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of tsunami (type risti)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative tsunamini tsunamini accusative nom. tsunamini tsunamini gen. tsunamini genitive tsunamini tsunamieni partitive tsunamiani tsunamejani inessive tsunamissani tsunameissani elative tsunamistani tsunameistani illative tsunamiini tsunameihini adessive tsunamillani tsunameillani ablative tsunamiltani tsunameiltani allative tsunamilleni tsunameilleni essive tsunaminani tsunameinani translative tsunamikseni tsunameikseni instructive — — abessive tsunamittani tsunameittani comitative — tsunameineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative tsunamisi tsunamisi accusative nom. tsunamisi tsunamisi gen. tsunamisi genitive tsunamisi tsunamiesi partitive tsunamiasi tsunamejasi inessive tsunamissasi tsunameissasi elative tsunamistasi tsunameistasi illative tsunamiisi tsunameihisi adessive tsunamillasi tsunameillasi ablative tsunamiltasi tsunameiltasi allative tsunamillesi tsunameillesi essive tsunaminasi tsunameinasi translative tsunamiksesi tsunameiksesi instructive — — abessive tsunamittasi tsunameittasi comitative — tsunameinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative tsunamimme tsunamimme accusative nom. tsunamimme tsunamimme gen. tsunamimme genitive tsunamimme tsunamiemme partitive tsunamiamme tsunamejamme inessive tsunamissamme tsunameissamme elative tsunamistamme tsunameistamme illative tsunamiimme tsunameihimme adessive tsunamillamme tsunameillamme ablative tsunamiltamme tsunameiltamme allative tsunamillemme tsunameillemme essive tsunaminamme tsunameinamme translative tsunamiksemme tsunameiksemme instructive — — abessive tsunamittamme tsunameittamme comitative — tsunameinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative tsunaminne tsunaminne accusative nom. tsunaminne tsunaminne gen. tsunaminne genitive tsunaminne tsunamienne partitive tsunamianne tsunamejanne inessive tsunamissanne tsunameissanne elative tsunamistanne tsunameistanne illative tsunamiinne tsunameihinne adessive tsunamillanne tsunameillanne ablative tsunamiltanne tsunameiltanne allative tsunamillenne tsunameillenne essive tsunaminanne tsunameinanne translative tsunamiksenne tsunameiksenne instructive — — abessive tsunamittanne tsunameittanne comitative — tsunameinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative tsunaminsa tsunaminsa accusative nom. tsunaminsa tsunaminsa gen. tsunaminsa genitive tsunaminsa tsunamiensa partitive tsunamiaan tsunamiansa tsunamejaan tsunamejansa inessive tsunamissaan tsunamissansa tsunameissaan tsunameissansa elative tsunamistaan tsunamistansa tsunameistaan tsunameistansa illative tsunamiinsa tsunameihinsa adessive tsunamillaan tsunamillansa tsunameillaan tsunameillansa ablative tsunamiltaan tsunamiltansa tsunameiltaan tsunameiltansa allative tsunamilleen tsunamillensa tsunameilleen tsunameillensa essive tsunaminaan tsunaminansa tsunameinaan tsunameinansa translative tsunamikseen tsunamiksensa tsunameikseen tsunameiksensa instructive — — abessive tsunamittaan tsunamittansa tsunameittaan tsunameittansa comitative — tsunameineen tsunameinensa

Compounds[edit]

• tsunamiaalto
• tsunamivaara
• tsunamivaroitus

Anagrams[edit]

• minusta, mitsuna, muistan, mustina

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Japanese 津波 / 津浪 (つなみ, tsunami, “harbour wave”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /tsu.na.mi/, /tsy.na.mi/

Noun[edit]

tsunami m (plural tsunamis)

1. tsunami

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• “tsunami”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Indonesian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese 津波(つなみ) (tsunami, “tsunami, tidal wave, tidal bore”), from 津 (tsu, “harbor”) +‎ 波 (nami, “wave”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /su.na.mi/, /tsu.na.mi/
• Hyphenation: tsu‧na‧mi

Noun[edit]

tsunami (first-person possessive tsunamiku, second-person possessive tsunamimu, third-person possessive tsunaminya)

1. tsunami: a very large and destructive wave, generally caused by a tremendous disturbance in the ocean, such as an undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption. Tsunami are usually a series of waves, or wave train.

   Synonym: semong

Further reading[edit]

• “tsunami” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Italian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Japanese 津波(つなみ) (tsunami), from 津 (tsu, “harbor”) +‎ 波 (nami, “wave”).

Noun[edit]

tsunami m (invariable)

1. tsunami

Japanese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

tsunami

1. Rōmaji transcription of つなみ

Malay[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Japanese 津波.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /sunami/, /tsunami/

Noun[edit]

tsunami (Jawi spelling تسونامي‎, plural tsunami—tsunami, informal 1st possessive tsunamiku, 2nd possessive tsunamimu, 3rd possessive tsunaminya)

1. tsunami.

Further reading[edit]

• “tsunami” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Japanese 津波 (tsunami), via English tsunami.

Noun[edit]

tsunami m (definite singular tsunamien, indefinite plural tsunamier, definite plural tsunamiene)

1. a tsunami

References[edit]

• “tsunami” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “tsunami” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Japanese 津波 (tsunami), via English tsunami.

Noun[edit]

tsunami m (definite singular tsunamien, indefinite plural tsunamiar, definite plural tsunamiane)

1. a tsunami

References[edit]

• “tsunami” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese 津波 / 津浪 (つなみ (tsunami)).

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /tsuˈna.mi/
• Rhymes: -ami
• Syllabification: tsu‧na‧mi

Noun[edit]

tsunami n (indeclinable)

1. tsunami

Further reading[edit]

• tsunami in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• tsunami in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

• tsunâmi

Etymology[edit]

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese, 津波(つなみ) (tsunami).

Pronunciation[edit]

• Hyphenation: tsu‧na‧mi

Noun[edit]

tsunami m (plural tsunamis)

1. tsunami (large, destructive wave)

   Synonym: maremoto

Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From English tsunami, from Japanese 津波 / 津浪 (つなみ, tsunami, “harbour wave”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /suˈnami/ [suˈna.mi], /tsuˈnami/ [t̪suˈna.mi]
• Rhymes: -ami
• Syllabification: tsu‧na‧mi

Noun[edit]

tsunami m (plural tsunamis)

1. tsunami

See also[edit]

• marejada
• maremoto

Further reading[edit]

• “tsunami”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Swahili[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from English tsunami, from Japanese 津波 (tsunami).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

tsunami (n class, plural tsunami)

1. tsunami (very large and destructive wave)

   • 2023 February 7, “Haya ndio matetemeko matano makubwa zaidi kuwahi kutokea duniani”, in BBC News Swahili‎^[1]:

     Tsunami iliyofuatia tetemeko la ardhi iliathiri nchi 14 za Asia Kusini na Afrika Mashariki.

     The tsunami that followed the earthquake affected 14 countries in South Asia and East Africa.

2. tsunami (large and generally unstoppable surge)

   • 2021 December 24, “Habari njema na mbaya kuhusu Omicron zina maana gani kwetu?”, in BBC News Swahili‎^[2]:

     Dunia imepigwa na tsunami ya Omicron.

     The world is hit by an Omicron tsunami.

Swedish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Japanese.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /(t)sʉːˈnɑːmɪ/, /(t)sɵˈnɑːmɪ/

Noun[edit]

tsunami c

1. tsunami

Declension[edit]

Declension of tsunami
	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	tsunami	tsunamin	tsunamier	tsunamierna
Genitive	tsunamis	tsunamins	tsunamiers	tsunamiernas

Derived terms[edit]

• tsunamivåg

References[edit]

• tsunami in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• tsunami in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• tsunami in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Tagalog[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from English tsunami, from Japanese 津波(つなみ) (tsunami), from 津 (tsu, “harbor”) +‎ 波 (nami, “wave”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• Hyphenation: tsu‧na‧mi
• IPA^(key): /tsuˈnami/, [t͡sʊˈna.mɪ]

Noun[edit]

tsunami

1. tsunami

Further reading[edit]

• “tsunami”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2018

Turkish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Japanese 津波 (tsunami), from 津 (tsu, “harbor”) +‎ 波 (nami, “wave”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /t(u).su.ˈnɑ.mi/
• Hyphenation: tsu‧na‧mi

Noun[edit]

tsunami (definite accusative tsunamiyi, plural tsunamiler)

1. a tsunami; a very large and destructive wave, generally caused by a tremendous disturbance in the ocean, such as an undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption