Definition of the word project

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A project is any undertaking, carried out individually or collaboratively and possibly involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a particular goal.^[1]

An alternative view sees a project managerially as a sequence of events: a «set of interrelated tasks to be executed over a fixed period and within certain cost and other limitations».^[2]

A project may be a temporary (rather than a permanent) social system (work system), possibly staffed by teams (within or across organizations) to accomplish particular tasks under time constraints.^[3]

A project may form a part of wider programme management^[4]
or function as an ad hoc system.^[5]

Open-source software «projects» or artists’ musical «projects» (for example) may lack defined team-membership, precise planning and/or time-limited durations.

Overview[edit]

The word project comes from the Latin word projectum from the Latin verb proicere, «before an action,» which in turn comes from pro-, which denotes precedence, something that comes before something else in time (paralleling the Greek πρό) and iacere, «to do». The word «project» thus originally meant «before an action».

When the English language initially adopted the word, it referred to a plan of something, not to the act of actually carrying this plan out. Something performed in accordance with a project became known as an «object». Every project has certain phases of development.

Based on the Project Management Institute, a project can be defined as a «temporary endeavor» aimed to drive changes in teams, organizations, or societies. The output of a project is normally a unique product, service, or result.^[6]

Cancellation[edit]

Project cancellation is the termination of a project prior to its completion and generally includes the cessation of access to funding and other project resources. Project cancellation may result from cost overruns, schedule overruns, changes in budget, change or obviation of the goal of the project, political factors, or any combination of those and other factors. Contracts often stipulate the time and the manner in which a project may be cancelled.

Contracted projects typically have a specified end date, when the contract may or may not be renewed; nonrenewal often has the same effect as cancellation but carries different legal ramifications.

Formal definition in the project-management realm[edit]

A project consists of a concrete and organized effort motivated by a perceived opportunity when facing a problem, a need, a desire or a source of discomfort (e.g., lack of proper ventilation in a building). It seeks the realization of a unique and innovative deliverable, such as a product, a service, a process, or in some cases, a scientific research. Each project has a beginning and an end,^[7]
and as such is considered^{[by whom?]} a closed dynamic system.^{[citation needed]} It is developed along the 4 Ps of project management: Plan, Processes, People, and Power (e.g., line of authority).^{[citation needed]} It is bound by the triple constraints that are calendar, costs and norms of quality,^[8]
each of which can be determined and measured objectively along the project lifecycle.^{[citation needed]} Some projects produce some level of formal documentation, the deliverable(s), and some impacts, which can be positive and/or negative.^[9]

Specific uses[edit]

School and university[edit]

A project is an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and researched about by students. At schools, educational institutes and universities, a project is a research assignment — given to a student — which generally requires a larger amount of effort and more independent work than that involved in a normal essay assignment. It requires students to undertake their fact-finding and analysis, either from library/internet research or from gathering data empirically. The written report that comes from the project is usually in the form of a dissertation, which will contain sections on the project’s inception, analysis, findings and conclusions.^[10]

Project management[edit]

In project management, a project consists of a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result.^[11] Another definition is a management environment that is created for the purpose of delivering one or more business products according to a specified business case.^[12] Projects can also be seen as temporary organizations.^[13]

Project objectives define target status at the end of the project, reaching of which is considered necessary for the achievement of planned benefits. They can be formulated as SMART criteria:^[14] Projects are often guided by a steering group.

• Specific
• Measurable (or at least evaluable) achievement
• Achievable (recently Agreed to or Acceptable are used^{[by whom?]} regularly as well)
• Realistic (given the current state of organizational resources)
• Time terminated (bounded)

The evaluation (measurement) occurs at the project closure. However, a continuous guard on the project progress should be kept by monitoring and evaluating.

Civil and military construction and industry infrastructure[edit]

In civil, military and industry (e.g. oil and gas) infrastructure, capital projects refer to activities to construct and install equipment, facilities and buildings. As these activities are temporary endeavors with clear start and end dates, the term «project» is applied. Because the results of these activities are typically long-standing infrastructure, with a life measured in years or decades, these projects are typically accounted for in financial accounting as capital expenditures, and thus they are termed «capital projects».

Computer software[edit]

In computer software, a project can consist of programs, configuration definitions and related data.^{[citation needed]} For example, in Microsoft Visual Studio, a «solution» consists of projects and other definitions.^[15]

State project[edit]

It can be defined as «a set of state policies and/or agencies unified around a particular issue or oppression».^[16] Therefore, these kinds of projects involve constant change and dynamism due to the social constructions that evolve among time. State projects have to adapt to the current moment. They are mostly community services based.

Infrastructure code[edit]

In the context of infrastructure code, a project is a collection of code used to build a discrete component of the system. There is no rule on how much a single project or its component can include.^[17]

Types[edit]

Some analyses of project-oriented activity distinguish — using military-style terminology — between grandiose strategic projects and more trivial or component operational projects: tactical projects.^[18][19]

Examples[edit]

• Human Genome Project, which mapped the human genome
• Manhattan Project, which developed the first nuclear weapon
• Polaris missile project: an ICBM control-system
• Apollo program, which landed humans on the moon
• Soviet atomic bomb project
• Soviet crewed lunar programs
• Project-706
• Great Pyramid of Giza

Topics associated with projects[edit]

• Megaproject
• Program management
• Project governance
• Project Management Institute (PMI)
• International Project Management Association (IPMA)
• Project management software
• Project planning
• Small-scale project management
• PRINCE2

References[edit]

Oil and Gas Projects

Petroleum System is the geologic components and processes necessary to generate and store hydrocarbons including the research, resource evaluation, and exploration. The Petroleum System consists of all the geologic elements and processes related oil and gas accumulations.

Crude Oil Production is the quantities of oil extracted from oil reservoirs that is the commercial crude and the volume of average daily crude oil production rate. The Crude Oil Production includes crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGLs).

Gas Gathering System is the flow line networks as well as the process facilities that includes the collecting gas and the inlet to a major transportation pipeline with the processing systems or plants.

Compressor Station (or Gas Booster Station) is a transportation facility that ensures the gases remains pressurised to travel through a long pipeline. It must be compressed periodically along the pipeline, typically located every 60 km to 100 km, where gas is compressed either by gas turbines or diesel engines.

Gas Grid or Network is the connected set of pipelines of the gas transport and distribution systems in a region or country. The Gas Network simulation is a process of defining the mathematical model of the gas transport and distribution systems that is integrated pipe networks operating over a wide range of pressures.

Pipeline is a long-distance piping system that is used to transport the commodity substances including natural gas, fuels, hydrogen, water, and petroleum, etc.

Gas Treating Facility is to remove the inherent solid, liquid, and gas impurities from the natural gas mixtures (mainly methane (CH4) with various hydrocarbon components), which accelerate the corrosion of equipment and pipeline, and lower the heating value of the gas. The main Gas Treating Facilities are: Oil and Condensate Removal; Water Removal; Separation of Natural Gas Liquids; Sulphur and Carbon Dioxide Removal.

Gas to Liquid (GTL) is a refinery process technology to convert natural gas into hydrocarbon liquid products (synthetic gasoline or middle distillates), using the Fischer Tropsch synthesis method. Natural Gas is abundant, versatile and affordable, and GTL products contain almost none of the impurities such as sulphur, aromatics and nitrogen, and colourless and odourless. The gas is found in remote fields from a market such that delivery by pipeline is likely to be uneconomic.

Liquefaction is a process of converting a non-liquid phase (solid or gas) material into the liquid phase. (e.g., Natural Gas to LNG)

Regasification is the physical process of the reconversion of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) into NG (Natural Gas) suitable for pipeline transportation. An LNG Regasification is a process of converting LNG to NG at atmospheric temperature at -162 °C. 

Refinery Plant is uniquely configured to process a specific raw material into a desired products in which configuration is most economical, engineers and planners survey the local market for petroleum products and assess the available raw materials. Typical Refinery Plant process consists of the Distillation (Atmosphere, Vacuum); Heavy Oil Upgrading (Cracking, Breaking, etc.); Treatment (Desulphurisation, etc.); Reforming (Alkylation, Isomerization, etc.); Blending, etc. (Refer to the Refinery Product)

Petrochemical Plant is to produce a wide variety of petrochemicals and polymers obtained from the crude distillates such as naphtha from petroleum refining or natural gas liquids. Typical Petrochemical Plan processes are: Olefin complexes (Ethylene, Propylene; C4 + and diolefins); Aromatics complexes (BTX — Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene); Synthesis gas complexes (Coal, natural gas, or some other hydrocarbon source is steam reformed into a synthesis gas mixture (H2 and CO)): Cracking, Reforming, Polymerisation, Synthesis, etc.

Chemical Plant is an industrial plant that produces chemicals by other chemicals. The Chemical Plants are Inorganic, Organic, Ceramic, Agrochemicals, Petrochemicals, Polymers, Elastomers, Oleochemicals, Explosives, Fragrances and Flavours, and Industrial Gases production facilities.

Utility Facility is the support facilities that is any privately, publicly, or cooperatively owned lines, facilities, or systems for producing, transmitting, or distributing communication, electricity, light, heat, gas, oil, crude products, water, steam, waste, storm water, including any fire or police signal system or street lighting system, which directly or indirectly serves the public. In refinery and petrochemical plant, the Utility Facilities are: Air Systems (Air Separation Unit (ASU), Nitrogen, Instrument and Plant Air); Water System (Cooling Water, BFW, Plant Service Water, Potable Water, Demineralized Water and Condensate); Fuel Systems; Power Generation; Steam Generation, etc. (Refer to the Offsite Facility, U&O (Utility and Offsite))

Offsite Facility is the individual processing units which is not at the main industrial or commercial site, but the functioning of offsite facility is often as critical as the process units themselves. The Offsite Facilities consist of Firewater System; Flare System; Flushing Oil; Interconnecting Piping; Loading/ Unloading; Tankage & Storage (Atmospheric, Pressure and Refrigerated); Waste Water Treatment, and Environmental Treatment Units, etc. (Refer to the Utility Facility, U&O (Utility & Offsite))

Infrastructure is a fundamental supporting facility that is the system of public works in a country, state or region, such as roads, telecommunication, water supply, effluent treatment, electrical grid, and public institutions including emergency response organisations, etc.

Power Plant Project

Clean Power Generator produces the electricity from sources which are environmentally cleaner than traditional sources. Clean, or Green Power is usually defined as power from renewable energy that comes from wind, solar, biomass energy, etc. Additionally, there are various definitions of clean resources including the power produced from waste-to-energy and wood-fired plants that may still produce significant air emissions.

Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) is a power plant that uses a gas turbine to drive an electrical generator, and recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust to generate steam. The steam from waste heat is run through a steam turbine to provide supplemental electricity. Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles improves overall efficiency, which reduces fuel costs.

Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP) is the process of generating two or more forms of energy from a single energy source that produces electricity or shaft power by an energy conversion system and the concurrent use of rejected thermal energy from the conversion system as an auxiliary energy source. A CHP is one or more units of a plant that consists of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat to produce at the same time. (Also, called as the Cogeneration) (Refer to the Trigeneration)

Combustion Power Plant is a power plant that generates electrical power by combusting a fuel such as the natural gas.

Electrical Grid (or Electric Power Network System) is an interconnected network system for delivering electric power (electricity) from electric power generation plants to final users (homes and plant). The Electrical Grid network system consists of the electric power generation plant (or stations); high voltage (above 1500V DC) transmission lines from power generation sources to local distribution centres and low voltage (120 ~ 1500V DC) transmission lines from the local distribution centre to final users; substations; and transformers.

Hydrogen Power Plant is a power generation facility which uses hydrogen to produce electrical energy. The Hydrogen Power Plant includes a hydrogen fired gas turbine, electrolyser with hydrogen compression and storage that is a large facility, not unlike a nuclear power plant in appearance. Combining the re-electrification of hydrogen with heat generation can significantly increase the overall efficiency of the Hydrogen Power Plant solution. A Blue Hydrogen Power Plant can be preferable to a natural gas generator with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).

Independent Power Plant (IPP) is an electric power generation plant constructed and operated by independently of the independent power produced (IPP) that is not owned by the national electricity company. The producing electricity by the Independent Power Plant (IPP) which is not a public utility, but which makes electric energy available for sale to the third party such as an industrial complex and/or the general public through electricity grid. (Refer to the Independent Power Producer (IPP), Power Purchase Agreements (PPA))

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is an electric power plant generating electricity from coal and other low grade hydrocarbons by gasifying technology. An IGCC uses a high pressure gasifier to turn coal and other carbon based fuels into pressurised gas then remove impurities from the syngas prior to the power generation cycle in which a gas turbine generator generates electricity and the waste heat is used to make steam to generate additional electricity via a steam turbine.

Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) is the power generation plant by the burning fossil fuels more cleanly than traditional technologies that is an advanced power generation technology which allows to improve the fuel efficiency of natural gas.

Trigeneration (or Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (CCHP)) is the power and heat producing process by which some of the heat produced by a cogeneration plant of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector.

LNG Projects

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is the liquid state composed predominantly of methane and contains minor quantities of ethane, propane, nitrogen, or other components normally found in the natural gas. LNG is compressed at moderate pressure (maximum transport pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi)), but cooled to a temperature, around the boiling point of methane (-162°C) to remain liquid, and the volume of natural gas as liquid is 1/600th of its volume as gas.

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Project (LNG Business Value Chain) includes from the wellhead to end users (the production, processing, conversion of natural gas to LNG, storage, long-distance transportation, storage and regasification), and supply: Liquefaction plant (LNG Producing); LNG Storage Tank; LNG Terminal (Export (Loading) and Import (Unloading)); Regasification; LNG Carrier, etc.

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Storage Tank is a specialised type of storage tank used for the storage of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas). A LNG Storage tanks is the ability to store LNG at the very low temperature of -162 °C (-260 °F). LNG storage tanks have double containers, where the inner contains LNG and the outer container contains insulation materials. The most common tank type is the full containment tank. Tank dimensions are typically in the order of 80~90m in diameter and 50m in height with a wall thickness in the order of 750mm, the storage volumes for this size of regasification or liquefaction plant have exceeded 160,000m^3. Most LNG projects have targeted throughputs greater than 1000 MMSCFD or 7MMTPA.

Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier (LNGC) is a specialised tank ship used to transport Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) that is fitted with independent cargo tanks or with membrane tanks at its boiling point of -162 °C, by which independent tanks are completely self-supporting and they do not contribute to the hull strength of a tanker (three different types of independent tanks for gas carriers (IGC Code): Type ‘A’ (fully refrigerated condition), ‘B’ (LNG tankers), and ‘C’ (fully pressurised)). A Membrane Containment system is based on a very thin primary barrier (membrane — 0.7 to 1.5 mm thick) which is supported through the insulation. (e.g., GTT NO96 Membrane system, GTT Mark III & V system, etc.) A Semi-Membrane concept is a variation of the membrane tank system. LNGCs are to prevent leaks and keep the LNG at the cold temperature to keep the liquid form in the 200,000 M3 capacity range.

Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) is a floating production unit of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) that is the use of purpose built or converted ships to enable regasification and liquefaction of the LNG to be carried out offshore. A FLNG has the advantage that can start more quickly LNG production and importation.

Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) is a floating vessel that acts as a mobile offshore production and storage facility, where oil is processed and stored until it can be transferred to a tanker for transporting and additional refining. A FPSO system is used extensively by oil companies for the purpose of storing oil from the oil rigs in the middle of the ocean and in the high seas that is one of the best devised systems to have developed in the oil exploration industry in the marine areas.

Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU) is a special type of ship used for the LNG transportation, which is capable of transporting, storing, and regasifying LNG onboard. Floating regasification also requires either an offshore terminal, which typically includes a buoy and connecting undersea pipelines to transport regasified LNG to shore, or an onshore dockside receiving terminal. Compared to conventional onshore regasification terminals, FSRUs offer more flexibility, with the option to be deployed anywhere along the shore. A FSRU is one of the fastest growing shipping sectors at present which is the dedicated fleet of specialist ships carrying liquefied natural gas (LNG).

Floating Storage Unit (FSU) is capable of storing Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) in the large tanks on top of the vessel. A FSU is to supply LNG safely to a regasification facility and occasionally to play a role as a temporary terminal in order to redistribute LNG cargo to small scale LNG carrier.

FLPS stands for Floating LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Power Station.

Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC) is a very large crude carrier that is super tankers with the Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT) of more than 250,000 ~ 300,000, for the transport of crude oil.

Renewable Energy Project

Geothermal Power Plant is a power generation plant by geothermal energy, and types are: 1) Dry Steam Power Station: Dry Steam takes out of the ground and uses it to directly drive a turbine. Hot steam is piped directly from geothermal reservoirs into generators in the power plant; 2) Flash Steam Power Station: Flash Steam uses high-pressure hot water into cool, low-pressure. Hot water is brought up through a well and flashed into steam. The condensed water is returned to the ground; 3) Binary Cycle Power Station: Hot geothermal water is passed through a heat exchanger, where its heat is transferred to a liquid that boils at a lower temperature than water, which spins the turbines.

Hydroelectric Power Plant is a power plant that produces electricity by the force of water falling through a hydro turbine and generator.

Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) or Nuclear Power Station is an electrical generating facility using a nuclear reactor as its heat source, to provide steam to a turbine that converts atomic energy into usable power.

Ocean Energy is the mechanical energy derived from tidal movement, wave motion, or thermal gradients in the oceans and exploited for electricity generation that is the energy conversion technologies.

Tidal Energy (or Tidal Power) is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of the tides into electricity or other useful forms of energy. The Tidal Energy is the power available from the rise and fall of ocean tides on the principal of a dam or barrage that captures water in a basin at the peak of a tidal flow, then directs the water through a hydroelectric turbine as the tide ebbs.

Wave Energy (or Wave Power) is the energy produced in the motion of ocean waves to energy that is the concept of capturing and converting the energy from wind force waves on ocean surface water to electricity generation. The Wave Energy (or Wave Power) is the renewable energy, used for electricity generation, water desalination, and pumping of water, etc. 

Solar Power Plant is to convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that concentrates solar radiation. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect that utilises thermal energy from the sun and further transformed into electrical energy which feeds into the grid. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) System uses the mirrors or lenses that are stationed in an organised way to concentrate collected heat to one specific position in which the heat is further utilised to a steam turbine power and to generate electricity.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies use mirrors to concentrate the sun’s light energy and convert it into heat to create steam to drive a turbine that generates electrical power. A CSP technologies are 1) Parabolic Trough System uses trough-shaped mirrors that reflect and concentrate solar radiation onto receiver tubes containing heat transfer fluid; 2) Central Receiver uses an array of individually tracking mirrors to reflect and concentrate solar radiation onto an elevated central receiver which produces steam; 3) Linear Fresnel System uses an array of flat or slightly curved reflectors to concentrate solar radiation onto an elevated absorber tubes containing heat transfer fluid; 4) Dish Stirling System uses a parabolic dish to reflect and concentrate solar radiation onto a receiver filled with hydrogen or helium as a transfer gas.

Wind Power Plant consists of wind turbines, generators, and buildings for a common power producing system through a system of transformers, distribution lines, and substations.

Offshore Wind Farm is the wind turbines installed at the offshore that is to generate the electricity. The Offshore Wind Farm can generate substantially more energy than onshore wind turbines because of higher, and more consistent wind speeds at the sea or ocean that may produce the capacity factors in the range of 50%.

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Since I was 12 or 13, I have been taking movie meetings finding a project right for me because I wanted to try it. Craig gave us the script — it was set in Wales, it is really British humour. I just loved it.

Charlotte Church

ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD PROJECT

From Latin prōicere to throw down, from pro-1 + iacere to throw.

PRONUNCIATION OF PROJECT

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF PROJECT

Project is a verb and can also act as a noun.

WHAT DOES PROJECT MEAN IN ENGLISH?

Definition of project in the English dictionary

The first definition of project in the dictionary is a proposal, scheme, or design. Other definition of project is a task requiring considerable or concerted effort, such as one by students. Project is also the subject of such a task.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO PROJECT

PRESENT

PAST

FUTURE

CONDITIONAL

IMPERATIVE

NONFINITE VERB FORMS

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH PROJECT

SYNONYMS OF «PROJECT»

The following words have a similar or identical meaning as «project» and belong to the same grammatical category.

TRANSLATION OF PROJECT

Find out the translation of project to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «PROJECT»

The term «project» is very widely used and occupies the 1.100 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.

Principal search tendencies and common uses of project

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «PROJECT» OVER TIME

10 QUOTES WITH «PROJECT»

Famous quotes and sentences with the word project.

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «PROJECT»

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10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «PROJECT»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term project is used in the context of the following news items.

REFERENCE

« EDUCALINGO. Project [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/project>. Apr 2023 ».