Definition of the word collocation - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

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In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, a collocation is a type of compositional phraseme, meaning that it can be understood from the words that make it up. This contrasts with an idiom, where the meaning of the whole cannot be inferred from its parts, and may be completely unrelated.

An example of a phraseological collocation is the expression strong tea.^[1] While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this adjective does not modify tea frequently enough for English speakers to become accustomed to its co-occurrence and regard it as idiomatic or unmarked. (By way of counterexample, powerful is idiomatically preferred to strong when modifying a computer or a car.)

There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.

Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.

Expanded definition[edit]

Collocations are partly or fully fixed expressions that become established through repeated context-dependent use. Such terms as crystal clear, middle management, nuclear family, and cosmetic surgery are examples of collocated pairs of words.

Collocations can be in a syntactic relation (such as verb–object: make and decision), lexical relation (such as antonymy), or they can be in no linguistically defined relation. Knowledge of collocations is vital for the competent use of a language: a grammatically correct sentence will stand out as awkward if collocational preferences are violated. This makes collocation an interesting area for language teaching.

Corpus linguists specify a key word in context (KWIC) and identify the words immediately surrounding them. This gives an idea of the way words are used.

The processing of collocations involves a number of parameters, the most important of which is the measure of association, which evaluates whether the co-occurrence is purely by chance or statistically significant. Due to the non-random nature of language, most collocations are classed as significant, and the association scores are simply used to rank the results. Commonly used measures of association include mutual information, t scores, and log-likelihood.^[2]^[3]

Rather than select a single definition, Gledhill^[4] proposes that collocation involves at least three different perspectives: co-occurrence, a statistical view, which sees collocation as the recurrent appearance in a text of a node and its collocates;^[5]^[6]^[7] construction, which sees collocation either as a correlation between a lexeme and a lexical-grammatical pattern,^[8] or as a relation between a base and its collocative partners;^[9] and expression, a pragmatic view of collocation as a conventional unit of expression, regardless of form.^[10]^[11] These different perspectives contrast with the usual way of presenting collocation in phraseological studies. Traditionally speaking, collocation is explained in terms of all three perspectives at once, in a continuum:

Free combination ↔ bound collocation ↔ frozen idiom

In dictionaries[edit]

In 1933, Harold Palmer’s Second Interim Report on English Collocations highlighted the importance of collocation as a key to producing natural-sounding language, for anyone learning a foreign language.^[12] Thus from the 1940s onwards, information about recurrent word combinations became a standard feature of monolingual learner’s dictionaries. As these dictionaries became «less word-centred and more phrase-centred»,^[13] more attention was paid to collocation. This trend was supported, from the beginning of the 21st century, by the availability of large text corpora and intelligent corpus-querying software, making it possible to provide a more systematic account of collocation in dictionaries. Using these tools, dictionaries such as the Macmillan English Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English included boxes or panels with lists of frequent collocations.^[14]

There are also a number of specialized dictionaries devoted to describing the frequent collocations in a language.^[15] These include (for Spanish) Redes: Diccionario combinatorio del español contemporaneo (2004), (for French) Le Robert: Dictionnaire des combinaisons de mots (2007), and (for English) the LTP Dictionary of Selected Collocations (1997) and the Macmillan Collocations Dictionary (2010).^[16]

Statistically significant collocation[edit]

Student’s t-test can be used to determine whether the occurrence of a collocation in a corpus is statistically significant.^[17] For a bigram ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ , let ${displaystyle P(w_{1})={frac {#w_{1}}{N}}}$ be the unconditional probability of occurrence of $w_{1}$ in a corpus with size , and let ${displaystyle P(w_{2})={frac {#w_{2}}{N}}}$ be the unconditional probability of occurrence of $w_{2}$ in the corpus. The t-score for the bigram ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ is calculated as:

${displaystyle t={frac {{bar {x}}-mu }{sqrt {frac {s^{2}}{N}}}},}$

where ${displaystyle {bar {x}}={frac {#w_{i}w_{j}}{N}}}$ is the sample mean of the occurrence of ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ , ${displaystyle #w_{1}w_{2}}$ is the number of occurrences of ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ , ${displaystyle mu =P(w_{i})P(w_{j})}$ is the probability of ${displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}}$ under the null-hypothesis that $w_{1}$ and $w_{2}$ appear independently in the text, and ${displaystyle s^{2}={bar {x}}(1-{bar {x}})approx {bar {x}}}$ is the sample variance. With a large , the t-test is equivalent to a Z-test.

References[edit]

^ Halliday, M.A.K., ‘Lexis as a Linguistic Level’, Journal of Linguistics 2(1) 1966: 57–67
^ Dunning, Ted (1993): «Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence». Computational Linguistics 19, 1 (Mar. 1993), 61–74.
^ Dunning, Ted (2008-03-21). «Surprise and Coincidence». blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
^ Gledhill C. (2000): Collocations in Science Writing, Narr, Tübingen
^ Firth J.R. (1957): Papers in Linguistics 1934–1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Sinclair J. (1996): «The Search for Units of Meaning», in Textus, IX, 75–106.
^ Smadja F. A & McKeown, K. R. (1990): «Automatically extracting and representing collocations for language generation», Proceedings of ACL’90, 252–259, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
^ Hunston S. & Francis G. (2000): Pattern Grammar — A Corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English, Amsterdam, John Benjamins
^ Hausmann F. J. (1989): Le dictionnaire de collocations. In Hausmann F.J., Reichmann O., Wiegand H.E., Zgusta L.(eds), Wörterbücher : ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie. Dictionaries. Dictionnaires. Berlin/New-York : De Gruyter. 1010–1019.
^
Moon R. (1998): Fixed Expressions and Idioms, a Corpus-Based Approach. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
^ Frath P. & Gledhill C. (2005): «Free-Range Clusters or Frozen Chunks? Reference as a Defining Criterion for Linguistic Units^{[dead link]},» in Recherches anglaises et Nord-américaines, vol. 38 :25–43
^ Cowie, A.P., English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners, Oxford University Press 1999:54–56
^ Bejoint, H., The Lexicography of English, Oxford University Press 2010: 318
^ «MED Second Edition – Key features – Macmillan». macmillandictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ Herbst, T. and Klotz, M. ‘Syntagmatic and Phraseological Dictionaries’ in Cowie, A.P. (Ed.) The Oxford History of English Lexicography, 2009: part 2, 234–243
^ «Macmillan Collocation Dictionary – How it was written — Macmillan». macmillandictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-21. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ Manning, Chris; Schütze, Hinrich (1999). Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 163–166. ISBN 0262133601.

External links[edit]

Look up collocation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Ozdic Collocation Dictionary
A Small System Storing Spanish Collocations (Igor A. Bolshakov & Sabino Miranda-Jiménez)
Morphological characterization of collocations and semantic relationships in Spanish (Sabino Miranda-Jiménez & Igor A. Bolshakov)
Example of collocations for the word «Surgery»

Источник

For the collocation layout in Wiktionary, see Wiktionary:Collocations

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

1605. Learned borrowing from Latin collocātiō (“a putting together”). By surface analysis, col- (“together”) +‎ location. The technical sense in linguistics was established in 1951, although it may actually be earlier.

Pronunciation[edit]

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˌkɒl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/
(General American) IPA^(key): /ˌkɑl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Rhymes: -eɪʃən

Noun[edit]

Examples (linguistics)
strong tea heavy drinker high-throughput sequencing congestive heart failure

collocation (countable and uncountable, plural collocations)

(uncountable) The grouping or juxtaposition of things, especially words or sounds.
- 1869, Friedrich Max Müller, Lectures on the Science of Language delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in April, May, and June, 1861, 2nd ed, Scribner, p 288:
  
  Everything in fact depends in Chinese on the proper collocation of words in a sentence. Thus ngò tà ni means “I beat thee;” but ni tà ngò would mean “Thou beatest me.”
- 1931, H. P. Lovecraft, The Whisperer in Darkness, chapter 6:
  
  It drowsed like the older New England cities which one remembers from boyhood, and something in the collocation of roofs and steeples and chimneys and brick walls formed contours touching deep viol-strings of ancestral emotion.
(countable) Such a specific grouping.
- 1880, William Dwight Whitney, Richard Morris, Language and its study, with especial reference to the Indo-European family, 2nd ed, Trübner & Co., p 56:
  
  We said at first breāk fâst—“I broke fast at such an hour this morning:” he, or they, who first ventured to say I breakfasted were guilty of as heinous a violation of grammatical rule as he would be who should now declare I takedinnered, instead of I took dinner; but good usage came over to their side and ratified the blunder, because the community were minded to give a specific name to their earliest meal and to the act of partaking of it, and therefore converted the collocation breākfâst into the real compound brĕakfast.
(linguistics, translation studies) A sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance (i.e., the statistically significant placement of particular words in a language), often representing an established name for, or idiomatic way of conveying, a particular semantic concept.

Hyponyms: noun phrase, multiword term, open compound term, verb phrase, adjective phrase
- 1917, Otto Jespersen, Negation in English and Other Languages, Copenhagen: A.F. Høst, p 39:
  
  Little and few are also incomplete negatives; note the frequent collocation with no: there is little or no danger.
- 1938, H.E. Palmer, A Grammar of English Words, Longmans, Green:
  
  [subtitle] One thousand English words and their pronunciation, together with information concerning the several meanings of each word, its inflections and derivatives, and the collocations and phrases into which it enters.
- 1951, John Rupert Firth, Papers in linguistics, 1934–1951, Oxford University Press, p 194:
  
  I propose to bring forward as a technical term, meaning by ‘collocation’, and to apply the test of ‘collocability’.
- 1968, John Rupert Firth, Frank Robert Palmer, Selected Papers of J.R. Firth, 1952–1959, Longmans, p 181:
  
  Collocations of a given word are statements of the habitual or customary places of that word in a collocational order but not in any other contextual order and emphatically not in grammatical order
- 1995, Paul Kussmaul, Training the Translator, Benjamins Translation Library, p. 17:
  
  The problem here was the translation of «period» by German «Periode». In describing the symptoms we may say that in connection with «Schlaf» the German word «Phase» would have been a better collocation.
- 2004, Sabine Bartsch, Structural and Functional Properties of Collocations in English: A Corpus Study of Lexical and Pragmatic Constraints on Lexical Co-Occurrence, Gunter Narr Verlag, p 30:
  
  It is not entirely clear who was the first linguist to use the term collocation in the sense of a recurrent, relatively fixed word combination. Among the first linguists to base a theory of meaning on the notion of “meaning by collocation” is J.R. Firth (1957) who is commonly credited with systematically introducing the concept of collocation into linguistic theory.
- 2006, Tony McEnery, Richard Xiao, Yukio Tono, Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book, Taylor & Francis:
  
  [p 56] The term collocation refers to the characteristic co-occurrence patterns of words, i.e., which words typically co-occur in corpus data (see Units A10.2 and C1). Collocates can be lexical words or grammatical words. Collocations are identified using a statistical approach. Three statistical formulae are most commonly used in corpus linguistics to identify significant collocations: the M1 (mutual information), t and z scores.
  
  [p 159] In lexical studies collocation and semantic prosody/preference can only be quantified reliably on the basis of corpus data.
(mathematics) A method of finding an approximate solution of an ordinary differential equation by determining coefficients in an expansion ${textstyle y(x)=y_{0}(x)+sum _{l=0}^{q}alpha _{l}y_{l}(x)}$ so as to make vanish at prescribed points; the expansion with the coefficients thus found is the sought approximation.
(computing) A service allowing multiple customers to locate network, server, and storage gear and connect them to a variety of telecommunications and network service providers, at a minimum of cost and complexity.
- 2011, «Tyler Durden», Zero Hedge, Watch Bernanke’s Q&A With FOMC Approved Sycophants Live Here:
  
  As usual, nothing of significance will be asked, and most certainly, answered, but do expect the dollar (and, inversely, ES) to go up, then down, then up, and so forth as random vacuum tubes blow in NYSE’s ultramodern Mahwah collocation facility.

Derived terms[edit]

collocate (linguistics, translation studies)
collocability (linguistics)
collocational
miscollocation

[edit]

collocate
collocative
collocator

Collocations[edit]

common collocation
strong collocation

Translations[edit]

grouping of words that commonly occur together

Armenian: բառակապակցություն (hy) (baṙakapakcʿutʿyun)
Catalan: col·locació (ca) f
Chinese:

Mandarin: 搭配詞／搭配词 (dāpèicí)
Czech: kolokace (cs) f
Dutch: collocatie (nl) f
Finnish: kollokaatio (fi)
French: collocation (fr) f
Georgian: შესიტყვება (šesiṭq̇veba), კოლოკაცია (ḳoloḳacia)
German: Kollokation (de) f, Wortverbindung (de) f
Hungarian: kollokáció, állandósult szókapcsolat (hu)
Italian: collocazione (it) f
Japanese: 連語 (ja) (れんご, rengo)
Maltese: kollokazzjoni f
Polish: kolokacja (pl) f
Portuguese: colocação (pt) f
Romanian: colocație f
Russian: словосочета́ние (ru) n (slovosočetánije)
Spanish: colocación (es) f
Ukrainian: словосполу́чення (uk) n (slovospolúčennja), колока́ція (uk) f (kolokácija)

method of finding an approximate solution of an ordinary mathematical differential equation

French: collocation (fr) f