Reception
hatch, fellow prisoner, to rant on sth, in progress, to issue, to
show one’s true colours, ulterior, to compound bitterness, to take
the brunt, stranded, to retrieve, allegiance to sth, to face a
dilemma, screw, magnanimous.
II. Scan the article for the English equivalents of:
обмениваться
любезностями, пришла посылка, смягчиться,
находиться под постоянным наблюдением,
готовый сотрудничать, тюрьма строгого
режима, «завязать» с преступным миром,
стоять в очереди с, быть сильно
разочарованным, уборщик, схватить,
дверной глазок, нажать кнопку сигнализации,
заломить кому-л. руку, группа «подкрепления»,
иметь «зуб» на кого-л., получить досрочное
освобождение.
III. State the difference between the words below. Give examples to illustrate their usage.
To
think about – to reflect on;
prison –
jail;
parcel
– package;
friend
– crony;
to
take – to grab – to snatch;
guvnot
– guv;
to
run – to scuttle;
to
look – to peep – to stare – to glare – to gaze – to gape;
advert
– advertisement;
to
go – to stumble;
in
contrast – by contrast.
IV. Explain what is meant by:
-
I’d often heard him ranting
on the landings about one grievance or another. -
“Go on then you scroat,”
he said<…> “but don’t broadcast it, or they’ll all be
down here.” -
The man gushed his thanks.
-
In jail, ulterior motives
abound. -
What he said was true, up to
a point. -
Sid was as good as any advert
for the anti-authority con. -
Evacuation had been unruly
and frantic. -
Nobody came to serious harm –
no thanks to Peanut. -
“I understand the dilemma
you faced, and the fear of being seen by your peers to be siding
with the screws.” -
There were really no hard
feelings.
V. Say whether you agree or disagree with the lines below.
-
“They are only nice to
your face when they want something.” -
People in prison rarely get
the chance to show their true colours. -
Honesty is an elusive
quality. -
Occasionally something
happens which reveals the ambiguous truth about a man’s
character. -
Sid’s humanity was intact.
-
Convict’s allegiance to
the “criminal code” was greater than his concern for prison
officers. -
When it comes to revealing
true colours in prison, neither side is predictable.
VI.
What was the author’s point in writing this article?
Part
II. Capital Punishment.
‘CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IS
THE ONLY WAY TO DETER CRIMINALS’
Perhaps all criminals should
be required to carry cards which read: Fragile: Handle With Care. It
will never do, these days, to go around referring to criminals as
violent thugs. You must refer to them politely as ‘social misfits’.
The professional killer who wouldn’t think twice about using his
cosh or crowbar to batter some harmless old lady to death in order to
rob her of her meager life-savings must never be given a dose of his
own medicine. He is in need of ‘hospital treatment’. According to
his misguided defenders, society is to blame. A wicked society breeds
evil – or so the argument goes. When you listen to this kind of
talk, it makes you wonder why we aren’t all criminals. We have done
away with the absurdly harsh laws of the nineteenth century and this
is only right. But surely enough is enough. The most senseless piece
of criminal legislation in Britain and in number of other countries
has been the suspension of capital punishment.
The violent criminal has
become a kind of hero-figure in our time. He is glorified on the
screen; he is pursued by the press and paid vast sums of money for
his ‘memoirs’. Newspapers which specialise in crime-reporting
enjoy enormous circulations and the publishers of trashy cops and
robbers stories or ‘murder mysteries’ have never had it so good.
When you read about the achievements of the great train robbers, it
makes you wonder whether you are reading about some glorious
resistance movement. The hardened criminal is cuddled and cosseted by
the sociologists on the one hand and adored as a hero by masses on
the other. It’s no wonder he is a privileged person who expects and
receives VIP treatment wherever he goes.
Capital punishment used to be
a major deterrent. It made the violent robber think twice before
pulling the trigger. It gave the cold-blooded poisoner something to
ponder about while he was shaking up or serving his arsenic cocktail.
It prevented unarmed policemen from being mowed down while pursuing
their duty by killers armed with automatic weapons. Above all, it
protected the most vulnerable members of society, young children,
from brutal sex-maniacs. It is horrifying to think that the criminal
can literally get away with murder. We all know that ‘life
sentence’ does not mean what it says. After ten years or so of
‘good conduct’, the most desperate villain is free to return to
society where he will live very comfortably, thank you, on the
proceeds of his crime, or will go on committing offences until he is
caught again. People are always willing to hold liberal views at the
expense of others. It’s always fashionable to pose as the defender
of the under-dog, so long as you, personally, remain unaffected. Did
the defenders of crime, one wonders, in their desire for fair-play,
consult the victims before they suspended capital punishment? Hardly.
You see, they couldn’t, because all the victims were dead.
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1). This was a shot at
venture, but it told.
2). Her answer was slow in
coming; and I thought suddenly how a surgeon must feel when he probes
about the scar of a wound but lately healed.
3). I wondered how it could be
that tow people who had loved could yet have such a misconception of
each other and, with a common grief, grow far apart.
4). There must be something in
the nature of love between a man and a woman that drove them to
torment and suspicion.
5). That warmth so unexpected,
catching a man unaware and lifting him to rapture, then swiftly, for
no reason, the changing mood, casting him back where he had stood
before.
6). It was a day for folly
and high fever.
UNIT
20.
-
Translate the following words and word combinations and reproduce the situation from the text:
An air of appraisal, to be
remiss of, to be let off with a fine, to wean smb from, to put smb
out, to drive a wedge between smb, to cast aspersion, tp prick up
one’s ears, to further a plan, to fox smb.
-
Define the following words and word combinations:
Conducive air, keener air, to
put smb up in a hostelry, dignity, jaunt, misgiving.
-
Make up a dialogue using the following words and word combinations:
1). On smb dignity, to hug to
oneself the knowledge, to be full of misgiving, to be dispersed, to
glean from expressions, to foul the breath.
2). A sense of insular
satisfaction, to pace about, to alter one’s opinion of smb, an air
of tolerance towards smb, to glare at smb, misgiving.
3). To be uncertain of the
outcome of smth, to be hawked about, folly, to put oneself to
infinite trouble, the calm assumption, a parting shot.
-
Find synonyms for the following;
Hostelry, dignity, dally,
insular, outcome, folly, assumption.
-
Translate the sentences
1). Старьевщик
оценивающе
разглядывал старинную брошь в виде змеи
с двумя красными крупными камнями,
стараясь не показывать восторг и
внутреннюю дрожь, касаясь настоящего
сокровища (an
air
of
appraisal).
2). Никогда нельзя
быть с ним беспечным:
отвернулся на секунду – и что-то ценное
в доме или в сумке пропала (remiss).
3). Постоянное
колебание цен на нефть может сбить
с толку
любого, но не этого пройдоху: он всегда
знает, когда нужно продавать, а когда
покупать акции крупных нефтяных холдингов
(to
fox).
4). Ты никогда не
отучишь его
от курения
только уговорами. Человек должен сам
захотеть и почувствовать необходимость
вести здоровый образ жизни (to
wean
smb
from
smth).
5). Только авторитет
Мелани в светском обществе Атланты не
позволил тетушке Питти последовать
примеру всех знакомых и выставить
Ретта Батлера из дома (to
put
out).
6). А ведь он заверял,
что никто, ничто и никогда не
вобьет клин
в нашу дружбу, а теперь он мстит и хочет
разорить всю нашу семью только из-за
той безделицы: не уступил я ему ту
картину на аукционе (to
drive
a
wedge
between
smb).
7). Скарлетт, ваше
отвратительное поведение: балы, вечеринки
и приемы, а ведь вы все еще в трауре,
опорочит всю
нашу семью, — метал громы и молнии Джералд
о’Хара (to
cast
aspersion).
8). Губернатор края
был смещен с занимаемой должности за
то, что разворовал местный бюджет,
оставил социальную сферу без государственной
финансовой поддержки, но его не посадили
в тюрьму, а сначала держали под домашним
арестом, а, в конце концов, было принято
шокирующее решение: он просто отделался
незначительным штрафом
и был восстановлен в должности (to
be
let
off
with
a
fine).
9). Крупные корпорации
продвигали
план сокращения
или даже отмены налогов для тех, кто
дает деньги на благотворительность (to
further
a
plan).
10). Как бы он ни
прислушивался,
но все равно не мог разобрать и слова в
столь важных для него переговорах (to
prick
up
one’s
ears).
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Word combinations in Modern English Lexicology of the English language
�A Word combination (phrase ) is a non-predicative unit of speech which is, semantically, both global and articulated. 1. Word combination
�In grammar, it is seen as a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. It is an intermediate unit between a word and a sentence. �The main function of a word combination is polinomination (it describes an object, phenomenon or action and its attributes and properties at the same time). 2.
� There are two types of word combinations (also known as set-expressions, set-phrases, fixed word-groups, etc): � Free word combinations in which each component may enter different combinations � Set (phraseological) combinations consist of elements which are used only in combination with one another 3.
�Differences between free and set word combinations: SEMANTIC CRITERION �The meaning in phraseological units has partially or fully shifted. The words have a transferred (metaphorical or metonymical) meaning. �cf: a wolf in sheep’s clothing – a man in cheap clothing 4.
STRUCTURAL CRITERION. � Phraseological units are characterized by stability of components: � It is impossible to change the components of a phraseological unit; e. g. to have a bee in the bonnet (hat) � It is impossible to add new components; � It is impossible to change grammatical form of components, even if their form violates grammar rules: e. g. at (the) first sight, from head to foot (feet), to find faults with � However the degree of stability varies: a skeleton/skeletons in the cupboard, a (big) white elephant. � Other features ensuring stability are rhythm, alliteration, contrast, repetition, simile etc. � e. g. on and on, safe and sound, as busy as a bee � Free 5. word combinations allow any changes.
Classifications of phraseological units � According to thematic (etymological) classification, idioms are classified according to their sources of origin. ◦ E. g. Word-groups associated with the sea and the life of seamen are especially numerous in English vocabulary. Thus there may be singled out a group of “marine” phraseological units. � To be all at sea — to be unable to understand; to be in a state of ignorance or bewilderment about something (e. g. How can I be a judge in a situation in which I am all at sea? I’m afraid I’m all at sea in this problem � To sink or swim — to fail or succeed (e. g. It is a case of sink or swim. All depends on his own effort. ) � In deep water — in trouble or danger. � In low water, on the rocks — in strained financial circumstances. 6.
Semantic classification � describes word combinations from the viewpoint of the shift in meaning of words: � Phraseological fusions (idioms) are most idiomatic, the meaning of both words is fully transferred. � e. g. tit for tat, to skate on thin ice � Phraseological unities are motivated semantically, based on imagination. Usually one of the components has retained its meaning. � e. g. to fall ill, to fall in love, small talk � Phraseological combinations are less idiomatic, most motivated � e. g. as dead as mutton 7.
Structural classification takes into consideration the fact that phraseologisms are, in fact, equivalents of words. Phraseological units can perform the same functions as words. So, set expressions are classified according to their function. � Verbal : to run for one’s life, to get the upper hand � Substantive: dog’s life, red tape � Adjectival: high and mighty, safe and sound � Adverbial: high and low � Equivalents of auxiliary parts of speech: by way of, as long as, Good God! � Stereotyped sentences: take your time! 8.
Stylistic classification �Set expressions, as well as words, may be stylistically neutral and stylistically marked. �e. g. it’s raining cats and dogs (bookish) �to do smb. brown (colloquial) 9.
Notions related to set expressions �A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two different things, usually by employing the words «like» , «as» , or «than» . �Even though both similes and metaphors are forms of comparison, similes indirectly compare the two ideas and allow them to remain distinct in spite of their similarities, whereas metaphors compare two things directly. �e. g. as alike as two peas in a pod (identical or nearly so) �as blind as a bat (completely blind) 10.
�A cliché is a stereotyped expression mechanically reproduced in speech, very often overused to the point of losing its intended force or novelty. �e. g. Love is blind. ◦ Put two and two together. 11.
�A proverb is a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which expresses a truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of mankind. They are often metaphorical. A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a maxim. �If a proverb is distinguished by particularly good phrasing, it may be known as an aphorism. 12.
�A collocation is sequence of words or terms which co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. e. g. �time flies �Times passes �the appointed time �Present time �Right time �Wrong time �Opening time �Closing time 13.
�A phrasal verb is a phrase (as take off or look down on) that combines a verb with a preposition or adverb or both and that functions as a verb whose meaning is different from the combined meanings of the individual words. 14.
Translation Tips � Free word combinations and collocations are usually translated by calque (word-for-word). However, translating attributive word groups is challenging, because one and the same attributive word may be translated differently depending on the meaning of the defined head word. � E. g. public opinion – общественное мнение, jamoatchilik fikri � Public debt – государственный долг, davlat qarzlari � Public scandal – публичный скандал, ommaviy janajal � Sometimes more complicated transformations are needed: � E. g. working expectancy – ожидаемая продолжительность трудовой деятельности, ishchini kutilayotgan ishlash muddati 15.
� Phraseological unities are usually translated by one word or equivalent combinations: � e. g. to take a chance – рисковать, imkoniyat berish � To take offence – обидеться, arazlamoq � To put an end to – положить конец, преодолеть, tugatish � To take into account – принимать во внимание, e’tiborga olish � Phraseological fusions (idioms) are translated by their equivalents or analogues or description. e. g. � whip-and-carrot policy – политика кнута и пряника, qamchi va sabzi siyosati (equivalent) � To beat about the bush – ходить вокруг да около, butani o’rab olish (analogue) � Carbon footprint — негативные экологические последствия какой-либо деятельности, faoliyatni salbiy ekologik natijalari (decription) 16.
Origin of set expressions � One of the words becomes archaic: kith and kin of the meanings of a word becomes archaic: to be in two minds � An expression may pass from professional use into common use: to hit below the belt (from boxing) � Part of a proverb may become isolated: the last straw (that was the last straw which broke the camel’s neck) � Literary sources: a Troyan horse; to be or not to be � Translation borrowings: to kill two birds with one stone (calque translation from French) � 17.
� � � � � What do we call word combinations in which the components retain their main meaning, and can freely enter different combinations? What do we call word combinations in which the components typically have shifted meaning and are not freely chosen? What do we call a figure of speech that directly compares two different things, usually by employing the words «like» , «as» , or «than» ? What do we call a trite or overused phrase or expression? What is a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which expresses a truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of mankind? What do we call a familiar grouping of words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association? Which of the following underlined word combinations with the word “stand” is free and which one is fixed? a) The British government would not stand in the way of such a proposal. b) She was standing beside my bed staring down at me. 18. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
� Which of the following word combinations in bold are set phrases? 1) Where do you think you lost your purse? 2) Don’t lose your temper when you talk to her. 3) Have a look at the reverse side of the coat. 4) The reverse side of the medal is that we’ll have to do it ourselves. 5) Keep the butter in the refrigerator. 6) Keep an eye on the child. 19. Case study
� � � 1) lost your purse — it is a free word combination, as it allows any combinations without change of the basic (denotative) meaning of words, e. g. lost you bag, found your purse etc. 2) lose your temper – it is a set (phraseological) word combination, as the meaning of the word ‘lose’ in this combination is not direct but figurative (= to become angry). 3) reverse side of the coat — it is a free word combination, as it allows any combinations without change of the basic (denotative) meaning of words, e. g. reverse side of the dress 4) reverse side of the medal — it is a set (phraseological) word combination, as the meaning of the words in this combination is not direct but figurative (= other side of the matter) 5) Keep the butter — it is a free word combination, as it allows any combinations without change of the basic (denotative) meaning of words, e. g. keep the cheese in the refrigerator etc. 6) Keep an eye — it is a set (phraseological) word combination, as the meaning of the words in this combination is not direct but figurative (= to watch closely or carefully) 20. Key
ONE NINE TWO THREE FOUR(S) FIVE SIX(ES)S EVEN(S) TEN 1) 2) She crawled on all _____ to the window = on her knees, feet and hands. He is at _____ and _____ = He is confused and doesn’t know what to do. 3) He puts _____ and _____ together. = He begins to draw conclusions about something 4) He looks out for number _____ = He only thinks about his interests. 5) «the _____ R’s. » = The basics of education 6) He has a _____ o’clock shadow. = A man hasn’t shaved for a day or two 7) Things that are very cheap and common are _____ a penny. 
This four bedroom home, located in Country Club Estates, is completed and ready to move in. This home has «the whole _____ yards» in convenience. ’ (=all of it) 21. Fill in the blanks with proper numerals to make an idiom with the specified meaning.
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) fours sixes and sevens two and two one three five ten nine 22. Key