Decide which word is correct what did that man say to you

‘I’ll help if you like.’ Tom said he would help.

Could, might, ought to, should and would stay the same. But must can change to have to.

‘Sarah would love a holiday.’ Mark thought Sarah would love a holiday.

‘I must finish this report.’ Sarah said she must finish/had to finish the report.

134 Exercises

1 When do we change the tense? (A)

Put in is or was. Sometimes both are possible.

• I heard today that the house is for sale. I wonder who will buy it.
• I saw David yesterday. He said he was on his way to visit his sister.

1. This wallet is made of plastic not leather. Why did you tell me it…………….leather?
2. We had to hurry yesterday morning. Just as we arrived at the station, we heard an announcement that
   the train about to leave.
3. I saw Emma just now. She said her tooth still aching.
4. I’m surprised Matthew lost. I thought he ………….. much better at tennis than Daniel.
5. When he spoke to reporters yesterday, Mr Douglas said that Zedco …………… now in a much better
   financial position.

2 The tense change (B)

Complete the replies. The second speaker is surprised at what he or she hears.

► Matthew: Emma and I are getting married.

Rachel: Really? But you said last week you weren’t getting married.

► Rita: I like pop music more than classical music.
Laura: I’m sure you told me you liked classical music best.

1 Vicky: I haven’t finished my project.

Emma: Haven’t you? I thought you said

! Rachel: I’m on a diet.

Natasha: But you told me ……

i Andrew: I enjoy parties.

Daniel: Surely I remember you saying

1 Matthew: I’m applying for the job.

Rachel: I thought you told me

3 The tense change (B-C)

A comedy show called ‘Don’t Look Now!’ has just closed after five years in London’s West End. Here’s what the critics said when it opened five years ago.

• ‘It’s a marvellous show.’ The Daily Mail 4 ‘You must see it.’ The Evening Standard
• ‘You’ll love it.’ The Guardian 5 ‘It will be a great success.’ The Telegraph

1. ‘The production is brilliant.’ The Sunday Times 6 ‘You might die laughing.’ The Express
2. ‘1 can’t remember a funnier show.’ Edward Devine 1 ‘It’s the funniest show I’ve ever seen.’ Susan Proctor
3. ‘It made me laugh.’ Robert Walsh 8 ‘You shouldn’t miss it.’ Time Out

Now report what the critics said.

• The Daily Mail said it was a marvellous show.
• The Guardian said people would love it.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

135 Reported questions

A Wh-questions

We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder or want to know. Look first at these wh-questions.

^

‘When did you start acting, Melissa?’

‘What’s the time?’

‘Which way is the post office?’

How can we find out?’

‘Where can we eat?’

REPORTED QUESTION

Guy asked Melissa when she started acting.

I just asked what the time is.

Someone wants to know which way the post office is.

I was wondering how we can find out.

They’re asking where they can eat.

B Yes/no questions

^

‘Has the taxi arrived yet?’ ~

‘No, not yet’ ‘Can we take photos?’ ~

‘Yes, of course.’ ‘Is there a cafe nearby?’ ~ ‘No.’

Reported yes/no questions have if or whether.

REPORTED QUESTION

Someone was wondering if/whether the taxi has

arrived yet. The visitors want to know if/whether they can take

photos. Daniel asked if/whether there was a cafe nearby.

‘Whafs the problem?’ ‘How much money have you

got, Vicky?’

‘Does Nick need a lift?’ ‘Can you type?’

We asked what the problem was.

I was wondering how much money Vicky had.

Tom asked if Nick needed a lift. They asked me if I could type.

135 Exercises

Reported questions (A-C)

These people are at the tourist information centre. What do they want to know?

136 Reported requests, offers, etc

A Reported orders and requests

We can use the structure tell/ask someone to do something.

^

‘Please move this car.’ A policeman told me to move the car.

‘You really must be careful! Melanie is always telling David to be careful.

‘Would you mind turning the music down?’ We asked our neighbours to turn the music down.

The negative is tell/ask someone not to do something.

‘You mustn’t leave the door unlocked! Mr Atkins told Mark not to leave the door unlocked.

‘Please don’t wear those boots in the house.’ 1 asked you not to wear those boots in the house.

We can also use the structure ask to do something.

‘Can I see your ticket, please?’ The inspector asked to see my ticket.

We use ask for when someone asks to have something.

‘Can I have some brochures, please?’ I asked (the travel agent) for some brochures.

It is also possible to report an order or request like this. A policeman told me (that) I had to move the car. We asked our neighbours if they would mind turning the music down.

B Reported offers, suggestions, etc

We can use agree, offer, promise, refuse and threaten with a to-infinitive.

^

‘We’ll pay for the damage! We offered to pay for the damage.

‘I’ll definitely finish it by the end of next week! You promised to finish the work by the end of this

week.

We can also use an object + to-infinitive after advise, invite, remind and warn.

7 think you should take a taxi! Mark advised us to take a taxi.

‘Don’t forget to ring me! 1 reminded David to ring me.

We can use an ing-form after admit, apologize for, insist on and suggest.

7 really must have a rest! Emma insisted on having a rest.

‘Shall we go to a nightclub?’ Claire suggested going to a nightclub.

C Admit that, insist that, etc

We can use a clause with that after admit, advise, agree, insist, promise, remind, suggest and warn. Trevor admitted (that) he had forgotten the shopping. Claire insisted (that) we all went round to her flat for coffee. You promised (that) you would finish the work by the end of this week. I warned you (that) Nick’s dog is very fierce.

62 Verb + to-infinitive/ing-form 65 Verb + object + to-infinitive

_{136 Exercises}

1 Tell/ask someone to do something (A)

Trevor isn’t feeling very happy. Everyone has been telling him what to do. Report the orders and requests. ► His mother: Can you dig my garden, please, Trevor? His mother asked him to dig her garden.

1. The doctor: You must take more exercise.
2. His boss: Would you mind not playing computer games in the office?
3. A traffic warden: You can’t park your car in the High Street.
4. Laura: Could you put some shelves up, please, Trevor?

2 Reported offers, suggestions, etc (B)

Complete the sentences. Report what was said.

• Sarah invited Claire to stay for lunch.
• Tom agreed not to talk about football.

1. Matthew advised
2. Mike apologized
3. Tom suggested ………………………………………………………
4. Rachel reminded
5. Mr Atkins admitted
6. Trevor warned

Admit that, insist that, etc (C)

Combine each pair of sentences using that.

► The roads were dangerous. The police warned us.
The police warned us that the roads were dangerous.

1. Everything will be ready on time. The builders have promised.
2. We have to check the figures carefully. The boss insists.
3. Tom’s story wasn’t completely true. He’s admitted it.

i Emma’s train was about to leave. Matthew reminded her.

TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)

Test 23A

Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (/). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space.

• You promised you wouldn’t be late. /
• Susan thought ‘That I can’t understand what’s happening.’ that

1. Do you know me what time the coach leaves?
2. Robert wanted to know if did the price included breakfast.
3. Anna insisted on showing us her photos.
4. Someone asked us whether that we had eaten lunch.
5. Nancy told me she had started the job the week before.
6. Nigel said me he wanted to come with us.
7. My friend said she did liked her new flat.
8. Martin asked us for not to wake the baby.

Test 23 B

Decide which word is correct.

► What did that man say to you?

a) at you b) for you c) to you d) you

1. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it………………….. raining there.
   a) is b) should be c) to be d) was
2. The last time I saw Jonathan, he looked very relaxed. He explained that he’d been on holiday
   the…………. week.

a) earlier b) following c) next d) previous

1. I wonder…………………. the tickets are on sale yet.
   a) what b) when c) where d) whether
2. I told you…………………. switch off the computer, didn’t I?
   a) don’t b) not c) not to d) to not
3. Someone………………. me there’s been an accident on the motorway.

a) asked b) said c) spoke d) told

1. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy…………………… day.
   a) that b) the c) then d) this
2. When he was at Oliver’s flat yesterday, Martin asked if he………………….. use the phone.
   a) can b) could c) may d) must
3. Judy going for a walk, but no one else wanted to.

a) admitted b) offered c) promised d) suggested

Test 23C

Read the news report and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer.

Police have warned people (►) to watch out for two men who have tricked their way into an old woman’s
home and stolen money. The men called on Mrs Iris Raine and said (1)…………………….. … were from the

water company and wanted to check (2) …………… … her water was OK.

They asked if (3) ……………………… would mind letting them into her house.

The woman didn’t ask (4) see their identity cards.

She said she (5) …………………….. . know about any problem with the water.

The men explained that they (6)………………………… just discovered the problem but that it was very

simple and (7) ………………………… take long to check. The woman asked (8)………………………… the

service was free, and they said yes. They (9)………………………… to know where the water tank was.

While one man ran water in the kitchen, the other went upstairs and took several hundred pounds from a
drawer in a bedroom. The men then left saying that they would return the (10)………………………. day

to have another look.

Test 23D

Complete each sentence by reporting what was said to you yesterday. Use said and change the tense in the reported speech.

► Polly: I’m really tired.

When I saw Polly yesterday, she said she was really tired.

1. Tessa: I feel quite excited.
   When I saw Tessa yesterday, .
2. Nigel: I can’t remember the code word.
   When I saw Nigel yesterday,
3. Robert: I won’t be at the next meeting.
   When I saw Robert yesterday,
4. The twins: We’ve got a problem.
   When I saw the twins yesterday,
5. Michelle: I’ve been swimming.
   When I saw Michelle yesterday,
6. Your friends: We would like to be in the show.
   When I saw my friends yesterday,
7. Adrian: I don’t need any help.
   When I saw Adrian yesterday, .
8. Susan: My sister is coming to see me.
   When I saw Susan yesterday,

Test23E

Report the sentences. They were all spoken last week. Use the verbs in brackets.

• Anna to Janet: Don’t forget to sign the form, (remind)
  Anna reminded Janet to sign the form.
• Robert: What time will the office close this evening? (ask)
  Robert asked what time the office would close that evening.

1. A policeman to Christopher: Stop shouting, (tell)
2. Tessa: It was me. I ate all the cake yesterday, (admit)
3. Adrian: I’m sorry I was rude, (apologize)
4. Simon to Susan: Would you like to join me for lunch? (invite)
5. Martin to Nancy: Did someone ring you an hour ago? (ask)
6. Peter: I really must leave, (insist)

_{137 Relative clauses with who, which and that}

_{137 Exercises}

1 Identifying (A)

Look at the information and identify which one is meant.

Use the shortest way of identifying where possible, e.g. the tall boy, not the boy who is tall.

• the boy (he is tall) the tall boy
• the man (he has a beard) the man with a beard
• the woman (she plays golf) the woman who plays golf

1. the young man (he is at the door)
2. the man (he plays his stereo at night)
3. the woman (she is very thin)
4. the girl (she has green eyes)
5. the young woman (she is in the office)
6. the man (he drives a taxi)
7. the young man (he is smart)
8. the student (she failed all her exams)

2 Who, which and that (B)

Complete the conversation. Put in who, which or that. There is always more than one possible answer.

Emma: Shall we have something to eat?

Matthew: Yes, but not here. I don’t like cafes (►) that don’t have chairs. I’m not one of those people

(►)who can eat standing up.
Emma: There’s another restaurant over there.
Matthew: It looks expensive, one of those places (1)……………. charge very high prices. The only

customers (2)…………… can afford to eat there are business executives (3)……………. get their

expenses paid. Anyway, I can’t see a menu. I’m not going into a restaurant (4)……………. doesn’t

display a menu.

Emma: We just passed a cafe (5)……………….. does snacks.
Matthew: Oh, I didn’t like the look of that.
Emma: You’re one of those people (6) are never satisfied, aren’t you?

3 Relative clauses (A-B)

Combine the information to make news items. Make the sentence in brackets

into a relative clause with who or which. Start each sentence with the, e.g. The man …

► A man has gone to prison. (He shot two policemen.)
The man who shot two policemen has gone to prison.

1. A bomb caused a lot of damage. (It went off this morning.)
2. A scientist has won the Nobel Prize. (He discovered a new planet.)
3. A footballer has been banned from playing again. (He took drugs.)
4. A little girl has been found safe and well. (She had been missing since Tuesday.)
5. A company has laid off thousands of workers. (It owns Greenway Supermarkets.)
6. An old lady now wants to swim the English Channel. (She did a parachute jump.)

138 The relative pronoun as object

A Subject and object

Harriet is showing David her holiday photos.

Harriet: ^

David: Mm. They look very friendly.

A relative pronoun such as who or that can be the subject of a relative clause. Harriet talked to a couple who were staying at the camp-site. ( Theyi were staying at the camp-site.)

The postcard that came this morning was from Harriet. ( It came this morning.)

A relative pronoun can also be the object of a relative clause.

^

(They met her on holiday.)

The old castle that we visited was really interesting. (We visited it. )

We do not use another pronoun like her or it with the relative pronoun. not

a woman who they met her not —the old castle that we visited it

B Leaving out the relative pronoun

We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause. We do this especially in spoken English. Compare these examples.

^

The man who Vicky saw at the concert is Sarah’s The man Vicky saw at the concert is Sarah’s

boss. boss.

That’s an old castle that we visited. That’s an old castle we visited.

Here are some more examples of relative clauses without an object pronoun. We don’t know the name of the person the police are questioning. The cakes Melanie baked were delicious. That jacket you’re wearing is falling to pieces, Mike.

Remember that we cannot leave out a pronoun when it is the subject of a relative clause. ^

C Who and whom

In formal English, whom is sometimes used when the object of the relative clause is a person. The person who/whom the police were questioning has now been released. But in conversation whom is not very common.

_{138 Exercises}

i Subject and object (A)

Comment on the conversations. Add a sentence with who or that as the subject of the

underlined part.

► She’s Tom’s new girlfriend. ~ Who is? ~ That girl.

She just said hello.
That’s right. The girl who just said hello is Tom’s new girlfriend.

1 The dog has been rescued. ~ What dog? ~

It fell down a hole.

Haven’t you heard? The

1. The story was untrue. ~ What story? ~ You know. ^ .
   Yes, the
2. He’s a film producer. ~ Who is? ~ That man. He interviewed Natasha.
   That’s what I heard. The

Now comment on these conversations. Add a sentence with who or that as the object of the underlined part.

4 The accident wasn’t very serious. ~ What accident? ~ Oh,

Daniel saw it.

Yes, the

1. He’s a millionaire. ~ Who is? ~ That man. Claire knows him.
   It’s true. The
2. The vase was extremely valuable. ~ What vase? ~ You know. David broke it.
   That’s right. The

1. It’s really nice. ~ What is? ~ The jacket. Melanie wore it at the party.

Yes, it is. The

2 Leaving out the relative pronoun (B)

Complete the script for these TV advertisements. Use a relative clause without a pronoun.

► Fresho soap. Beautiful people use it. It’s the soap beautiful people use.

1. An Everyman car. You can afford it…………………………………
2. ‘Hijack’. People want to see this film………………………………..
3. Greenway Supermarket. You can trust it.
4. ‘Cool’ magazine. Young people read it.
5. Jupiter chocolates. You’ll love them. ……………..

3 Leaving out the relative pronoun (B)

Look carefully at these sentences. Are they correct without a relative pronoun? Where you see *, you may need to put in who, which or that. Write the sentences and put in a pronoun only if you have to.

• The man * paid for the meal was a friend of Tom’s.
  The man who paid for the meal was a friend of Tom’s.
• The meeting * Mark had to attend went on for three hours.
  The meeting Mark had to attend went on for three hours.

1. Somewhere I’ve got a photo of the mountain * we climbed.
2. The man * repaired my car is a real expert.
3. The detective lost sight of the man * he was following.
4. I thought I recognized the assistant * served us.
5. I’m afraid the numbers * I chose didn’t win a prize.

139 Prepositions in relative clauses

_{139 Exercises}

1 A preposition at the end (A-B)

What are they saying? Put in sentences with a preposition at the end.

► (Mark has been looking for this letter.) This is the letter I’ve been looking for.

1. (Rachel was talking about that film.)
2. (Laura has decided on this wallpaper.)
3. (Matthew played tennis with that man.)
4. (David fell down those steps.)

A preposition at the end (A-B)

Match the phrases and write the definitions. Put the preposition at the end of the relative clause.

► a kitchen a cupboard you hit nails with it

1. a hammer the person you keep valuable things in it
2. your destination a piece of furniture you cook in it
3. a safe the place you can either sit or sleep on it
4. your opponent a room you’re going to it
5. a sofa bed a tool you’re playing against them

► A kitchen is a room you cook in.

1

2

3

3 A preposition at the beginning (C)

It’s election time. All the politicians are arguing.

Rewrite the first sentence using a preposition at the beginning of a relative clause. ► I cannot agree with that statement. I hope I’ve made that clear. That is a statement with which 1 cannot agree.

1. Our party believes in that idea. I say this from the bottom of my heart.
2. I am strongly opposed to that policy. And I am not afraid to say so
3. No one cares about these people. They are the forgotten people.
4. Your party should be ashamed of those mistakes. And everyone knows that.
5. The government is now dealing with that problem. How many times do I have to tell you?

^{140 Relative structures with whose, what and it}

MODAL VERBS

1.- Decide which word is correct.

~ Could 1 have some more tea, please?

a) Could  b) ShalI  c) Will  d) Would

1 Everyone’s asleep. We_________ make a noise.

a) couldn’t  b) mustn’t  c) needn’t  d) wouldn’t

2 __________you like to go for a ride with us?

a) Do  b) Should  c) Will  d) Would

3 I wonder if this is the right way. It___________not be.

a) can  b) could  c) might  d) must

4 I don’t think I want to see this film. — Oh, 1 think you ______________ enjoy it.

a) can  b) shall  c) will  d) would

5 I’m quite happy to walk. You __________ drive me home.

a) don’t  b) haven’t  c) mustn’t  d) needn’t

6 _____________I show you the way? — Oh, thank you.

a) Do  b) Shall  c) Will  d) Would

7 It’s late. I think we _____________better go.

a) had  b) have  c) should d) would

8 We all tried to push the van, but it ______________ move.

a) can’t  b) couldn’t  c) won’t  d) wouldn’t

2.- Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there.

If the sentence is correct, put a tick (√). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word

out of the sentence and write it in the space.

~ I won’t be able to come to the meeting.    (√)

~ We didn’t needn’t have watered the garden because it’s raining.   didn’t

1 Would you like to be in the team?

2 Did people have to bring their own sleeping-bags?

3 I could to ski when I was quite young.

4 Would you mind for checking these figures?

5 We may be go swimming tomorrow,

6 I knew that I would be sorry later.

7 If you had fallen, you could have been hurt yourself.

8 We’re not supposed to use this entrance.

9 You don’t have to do all the work yourself.

10 Anna wasn’t be allowed to take photos.

3.- Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.

~ Perhaps Susan knows the address. (may)

Susan may know the address.

1 We should be careful. (ought)

2 I managed to finish all my work. (able)

3 I realize that it was a terrible experience for you. (must)

4 It’s against the rules for players to have a drink. (allowed)

5 The best thing for you to do is sit down. (better)

6 The report must be on my desk tomorrow morning. (has)

7 It is possible that Joanne did not receive my message. (might)

8 It’s impossible for Martin to be jogging in this weather. (can’t)

9 Tessa wants a cup of coffee. (like)

10 It was not necessary for Nancy to clean the flat (didn’t)

ANSWERS

1.-

1 mustn’t 2 Would 3 might 4 would

5 needn’t 6 shall 7 had 8 wouldn’t

2.-

1 (√) 2 (√) 3 to 4 for 5 be

6 (√) 7 been 8 (√) 9 (√) 10 be

3.-

1. We ought to be careful

2. I was able to finish all my work

3. It must have been a terrible experience for you

4. Players aren’t allowed to have a drink

5. You had better sit down

6. The report has to be on my desk tomorrow morning

7. Joanne might not have received my message

8. Martin can’t be jogging in this weather.

9. Tessa would like a cup of coffee.

10. Nancy didn’t need to clean the flat.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

1 Complete the story about a thief’s punishment. Write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.

This is a true story (~ ) which is supposed to have happened somewhere in the US. A man________(1) was accused of housebreaking appeared in court. He had put his arm through the window of a house and stolen some money_________ (2) was lying on a table inside. The argument____________ (3) the man’s lawyer put forward wasn’t very impressive. He said that (4) was the man’s arm ____________(5) had committed the crime and not the man himself. ‘You cannot punish a man for_______________(6)  his arm has done,’ said the Lawyer. Now the judge in ______________(7) court the man was appearing wanted to show how stupid the lawyer’s argument was. Instead of finding the man guilty, he found the man’s arm guilty and

sent it to prison. ‘He can go with his arm or not, as he chooses,’ the judge added, _________(8) made everyone laugh. But ___________(9) the judge didn’t know was that the man had an artificial arm.  He took the arm off, gave it to the judge — ____________(1O) could hardly believe his eyes — and walked out of the court.

2.- Combine the two sentences into one.

~ That man was Anna’s brother. He just walked past.

~ The man who just walked past was Anna’s brother.

1 The plane was twenty-five years old. It crashed.

The plane …

2 One day Tessa was ill in bed. Martin rang.

The day ..

3 Our offices are in Queen Street. They are new.

Our.

4 Some documents have been found. They were stolen from a car.

The documents . .. .

5 That map is out of date. You were looking at it.

The map. . .

6 The King’s Theatre is in the centre of town. It dates from 1896.

The King’s . .

7 A woman was terribly upset. Her dog was run over.

The woman. . .

8 Janet solved the puzzle. She did it before everyone else.

Janet

9 A man was standing outside the building. He was selling newspapers.

A man

10 The talk was very interesting. Judy gave it.

The talk

11 The house is empty now. I used to live there.

The house

ANSWERS

1.-

1. who/ that 2 that/which 3 that/which 4 it 5 that/which

6 what 7 whose 8 which 9 what 10 who

2.

1. …that/which crashed was…

2 …when Martin rang Tessa was…

3 …new offices are offices, which are new, are…

4 … that/which were stolen from a car have been…

5… (that/which) you were looking at is…

6 …Theatre, which dates from 1896, is…

7 …whose dog was run over was…

8 …was the first who solved…

9 …who selling newspapers was standing …

10 …(that/which) Judy gave was…

11 …where I used to live…