Cross out the wrong word or phrase sometimes more than one option is possible

5 S P EAKI N G & WR ITI N G

GET IT RIGHT modifiers

Cross out the wrong form. Tick ( ) if both are correct.

1 It’s very cold! / It’s very freezing!

2It’s really windy! / It’s incredibly windy!

3It’s really boiling today! / It’s incredibly boiling today!

4I was absolutely frightened! / I was absolutely terrified!

aIn small groups, talk about a time when you were somewhere when…

•there was a flood.

•it was very foggy or there was bad smog.

•it was unbearably cold.

•it was pouring with rain for days on end.

•there was a gale or hurricane.

•there was a terrible heatwave.

•you were caught outside in a thunderstorm.

What were you doing at the time? What did you do to protect yourself from the weather?

Did you ever feel scared or in danger?

bWrite a short blog (like the ones in 1) describing what the weather has been like recently. Talk about how it has made you feel and how it has affected what you have been doing.

6 3.7 S O N G l It’s raining men

Climate change is now something that we cannot close our eyes to, and governments all over the world have finally realized that they have to sit up and take notice. These are some of the things that many scientists predict will happen if we carry on polluting the atmosphere with CO2 emissions.

Short term: by the year 2050

•More than a third of the world’s plant and animal species will have 1_____ extinct.

•The ice in the Arctic Sea will melt every summer, causing the extinction of polar bears, and many glaciers,

Mid term: by the year 2100

•Sea levels will have 4_____ by between 16cm and 69cm. This means that low-lying islands like the Maldives will no longer be habitable.

•Northern European cities, e.g. Paris and London will be 6

50 days a year of heatwaves when temperatures are over 30ºC (there are currently 6–9 days).

Long term: by the year 3000

areas of Bangladesh, and many low-lying cities, such as London. Hundreds of millions of people will be displaced.

will have to emigrate.

we’ll all be using solar power to heat our houses.

low cost airlines will have disappeared and tickets will be extremely expensive. private swimming pools and golf courses will have been banned. everyone will be using public transport to get to work.

we’ll have stopped using petrol and we will be using electric cars. people won’t be going on skiing holidays anymore.

I think it will have become so warm that we won’t need any heating.

I disagree. I think we’ll be using nuclear power.

1Fly less. Use buses or trains instead where possible. If you have to fly, give money to an organization like

Carbon Footprints to compensate for the CO2 emissions of your flight.

2Drive as little as possible. Use bikes, or public transport. And if you need to drive, buy a hybrid,

a car which has an extra electric motor which charges up when you brake. You could also car share with

a friend.

3 Use only energy-saving light bulbs.

4Plant trees. Two or three dozen trees can absorb a whole household’s emissions of CO2.

5Don’t keep your TV or other electrical appliances on standby. Switch them off completely.

6Use the cold water wash on your washing machine, and use a dishwasher, on the economy programme, which uses less energy and water than hand-washing dishes.

7Try to buy organic food, if possible which has been grown locally. Take your own shopping bags when you go to supermarkets.

8Turn your heating down and wear a sweater if you’re cold. If you use air conditioning, don’t have it at less than 25ºC.

9 Have showers not baths.

10Support an environmental organization, for example Friends of the Earth or Greenpeace.

11Regularly recycle paper, glass, plastic, and household waste.

12Vote for the political party which is doing the most to combat climate change.

1 READING

aWhich of these things scares you more?

•being shot or drowning

•mad cow disease or bacteria in the kitchen

•flying or driving

•terrorist attacks or heart disease

bRead the article once quite quickly and find out which of the things in a is riskier.

cRead the article again and answer the questions.

1 Molly’s parents…

aworry too much about their daughter.

b are scared of the wrong thing. c don’t take danger seriously.

2Having bacteria in our kitchen doesn’t worry us because…

a it isn’t really dangerous.

b we can keep our kitchen clean.

cwe are too worried about mad cow disease.

3People are more afraid of flying than driving because…

a they are in a situation where they can’t do anything.

bmore people die in plane crashes than car crashes.

c flying is more dangerous.

4People…

a believe that terrorism is more of a threat than heart disease.

b shouldn’t worry so much about heart disease.

c are less worried about dangers in the near future.

5People tend…

a to worry too much about danger.

b to confuse terror with danger.

c not to do enough to stop accidents.

The risk factor

Our daily lives are full of dangers, from our cars to cholesterol in our food. But are we really at assessing these risks?

Not very good at all, according to Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner in their best selling

book Freakonomics. Parents, they say, take danger very seriously but they often worry about completely the wrong things. The authors give as an example the fictional case of a little girl they call ‘Molly’. Her parents know that the father of one of her friends keeps a gun in their house, so they decide that Molly is not allowed to play there. Instead , they feel that Molly would be much safer spending time at another friend’s house, where there are no guns, but there is a swimming pool. You may think this is the right choice, but according to the statistics, you would be wrong. Every year, one child per 11,000 private

swimming pools is drowned in the United States. However , only one child is killed by a gun for every million guns. This means that a child is 100 times more likely to die in a swimming accident than because of playing with a gun.

Molly’s parents are not unique. Generally people are just not very good at assessing risk. Peter Sandman, a risk consultant at Princeton University, New Jersey, says ‘The risks that scare people and the risks that kill people are very different things.’ He compares the dangerous bacteria in our kitchen and diseases such as mad cow disease: the first is very common, but for some reason not very frightening; the second is extremely rare, but it terrifies us. ‘Risks that you can control are much less worrying than risks you can’t

control,’ says Sandman. ‘We can’t tell if our meat is infected, whereas we can control how clean our kitchen is.’

This ‘control factor’ probably explains why flying tends to scare people more than driving. Levitt argues, ‘Their thinking goes like this: “ since I control the car, I am the one keeping myself safe; since I have no control of the aeroplane, I am at the mercy of external factors.” ’ Actually, the question of which is more dangerous is not as simple as many

people think. Statistics for the United States show that, although many more people die

each year in road accidents than in plane crashes, driving isn’t necessarily more dangerous. This is because generally people spend far less time flying than driving. In fact , statistically, the number of deaths for each hour of driving compared with each hour of flying is about the same. So flying and driving carry a very similar risk. It is just our lack of control when flying that makes it seem more scary.

Levitt also says that people tend to be much more scared of short-term dangers than long-term ones. The probability of someone being killed in a terrorist attack is infinitely smaller than the probability that this same person will eat too much fatty food and die of heart disease. ‘But a terrorist attack happens now,’ says Levitt. ‘Death from heart disease is a distant, quiet catastrophe. Terrorist acts lie beyond our control – French fries do not.’

Finally there is what Peter Sandman calls ‘the dread factor’, that is how horrific we consider something to be. We are horrified by the thought of being killed in a terrorist attack, but for some reason we are not horrified by the thought of death from heart disease. Sandman uses the following equation: for most people risk = hazard (or danger) + outrage (or horror). ‘When the hazard is high but the terror is low, people underreact. When the hazard is low and the outrage is high, people overreact.’ Which is why so many parents will do more to protect their children from a gun accident than from a swimming pool accident. A gun horrifies us, but a swimming pool does not.

dLook at the highlighted words and phrases in the article and use them to complete these sentences.

eIs there anything you are scared of? Do you think this is a real risk to you?

2 LI STE N I N G

aYou are going to listen to an American risk expert talking about the risks of driving in the USA. Before you listen, in pairs, predict which option you think is correct.

b 3.10 Listen once and check your answers.

c Listen again for more information.

dTalk to a partner.

1 Would these statistics probably be similar in your country?

2 Do you often travel at dangerous times and on dangerous roads? 3 Do you think punishments for dangerous driving should be

more severe?

3 VO C AB U L ARY expressions with take

a Complete the questionnaire with the words in the list.

The take questionnaire

bIn pairs, take turns to ask and answer the questions. Ask for more information.

M I N I G R AM MAR likely and probably

A child is 100 times more likely to die in a swimming accident than because of playing with a gun.

This ‘control factor’ probably explains why flying tends to scare people more than driving.

Likely and probably are very similar in meaning, but they are grammatically different. Likely is an adjective and probably is an adverb.

Use be + likely + infinitive, e.g. She’s likely to be off work for a long time.

Use probably before the main verb in a + sentence, e.g. She’ll probably be off work for a long time, but before the auxiliary verb in a – sentence, e.g. He probably won’t come.

Complete the sentences with likely or probably.

3C 45

Glossary

the South Bank /saUT b&Nk/ the area of London on the south side of the River Thames

lamp post /l&mp p@Ust/ a tall post with a lamp on top used to illuminate the street

PE physical education, especially as a school subject

skateboard /skeItbO;d/ a short narrow board with small wheels at each end, which you stand on and ride as a sport

BMX a kind of mountain bike

calluses /»c&l@sIz/ areas of thick hard skin on a hand or foot.

b 3.13 Listen to part 1. Answer the questions with a partner.

1 Can you do free running anywhere?

2 Does EZ usually do it alone or with other people? 3 What sport did he do before free running?

4 Why did he take up free running?

5How many athletes are there in the Urban Freeflow team? What kind of work do they do?

6How is free running helping youth offenders and schoolchildren? Why do they like it?

d 3.15 Listen and complete the phrases. What do you think they mean?

COMMON PHRASES

1…but generally the people who practise would go to

…

eListen to the interview again with the tapescript on page 125. Do you think free running is a good thing for young people to do? Why (not)?

I N TH E STR E E T

aLook at this list of high-risk sports. Do you know what they all are?

cListen again. Who…?

1 isn’t quite sure what is / isn’t a risk sport 2 wasn’t very good at the activity they tried

3 talks about a risk sport they would like to try 4 is the most enthusiastic about their experience

eListen to the interviews again with the tapescript on page 125. Then answer the same questions with a partner.

aRead the title of the composition. Do you agree or disagree? Then quickly read the composition and see if the writer’s opinion is the same as yours.

bComplete the composition with a word or phrase from the list below. Use capital letters where necessary.

finally firstly in addition in conclusion

in most cases nowadays secondly so whereas

cYou’re going to write a composition titled There is nothing that we as individuals can do to prevent climate change. Look at the Useful language expressions and make sure you know how to use them.

Useful language

Ways of giving your opinion

(Personally) I think / I believe… In my opinion…

Ways of giving examples

There are several things we can do, for example / for instance / such as…

Another thing we can do is… We can also…

PLAN the content.

1 Think about the introduction. This should state what the current situation is and why it is important. Decide what the effects of climate change are now in the world and in your country.

2Decide whether you agree or disagree with the title. Try to think of at least two or three good reasons to support your opinion, including examples of why you think the alternative point of view is wrong.

3Think of how to express your conclusion (a summary of your opinion). This should follow logically from the examples you have given.

WRITE 120–180 words, organized in four or five paragraphs (introduction, reasons, and

conclusion). Use a formal style (no contractions or colloquial expressions). Use the phrases in b and in Useful Language.

CHECK your composition for mistakes ( grammar ,

punctuation , and spelling ).

Community service is the best punishment for young people who commit a minor offence.

in the UK when a young person commits a minor offence he or she is normally sentenced to prison, a fine, or community service. 2 I believe that community service is the best option.

3 , community service often persuades a young person not to reoffend. Working with sick children or old people makes young offenders realize that there are people who have more difficult lives than they do. So, community service can be an educational experience, 4

going to prison or paying a fine is not.

5 , spending time in prison results in young people meeting other criminals and learning more about the criminal world, which may tempt them into committing more crimes. 6 , in prisons many of the inmates take drugs and this is a terrible example for young offenders.

7 , I do not think that a fine is a suitable punishment for young people. They do not usually have

important advantages both for minor offenders and for the community.

G R A M M A R

aComplete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.

1 The accident happened when they were repairing the road.

The accident happened when the road

repaired.

2 They’ll probably never find the murderer The murderer will

found.

3People think the burglar is a teenager. The burglar is thought

bComplete the sentence with the right form of the verb in bold.

V O C A B U L A R Y

a Word groups. Underline the word that is different. Say why.

b Complete the sentences with a verb in the past simple.

7I sw so much when I was at the gym that my T-shirt was soaking wet.

10We t advantage of the good weather and spent the day at the beach.

c Complete the sentences with one word.

P R O N U N C I AT I O N

a Underline the word with a different sound.

b Underline the stressed syllable.