Cross out the odd word in each line according to its meaning bulgaria russia czechoslovakia

UNIT 10. INDUSTRY

Vocabulary test

I. Give English equivalents to the following terms:

добыча пол. ископаемых ________________ сырье ________________________

месторождение _______________________ горная порода _________________

нефть и природный газ _________________ песчаник ______________________

сырая нефть ______________________       невосполнимые

открытая добыча угля _________________ ресурсы _______________________

подземная добыча угля __________________ перегонка (очистка) ________________

II. Match the words close in meaning (synonyms).

1. worked out                                           a. consist of

2. deal with                                   b. exhausted

3. include                                      c. to be concerned with

4. affect                                        d. take over

5. begin to control                         e. to be concerned about

6. require                                       f. change

7. to be worried about                              g. influence, damage

8. take on                                      h. demand, need

9. fluctuate                                    i. start

10. environment                            j. try

11. attempt                                    k. surroundings

1 ___ 2 ___ 3___ 4___ 5___ 6___ 7 ___ 8 ___ 9___ 10 ___ 11 ___

III. Rearrange the letters to form equivalents to the Russian words.

(по)следствие coeqnsnenee                                            валюта cncreury

добыча      eacrxtion                                                   бурение dnllriig

колебаться fctluuate                                                    владение oewnspihr

IV. Number each line according to the headings given in italic. Cross out an odd word in each line.

       spend         depend                  contribute              focus

       refer           contribute  object                     succeed

       open-cast   outcast                   underground          shaft

       costs           outlay         price                       profit

       ownership  agriculture  forestry                  mining

       crop            cloth           timber                    minerals

       education   manufacturing       communication     health

1. raw materials                                           5. adjectives used with ‘mining’
2. verbs used with the preposition ‘on’         6. money you spend
3. verbs used with the preposition ‘to’          7. the tertiary sector includes
4. verbs used with the preposition ‘in’          8. forms of land use

V. Complimentary text

The largest consumer of fossil fuels in the world is the electricity industry. People in rich countries have an almost unlimited supply of electricity. If we need light, heat or music, we just push a button. Electricity is so cheap that few of us think about the financial cost when we turn on an electrical appliance. But there is another cost — the cost to the environment. Every time you dry your hair, cook a meal or watch television, the greenhouse effect gets a little worse and a little more acid rain is generated. We should all try to use less electricity, for example by insulating our houses, turning off the light when we leave a room and using less hot water. Burning cheap, impure coal in an inefficient power station or primitive industrial process produces much more carbon dioxide than burning high quality coal in a modern, efficient system. Developed countries are beginning to introduce strict controls on industrial carbon dioxide emission. They can afford to buy the purest fuels and invest in the most efficient technology. Newly-industrializing countries, such as India and China, have large reserves of brown coal. They would like to use this coal as a cheap fuel for industrialization. But they cannot afford the sophisticated technology that would minimize carbon dioxide emission. Perhaps the developed countries, which have been responsible for most of the greenhouse effect in the past, should subsidize the transfer of technology to the newly-industrializing nations.

Fossil fuels are running out. From the point of view of the environment, that is perhaps a good thing. But if we remain dependent on fossil fuels for most of our energy needs there will be a sudden crisis when the reserves are exhausted. We must try to develop alternative sources of energy before this crisis happens. One way of encouraging people to develop and use alternative energy is to make fossil fuels more expensive. In 1992, the countries of the European Community introduced an extra tax on fossil fuels — the carbon tax. Although the carbon tax is unpopular, most people agree that the price of a fuel should reflect its true cost — which should include the cost of damage to the environment. Some of the revenue from the carbon tax will pay for research into alternative sources of energy.

fossil fuel —  a fuel such as coal or oil, made from decayed material from animals or plants that

                lived many thousands of years ago.

insulating — to cover something to prevent heat, cold, noise, or electricity from passing through

                it.

emission — a substance, especially a gas, that goes into the air.

subsidize — to pay some of the cost of goods or services so that they can be sold to other people

                at a lower price.

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