Coronavirus in the word

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  • 104 new cases and 1 new death in Lebanon [source]
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  • 4 new cases in Sri Lanka [source]
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Источник

Explore the global situation

Coronavirus Country Profiles

We built 207 country profiles which allow you to explore the statistics on the coronavirus pandemic for every country in the world.

In a fast-evolving pandemic it is not a simple matter to identify the countries that are most successful in making progress against it. For a comprehensive assessment, we track the impact of the pandemic across our publication and we built country profiles for 207 countries to study in depth the statistics on the coronavirus pandemic for every country in the world.

Each profile includes interactive visualizations, explanations of the presented metrics, and the details on the sources of the data.

Every country profile is updated daily.

Every profile includes five sections:

  1. Cases: How many new cases are being confirmed each day? How many cases have been confirmed since the pandemic started? How is the number of cases changing?
  2. Deaths: How many deaths from COVID-19 have been reported? Is the number of deaths rising or falling? How does the death rate compare to other countries?
  3. Vaccinations: How many vaccine doses are being administered each day? How many doses have been administered in total? What share of the population has been vaccinated?
  4. Testing: How much testing for coronavirus do countries conduct? How many tests did a country do to find one COVID-19 case?
  5. Government responses: What measures did countries take in response to the pandemic?

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge and thank a number of people in the development of this work: Carl Bergstrom, Bernadeta Dadonaite, Natalie Dean, Joel Hellewell, Jason Hendry, Adam Kucharski, Moritz Kraemer and Eric Topol for their very helpful and detailed comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this work. We thank Tom Chivers for his editorial review and feedback.

And we would like to thank the many hundreds of readers who give us feedback on this work. Your feedback is what allows us to continuously clarify and improve it. We very much appreciate you taking the time to write. We cannot respond to every message we receive, but we do read all feedback and aim to take the many helpful ideas into account.

Источник

This article is about the group of viruses. For the disease involved in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, see COVID-19. For the virus that causes this disease, see SARS-CoV-2.

Orthocoronavirinae
Group member SARS-CoV-2
Group member SARS-CoV-2

Illustration key:

  •   Blue: lipid bilayer envelope

      Light blue: spike (S) glycoprotein

      Red: envelope (E) proteins

      Green: membrane (M) proteins .

      Orange: glycan
Virus classification e
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Subfamily: Orthocoronavirinae
Genera[1]

Information:

  • Alphacoronavirus
  • Betacoronavirus
  • Gammacoronavirus
  • Deltacoronavirus
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Coronavirinae

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19, which is causing the ongoing pandemic. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.

Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales and realm Riboviria.[3][4] They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.[5] The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses.[6] They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the stellar corona, from which their name derives.[7]

Etymology

The name «coronavirus» is derived from Latin corona, meaning «crown» or «wreath», itself a borrowing from Greek κορώνη korṓnē, «garland, wreath».[8][9] The name was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell who first observed and studied human coronaviruses.[10] The word was first used in print in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses.[7] The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona or halo.[7][10] This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus.[11]

The scientific name Coronavirus was accepted as a genus name by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses (later renamed International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) in 1971.[12] As the number of new species increased, the genus was split into four genera, namely Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, and Gammacoronavirus in 2009.[13] The common name coronavirus is used to refer to any member of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae.[4] As of 2020, 45 species are officially recognised.[14]

History

The earliest reports of a coronavirus infection in animals occurred in the late 1920s, when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens emerged in North America.[15] Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hawn in 1931 made the first detailed report which described a new respiratory infection of chickens in North Dakota. The infection of new-born chicks was characterized by gasping and listlessness with high mortality rates of 40–90%.[16] Leland David Bushnell and Carl Alfred Brandly isolated the virus that caused the infection in 1933.[17] The virus was then known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Charles D. Hudson and Fred Robert Beaudette cultivated the virus for the first time in 1937.[18] The specimen came to be known as the Beaudette strain. In the late 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, JHM that causes brain disease (murine encephalitis) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) that causes hepatitis in mice were discovered.[19] It was not realized at the time that these three different viruses were related.[20][12]

Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s[21][22] using two different methods in the United Kingdom and the United States.[23] E.C. Kendall, Malcolm Bynoe, and David Tyrrell working at the Common Cold Unit of the British Medical Research Council collected a unique common cold virus designated B814 in 1961.[24][25][26] The virus could not be cultivated using standard techniques which had successfully cultivated rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and other known common cold viruses. In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe successfully cultivated the novel virus by serially passing it through organ culture of human embryonic trachea.[27] The new cultivating method was introduced to the lab by Bertil Hoorn.[28] The isolated virus when intranasally inoculated into volunteers caused a cold and was inactivated by ether which indicated it had a lipid envelope.[24][29] Dorothy Hamre[30] and John Procknow at the University of Chicago isolated a novel cold from medical students in 1962. They isolated and grew the virus in kidney tissue culture, designating it 229E. The novel virus caused a cold in volunteers and, like B814, was inactivated by ether.[31]

Transmission electron micrograph of organ cultured coronavirus OC43

Scottish virologist June Almeida at St Thomas’ Hospital in London, collaborating with Tyrrell, compared the structures of IBV, B814 and 229E in 1967.[32][33] Using electron microscopy the three viruses were shown to be morphologically related by their general shape and distinctive club-like spikes.[34] A research group at the National Institute of Health the same year was able to isolate another member of this new group of viruses using organ culture and named one of the samples OC43 (OC for organ culture).[35] Like B814, 229E, and IBV, the novel cold virus OC43 had distinctive club-like spikes when observed with the electron microscope.[36][37]

The IBV-like novel cold viruses were soon shown to be also morphologically related to the mouse hepatitis virus.[19] This new group of viruses were named coronaviruses after their distinctive morphological appearance.[7] Human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43 continued to be studied in subsequent decades.[38][39] The coronavirus strain B814 was lost. It is not known which present human coronavirus it was.[40] Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2003, HCoV HKU1 in 2004, MERS-CoV in 2013, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019.[41] There have also been a large number of animal coronaviruses identified since the 1960s.[42]

Microbiology

Structure

Structure of a coronavirus

Coronaviruses are large, roughly spherical particles with unique surface projections.[43] Their size is highly variable with average diameters of 80 to 120 nm. Extreme sizes are known from 50 to 200 nm in diameter.[44] The total molecular mass is on average 40,000 kDa. They are enclosed in an envelope embedded with a number of protein molecules.[45] The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.[46]

The viral envelope is made up of a lipid bilayer in which the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored.[47] The molar ratio of E:S:M in the lipid bilayer is approximately 1:20:300.[48] The E and M protein are the structural proteins that combined with the lipid bilayer to shape the viral envelope and maintain its size.[49] S proteins are needed for interaction with the host cells. But human coronavirus NL63 is peculiar in that its M protein has the binding site for the host cell, and not its S protein.[50] The diameter of the envelope is 85 nm. The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron-dense shells (shells that are relatively opaque to the electron beam used to scan the virus particle).[51][49]

The M protein is the main structural protein of the envelope that provides the overall shape and is a type III membrane protein. It consists of 218 to 263 Amino acid residues and forms a layer 7.8 nm thick.[45] It has three domains, a short N-terminal ectodomain, a triple-spanning transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal endodomain. The C-terminal domain forms a matrix-like lattice that adds to the extra-thickness of the envelope. Different species can have either N— or O-linked glycans in their protein amino-terminal domain. The M protein is crucial during the assembly, budding, envelope formation, and pathogenesis stages of the virus lifecycle.[52]

The E proteins are minor structural proteins and highly variable in different species.[44] There are only about 20 copies of the E protein molecule in a coronavirus particle.[48] They are 8.4 to 12 kDa in size and are composed of 76 to 109 amino acids.[44] They are integral proteins (i.e. embedded in the lipid layer) and have two domains namely a transmembrane domain and an extramembrane C-terminal domain. They are almost fully α-helical, with a single α-helical transmembrane domain, and form pentameric (five-molecular) ion channels in the lipid bilayer. They are responsible for virion assembly, intracellular trafficking and morphogenesis (budding).[45]

Diagram of the genome and functional domains of the S protein for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV

The spikes are the most distinguishing feature of coronaviruses and are responsible for the corona- or halo-like surface. On average a coronavirus particle has 74 surface spikes.[53] Each spike is about 20 nm long and is composed of a trimer of the S protein. The S protein is in turn composed of an S1 and S2 subunit. The homotrimeric S protein is a class I fusion protein which mediates the receptor binding and membrane fusion between the virus and host cell. The S1 subunit forms the head of the spike and has the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The S2 subunit forms the stem which anchors the spike in the viral envelope and on protease activation enables fusion. The two subunits remain noncovalently linked as they are exposed on the viral surface until they attach to the host cell membrane.[45] In a functionally active state, three S1 are attached to two S2 subunits. The subunit complex is split into individual subunits when the virus binds and fuses with the host cell under the action of proteases such as cathepsin family and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) of the host cell.[54]

After binding of the ACE2 receptor, SARS-CoV spike is activated and cleaved at the S1/S2 level

S1 proteins are the most critical components in terms of infection. They are also the most variable components as they are responsible for host cell specificity. They possess two major domains named N-terminal domain (S1-NTD) and C-terminal domain (S1-CTD), both of which serve as the receptor-binding domains. The NTDs recognize and bind sugars on the surface of the host cell. An exception is the MHV NTD that binds to a protein receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1). S1-CTDs are responsible for recognizing different protein receptors such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), aminopeptidase N (APN), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4).[45]

A subset of coronaviruses (specifically the members of betacoronavirus subgroup A) also has a shorter spike-like surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE).[42] The HE proteins occur as homodimers composed of about 400 amino acid residues and are 40 to 50 kDa in size. They appear as tiny surface projections of 5 to 7 nm long embedded in between the spikes. They help in the attachment to and detachment from the host cell.[55]

Inside the envelope, there is the nucleocapsid, which is formed from multiple copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome in a continuous Beads-on-a-string type conformation.[49][56] N protein is a phosphoprotein of 43 to 50 kDa in size, and is divided into three conserved domains. The majority of the protein is made up of domains 1 and 2, which are typically rich in arginines and lysines. Domain 3 has a short carboxy terminal end and has a net negative charge due to excess of acidic over basic amino acid residues.[44]

Genome

SARS-CoV genome and proteins

Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The genome size for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases.[6] The genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses. The genome has a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail.[49]

The genome organization for a coronavirus is 5′-leader-UTR-replicase (ORF1ab)-spike (S)-envelope (E)-membrane (M)-nucleocapsid (N)-3′UTR-poly (A) tail. The open reading frames 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase polyprotein (pp1ab). The replicase polyprotein self cleaves to form 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1–nsp16).[49]

The later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid.[57] Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins. The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus.[49]

Replication cycle

Cell entry

The life cycle of a coronavirus

Infection begins when the viral spike protein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor. After attachment, a protease of the host cell cleaves and activates the receptor-attached spike protein. Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows the virus to enter the host cell by endocytosis or direct fusion of the viral envelope with the host membrane.[58]

Coronaviruses can enter cells by either fusing to their lipid envelope with the cell membrane on the cell surface or by internalization via endocytosis.[59]

Genome translation

On entry into the host cell, the virus particle is uncoated, and its genome enters the cell cytoplasm. The coronavirus RNA genome has a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail, which allows it to act like a messenger RNA and be directly translated by the host cell’s ribosomes. The host ribosomes translate the initial overlapping open reading frames ORF1a and ORF1b of the virus genome into two large overlapping polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab.[49]

The larger polyprotein pp1ab is a result of a -1 ribosomal frameshift caused by a slippery sequence (UUUAAAC) and a downstream RNA pseudoknot at the end of open reading frame ORF1a.[60] The ribosomal frameshift allows for the continuous translation of ORF1a followed by ORF1b.[49]

The polyproteins have their own proteases, PLpro (nsp3) and 3CLpro (nsp5), which cleave the polyproteins at different specific sites. The cleavage of polyprotein pp1ab yields 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to nsp16). Product proteins include various replication proteins such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12), RNA helicase (nsp13), and exoribonuclease (nsp14).[49]

Replicase-transcriptase

Replicase-transcriptase complex

A number of the nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a multi-protein replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC). The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). It is directly involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand. The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process. The exoribonuclease nonstructural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a proofreading function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks.[61]

Replication – One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.[49]

Transcription of nested mRNAs

Nested set of subgenomic mRNAs

Transcription – The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This process is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense mRNAs.[49] The subgenomic mRNAs form a «nested set» which have a common 5′-head and partially duplicate 3′-end.[62]

Recombination – The replicase-transcriptase complex is also capable of genetic recombination when at least two viral genomes are present in the same infected cell.[62] RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in determining genetic variability within a coronavirus species, the capability of a coronavirus species to jump from one host to another and, infrequently, in determining the emergence of novel coronaviruses.[63] The exact mechanism of recombination in coronaviruses is unclear, but likely involves template switching during genome replication.[63]

Assembly and release

The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the progeny viruses. The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame. These mRNAs are translated by the host’s ribosomes into the structural proteins and many accessory proteins.[49] RNA translation occurs inside the endoplasmic reticulum. The viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the Golgi intermediate compartment. There, the M proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for the assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid. Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles. Once released the viruses can infect other host cells.[64]

Transmission

Infected carriers are able to shed viruses into the environment. The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complementary cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the released virus.[65][66] Coronaviruses mainly target epithelial cells.[42] They are transmitted from one host to another host, depending on the coronavirus species, by either an aerosol, fomite, or fecal-oral route.[67]

Human coronaviruses infect the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, while animal coronaviruses generally infect the epithelial cells of the digestive tract.[42] SARS coronavirus, for example, infects the human epithelial cells of the lungs via an aerosol route[68] by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.[69] Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infects the pig epithelial cells of the digestive tract via a fecal-oral route[67] by binding to the Alanine aminopeptidase (APN) receptor.[49]

Classification

For a more detailed list of members, see Coronaviridae.

Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses

Coronaviruses form the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae,[2][3][4] which is one of two sub-families in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.[42][70] They are divided into the four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals, while gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses primarily infect birds.[71][72]

  • Genus: Alphacoronavirus;[67]
    • Species: Alphacoronavirus 1 (TGEV, Feline coronavirus, Canine coronavirus), Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1, Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2, Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512
  • Genus Betacoronavirus;[68]
    • Species: Betacoronavirus 1 (Bovine Coronavirus, Human coronavirus OC43), Hedgehog coronavirus 1, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5, Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4
  • Genus Gammacoronavirus;[18]
    • Species: Avian coronavirus, Beluga whale coronavirus SW1
  • Genus Deltacoronavirus
    • Species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11, Porcine coronavirus HKU15

Origin

Origins of human coronaviruses with possible intermediate hosts

The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.[73] The most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400 BCE, of the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, of the gammacoronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and the deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE. Bats and birds, as warm-blooded flying vertebrates, are an ideal natural reservoir for the coronavirus gene pool (with bats the reservoir for alphacoronaviruses and betacoronavirus – and birds the reservoir for gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses). The large number and global range of bat and avian species that host viruses have enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses.[74]

Many human coronaviruses have their origin in bats.[75] The human coronavirus NL63 shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (ARCoV.2) between 1190 and 1449 CE.[76] The human coronavirus 229E shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (GhanaGrp1 Bt CoV) between 1686 and 1800 CE.[77] More recently, alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before 1960.[78] MERS-CoV emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate host of camels.[79] MERS-CoV, although related to several bat coronavirus species, appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago.[80] The most closely related bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986.[81] The ancestors of SARS-CoV first infected leaf-nose bats of the genus Hipposideridae; subsequently, they spread to horseshoe bats in the species Rhinolophidae, then to Asian palm civets, and finally to humans.[82][83]

Unlike other betacoronaviruses, bovine coronavirus of the species Betacoronavirus 1 and subgenus Embecovirus is thought to have originated in rodents and not in bats.[75][84] In the 1790s, equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after a cross-species jump.[85] Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event.[86][85] It is speculated that the flu pandemic of 1890 may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by the influenza virus, because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown causative agent of the pandemic.[87] Besides causing respiratory infections, human coronavirus OC43 is also suspected of playing a role in neurological diseases.[88] In the 1950s, the human coronavirus OC43 began to diverge into its present genotypes.[89] Phylogenetically, mouse hepatitis virus (Murine coronavirus), which infects the mouse’s liver and central nervous system,[90] is related to human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Human coronavirus HKU1, like the aforementioned viruses, also has its origins in rodents.[75]

Infection in humans

Transmission and life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19

Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor. Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as MERS-CoV, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold.[49] Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen adenoids.[91] Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia) and bronchitis (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis).[92] The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections.[92]

Six species of human coronaviruses are known, with one species subdivided into two different strains, making seven strains of human coronaviruses altogether.

Seasonal distribution of HCoV-NL63 in Germany shows a preferential detection from November to March

Four human coronaviruses produce symptoms that are generally mild, even though it is contended they might have been more aggressive in the past:[93]

  1. Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), β-CoV
  2. Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), β-CoV
  3. Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), α-CoV
  4. Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), α-CoV–

Three human coronaviruses produce potentially severe symptoms:

  1. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), β-CoV (identified in 2003)
  2. Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), β-CoV (identified in 2012)
  3. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), β-CoV (identified in 2019)

These cause the diseases commonly called SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 respectively.

Common cold

Although the common cold is usually caused by rhinoviruses,[94] in about 15% of cases the cause is a coronavirus.[95] The human coronaviruses HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 continually circulate in the human population in adults and children worldwide and produce the generally mild symptoms of the common cold.[88] The four mild coronaviruses have a seasonal incidence occurring in the winter months in temperate climates.[96][97] There is no preponderance in any season in tropical climates.[98]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Main article: SARS

Characteristics of zoonotic coronavirus strains
MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2,
and related diseases

MERS-CoV SARS-CoV SARS-CoV-2
Disease MERS SARS COVID-19
Outbreaks 2012, 2015,
2018		 2002–2004 2019–2021
pandemic
Epidemiology
Date of first
identified case		 June
2012		 November
2002		 December
2019[99]
Location of first
identified case		 Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia		 Shunde,
China		 Wuhan,
China
Age average 56 44[100][a] 56[101]
Sex ratio (M:F) 3.3:1 0.8:1[102] 1.6:1[101]
Confirmed cases 2494 8096[103] 676,609,955[104][b]
Deaths 858 774[103] 6,881,955[104][b]
Case fatality rate 37% 9.2% 1.02%[104]
Symptoms
Fever 98% 99–100% 87.9%[105]
Dry cough 47% 29–75% 67.7%[105]
Dyspnea 72% 40–42% 18.6%[105]
Diarrhea 26% 20–25% 3.7%[105]
Sore throat 21% 13–25% 13.9%[105]
Ventilatory use 24.5%[106] 14–20% 4.1%[107]
Notes

  1. ^ Based on data from Hong Kong.
  2. ^ a b Data as of 10 March 2023.

  • v
  • t
  • e

In 2003, following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which had begun the prior year in Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that a novel coronavirus identified by several laboratories was the causative agent for SARS. The virus was officially named the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). More than 8,000 people from 29 countries and territories were infected, and at least 774 died.[108][69]

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

Main article: MERS

In September 2012, a new type of coronavirus was identified, initially called Novel Coronavirus 2012, and now officially named Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).[109][110] The World Health Organization issued a global alert soon after.[111] The WHO update on 28 September 2012 said the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person.[112] However, on 12 May 2013, a case of human-to-human transmission in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.[113] In addition, cases of human-to-human transmission were reported by the Ministry of Health in Tunisia. Two confirmed cases involved people who seemed to have caught the disease from their late father, who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Despite this, it appears the virus had trouble spreading from human to human, as most individuals who are infected do not transmit the virus.[114] By 30 October 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia.[115]

After the Dutch Erasmus Medical Centre sequenced the virus, the virus was given a new name, Human Coronavirus–Erasmus Medical Centre (HCoV-EMC). The final name for the virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The only U.S. cases (both survived) were recorded in May 2014.[116]

In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the Republic of Korea, when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited four hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness. This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside the Middle East.[117] As of December 2019, 2,468 cases of MERS-CoV infection had been confirmed by laboratory tests, 851 of which were fatal, a mortality rate of approximately 34.5%.[118]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China.[119] On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus,[120] which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization,[121][122][123] later renamed SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

As of 10 March 2023, there have been at least 6,881,955[104] confirmed deaths and more than 676,609,955[104] confirmed cases in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of Betacoronavirus from group 2B with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV.[124] The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well.[125][126]

Coronavirus HuPn-2018

During a surveillance study of archived samples of Malaysian viral pneumonia patients, virologists identified a strain of canine coronavirus which has infected humans in 2018.

Infection in animals

Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in veterinary medicine since the 1930s.[19] They infect a range of animals including swine, cattle, horses, camels, cats, dogs, rodents, birds and bats.[127] The majority of animal related coronaviruses infect the intestinal tract and are transmitted by a fecal-oral route.[128] Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases.[129]

Farm animals

Coronaviruses infect domesticated birds.[130] Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a type of coronavirus, causes avian infectious bronchitis.[131] The virus is of concern to the poultry industry because of the high mortality from infection, its rapid spread, and its effect on production.[127] The virus affects both meat production and egg production and causes substantial economic loss.[132] In chickens, infectious bronchitis virus targets not only the respiratory tract but also the urogenital tract. The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken.[131] The virus is transmitted by aerosol and food contaminated by feces. Different vaccines against IBV exist and have helped to limit the spread of the virus and its variants.[127] Infectious bronchitis virus is one of a number of strains of the species Avian coronavirus.[133] Another strain of avian coronavirus is turkey coronavirus (TCV) which causes enteritis in turkeys.[127]

Coronaviruses also affect other branches of animal husbandry such as pig farming and the Cattle raising.[127] Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), which is related to bat coronavirus HKU2, causes diarrhea in pigs.[134] Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus that has recently emerged and similarly causes diarrhea in pigs.[135] Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), which is a member of the species Alphacoronavirus 1,[136] is another coronavirus that causes diarrhea in young pigs.[137][138] In the cattle industry bovine coronavirus (BCV), which is a member of the species Betacoronavirus 1 and related to HCoV-OC43,[139] is responsible for severe profuse enteritis in young calves.[127]

Domestic pets

Coronaviruses infect domestic pets such as cats, dogs, and ferrets.[130] There are two forms of feline coronavirus which are both members of the species Alphacoronavirus 1.[136] Feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease with high mortality.[127] There are two different coronaviruses that infect dogs. Canine coronavirus (CCoV), which is a member of the species Alphacoronavirus 1,[136] causes mild gastrointestinal disease.[127] Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), which is a member of the species Betacoronavirus 1 and related to HCoV-OC43,[139] cause respiratory disease.[127] Similarly, there are two types of coronavirus that infect ferrets.[140] Ferret enteric coronavirus causes a gastrointestinal syndrome known as epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE), and a more lethal systemic version of the virus (like FIP in cats) known as ferret systemic coronavirus (FSC).[141][142]

Laboratory animals

Coronaviruses infect laboratory animals.[127] Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), which is a member of the species Murine coronavirus,[143] causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice.[144] Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, MHV was the best-studied coronavirus both in vivo and in vitro as well as at the molecular level. Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis.[129] Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV), which is a strain of the species Murine coronavirus,[143] is highly infectious coronavirus of laboratory rats, which can be transmitted between individuals by direct contact and indirectly by aerosol. Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young European rabbits.[127] Mortality rates are high.[145]

Prevention and treatment

A number of vaccines using different methods have been developed against human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.[146][147] Antiviral targets against human coronaviruses have also been identified such as viral proteases, polymerases, and entry proteins. Drugs are in development which target these proteins and the different steps of viral replication.[148][147]

Vaccines are available for animal coronaviruses IBV, TGEV, and Canine CoV, although their effectiveness is limited. In the case of outbreaks of highly contagious animal coronaviruses, such as PEDV, measures such as destruction of entire herds of pigs may be used to prevent transmission to other herds.[49]

See also

  • Coronavirus diseases
  • Zoonosis

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Further reading

Look up coronavirus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • Acheson, N. H. (2011). «Chapter 14: Coronaviruses». Fundamentals of molecular virology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 159–171. ISBN 9780470900598.
  • Alwan A, Mahjour J, Memish ZA (2013). «Novel coronavirus infection: time to stay ahead of the curve». Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 19 Suppl 1: S3–4. doi:10.26719/2013.19.supp1.S3. PMID 23888787.[dead link]
  • Laude H, Rasschaert D, Delmas B, Godet M, Gelfi J, Charley B (June 1990). «Molecular biology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus». Veterinary Microbiology. 23 (1–4): 147–54. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(90)90144-K. PMC 7117338. PMID 2169670.
  • Sola I, Alonso S, Zúñiga S, Balasch M, Plana-Durán J, Enjuanes L (April 2003). «Engineering the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity». Journal of Virology. 77 (7): 4357–69. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.7.4357-4369.2003. PMC 150661. PMID 12634392.
  • Tajima M (1970). «Morphology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs. A possible member of coronaviruses. Brief report». Archiv für die Gesamte Virusforschung. 29 (1): 105–08. doi:10.1007/BF01253886. PMC 7086923. PMID 4195092. S2CID 42104521.
Источник

Статистика и новости коронавируса «Covid-19» в Мире на сегодня

🌍 Мир — последние данные по всем штаммам, включая Омикрон и Дельту

13 апр 12 апр За всё время
Заразилось 35075 154224 685 330 069
Умерло 129 1140 6 840 367
Выздоровело 38709 123635 658 097 434
Активные случаи * -3763 +29449 20 392 268

* по данным на 13.04.2023 17:01

* Не во всех странах данные за дни говорят, о том, что это произошло именно в этот день, так как информация чаще всего даётся за предыдущий день при окончательном подсчёте оперативных штабов

Сколько человек заразилось, выздоровело и умерло в Мире от коронавируса по дням

В данном графике можно проследить за изменениями по дням. Показываются значения, либо произошедшие в это день, либо присланные в это день за предыдущий. Более подробные числа можно посмотреть в таблице ниже.

На данный момент летальность во всём мире составляет 1%. При этом большая часть это пожилые и люди имеющие хронические заболевания. Именно их призывают оградить от болезни в первую очередь, но чтобы это сделать, все остальные люди так же не должны быть переносчиками и относиться к своему здоровью с большой ответственностью.

Волны заболеваний коронавирусом в Мире

График показывает количество людей которые считались больными ковид-ом (или просто без статуса выздоровления) в Мире на конкретный заданный день, это важный параметр, чтобы определить идёт ли болезнь на убыль или наоборот в рост, а так же очень наглядно показывает волны заболеваний, где в конкретные дни можно увидеть спад и успешную борьбу с вирусом – вакцинированием населения, локдаунами, разными ограничениями, а так же новые вспышки как раз из-за которых и вводят эти ограничения. Ещё можете выбрать внизу общий показ за всё наблюдение по заразившимся, выздоровевшим и умершим от вируса. *** Внимание, график с болеющими показан как результат вычитания (зараженные – выздоровевшие – умершие).

Заражения и смерти от COVID-19 в Мире по месяцам

Ковид с нами уже больше года, поэтому будет полезно знать тенденцию о смертях и новых заражениях по графикам с группировкой по месяцам. Данный график может рассказать о росте или снижении распространения в целом за большое время.

Статистика в таблице по зараженным на территории Мира по дням

В данной таблице показана динамика активных заражений, спад и убыль по дням. Нужно учитывать, что цифры указанные по дням, не всегда означают произошедшее именно в этот день, это лишь показывает подтвержденные значения в эту дату, а само событие могло быть вчера или даже ранее. В столбиках указано общее количество случев с момента ведения статистики, плюс изменения с прошлыми данными.

Дата Заразилось Умерло Выздоровело Заразилось всего Умерло всего Выздоровело всего Активные случаи *
13 апр 2023 35 075 129 38 709 685 330 069 6 840 367 658 097 434 ▼20 392 268-3763
12 апр 2023 154 224 1 140 123 635 685 294 994 6 840 238 658 058 725 ▲20 396 031+29449
11 апр 2023 108 661 1 017 84 403 685 140 770 6 839 098 657 935 090 ▲20 366 582+23241
10 апр 2023 58 679 333 89 894 685 032 109 6 838 081 657 850 687 ▼20 343 341-31548
9 апр 2023 43 859 104 77 979 684 973 430 6 837 748 657 760 793 ▼20 374 889-34224
8 апр 2023 54 384 133 97 910 684 929 571 6 837 644 657 682 814 ▼20 409 113-43659
7 апр 2023 264 340 1 099 96 434 684 875 187 6 837 511 657 584 904 ▲20 452 772+166807
6 апр 2023 144 715 1 129 156 030 684 610 847 6 836 412 657 488 470 ▼20 285 965-12444
5 апр 2023 191 380 1 473 128 372 684 466 132 6 835 283 657 332 440 ▲20 298 409+61535
4 апр 2023 147 448 1 141 93 812 684 274 752 6 833 810 657 204 068 ▲20 236 874+52495

Показать все дни

Динамика смертей от коронавируса в Мире по дням

Коронавирус является сложнейшим испытанием для всего мира. Появился он в Китае в городе Ухань провинции Хубэй в декабре 2019 года. Но в феврале 2020 года Китай заявил, что на территории страны вирус практически побеждён, на момент объявления болеющих было 37 162 человек, а зараженных за всё время, тем кому провели тест, было более 80 000 человек

11 марта 2020 года Всемирная Организация Здравоохранения (далее — ВОЗ) объявила о пандемии во всём мире, а уже 13 марта объявили, что Европа стала центром коронавирусной инфекции. Официальные названия у вируса: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 или 2019-nCoV. Одной из самых первых пострадавших стран, стала Италия, где процент летальности был более 10%

Мир и другие страны в сравнении на 13 апреля 2023

Последние новости о коронавирусе в Мире

Что делать, чтобы не заболеть — рекомендации ВОЗ

  • Мыть и обрабатывать руки;
  • Кашлять и чихать только в салфетку, ладошки, согнутый локоть. При этом необходимо как можно скорее безопасно для окружающих избавиться от салфетки, обработать одежду и вымыть руки;
  • Не прикасаться руками к слизистым, таким как рот, нос или глаза;
  • Надевать медицинскую маску при контакте с больными и кашляющими людьми, а так же самим больным, чтобы снизить распыление в воздухе вирусов. Здесь так же нужно понимать, что знать, болеет ли человек или нет — очень сложно, так как вирус может быть в инкубационном периоде. Поэтому в Китае, например, абсолютно все граждане обязаны были носить маски;
  • Держаться на дистанции от других людей, не менее 1.5 метров, мы рекомендуем соблюдать дистанцию больше;
  • Не пользоваться общественных транспортом;
  • Выходить из дома только в случаях крайней необходимости;
  • Чаще обрабатывать дома предметы и вещи, а также делать влажную уборку дезинфицирующими средствами.
  • Подробнее почитайте на сайте ВОЗ

Графики и таблицы с данными о зараженных построены на основе данных из разных источников, таких как: Johns Hopkins University, Worldometer, Стопкоронавирус.рф

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COVID-19

covid-19-test-tube

COVID-19 is “a mild to severe respiratory illness that is caused by a coronavirus,” one that is characterized especially by fever, cough, and shortness of breath and may progress to pneumonia and respiratory failure. The name is an odd sort of acronym, insofar as it is formed from portions of two distinct words (COronaVIrus & Disease) and the latter portion of a date (the 19 from 2019). COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019.

mother-working-from-home

Social distance has been in use since the early 19th century, initially with the meaning of “the degree of acceptance or rejection of social interaction between individuals and especially those belonging to different social groups (such as those based on race, ethnicity, class, or gender).”

Here indeed they possess an advantage which they have not with respect to men: they are less separated by social distance.
— Christian Observer (Boston, MA), May 1824 

In modern use the term is more often encountered with the meaning of “the avoidance of close contact with other people during the outbreak of a contagious disease in order to minimize exposure and reduce the transmission of infection.” The practice of maintaining a greater than usual physical distance from other people is referred to as social distancing, in use since 2003; the verb is socially distance.

door-handle

Fomite (which rhymes with ‘toe blight’) is “an object (such as a dish or a doorknob) that may be contaminated with infectious organisms and serve in their transmission.” While this word is infrequently encountered, there has been considerable talk of late about possible surfaces and objects which might harbor infectious substances, and it may well be useful to have this specific word at hand.

 Ten fomites (doorknobs and toilet seats) were sampled during July 21-22 before any cleaning took place by facilities management personnel.
—Sonia Fankem, et al, Journal of Environmental Health, Apr. 2014

world-map

An outbreak is “a sudden rise in the incidence of a disease”; an epidemic is “an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time”; a pandemic is “an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population.” An outbreak may become an epidemic if it spreads enough, as an epidemic may likewise become a pandemic.

The difference between an epidemic and a pandemic is a matter of degree, and not all the dates listed by Hoyle and Wickramasinghe can be said to be those of pandemics.
— David Lyons and Gillian Murphy, Nature, 1 Mar. 1990

hands-on-subway-poles

Community spread is “the spread of a contagious disease within a community.» It also has the specific meaning of “the spread of a contagious disease to individuals in a particular geographic location who have no known contact with other infected individuals or who have not recently traveled to an area where the disease has any documented cases.”

Prevention of community spread (and reintroduction of undiagnosed infectious TB patients into correctional facilities) requires the rapid investigation of contacts in the facility.
—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 5 Feb. 1999

Contact tracing is “the practice of identifying and monitoring individuals who may have had contact with an infectious person as a means of controlling the spread of a communicable disease.”

State laws require that all cases treated by private physicians be reported to the public health departement. Yet, some doctors feel this would be violating their professional code of ethics, for if turning over to health authorities the patient is interviewed and required to give names of all his own sex contacts, as well as names of friends he suspects mght be infected. This is known as “contact tracing” and all information is kept in strictest confidence.
—Norma Lee Browning, Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 June 1960

surveillance-cameras

Martial law is “the law administered by military forces that is invoked by a government in an emergency when the civilian law enforcement agencies are unable to maintain public order and safety.” We occasionally see the term misspelled as marshal law, probably due to the fact that marshal has a number of meanings dealing with the military (“a general officer of the highest military rank”) and the enforcement of laws (“an officer having charge of prisoners”).

The martial portion of martial law comes from the Latin word martalis, meaning “of Mars” (referring to the Roman god of war).

Self-quarantine

woman-on-computer-at-home

To self-quarantine is “to refrain from any contact with other individuals for a period of time (such as two weeks) during the outbreak of a contagious disease usually by remaining in one’s home and limiting contact with family members.” The verb is fairly recent, showing evidence of use only within the past 20 years or so. The noun has been in occasional use prior to this in the 20th century.

Dr. Banks said further that the Federal authority invested in him in the matter of quarantine had not yet been exerted to its fullest, but that if persons continued to disregard his advice about self-quarantine, he would bring into service all of the power of compulsion at his command.
— The New York Times, 10 Aug. 1916 (p. 1)

Quarantine is currently most often found with the meaning of “a restraint upon the activities or communication of persons or the transport of goods designed to prevent the spread of disease or pests.” The word has a number of other meanings, both archaic and current, many of which have to do with a period of 40 days (it may be traced back to the Latin word quadraginta, meaning “forty”), including a 40 day period during which a widow was permitted by law to remain in her deceased husband’s principal home without having to pay rent to his heirs, a period of 40 days set aside for penance or fasting (in early Christian church use), or a general period of 40 days set aside for a variety of uses.

One grand inconvenience attended on this army of Pilgrimes: For when their quarantine, or fourty dayes service, was expited, (the term the Pope set them to merit Paradise in) they would not stay one whit longer.
— Thomas Fuller, The historie of the holy warre, 1647

handshake

An index case is “the first documented case of an infectious disease or genetically transmitted condition or mutation in a population, region, or family.” It may also, however, refer to an individual who has a disease, condition, or mutation that is the first one identified in a population. This second sense is synonymous with index patient. A related term is patient zero, “a person identified as the first to become infected with an illness or disease in an outbreak.” Patient zero is especially used to refer to a person documented as being the first known case of a communicable disease in a particular population or region.

Super-spreader

people-drinking-at-bar

A super-spreader (also written as superspreader) is “an individual who is highly contagious and capable of transmitting a communicable disease to an unusually large number of uninfected individuals.” The term for the spread of disease by super-spreaders is super-spreading.

In the Maine case, however, neither AIDS nor poverty was thought to be a factor. Dr. Ban Mishu of Vanderbilt University, who investigated the outbreak, said it began in 1989 with one «super spreader,» a man who was unknowingly infected with the bacteria in his lungs and throat.
—The Evening Sun (Baltimore, MD), 14 Oct. 1992

According to the news reporters, the research concluded: «Super-spreading is thus partly due to super-spreaders, but modest gains are expected from targeting super-spreaders.”
—Zika & Mosquito Week, 17 Sept. 2019

woman-looking-out-window

Isolation ultimately derives from the Latin word insula, meaning “island.” The word’s path from Latin to English begins with the Italian derivative of insula, isolato (“isolated”), that became the French word isolé, and then moved into English. Early uses of the term in English were spelled in the French manner with a conventional English modifier ending d as isolé’d before it settled as the spelling isolated.

The literal etymological meaning of the word isolated is islanded. (The first hospitals built in Italy to protect the general population from the sick in the 14th century were located on an island.) Given its Classical roots, isolated is a relatively new word in English, only dating to the late 1700s. A verb was subsequently coined to correspond to this adjective, which is how we got isolate in English through the process of back-formation.

We date self-isolation to 1834 and a passage from The Metropolitan Magazine. In contrast to the use of the term in the context of today’s health crisis, this first known use of the term seems to make reference to being unaware of the events of the world around us:

Few, indeed, are they whose relations with actual life are compatible with a complete self-isolation from the interests and the passions fluctuating around them, and who can so effectually detach themselves from the tumultuous current of events which every day swells in its rapid course to the silent gulf of the past time.

medical-mask

Contagious and infectious often cause confusion, as the words overlap in significant ways, yet also have meanings which are in some ways distinct. Contagious is “transmissible by direct or indirect contact with an infected person,” and infectious is “producing or capable of producing infection” and “containing pathogenic agents which may be transmitted.” Both infectious and contagious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses; they differ in that contagious diseases may be spread by direct or indirect contact.

An ailment such as food poisoning is infectious, it is capable of producing infection, but it is not contagious. The coronavirus, on the other hand, is both contagious and _infectious. Anything that is contagious is automatically also infectious, but the reverse is not true. Both words are frequently used in a figurative manner.

Grace’s simple, light-hearted gayety was infectious, and Warren found the grave dignity of the successful graduate rapidly disappearing.
— A Lady, Juno Clifford, 1856

She talked, sang, and recited—she exerted all the wit and vivacity of which she was mistress—she employed powers of humour which she herself had scarcely been conscious of possessing. Her gaiety soon became contagious.
— Mary Brunton, Self-Control, 1811

lab-worker-with-petri-dish

Virus has been used to describe something unwelcome for hundreds of years before it became a term for ‘the reason your computer is doing that funny thing that really isn’t funny at all.’ The word comes from classical Latin in which it referred a number of things which might make one wish to wash their hands (venom, pus, and poisonous emanations). The biological sense we all know and fear today (“any of a large group of submicroscopic infectious agents that are usually regarded as nonliving extremely complex molecules, that typically contain a protein coat surrounding an RNA or DNA core of genetic material but no semipermeable membrane, that are capable of growth and multiplication only in living cells, and that cause various important diseases in humans, animals, and plants”) began being used around the beginning of the 20th century. Prior to this virus had such meanings as “venom emitted by a poisonous animal,” and “a morbid corrupting quality in intellectual or moral conditions.”

I shall therefore, in the following remarks on this abominable libel, and in extracting and expelling the virus of it, substitute the word Protestant and Romanist for the words Colonist and Native.
— Patrick Duigenan, A fair representation of the present political state of Ireland, 1800

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