Contractions using the word have

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1b) Maybe, but better not.
2b) No.
2c) NO!

The thing is that

in speech

1a often sounds as though it could have been written like 1b (or the really ghastly 1c: The dogs of got a nice house).
Similarly

in speech

2a often sounds as though it could have been written like 2b (or 2d: Jones is got a bike).
But we wouldn’t really make any such contractions in writing (some idiots

do

write «of» for «have», especially in «could have», «would have», and «should have»).

We mostly use

‘s

with pronouns: he’s, she’s, it’s. But take care not to confuse has with is.
You can use

‘s

with nouns and names, but not when the word ends in ‘s’ or ‘z’. You can say Smith’s got a bike. The cat’s caught the mouse. My son’s won the race.
But I’d say that

‘ve

looks odd except with pronouns: I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve.
Even «could’ve», though fine in speech, looks odd in writing.

In English grammar, we might use the contracted form of a verb when we are speaking or writing informally.

Let’s look at a list of contracted forms of verbs (with their expanded form) so you know how to use them:

What is the contracted form of a verb?

A contraction is a shortened form of a verb that is used when two words are combined to form one.

This involves removing one or more letters and adding an apostrophe to create a new word. For example, “I am” becomes “I’m.”

When are contracted forms used?

Contracted forms are used frequently in everyday spoken language and informal written language, such as e-mails and text messages.

They cannot be used in formal, academic writing, or professional documents where each word needs to be spelled out completely.

The following is a list of common contracted forms of verbs:

• I am – I’m
• I am not – I ain’t
• Let us – Let’s
• I will – I’ll
• We will – We’ll
• I would – I’d
• We are – We’re
• You will – You’ll
• You would – You’d
• He is – He’s
• She is – She’s
• It is – It’s
• She has – She’s
• He has – He’s
• It has – It’s
• We have – We’ve
• They have – They’ve
• Where is – Where’s
• Who is – Who’s
• There is – There’s
• They are – They’re
• They will – They’ll
• Might have – Might’ve
• Must have – must’ve

Negative Common Contractions

• Is not – Isn’t
• Are not – Aren’t
• Can not – Can’t
• Was not – Wasn’t
• Could not – Couldn’t
• Did not – Didn’t
• Have not – Haven’t
• Had not – Hadn’t
• Has not – Hasn’t
• Should not – Shouldn’t
• Would not – Wouldn’t
• Were not – Weren’t
• Will not – Won’t

While contracted forms of verbs are usually informal in nature, it is always best to use the full form in a formal context.

Contractions With The Verb HAVE

Here are some shortened forms of the verb “have.”

• I have – I’ve
• You have – You’ve
• He has – He’s
• She has – She’s
• It has – It’s
• We have – We’ve
• They have – They’ve
• I have not – I haven’t – I’ve not
• You have not – You haven’t – You’ve not
• He has not – He hasn’t – He’s not
• She has not – She hasn’t – She’s not
• It has not – It hasn’t – It’s not
• We have not got – We haven’t – We’ve not
• They have not got – They haven’t – they’ve not

The contracted form “haven’t” is more common than the contraction with not. However, this may vary depending on the region you are living.

Example sentences:

We have not met. We’ve not met (less common). We haven’t met (more common).

Contractions With The Verb HAVE (Past Form)

• I had – I’d
• You had – You’d
• He had – He’d
• She had – She’d
• It had – It’d
• We had – We’d
• They had – They’d
• I had not – I hadn’t – I’d not
• You had not – You hadn’t – You’d not
• He had not – He hadn’t – He’d Not
• She had not – She hadn’t – She’d Not
• It had not – It hadn’t – It’d Not
• We had not – We hadn’t – We’d Not
• They had not – They hadn’t – They’d Not

In American English, instead of saying:

“I have a new toy” they prefer to say, “I’ve got a new toy.” This is informal. However, “I’ve a new toy” is also correct; it’s just less common.

However, “has” can never be contracted when it’s the main verb in the sentence and in the third person present tense (he, she, it).

For example:

• She has food.

“She’s food.” This is incorrect. Instead, we can say, “She’s got food”

• He has a bicycle.

“He’s a bicycle.” This is incorrect. Instead, we can say, “He’s got a new bicycle.”

However, if “have” is the auxiliary (helping) verb, then we can contract the verb:

• He has arrived.

“He’s arrived.” This is correct, as the main verb is “arrive” and not have.

• It has snowed.

“It’s snowed.” This is correct as the main verb is “snow” and not have.

Contractions With The Verb BE

• I am – I’m
• You are – You’re
• He is – He’s
• She is – She’s
• It is – It’s
• We are – We’re
• They are – They’re
• There is – There’s
• How is – How’s
• What is – What’s
• Where is – Where’s
• Here is – Here’s
• You are not – you aren’t – you’re not
• He is not – he isn’t – he’s not
• She is not – she isn’t – she’s not
• It is not – it isn’t – it’s not
• We are not – we aren’t – we’re not
• They are not – they aren’t – they’re not

The contracted form “isn’t/aren’t” and “not” are used interchangeably and you will hear both said.

If you want to emphasize that you are not involved in something, you might be more inclined to use the “not” contracted form when speaking, although either contracted form is perfectly fine.

For example, “she’s not a liar.”

Contractions with the Verb BE (Past Form)

• I was not – I wasn’t
• You were not – You weren’t
• He was not – he wasn’t
• She was not – she wasn’t
• It was not – it wasn’t
• We were not – we weren’t
• They were not – they weren’t

You can also use the contracted form with a noun, for example, “the dog’s on the sofa” (the dog is on the sofa) and “Alice’s here” (Alice is here).

Again this is informal and is more common when speaking.

Contractions with the verb DO

• I do not – I don’t
• You do not – You don’t
• He does not – He doesn’t
• She does not – She doesn’t
• We do not – We don’t
• They do not – They don’t

Contractions with the Verb DO (Past Form)

• I did not – I didn’t
• You did not – You didn’t
• He did not – He didn’t
• She did not – She didn’t
• It did not – It didn’t
• We did not – We didn’t
• They did not – They didn’t

Contractions With The Modal Verb WILL

• I will – I’ll
• He will – He’ll
• She will – She’ll
• It will – It’ll
• We will – We’ll
• They will – They’ll
• I will not – I won’t – I’ll not
• He will not – He won’t – He’ll not
• She will not – She won’t – She’ll not
• It will not – It won’t – It’ll not
• We will not – We won’t – We’ll not
• They will not – They won’t – They’ll not

Nowadays, most people say “won’t” instead of “not.

For example,

• “I’ll not go to the dance.” (old-fashioned; not common)
• I won’t go to the dance.” (more common)

Contractions with the modal verb WOULD

• I would – I’d
• He would – He’d
• She would – She’d
• It would – It’d
• We would – We’d
• They would – They’d
• I would not – I wouldn’t – I’d not
• He would not – He wouldn’t – He’d not
• She would not- She wouldn’t- She’d not
• It would not – It wouldn’t – It’d not
• We would not – We wouldn’t – We’d not
• They would not – They’d not- They’d not

“I’d not” is grammatically correct but sounds odd to native English speakers as it is not used. It is most more common to say I wouldn’t, he wouldn’t, she wouldn’t, etc.

Contractions with the modal verb WOULD (Past Form)

• I would have – I would’ve – I’d have
• You would have – You would’ve – You’d have
• He would have – He would’ve – He’d have
• She would have – She would’ve – She’d have
• It would have – It would’ve – It’d have
• We would have – We would’ve – We’d have
• They would have- They would’ve – They’d have
• I would not have – I wouldn’t have- I’d not have
• He would not have – He wouldn’t have- He’d not have
• She would not have – She wouldn’t have- She’d not have
• It would not have – It wouldn’t have- It’d not have
• We would not have – We wouldn’t have- We’d not have
• They would not have – They would’ve – They’d not have

“I’d not have” is grammatically correct but sounds strange to native English speakers as it is not spoken. It is most more common to say I wouldn’t have, he wouldn’t have, she wouldn’t have, etc.

Short Forms of Other Modal Verbs

The modals can, may, must, should, and can also be contracted when used as auxiliaries. For example, “He can’t do it,” “She shouldn’t have come,” and “I wouldn’t have done it.”

• Cannot – Can’t
• Can Not Have – Can’t’ve
• Must not – Mustn’t
• Must not have – Mustn’t’ve
• Should not- Shouldn’t
• Should not have – Shouldn’t’ve
• Shall not – Shan’t
• Shall not have – Shalln’t’ve
• Used not – Usen’t – Usedn’t
• Could not – Couldn’t
• Could not have – Couldn’t’ve
• Might not – Mightn’t
• Might not have – Mightn’t’ve
• Ought not to – Oughtn’t to
• Ought not have – Oughtn’t’ve
• Need not – Needn’t
• Need not have – Needn’t’ve
• Will not – Won’t
• Will not have – Won’t’ve
• Dare not – Daren’t
• Dare not have – Daren’t’ve
• Had Not – Hadn’t

Some of the contractions are rare and awkward, like “oughtn’t’ve” and “usedn’t.”

In Conclusion

The contracted forms of verbs are informal and are used more commonly in speech.

It is good to know them in case you hear them in spoken English, and their usage varies depending on the region.

Contraction means shortening. It also means the muscle contractions that a pregnant woman feels before she gives birth. 

Or it can mean muscle contractions (shortening), like when you’re exercising.

I think you can already know that we’re not going to talk about pregnancy or bodybuilding. I’m not sorry about that.

This is about the shortening of I have to I’ve and I will to I’ll and stuff like that.

You need to know this to learn about tenses in English (verbs in different times).

I know that English tenses are difficult to learn. But once you know them, you’ll find that English is not such a difficult language.

You can’t learn the tenses by just listening to people, unfortunately. Maybe children can learn this way, but assuming you’re an adult, it’s more effective and faster for you to learn some rules. Why is this? Well, the problem is that English people don’t say you have but you’ve. They don’t say I am, but I’m. They don’t say I will but I’ll. And they don’t say: I would, but I’d.

This means you need to know the grammar but also which contractions are used. Contractions is the name for the short form.

In my experience, I know from teaching students that if they don’t know the tenses, they won’t hear that I’m saying ‘ll or ‘d. And they won’t be using those contractions themselves. Unless you do know these, however, you will not be able to speak correct English and make yourself understood by English-speaking people.

Here are the main ones you should know:

Present Simple Tense

Present Perfect Tense

*Please note that it’s for it has and it is sound exactly the same!

Modals

Past Tense

Future with Will

Would

**Please note that I’d can mean I had or I would (and the same with the other pronouns). You will know from the sentence which of the two is meant.

Questions & Answers (Pronouns)

You should ask your English teacher how to say the contractions. Or use Google Translate or your Text-to-Speech app to check the pronunciation.

What to Do with Names and Contractions?

Now suppose you’re not using a pronoun such as she, he, you, etc., but you’re using a name. Can you then use a contraction?

It depends on the name.

If the name goes well with the contraction, you can use it. For example: I want to say Henry has just come home. I can use a contraction, because I can say: Henry’s.

But if I want to say Henry will, I won’t be able to easily say: Henry’ll. So don’t use a contraction here. Henry will come home soon.

In general, it’s easier to stick an s from has or is at the end of a name. With will it’s more difficult. The same with the d from had or would (also more tricky).

Let’s see whether we can stick an s, d, or ll at the end of these names:

Dora

Dora’s              ∨

Dora’d             Dora would

Dora’ll             Dora will

Donald

Donald’s           ∨

Donald’d          Donald would

Donald’ll          Donald will

Vikram

Vikram’s          ∨

Vikram’d         Vikram would

Vikram’ll         Vikram will

Chase

Chase’s            Okay, but pronounce Chase-is

Chase’d           Sounds too much like chased, so say Chase would

Chase’ll           possible

Jesse (pronounced Jessie]

Jesse’s             pronounce Jessies

Jesse’d             possible, but Jesse would is okay too

Jesse’ll             possible, but Jesse will is okay too

Do you use contractions with names? If you have any questions about this, please write in the comments.

Contractions with Other Words (Nouns)

The same problems can come up with other words that you’d like to contract, usually nouns.

For example, I want to say that my coffee has gone cold.

Can I contract this? Certainly.

My coffee’s gone cold.

And another example:

I want to say my book is finished.

So I’ll say: My book’s finished.

Now you can also see why beginning learners of English might find this difficult. They think that I’m saying: My books finished. But that doesn’t make sense with the grammar.

Should You Write Contractions or In Full?

There used to be a rule once that when you write, you need to write I will and you can’t write I’ll. This is not true anymore. You can write contractions, even in business emails, official letters and legal contracts.

Why Do Some People Say or Write Not instead of Using the Contractions?

When people say or write the word “not” in full, it can mean that they want to stress the negative. For example, you want to say that I can’t eat this cake, because it’s a present for a friend’s party. So you can say: “Please do not eat this cake.” This is stronger than saying: “Don’t eat this cake.”

When Do We Say Do/Does and Have etc. in Full in Some Answers?

When you answer a question, you can often say I have, he is or I do etc. for a short answer.

You can’t make those answers any shorter by using a contraction.

Here are some examples:

1 Have you seen Electra?

I have. (You can’t say I’ve.)

2 Has Kay been round this morning?

She has. (not: She’s)

3 You’re Glenn’s girlfriend, aren’t you?

Yes, I am. (not: I’m)

Maybe you’ve been able to see the rule for yourself.

Rule: You can’t shorten the auxiliary verb when there is no main verb.

To find out about auxiliary and main verbs, have a look here.

Now you can do a quiz.

Decide where you can use contractions in the following sentences. There can be one contraction, two, three or none at all.

Click here to do this quiz online and check your answers.

1 People have said I worry too much.

2 I know this has always been one of my big problems.

3 When I lend a book to someone, I worry when they will bring it back.

4 When they do not bring it back, I wonder whether they do not find it interesting.

5 When they say they will bring it back next week, I am afraid they are pulling my leg.

6 The only thing I do not worry about is whether the borrowers will damage my book.

7 I trust that my friends will not do funny things to my book.

8 You will probably say that I should not lend books to anyone.

9 But do I want to keep my books to myself only?

10 Nowadays I buy many digital books. That will take care of my little problem.

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   6. Information derived from use of ABCTOOLS and abcWorkshop and other abcteach services and products. If a member or others introduce information into the system by utilizing any of abcteach’s services or products including ABCTOOLS or abcWorkshop, it is possible such information will be gathered or stored. You represent, by using or permitting such use of the Site by yourself or by others or by children, that any personal information that may be included in such usage is used with permission and authority, including parental consent, and that you represent to us and our service providers that we are permitted to use the information.
4. How We Use Information
   1. abcteach may use personal information for any legally permissible purpose, including the following:
      1. Registration and use of the Site.
      2. Payment for membership or subscriptions or products or services.
      3. Internal business purposes.
      4. Newsletters distribution.
      5. Special offers and marketing relating to abcteach.
      6. Customer service and problem resolution.
      7. Enforcement of abcteach intellectual property rights and membership terms and conditions.
      8. Responding to legal process or governmental requests for information.
      9. As required under applicable law or regulations.
      10. In connection with possible future transactions affecting abcteach, such as the sale of the Site, or mergers, sales of assets, reorganizations, etc. , in which event all or a part of stored information including member and user information may be transferred to a successor business or website operator.
      11. As we may require in connection with specific services and products, current or future.
5. Children’s Privacy Notice

   Usage of the Site is limited to adults and children are not permitted to use the Site. Nor do we request that any personal information be provided by or about children including those in your family or classroom. Children under the age of 13 are not requested to provide any personal information while using the Site. However, to comply with the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, if it is brought to our attention that children under 13 years of age intend to use the Site, we reserve the right to require you to seek the consent of Parents in order for children under 13 years of age to use the Site in any manner that could result in the submission of personal information, and to terminate your access to the Site if such consent(s) is not obtained or submitted timely. If a member, teacher, or parent uses the Site or any of its tools or products in a manner by which a child could disclose personal information to others, it shall be a representation by that member, teacher or parent that the child’s parent has expressly authorized such use and has expressly authorized abcteach to collect, store, and distribute the child’s personal information to other users of the Site. Additionally, such personal information may be collected or stored by the cookies and other technologies described above. Parents may contact abcteach at the addresses provided below.

6. Security

   abcteach attempts to secure its information and that of others by using reasonable safeguards and procedures. However, no internet or electronic data communication, transmission or storage system can be guaranteed to be completely secure. For that reason, abcteach cannot and does not guaranty the security of information transmitted to or shared with us. You use the Site and provide and share information at your own risk. If you have questions or concerns, you should not submit or share personal information or other sensitive information.

7. Links to Other Sites

   abcteach does not ordinarily link to other websites. If such links are used, those websites or applications will be not be covered by this Privacy Policy. Users should review privacy policies of such sites and applications.

8. Consent to Transfer of Information to the United States and to the Application of U.S. Law and Jurisdiction.

   abcteach is operated and managed by ABCTEACH LLC from within the United States. Neither the Site nor its staff nor its owner intend to be governed or subjected to the laws or jurisdiction of any other country other than the United States. Information provided to abcteach or to its third party service providers will be processed, stored, and used in the United States and other countries where the service providers or abcteach or affiliates may have operations. By using the Site, you irrevocably consent to the transfer of information to the United States, or to other countries other than your country of residence, and to the storage and use of the information in the United States. You acknowledge and agree that, to the extent that the laws of the United States differ from those of your country of residence, you consent to the application of the laws of the United States to your information and to the relationship between yourself and us, and you covenant and agree that you will not assert that other law is applicable. Any litigation or court proceedings of any nature concerning the relationship between you and abcteach, or to these terms and conditions, or to the Privacy Policy, or to any other matter relating to abcteach, shall be only and exclusively in the Circuit Court for Oakland County, Michigan, or the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, and you irrevocably consent to personal jurisdiction in such forums for any such litigation or proceedings.

9. Indemnification and Hold Harmless

   You agree to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless abcteach, and all related parties and services, from any and all liability, penalties, losses, damages, costs, expenses, attorneys’ fees, causes of action, or claims caused by or resulting indirectly from your use of our Sites.

10. No Warranties

    Use of this service is on an «as-is» basis. ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT
    LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
    PURPOSE AND MERCHANTABILITY, ARE SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMED. Any
    contact with any agents of this service, either in person or through electronic means does not create a warranty.

11. Changes to Our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

    We may change these Terms of Service and Privacy Policy at any time and such changes will become effective when posted to the Site. Your use of the Site following such the posting of any revised Terms of Service and Privacy Policy means that you accept the revised terms and policy.

12. Contact Information Regarding Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

    Legal questions and concerns should be directed to our General Counsel, whose email address is [email protected] Alternatively, first class mail addressed to General Counsel, ABCTEACH LLC, c/o Bodman PLC, 1901 St. Antoine Street, Detroit, Michigan 48226.
    Other questions should be directed to Customer Support, whose email address is [email protected]

REVISION DATE: August 1, 2017