Table of Contents
- What is the contraction for you have?
- Is there a contraction for have?
- What is the short form of we have?
- What are contraction words examples?
- How do you describe contractions?
- How do you use contractions in English?
- Why do we use contractions in English?
- How many cm Do you dilate per hour?
- How many centimeters do you have to be for the hospital to keep you?
- How do I go into labor at 2cm dilated?
- Will hospital send you home at 4 cm?
- Can you be induced at 2 cm dilated?
- How many cm dilated before they will break your water?
- How long does it take to have a baby after being induced?
- Why do you get induced at night?
- What should I eat before getting induced?
- How can you avoid getting induced?
- Can I go to the bathroom while being induced?
- Do you fart while giving birth?
contraction of you have:You’ve already been there.
Is there a contraction for have?
Remember: When the word is a contraction of “it is” or “it has,” the correct choice is it’s. Otherwise, the correct choice is its. The sentence begins with a contraction of “it has” (it’s) and then needs a possessive form (its).
What is the short form of we have?
we’ve
What are contraction words examples?
A contraction is a word made by shortening and combining two words. Words like can’t (can + not), don’t (do + not), and I’ve (I + have) are all contractions. People use contractions in both speaking and writing.
How do you describe contractions?
A contraction is a shortened form of a word (or group of words) that omits certain letters or sounds. In most contractions, an apostrophe represents the missing letters. The most common contractions are made up of verbs, auxiliaries, or modals attached to other words: He would=He’d. I have=I’ve.
How do you use contractions in English?
We use contractions (I’m, we’re) in everyday speech and informal writing. Contractions, which are sometimes called ‘short forms’, commonly combine a pronoun or noun and a verb, or a verb and not, in a shorter form. Contractions are usually not appropriate in formal writing.
Why do we use contractions in English?
Contractions are associated with casual conversation, so they can make formal writing seem sloppy or unprofessional. Regardless of the formality of the writing, writers can use contractions when writing dialogue or documenting speech. Contractions in Speech. Contractions are most commonly used in spoken English.
How many cm Do you dilate per hour?
On average, your cervix will dilate at approximately one centimeter per hour.
How many centimeters do you have to be for the hospital to keep you?
Generally speaking, once you are dilated past 5 or 6 centimeters and having regular contractions, most practitioners will be fairly insistent that you remain in the hospital or birth center until your baby is born.
How do I go into labor at 2cm dilated?
The following methods can help in dilation without using medication:
- Move around. Share on Pinterest Using an exercise ball may help to speed up dilation.
- Use an exercise ball. A large inflatable exercise ball, called a birthing ball in this case, may also help.
- Relax.
- Laugh.
- Have sex.
Will hospital send you home at 4 cm?
If you are less than 4 cm dilated and your labor isn’t active enough for hospital admission, you might be sent home. Don’t be discouraged. It is very common to mistake the signs of early labor for active labor.
Can you be induced at 2 cm dilated?
If your cervix is 2 cm or more dilated, you will be transferred to the labour ward for your waters to be broken. If not, you will be seen by a doctor to discuss your options. This is also known as ‘breaking the waters’, and can be used if the cervix has started to ripen and dilate to around 2 cm or more.
How many cm dilated before they will break your water?
Why (and How) Doctors Might Break Your Water (Some OBs will go ahead and break your water at 3 or 4 centimeters.) The reasoning behind this: “Artificial rupture of membranes” (popping a hole in the amniotic sac) will usually jumpstart labor by getting serious contractions underway.
How long does it take to have a baby after being induced?
The time taken to go into labor after being induced varies and can take anywhere between a few hours up to two to three days. In most healthy pregnancies, labor usually starts spontaneously between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy.
Why do you get induced at night?
Traditionally, in most hospitals induction of labour with medication starts early in the morning, with the start of the working day for the day shift. In human and animal studies spontaneous onset of labour is proven to have a circadian rhythm with a preference for start of labour in the evening.
What should I eat before getting induced?
Most practitioners say no food once contractions begin. Don’t stop at your favorite fast food place on the way to the hospital. You don’t want the runs during this business. Before heading to the hospital, eat a light meal at home… and then give the ol’ porcelain bowl a good visit.
How can you avoid getting induced?
Research shows eating 6 date fruits per day for 4 weeks prior to birth can be helpful for ripening the cervix and reduce the need for the hormone drip to induce labour. Try adding them to a smoothie if you can face them whole. However, avoid this if you have gestational diabetes.
Can I go to the bathroom while being induced?
Labor and delivery, postpartum care Answer From Yvonne Butler Tobah, M.D. Most women are able to use the bathroom during labor — to urinate and to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider will probably encourage you to do so because it’s possible that a full bladder might slow down your baby’s descent.
Do you fart while giving birth?
It’s a normal bodily function, and while in labor, your stress, hormones and contractions irritate your bowels and make you gassy.
This lesson explains how to make contractions with the verb HAVE and a subject pronoun or the negative adverb not. Before you continue, review these lessons: Contractions | Verb HAVE.
The simple present of the verb HAVE (have | has) is frequently contracted with a subject. Join the conjugated verb to the subject and replace the first two letters of the verb with an apostrophe.
not contracted | words joined |
delete first two letters |
contracted | |||
I have | Ihave | Ihave | I’ve | |||
They have | Theyhave | Theyhave | They’ve |
In American English, has is not usually contracted with a subject when it is the main verb in a sentence.
uncontracted (common) | contracted (not common) | |
I have a blue car. | I’ve a blue car. | |
We have good news. | We’ve good news. |
Instead, Americans prefer using the present perfect with got (past participle of the verb GET).
uncontracted | contracted | American English | ||
I have a blue car. | I’ve a blue car. | I’ve got a blue car. | ||
We have good news. | We’ve good news. | We’ve got good news. |
Has can never be contracted with its subject (he, she, or it) when it is the main verb in the sentence and is in the present tense.
uncontracted | ≠ | incorrect |
He has chocolate. | He’s chocolate. | |
She has a car. | She’s a car. |
These false contractions look the same as contractions made with BE and change the meaning:
He+is | = | He’s |
She+is | She’s | |
It+is | It’s |
However, these contractions are possible when HAVE is the auxiliary verb in the sentence.
uncontracted | = | contracted |
He has left. | He’s left. | |
It has rained. | It’s rained. |
We know these contractions are formed with has because they are followed by past participles (left | rained).
In negative statements, the auxiliary verb HAVE is often contracted with the negative adverb not. Join not to the conjugation and replace the o with an apostrophe.
uncontracted | words joined |
delete the o |
contracted | |||
have not | havenot | havenot | haven’t | |||
has not | hasnot | hasnot | hasn’t |
Here are examples of both forms of contraction: (subject + HAVE) and (HAVE + not).
uncontracted | less common | more common | ||
I have not finished. | I’ve not finished. | I haven’t finished. | ||
You have not eaten. | You’ve not eaten. | You haven’t eaten. | ||
He has not started. | He’s not started. | He hasn’t started. | ||
It has not rained. | It’s not rained. | It hasn’t rained. | ||
We have not seen it. | We’ve not seen it. | We haven’t seen it. | ||
They have not met. | They’ve not met. | They haven’t met. |
There is no difference in meaning between these two forms of contraction, but the contractions with not are more common.
Related lessons:
- Verb HAVE
- Contractions with BE
- Contractions with DO
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Articles
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Usage
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Punctuation
Summary
Contractions are shortened forms of words, in which some letters are omitted. An apostrophe generally marks the omission. Standard contractions include those that shorten the word not, the verbs be and have, and modal verbs. Here is a list of commonly used contractions.
Contraction | Full form | Examples |
---|---|---|
n’t | not | don’t (do not), isn’t (is not) |
’s | is, has | she’s (she is, she has), what’s (what is, what has) |
’re | are | you’re (you are), we’re (we are) |
’ve | have | I’ve (I have), could’ve (could have) |
’d | had, would | I’d (I had, I would), we’d (we had, we would) |
’ll | will | I’ll (I will), you’ll (you will) |
I’m | I am | |
let’s | let us | |
ma’am | madam |
(See also: List of standard contractions in English)
Contractions are often used in speech and lend an informal, personal tone to writing. Avoid using contractions in formal texts, such as academic papers.
Example
- Informal: We haven’t accounted for changes in pressure in this study.
Formal: We have not accounted for changes in pressure in this study.
What is a contraction in grammar?
A contraction is a word in which some sounds or letters are omitted. An apostrophe generally replaces the omitted letters. Contractions are common in speech and informal writing.
Examples
- What’s going on?
what is = what’s (an apostrophe replaces the “i” in is)
- I don’t know.
do not = don’t (an apostrophe indicates the omitted “o” in not)
I’m happy to help.
I am = I’m (an apostrophe replaces “a”)
Common contractions in English shorten the word not (isn’t, shouldn’t), the be verb (I’m, she’s, we’re), the have verb (you’ve, could’ve), and modal verbs (we’ll, they’d).
When should contractions be used?
Contractions lend an informal tone to writing and replace talking to your reader. In messages and personal communication, contractions sound normal and natural.
Examples
- I’m on my way.
- That’s fine. Don’t worry.
- It’s all right.
- Sorry I couldn’t take your call.
In contrast, in academic and other formal texts, avoiding contractions lends an air of formality to the document.
Examples
- Informal: We couldn’t collect sufficient real-world data.
Formal: We could not collect sufficient real-world data. - Informal: It’s important to account for bias.
Formal: It is important to account for bias.
In ad copy, marketing slogans, and other signage, contractions can help save space and make your message sound more friendly.
Examples
- It’s finger lickin’ good. (KFC)
- I’m lovin’ it. (McDonald’s)
- Because you’re worth it. (L’Oreal)
In creative writing as well, contractions, which are common in speech, can make dialogue sound more natural.
Example
- “Now you said you’d do it, now let’s see you do it.”
“Don’t you crowd me now; you better look out.”
“Well, you said you’d do it—why don’t you do it?”— Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
Caution
Avoid using contractions in formal texts, such as academic papers, cover letters, and business proposals.
Example
- Informal: We haven’t reviewed the financial statements of the subsidiaries yet.
Formal: We have not reviewed the financial statements of the subsidiaries yet.
In this article, we discuss common contractions in English and when they are used.
Contractions with not
Not can be contracted to n’t when it is used with an auxiliary verb like can and have.
Examples
- I can’t believe you don’t have a phone. (cannot, do not)
- Haven’t you pressed the button yet? (have not)
- I won’t tell anyone what happened. (will not)
- Nesbit shouldn’t spend all his time indoors. (should not)
Can, which already ends in n, combines with not to form can’t. Will and shall lose their endings and combine with not to form won’t and shan’t.
Here is a list of not contractions in English: note how the adverb not combines with both primary (be, have, do) and modal auxiliary verbs (like can and could).
Contraction | Full form |
---|---|
don’t | do not |
didn’t | did not |
isn’t | is not |
wasn’t | was not |
aren’t | are not (also am not) |
weren’t | were not |
hasn’t | has not |
haven’t | have not |
hadn’t | had not |
can’t | cannot |
couldn’t | could not |
shan’t | shall not |
shouldn’t | should not |
won’t | will not |
wouldn’t | would not |
mightn’t | might not |
mustn’t | must not |
needn’t | need not |
Be verb with not
The be verb contracts with not in two ways: you can either contract the verb form itself (is, are, am) or contract not.
Examples
- Contracted not: Anita isn’t ready.
- Contracted be verb: She’s not ready.
The word not is contracted more often with nouns.
Examples
- Farley isn’t happy.
Seen more often than “Farley’s not happy.” (The name “Farley” of course is a noun.)
- The books aren’t here.
Seen more often than “The books’re not here.” (“The books” is a noun phrase.)
The be verb is contracted more often with pronouns.
Examples
- She’s not happy.
Seen more often than “She isn’t happy” (where “she” is a pronoun).
- They’re not here.
Seen more often than “They aren’t here.”
Amn’t or aren’t?
With the pronoun I, use aren’t not amn’t to frame questions.
Examples
- Aren’t I clever?
- I’m your friend, aren’t I?
for “I’m your friend,
am I not
?”
However, when the sentence is not a question but a statement, “I am not” is usually contracted to “I’m not” rather than “I aren’t.”
Example
- I’m not joking.
Generally preferred to “I aren’t joking.”
In some dialects (Scottish and Irish), amn’t is acceptable in speech but still avoided in writing.
Ain’t (nonstandard)
Ain’t is a nonstandard contraction used colloquially in some dialects, where it replaces the relatively more formal contractions isn’t and aren’t.
Examples
- I ain’t dead.
- They ain’t listenin’.
- That ain’t important now, is it?
- It ain’t done till I say it’s done.
It may occasionally also replace hasn’t or haven’t.
Example
- They ain’t made a lock yet our Nesbit can’t pick.
Caution
The contraction ain’t is considered nonstandard and used only very informally.
Be and have contractions
Be and have, which take the verb forms am, is, are, has, have, and had, can contract and combine with a noun or pronoun (and occasionally, an adverb).
Examples
- Lulu’s a dancer. (Lulu is)
- Your order’s being processed. (order is)
- I’m not ready. (I am)
- They’re already here. (they are)
- Lulu’s been baking again. (Lulu has been)
- They’ve found the answer. (they have found)
- She’d called me already before you got here. (she had called)
- Here’s your money. (here is)
- There’s no money in this purse. (there is)
- That’s the restaurant I was telling you about. (that is)
Note that the have verb is not contracted in writing when it is the main verb and means “to possess.”
Example
- Poor: Poco’s seven cars in his garage.
The main verb is has: Poco
has
. Don’t contract it.
Better: Poco has seven cars in his garage.
- Poor: We’d no money.
Better: We had no money. - Acceptable: Poco’s bought another car.
The main verb is bought: Poco has bought. Has functions as an auxiliary (or helping) verb and can be contracted.
- Acceptable: We’d discovered the cure by then.
but
Tip
Don’t use affirmative contractions at the end of a clause or a sentence.
Examples
- Incorrect:“Have you ordered the shoes?” “Yes, I’ve.”
Correct:“Have you ordered the shoes?” “Yes, I have.” - Incorrect:“Are you ready?” “I don’t know that I’m.”
Correct:“Are you ready?” “I don’t know that I am.” - Incorrect:“Would you help me if you could?” “Of course I’d.”
Correct: “Would you help me if you could?” “Of course I would.”
In contrast, negative contractions are acceptable at the end of a clause or a sentence.
Examples
- Correct: No, I haven’t.
- Correct: Of course I wouldn’t.
Contractions with pronouns
Personal pronouns like I, you, and they combine with the be and have verbs (am, is, are, has, have) to form standard contractions. These pronouns also combine with the modal verbs will and would.
Examples
- Hi, I’m Maya. (I am)
- You’re coming with me. (you are)
- It’s my first day at work. (it is)
- We’re happy to help. (we are)
- She’s had a long day. (she has)
- They’ve all gone on a picnic together. (they have)
- I knew he’d been fighting. (he had)
- Of course I’ll help you. (I will)
- She’d know if we were lying. (she would)
The following table shows how contractions for personal pronouns are formed.
Contraction | Full form | Pronoun contraction |
---|---|---|
’m | am | I’m |
’s | is, has | she’s, he’s, it’s |
’re | are | we’re, you’re, they’re |
’ve | have | I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve |
’d | had, would | I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, it’d, we’d, they’d |
’ll | will | I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll |
Note how contractions with ’s can be short for either is or has: “He’s” can mean “he is” or “he has.” Similarly, contractions with ’d can stand for either had or would: “I’d” means both “I had” and “I would.”
Caution
The contraction of “you are” is you’re, not your.
Examples
- Incorrect: Your not wrong.
Correct: You’re not wrong. (you are) - Incorrect: Your your own worst enemy.
Correct: You’re your own worst enemy. (you are)
Your is a possessive that appears before a noun.
Examples
- Your answers are not wrong.
- The enemy of your enemy is your friend.
Tip
Insert an apostrophe in its only if it is a contraction of “it is” or “it has.” Omit the apostrophe when it is a possessive.
Examples
- It’s raining.
it’s = it is (contraction)
- It’s stopped raining.
it’s = it has (contraction)
The kitten is chasing its tail.
its tail = the kitten’s tail (possessive; no apostrophe)
Other pronouns like that, which, and who can also form contractions with be and have in informal usage.
Examples
- That’s not true! (that is)
- The report that’s being released today is misleading. (that is)
- My friend Farley, who’s an astronaut, is afraid of heights. (who is)
- The person who’s been eating all the cookies is me. (who has)
- These reports, which’ve already been released, are misleading. (which have)
Contractions with nouns
In speech, nouns form contractions with is and has (singular forms of the be and have verbs). These contractions are not generally seen in writing, and never in formal texts.
Examples
- Rita’s my sister. (Rita is)
- Farley’s in quarantine this week. (Farley is)
- Your money’s on the way. (money is)
- My daughter’s going to Thailand in May. (daughter is)
- The cat’s been eating all the cheese again. (cat has)
- Anita’s found the answer! (Anita has)
It is rarer for the plural verbs are and have to join with nouns (cakes’re baked; the cats’ve been eating).
Contractions with adverbs
Adverbs like now, here, and there combine with is to form contractions in informal usage.
Examples
- Now’s your chance! (now is)
- Here’s the entrance to the cave. (here is)
- There’s a slight chance I might be wrong. (there is)
There can also form a contraction with has.
Example
- There’s been no change in status since we last spoke. (there has)
Plural contractions are rarer: there’re, there’ve.
Contractions with modal verbs
Modal verbs like could and would combine with have.
Examples
- You could’ve done better, but you didn’t even try. (could have)
- (would have)
- You should’ve given her a chance to explain. (should have)
Caution
Could have and should have are contracted to could’ve and should’ve, not could of or should of. Could’ve is sometimes incorrectly written as could of because of how this contraction is pronounced.
Examples
- You
could of/could’ve told me you had an extra phone. - I
should of/should’ve realized this would be a problem.
Will and would are contracted to ’ll and ’d in casual communication.
Examples
- Anita’ll never believe what just happened. (Anita will)
- I’ll buy the flowers myself. (I will)
- You’ll call me, won’t you? (you will)
- They’ll call us tomorrow. (they will)
- You’d never know she was lying. (you would)
- We’d like to cancel our membership. (we would)
Modal verbs can also form contractions with not.
Examples
- Farley can’t find his shoes. (cannot)
- She won’t tell anyone. (will not)
- I wouldn’t know where to begin. (would not)
- It shouldn’t be this hard. (should not)
Here is a list of contractions with modal verbs.
Contraction | Full form |
---|---|
could’ve | could have |
should’ve | should have |
would’ve | would have |
might’ve | might have |
must’ve | must have |
’ll | will (I’ll, you’ll, we’ll) |
’d | would (I’d, she’d, they’d) |
can’t | cannot |
couldn’t | could not |
shan’t | shall not |
shouldn’t | should not |
won’t | will not |
wouldn’t | would not |
mightn’t | might not |
mustn’t | must not |
oughtn’t | ought not |
needn’t | need not |
Contractions in questions
Negative forms using not are contracted in questions, not only in speech but also in formal usage.
Examples
- Hasn’t Rita returned from Neptune yet?
Not “
Has not
Rita returned yet?,” which would sound odd and archaic.
- Don’t you want to get paid?
- Couldn’t you find the answer?
- Can’t you see I’m busy?
Negative question tags are also always contracted.
Examples
- Farley should be given another chance, shouldn’t he?
Not “Should not he?”
- Rita has come back, hasn’t she?
- Help me out, won’t you?
Forms of be and have can combine with question words like who and what in speech.
Examples
- What’s going on? (what is)
- What’s happened to him? (what has)
- What’ve you done? (what have)
- Where’s Anita when you need her? (where is)
- Where’s she gone? (where has)
- Where’ve you been? (where have)
- Who’s that? (who is)
- Who’s been eating all my porridge? (who has)
- Who’ve you been talking to? (who have)
Contractions of words like what, where, and there with the plural verb are (what’re, where’re, there’re) are less common than singular forms (what’s, where’s, there’s).
Tip
Who’s is a contraction of who is, while whose is a possessive.
Examples
- Who’s/
Whosethat at the window?who’s = who is (contraction)
- Who’s/
Whosebeen sitting in my chair?who’s = who has (contraction)
Who’s/Whose chair is this?whose = whom does it belong to (possessive)
Double contractions
Double contractions with have occur in speech but not in writing.
Examples
- Rita couldn’t’ve planned this all by herself. (could not have)
- Poco shouldn’t’ve bought that new car. (should not have)
- I’d’ve known if she’d been lying. (I would have)
The be verb doesn’t form double contractions.
Examples
- Incorrect: She’sn’t not happy.
Correct: She’s not happy.
Correct: She isn’t happy. - Incorrect: I’mn’t going on holiday this year.
Correct: I’m not going on holiday this year.
Other contractions
Certain words like ma’am are contracted in speech. An apostrophe is used to signify the omitted sounds.
Examples
- Yes, ma’am. I’ll send you the report today. (for madam)
- Call the bo’s’n! (for boatswain)
Let’s
The contraction let’s, used often in speech, is a contraction of let us, not let is. Use let’s to make suggestions.
Examples
- Let’s go watch a movie. (let us)
- Let’s play a game, shall we? (let us)
O’clock (contracted of)
The contraction o’clock is short for “of the clock” and is used to indicate time.
Examples
- Is it nine o’clock already?
- I usually wake up at six o’clock.
The word of is also contracted in other terms like man-o’-war, will-o’-the-wisp, cat-o’-nine-tails, and jack-o’-lantern.
G-dropping
In some dialects of English, the final sound of a word ending in -ing is not pronounced. When such speech is transcribed, an apostrophe is used to indicate the omitted “g.”
Examples
- We were just singin’ and dancin’ in the rain.
- Well, you know he’s a ramblin’ man.
Relaxed pronunciation
Phrases such as kind of and sort of, commonly used in casual conversation, are often contracted to kinda and sorta.
Examples
- I’m kinda confused about this layout.
- I’m sorta impressed by what she has done here.
- Would you like a cuppa tea?
In everyday speech, the infinitive marker to is sometimes combined with words such as going and want. Note that these are colloquialisms never used in formal writing.
Examples
- I wanna fly like a bird.
- I’m gonna go now.
- I hafta find out what happened.
Aphaeresis, syncope, apocope
In informal speech, the first unstressed syllable of a word is sometimes dropped (by a process called aphaeresis.) An apostrophe marks the missing syllable.
Examples
- I ain’t talkin’ ’bout that.
about
- You’ll do it ’cause I asked you to.
because
When a syllable or sound from the middle of a word is dropped, it is called syncope. An apostrophe marks the elision. It is often found in poetry, where meter is helped by the dropping of a sound.
Examples
- They flew o’er hills and mountains.
- Yes, ma’am, we have rooms available.
The omission or elision of syllables at the end of a word is called apocope.
Examples
- Did you watch the match on tele last night? (short for television)
- Have you uploaded the photo? (for photograph)
Poetic contractions
Words may be contracted in poetry for the sake of rhythm and meter. Such contractions are not otherwise found in writing. These include words like o’er (over), ’tis (it is), ’twas (it was), e’er (ever), and ne’er (never). Note that modern poets do not often require or use poetic contractions.
Examples
It ate the food it ne’er had eat,
And round and round it flew.I, smiling at him, shook my head:
’Tis now we’re tired, my heart and I.Gliding o’er all, through all,
Through Nature, Time, and Space . . .
Note
A contraction is a form of elision, in which sounds or syllables are elided or omitted for ease of speaking or for the sake of meter.
List of standard contractions in English
Here is a list of over 70 commonly used contractions in English.
Contraction | Full form |
---|---|
don’t | do not |
didn’t | did not |
isn’t | is not |
wasn’t | was not |
aren’t | are not (also am not) |
weren’t | were not |
hasn’t | has not |
haven’t | have not |
hadn’t | had not |
can’t | cannot |
couldn’t | could not |
shan’t | shall not |
shouldn’t | should not |
won’t | will not |
wouldn’t | would not |
mightn’t | might not |
mustn’t | must not |
oughtn’t | ought not |
needn’t | need not |
could’ve | could have |
should’ve | should have |
would’ve | would have |
might’ve | might have |
must’ve | must have |
I’m | I am |
you’re | you are |
she’s | she is, she has |
he’s | he is, he has |
it’s | it is, it has |
we’re | we are |
they’re | they are |
I’ve | I have |
you’ve | you have |
we’ve | we have |
they’ve | they have |
I’ll | I will |
you’ll | you will |
he’ll | he will |
she’ll | she will |
it’ll | it will |
we’ll | we will |
they’ll | they will |
I’d | I had, I would |
you’d | you had, you would |
she’d | she had, she would |
he’d | he had, he would |
it’d | it had, it would |
we’d | we had, we would |
they’d | they had, they would |
that’s | that is, that has |
that’ve | that have |
that’d | that would |
which’ve | which have |
who’s | who is, who has |
who’re | who are |
who’ve | who have |
who’d | who had, who would |
who’ll | who will |
what’s | what is, what has, what does |
what’re | what are |
what’ll | what will |
where’s | where is, where has |
where’d | where did |
when’s | when is, when has |
why’s | why is, why has |
why’d | why did |
how’s | how is, how has |
here’s | here is |
there’s | there is, there has |
there’ll | there will |
there’d | there had, there would |
let’s | let us |
ma’am | madam |
o’clock | of the clock |
One can contract I have to I’ve when have is a helping verb, e.g.
I’ve got an octopus in my pants.
Is contracting the main verb technically incorrect or merely antiquated? My father loves to say,
I’ve a month-old smoked shoulder I can cook for dinner,
and he sounds like a crazy old man when he does. I would like to know if I can shut him down by informing him that he is incorrect.
asked Dec 29, 2010 at 9:52
7
Contracting the main verb in a sentence is perfectly fine. It sounds awkward only when the pattern of prosodic stress falls on that word:
I have to do it.
* I’ve to do it.
I have yet to do it.
I’ve yet to do it.
But this is probably just because you can’t use a contracted form in a grammatically stressed position, such as:
I don’t know what it is.
* I don’t know what it’s.
But even then, there are sentences in which the stress falls on the contracted word and it doesn’t sound awkward, showing that it’s not ungrammatical except perhaps by the standards of a mad prescriptivist somewhere.
answered Dec 29, 2010 at 10:18
Jon PurdyJon Purdy
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In American English, the contracted form ’ve is only possible as an auxiliary verb. It is not grammatical as a main verb. This is not the case in British English, where it is grammatical, and this is one of the differences between British and American English
answered Dec 29, 2010 at 20:39
nohat♦nohat
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Yes.
I’d not even consider it antiquated. The contraction that is — the shoulder’s a different matter.
answered Dec 29, 2010 at 10:14
1
I disagree. «I’ve a lovely bunch of coconuts» (contracting the main verb) may be unusual in AmE, with «I have» or «I’ve got» being more likely, but it’s not ungrammatical here (in America).
answered Jul 30, 2017 at 16:07
BramBram
212 bronze badges
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By
Last updated:
March 27, 2023
You have probably heard someone use phrases like won’t or y’all before. They are in songs and in quotes. They can be heard on TV and in everyday conversations.
These are all examples of common contractions in English. They help simplify the language.
In this post, we will show you useful English contractions that you can memorize to improve your listening and reading comprehension.
We will also explain how you should use these contractions in your own speaking and writing, to get you sounding fluent faster.
Can’t wait to get started? Let’s begin!
Contents
- What Is a Contraction?
- English Contractions with “Be”
- English Contractions with “Will”
- English Contractions with “Have”
- English Contractions with “Would”
- English Contractions with “Had”
- Negative Contractions in English
- Miscellaneous Contractions in English
- How to Use Contractions in English the Right Way
- Resources to Practice Using English Contractions
Download:
This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you
can take anywhere.
Click here to get a copy. (Download)
What Is a Contraction?
In English, a contraction is a shortened version of a pair of words where at least one letter is dropped and an apostrophe ( ’ ) is added. For example, instead of saying “I am,” English speakers frequently use the contraction “I’m.” It has the same meaning, but it is a little shorter.
Contractions help to simplify language (they are great for keeping your comments on Twitter under the maximum character count!). Knowing different examples of contractions and their meanings is crucial because they are used everywhere in English, especially in conversational or informal situations.
To recognize contractions when reading English, look for the floating punctuation mark called an apostrophe (“I’m”), which appears in most common English contractions. If you ignore the apostrophe, you may mistake a contraction for another word.
For instance, the word “she’ll” (she will) could be misinterpreted for “shell” (as in, “a shell on the beach”), which has a completely different meaning. Pay attention to spelling and how apostrophes are used in different words when you read English aloud or in your head. This will help avoid mixing up words.
Keep in mind that apostrophes are also used when showing possession in English. In the phrase “the cat’s toy,” the apostrophe is telling us the toy belongs to the cat. Always make sure to look at the context of the sentence so you can understand why and how the apostrophe is being used.
Below, we will take a look at several common English contractions you should memorize. They’re made with the following words:
- Be
- Will
- Have
- Had
- Would
- Not
And others! Then we will discuss different situations in which to use them and, finally, we will provide some resources to help you practice using contractions correctly.
English Contractions with “Be”
Original | Contraction | Example |
---|---|---|
I am | I’m | I’m trying to improve my English. |
You are | You’re | You’re such a sweetheart! |
He is | He’s | He’s so handsome. |
She is | She’s | She’s very beautiful. |
They are | They’re | They’re really cute puppies! |
We are | We’re | We’re probably going to be late. |
It is | It’s | It’s not a problem. |
That is | That’s | That’s awesome! |
Here is | Here’s | Here’s the car I told you about. |
There is | There’s | There’s a fly in my soup! |
Who is | Who’s | Who’s going to the party tonight? |
Where is | Where’s | Where’s my key? |
When is | When’s | Congratulations! When’s the wedding? |
Why is | Why’s | Why’s he looking at me like that? |
What is | What’s | What’s for dinner? |
How is | How’s | How’s the new job? |
Everybody is | Everybody’s | Everybody’s here now! |
Nobody is | Nobody’s | Looks like nobody’s coming to the party. |
Something is | Something’s | Something’s making a funny noise. |
So is | So’s | I’m done with my food, and so’s he. |
English Contractions with “Will”
Original | Contraction | Example |
---|---|---|
I will | I’ll | I’ll finish the project later. |
You will | You’ll | You’ll regret that! |
He will | He’ll | He should put on a coat or he’ll get sick. |
She will | She’ll | She’ll love her birthday present. |
They will | They’ll | I hope they’ll get home before dark. |
It will | It’ll | Come to the party! It’ll be fun! |
We will | We’ll | We’ll arrive around 3 p.m. |
That will | That’ll | I’m not sure that’ll be enough. |
This will | This’ll | This’ll only take a minute. |
These will | These’ll | Those are too expensive. These’ll work just as well. |
There will | There’ll | There’ll be about 30 people at the meeting. |
Where will | Where’ll | Where’ll you go next? |
Who will | Who’ll | Who’ll take care of you when you get older? |
What will | What’ll | He lost his job last week. What’ll he do now? |
How will | How’ll | Our phones don’t work here. How’ll we contact each other? |
English Contractions with “Have”
Note: These contractions use “have” as a helping verb to indicate something that happened in the past.
In American English, contractions with “have” are only used in this situation.
Contractions are typically not used when “have” is the main verb showing possession. In other words, you could say I’ve seen that movie (I have seen that movie) but not I’ve a dog (I have a dog).
Original | Contraction | Example |
---|---|---|
I have | I’ve | I’ve been to his house before. |
You have | You’ve | You’ve been trying to contact her for days. |
He has | He’s | He’s been looking for a new job recently. |
She has | She’s | She’s already booked her hotel room. |
We have | We’ve | We’ve been wanting to visit for a long time. |
They have | They’ve | They’ve just arrived. |
Should have | Should’ve | We should’ve turned left at the last light. |
Could have | Could’ve | She could’ve scored high on the test, but she didn’t study enough. |
Would have | Would’ve | I didn’t know you were at the party. I would’ve said hello! |
Might have | Might’ve | I might’ve missed the error if you didn’t point it out to me. |
Must have | Must’ve | I must’ve forgotten the extra pens. I’m sorry. |
What have | What’ve | Oh no! What’ve you done? |
What has | What’s | What’s he been doing lately? |
Where have | Where’ve | Where’ve they already traveled to? |
Where has | Where’s | Where’s the cat been hiding? |
There have | There’ve | There’ve been a lot of thunderstorms this summer. |
There has | There’s | There’s been something different about you lately. |
These have | These’ve | Wear your other shoes; these’ve got mud on them. |
Who has | Who’s | Who’s got the marker? |
Notice that the contractions in this table that end with “s” look exactly the same as contractions using “is.”
So, both “he has” and “he is” contract to form “he’s.” Same with “she has,” “what has” and more.
Pay attention to the context of the sentence to understand the difference between these forms!
English Contractions with “Would”
Original | Contraction | Example |
---|---|---|
I would | I’d | I’d love to visit, but plane tickets are expensive. |
You would | You’d | I think you’d be a great salesman. |
He would | He’d | He’d probably be happier in a different city. |
She would | She’d | She’d like to get a dog. |
We would | We’d | We’d love to go see that new movie. |
They would | They’d | If my parents were here, they’d really like this hotel. |
It would | It’d | It’d be cheaper to buy all the tickets together. |
That would | That’d | Do you want to go to the circus? I think that’d be a fun experience. |
These would | These’d | I love sunflowers! These’d look great in my garden. |
There would | There’d | If he doesn’t come, then there’d only be five people for dinner. |
English Contractions with “Had”
Note: The contractions for “had” and “would” look exactly the same!
So how do you tell them apart? It is all about the context.
Contractions that use “had” are usually followed by a past participle of a verb. For example: “When she called, I’d been eating.”
You can’t use these contractions as just a past tense (for instance, you wouldn’t say “She’d a dog” for “She had a dog”).
There are also some common phrases that use these contractions, like “had better,” which means something should happen or be done. For example: “She’d better call me back later!”
Original | Contraction | Example |
---|---|---|
I had | I’d | I’d never been to the beach until last summer. |
You had | You’d | You’d better come look at this. |
He had | He’d | She wanted to go to the movies, but he’d already seen the film. |
She had | She’d | After searching for a month, she’d finally found the perfect bag. |
We had | We’d | We’d practiced often so that we could win the soccer match. |
They had | They’d | They’d already finished cooking by the time we arrived. |
There had | There’d | They went to the house that morning, but there’d been no one at home. |
Negative Contractions in English
All of these contractions use the word “not” to form a negative meaning.
Original | Contraction | Example |
---|---|---|
Do not | Don’t | I don’t know. |
Cannot | Can’t | You can’t have any more cookies. |
Must not | Mustn’t | You mustn’t touch that. |
Are not | Aren’t | They aren’t coming to dinner tonight. |
Could not | Couldn’t | She was so full that she couldn’t eat another bite. |
Would not | Wouldn’t | My sister wouldn’t ride a bike until she was 11 years old. |
Should not | Shouldn’t | You shouldn’t watch too much TV. |
Is not | Isn’t | That building isn’t safe. |
Does not | Doesn’t | He doesn’t understand what you said. |
Did not | Didn’t | I didn’t go grocery shopping today. |
Has not | Hasn’t | The mail still hasn’t come yet. |
Had not | Hadn’t | I hadn’t thought of that solution. |
Have not | Haven’t | They haven’t seen that movie. |
Was not | Wasn’t | That wasn’t a good idea. |
Will not | Won’t | I won’t be able to attend the meeting. |
Were not | Weren’t | Luckily, we weren’t hurt in the car accident. |
Am not; are not; is not; has not; have not | Ain’t | I ain’t interested in dance classes. |
Note that the word “mustn’t” is most commonly used in British English.
You should also be aware that the word “ain’t” is regional, and is considered slang in many areas.
Miscellaneous Contractions in English
Original | Contraction | Example |
---|---|---|
Let us | Let’s | Let’s go shopping this afternoon. |
You all | Y’all | Y’all need to pay attention. |
Where did | Where’d | Where’d the dog go? |
How did | How’d | How’d you know I was at the library? |
Why did | Why’d | Why’d you throw that paper ball at me? |
Who did | Who’d | Who’d you see at the store? |
When did | When’d | I didn’t see you come in! When’d you get here? |
What did | What’d | What’d you find? |
Good day | G’day | G’day to you! |
Madam | Ma’am | Have a good evening, ma’am. |
Of the clock | O’clock | It’s five o’clock now. |
Just like “ain’t,” the word “y’all” is regional and is considered slang in some places.
The contraction “g’day” is mainly used in Australia.
How to Use Contractions in English the Right Way
Okay, so now you know the common contractions in English—but you might not be comfortable using them yet. Here are some rules to help you speak or write confidently with contractions.
- Do not double up on contractions. There should only be one apostrophe in a word. For example, “you’re’nt” is not proper English and is just plain weird.
- With the exception of negative contractions, most contractions cannot go at the end of a sentence. Make sure to say the entire phrase. For example:
“Is the cold contagious?”
Correct: “The doctor said it is.”
Incorrect: “The doctor said it’s.”
However, negative contractions can end a sentence. Take a look at this example:
Correct: “If he goes to the party, I won’t.” (Here, we get a full understanding of the speaker’s intentions. The speaker will not go to the party.)
Incorrect: “If he goes to the party, I’ll.” (Here, the meaning is unclear. This sentence leaves the listener wondering: “You will what? You will go to the party, or you will avoid him?”)
- Contractions that sound very much like other words (also known as homophones) typically are not used at the end of sentences, either. These include it’s (sounds like its), they’re (sounds like there or their) and you’re (sounds like your).
For example, if we ask the question: “Are they coming on vacation?”
Correct: “Yes, they are.”
Incorrect: “Yes, they’re.”
Most of the time, it is acceptable to use contractions in everyday English. People use them all of the time in both spoken and written English.
However, sometimes contractions are considered less formal than the full phrase. Saying “I can’t help you” is more casual than saying “I cannot help you.”
Also, be aware that the words “y’all” and “ain’t” may be considered slang, depending on where you are. Some American dialects consider these contractions acceptable and use them a lot. In other places and situations, these words are considered very poor English and should be avoided. If you are in an English class, it is probably better to not use these words.
Make sure to always assess the situation to see if using a contraction is appropriate. Most of the time, though, using a standard contraction will be just fine.
Resources to Practice Using English Contractions
To master contractions, you will first want to memorize the list provided above. But you also need to be exposed to different speaking styles or dialects.
Practice with as many language partners or native speakers as possible. Even native speakers from the same area may speak differently and use different contractions.
If you need to find an English speaker to practice with, try using Wyzant, where you can choose from hundreds of English tutors to find one that matches your goals, learning style and budget. Wyzant is a cool option because you can choose in-person lessons or virtual tutoring using a webcam.
Most Wyzant tutors are experienced, certified educators who will have no problem providing expert contraction guidance or help with any other language need. Browse the profiles to start exploring your options.
You should also watch movies, YouTube videos and listen to songs from people from different English-speaking places. They can show contractions as used by native speakers, which will help you learn how to use them naturally.
For example, here is a YouTube video that uses the popular song “Call Me Maybe” to help explain contractions. It also has some more examples of slang contractions that are sometimes used in English.
If you want to hear more sophisticated language, watch a movie with very proper English, such as “Pride and Prejudice.” If you want to hear dialects with a lot of contractions and slang, you could try watching the popular TV series “The Walking Dead.”
But again, try watching all kinds of different shows and movies. The more English you are exposed to, the more you will learn!
Another resource is the language learning program FluentU. It has a library of short authentic videos that cover different topics. Each clip has interactive captions, so you can spot contractions and see how they’re used in context. You can also click on a contraction, or any other word or phrase, to get information about its definition, grammar and usage in sentences.
You can also get some interactive practice with online quizzes. Here are three to try:
- This quiz gives you a full sentence with a phrase that can be turned into a contraction. It gives you different answer choices to choose from and you need to pick the contraction that uses the apostrophe correctly.
- This quiz gives you a sentence and a phrase that needs to be turned into a contraction. However, there are no answer choices given and you need to write the phrase in its contraction form. It is very good practice!
- This site provides more examples of contractions being used in sentences. There is also a quiz at the very bottom where you need to choose the correct contraction based on the context of the sentence.
Unlike the other quizzes, this one does not tell you which phrase to use ahead of time. You have to figure it out yourself!
Now that you have learned the basics of contractions, use these resources and any others you can find to master contractions and improve your English!
Download:
This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you
can take anywhere.
Click here to get a copy. (Download)
Contraction means shortening. It also means the muscle contractions that a pregnant woman feels before she gives birth.
Or it can mean muscle contractions (shortening), like when you’re exercising.
I think you can already know that we’re not going to talk about pregnancy or bodybuilding. I’m not sorry about that.
This is about the shortening of I have to I’ve and I will to I’ll and stuff like that.
You need to know this to learn about tenses in English (verbs in different times).
I know that English tenses are difficult to learn. But once you know them, you’ll find that English is not such a difficult language.
You can’t learn the tenses by just listening to people, unfortunately. Maybe children can learn this way, but assuming you’re an adult, it’s more effective and faster for you to learn some rules. Why is this? Well, the problem is that English people don’t say you have but you’ve. They don’t say I am, but I’m. They don’t say I will but I’ll. And they don’t say: I would, but I’d.
This means you need to know the grammar but also which contractions are used. Contractions is the name for the short form.
In my experience, I know from teaching students that if they don’t know the tenses, they won’t hear that I’m saying ‘ll or ‘d. And they won’t be using those contractions themselves. Unless you do know these, however, you will not be able to speak correct English and make yourself understood by English-speaking people.
Here are the main ones you should know:
Present Simple Tense
Affirmative | Negative |
I’m | I’m not |
You’re | You’re not or you aren’t |
He’s | He isn’t or he’s not |
She’s | She isn’t or she’s not |
It’s (for it is)* | It isn’t or it’s not |
We’re | We aren’t or we’re not |
They’re | They aren’t or they’re not |
Present Perfect Tense
Affirmative | Negative |
I’ve | I haven’t |
You’ve | You haven’t |
He’s | He hasn’t |
She’s | She hasn’t |
It’s (for it has)* | It hasn’t |
We’ve | We haven’t |
They’ve | They haven’t |
*Please note that it’s for it has and it is sound exactly the same!
Modals
Can’t | Couldn’t |
Oughtn’t | Wouldn’t |
Needn’t | Mightn’t |
Shouldn’t | |
Mustn’t |
Past Tense
Didn’t (I didn’t, you didn’t, etc.) | I’d (for I had)** |
You’d | |
She’d | |
He’d —- [There is no it’d] | |
We’d | |
They’d |
Future with Will
Affirmative | Negative |
I’ll | I won’t |
You’ll | You won’t |
She’ll | Etc. |
He’ll | |
It’ll | |
We’ll | |
They’ll |
Would
Affirmative | Negative |
I’d (for I would)** | I wouldn’t |
You’d | You wouldn’t |
She’d | Etc. |
He’d | |
— (no it’d) | |
We’d | |
They’d |
**Please note that I’d can mean I had or I would (and the same with the other pronouns). You will know from the sentence which of the two is meant.
Questions & Answers (Pronouns)
Question | Affirmative |
Where’s (Where is/Where has) | There’s (There is/has) |
Where’ve | |
Who’s (Who is/Who has) | |
Who’ve | |
Who’ll | |
Who’d | |
When’s (When is/has) | Then’s (Then is/has) |
How’s (How is/has) | |
How’d | |
Why’s (Why is/has) | |
What’s (What is/has) | That’s (That is/has) |
That’ll |
You should ask your English teacher how to say the contractions. Or use Google Translate or your Text-to-Speech app to check the pronunciation.
What to Do with Names and Contractions?
Now suppose you’re not using a pronoun such as she, he, you, etc., but you’re using a name. Can you then use a contraction?
It depends on the name.
If the name goes well with the contraction, you can use it. For example: I want to say Henry has just come home. I can use a contraction, because I can say: Henry’s.
But if I want to say Henry will, I won’t be able to easily say: Henry’ll. So don’t use a contraction here. Henry will come home soon.
In general, it’s easier to stick an s from has or is at the end of a name. With will it’s more difficult. The same with the d from had or would (also more tricky).
Let’s see whether we can stick an s, d, or ll at the end of these names:
Dora
Dora’s ∨
Dora’d Dora would
Dora’ll Dora will
Donald
Donald’s ∨
Donald’d Donald would
Donald’ll Donald will
Vikram
Vikram’s ∨
Vikram’d Vikram would
Vikram’ll Vikram will
Chase
Chase’s Okay, but pronounce Chase-is
Chase’d Sounds too much like chased, so say Chase would
Chase’ll possible
Jesse (pronounced Jessie]
Jesse’s pronounce Jessies
Jesse’d possible, but Jesse would is okay too
Jesse’ll possible, but Jesse will is okay too
Do you use contractions with names? If you have any questions about this, please write in the comments.
Contractions with Other Words (Nouns)
The same problems can come up with other words that you’d like to contract, usually nouns.
For example, I want to say that my coffee has gone cold.
Can I contract this? Certainly.
My coffee’s gone cold.
And another example:
I want to say my book is finished.
So I’ll say: My book’s finished.
Now you can also see why beginning learners of English might find this difficult. They think that I’m saying: My books finished. But that doesn’t make sense with the grammar.
Should You Write Contractions or In Full?
There used to be a rule once that when you write, you need to write I will and you can’t write I’ll. This is not true anymore. You can write contractions, even in business emails, official letters and legal contracts.
Why Do Some People Say or Write Not instead of Using the Contractions?
When people say or write the word “not” in full, it can mean that they want to stress the negative. For example, you want to say that I can’t eat this cake, because it’s a present for a friend’s party. So you can say: “Please do not eat this cake.” This is stronger than saying: “Don’t eat this cake.”
When Do We Say Do/Does and Have etc. in Full in Some Answers?
When you answer a question, you can often say I have, he is or I do etc. for a short answer.
You can’t make those answers any shorter by using a contraction.
Here are some examples:
1 Have you seen Electra?
I have. (You can’t say I’ve.)
2 Has Kay been round this morning?
She has. (not: She’s)
3 You’re Glenn’s girlfriend, aren’t you?
Yes, I am. (not: I’m)
Maybe you’ve been able to see the rule for yourself.
Rule: You can’t shorten the auxiliary verb when there is no main verb.
To find out about auxiliary and main verbs, have a look here.
Now you can do a quiz.
Decide where you can use contractions in the following sentences. There can be one contraction, two, three or none at all.
Click here to do this quiz online and check your answers.
1 People have said I worry too much.
2 I know this has always been one of my big problems.
3 When I lend a book to someone, I worry when they will bring it back.
4 When they do not bring it back, I wonder whether they do not find it interesting.
5 When they say they will bring it back next week, I am afraid they are pulling my leg.
6 The only thing I do not worry about is whether the borrowers will damage my book.
7 I trust that my friends will not do funny things to my book.
8 You will probably say that I should not lend books to anyone.
9 But do I want to keep my books to myself only?
10 Nowadays I buy many digital books. That will take care of my little problem.
In English grammar, we might use the contracted form of a verb when we are speaking or writing informally.
Let’s look at a list of contracted forms of verbs (with their expanded form) so you know how to use them:
What is the contracted form of a verb?
A contraction is a shortened form of a verb that is used when two words are combined to form one.
This involves removing one or more letters and adding an apostrophe to create a new word. For example, “I am” becomes “I’m.”
When are contracted forms used?
Contracted forms are used frequently in everyday spoken language and informal written language, such as e-mails and text messages.
They cannot be used in formal, academic writing, or professional documents where each word needs to be spelled out completely.
The following is a list of common contracted forms of verbs:
- I am – I’m
- I am not – I ain’t
- Let us – Let’s
- I will – I’ll
- We will – We’ll
- I would – I’d
- We are – We’re
- You will – You’ll
- You would – You’d
- He is – He’s
- She is – She’s
- It is – It’s
- She has – She’s
- He has – He’s
- It has – It’s
- We have – We’ve
- They have – They’ve
- Where is – Where’s
- Who is – Who’s
- There is – There’s
- They are – They’re
- They will – They’ll
- Might have – Might’ve
- Must have – must’ve
Negative Common Contractions
- Is not – Isn’t
- Are not – Aren’t
- Can not – Can’t
- Was not – Wasn’t
- Could not – Couldn’t
- Did not – Didn’t
- Have not – Haven’t
- Had not – Hadn’t
- Has not – Hasn’t
- Should not – Shouldn’t
- Would not – Wouldn’t
- Were not – Weren’t
- Will not – Won’t
While contracted forms of verbs are usually informal in nature, it is always best to use the full form in a formal context.
Contractions With The Verb HAVE
Here are some shortened forms of the verb “have.”
- I have – I’ve
- You have – You’ve
- He has – He’s
- She has – She’s
- It has – It’s
- We have – We’ve
- They have – They’ve
- I have not – I haven’t – I’ve not
- You have not – You haven’t – You’ve not
- He has not – He hasn’t – He’s not
- She has not – She hasn’t – She’s not
- It has not – It hasn’t – It’s not
- We have not got – We haven’t – We’ve not
- They have not got – They haven’t – they’ve not
The contracted form “haven’t” is more common than the contraction with not. However, this may vary depending on the region you are living.
Example sentences:
We have not met. We’ve not met (less common). We haven’t met (more common).
Contractions With The Verb HAVE (Past Form)
- I had – I’d
- You had – You’d
- He had – He’d
- She had – She’d
- It had – It’d
- We had – We’d
- They had – They’d
- I had not – I hadn’t – I’d not
- You had not – You hadn’t – You’d not
- He had not – He hadn’t – He’d Not
- She had not – She hadn’t – She’d Not
- It had not – It hadn’t – It’d Not
- We had not – We hadn’t – We’d Not
- They had not – They hadn’t – They’d Not
In American English, instead of saying:
“I have a new toy” they prefer to say, “I’ve got a new toy.” This is informal. However, “I’ve a new toy” is also correct; it’s just less common.
However, “has” can never be contracted when it’s the main verb in the sentence and in the third person present tense (he, she, it).
For example:
- She has food.
“She’s food.” This is incorrect. Instead, we can say, “She’s got food”
- He has a bicycle.
“He’s a bicycle.” This is incorrect. Instead, we can say, “He’s got a new bicycle.”
However, if “have” is the auxiliary (helping) verb, then we can contract the verb:
- He has arrived.
“He’s arrived.” This is correct, as the main verb is “arrive” and not have.
- It has snowed.
“It’s snowed.” This is correct as the main verb is “snow” and not have.
Contractions With The Verb BE
- I am – I’m
- You are – You’re
- He is – He’s
- She is – She’s
- It is – It’s
- We are – We’re
- They are – They’re
- There is – There’s
- How is – How’s
- What is – What’s
- Where is – Where’s
- Here is – Here’s
- You are not – you aren’t – you’re not
- He is not – he isn’t – he’s not
- She is not – she isn’t – she’s not
- It is not – it isn’t – it’s not
- We are not – we aren’t – we’re not
- They are not – they aren’t – they’re not
The contracted form “isn’t/aren’t” and “not” are used interchangeably and you will hear both said.
If you want to emphasize that you are not involved in something, you might be more inclined to use the “not” contracted form when speaking, although either contracted form is perfectly fine.
For example, “she’s not a liar.”
Contractions with the Verb BE (Past Form)
- I was not – I wasn’t
- You were not – You weren’t
- He was not – he wasn’t
- She was not – she wasn’t
- It was not – it wasn’t
- We were not – we weren’t
- They were not – they weren’t
You can also use the contracted form with a noun, for example, “the dog’s on the sofa” (the dog is on the sofa) and “Alice’s here” (Alice is here).
Again this is informal and is more common when speaking.
Contractions with the verb DO
- I do not – I don’t
- You do not – You don’t
- He does not – He doesn’t
- She does not – She doesn’t
- We do not – We don’t
- They do not – They don’t
Contractions with the Verb DO (Past Form)
- I did not – I didn’t
- You did not – You didn’t
- He did not – He didn’t
- She did not – She didn’t
- It did not – It didn’t
- We did not – We didn’t
- They did not – They didn’t
Contractions With The Modal Verb WILL
- I will – I’ll
- He will – He’ll
- She will – She’ll
- It will – It’ll
- We will – We’ll
- They will – They’ll
- I will not – I won’t – I’ll not
- He will not – He won’t – He’ll not
- She will not – She won’t – She’ll not
- It will not – It won’t – It’ll not
- We will not – We won’t – We’ll not
- They will not – They won’t – They’ll not
Nowadays, most people say “won’t” instead of “not.
For example,
- “I’ll not go to the dance.” (old-fashioned; not common)
- I won’t go to the dance.” (more common)
Contractions with the modal verb WOULD
- I would – I’d
- He would – He’d
- She would – She’d
- It would – It’d
- We would – We’d
- They would – They’d
- I would not – I wouldn’t – I’d not
- He would not – He wouldn’t – He’d not
- She would not- She wouldn’t- She’d not
- It would not – It wouldn’t – It’d not
- We would not – We wouldn’t – We’d not
- They would not – They’d not- They’d not
“I’d not” is grammatically correct but sounds odd to native English speakers as it is not used. It is most more common to say I wouldn’t, he wouldn’t, she wouldn’t, etc.
Contractions with the modal verb WOULD (Past Form)
- I would have – I would’ve – I’d have
- You would have – You would’ve – You’d have
- He would have – He would’ve – He’d have
- She would have – She would’ve – She’d have
- It would have – It would’ve – It’d have
- We would have – We would’ve – We’d have
- They would have- They would’ve – They’d have
- I would not have – I wouldn’t have- I’d not have
- He would not have – He wouldn’t have- He’d not have
- She would not have – She wouldn’t have- She’d not have
- It would not have – It wouldn’t have- It’d not have
- We would not have – We wouldn’t have- We’d not have
- They would not have – They would’ve – They’d not have
“I’d not have” is grammatically correct but sounds strange to native English speakers as it is not spoken. It is most more common to say I wouldn’t have, he wouldn’t have, she wouldn’t have, etc.
Short Forms of Other Modal Verbs
The modals can, may, must, should, and can also be contracted when used as auxiliaries. For example, “He can’t do it,” “She shouldn’t have come,” and “I wouldn’t have done it.”
- Cannot – Can’t
- Can Not Have – Can’t’ve
- Must not – Mustn’t
- Must not have – Mustn’t’ve
- Should not- Shouldn’t
- Should not have – Shouldn’t’ve
- Shall not – Shan’t
- Shall not have – Shalln’t’ve
- Used not – Usen’t – Usedn’t
- Could not – Couldn’t
- Could not have – Couldn’t’ve
- Might not – Mightn’t
- Might not have – Mightn’t’ve
- Ought not to – Oughtn’t to
- Ought not have – Oughtn’t’ve
- Need not – Needn’t
- Need not have – Needn’t’ve
- Will not – Won’t
- Will not have – Won’t’ve
- Dare not – Daren’t
- Dare not have – Daren’t’ve
- Had Not – Hadn’t
Some of the contractions are rare and awkward, like “oughtn’t’ve” and “usedn’t.”
In Conclusion
The contracted forms of verbs are informal and are used more commonly in speech.
It is good to know them in case you hear them in spoken English, and their usage varies depending on the region.
I’m an Irish tutor and founder of TPR Teaching. I started teaching in 2016 and have since taught in the UK, Spain, and online.
I love learning new things about the English language and how to teach it better. I’m always trying to improve my knowledge, so I can better meet the needs of others!
I enjoy traveling, nature walks, and soaking up a new culture. Please share the posts if you find them helpful!
Lesson 1: Contractions
What are contractions?
A contraction is a word made by shortening and combining two words. Words like can’t (can + not), don’t (do + not), and I’ve (I + have) are all contractions.
People use contractions in both speaking and writing. They’re so common that movies and books often try to make characters seem old-fashioned or strange by having them never use contractions. This is a little silly because English speakers have been using contractions for centuries—although not always the same ones we use today.
Writing contractions
All contractions include a punctuation mark that looks like this:
This is an apostrophe. Knowing where to put the apostrophe can seem tricky, but there’s a pretty simple rule that works with every contraction. Remember how we said contractions are made of two words that have been shortened? The apostrophe replaces any letters that are in the original words, but that aren’t in the contraction.
For instance, the contraction couldn’t means could not. As you can see, the o in not isn’t in the word couldn’t. The apostrophe goes in its place, right between the n and t.
Let’s look at another example. You’ll means you will. This contraction is missing two letters from the word will: w and i. The apostrophe goes where these missing letters belong: between the u and the first l.
In some parts of the United States, you can address a group of people by using a special contraction for you + all. It’s written below—without the apostrophe. Click the spot where the apostrophe should be.
Nope!
Putting the apostrophe here just doesn’t work. The apostrophe always takes the place of missing letters in a contraction. There aren’t any missing letters in the word all.
Not quite!
Remember, this contraction means you + all, or youall. Which letters are missing? The apostrophe should go in the space where the missing letters belong.
That’s right!
Y’all is a contraction of you all. The missing letters are ou, so the apostrophe goes in their place — right after the y.
Common contractions
In English, there are a fairly small number of contractions, and they’re all made out of common words. Here are some of the contractions you’ll see the most:
You might have noticed that the word won’t is a little different from the other contractions. It means will not, even though the word will isn’t there. This is because won’t is based on a much older form of the word will. Even though the word changed, the contraction stayed the same!
Writing with contractions
If anyone tells you that you should never use contractions in writing, they’re wrong. It’s perfectly OK to use contractions in most writing, including newspapers, fiction, and instructions. In fact, using contractions can make your writing simpler and easier to read.
However, if you’re writing an academic paper or anything else that’s formal, you may want to avoid contractions. If you’re writing for school, it might be a good idea to ask your teacher if contractions are OK.
/en/grammar/possessives/content/
Complete list of contraction words. Learn different types of contraction words.
What are contraction words?
Contraction words are the abbreviated form of word or words. It is a shortened version of the written and spoken forms of a word, or a word group, which is created by omission of internal letters and sounds. It is also called structured words in a reduced form.
Contractions of auxiliaries:
Below is the list of contractions of an auxiliary word,
- For has, ‘s
- For have, ‘ve
- For am, ‘m
- For is, ‘s
- For are, ‘re
- For had, ‘d
- For will/shall, ‘ll
Negative Contraction words:
- To do type words: don’t, doesn’t, didn’t
- To be type words: isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t
- To have type words: hasn’t, haven’t, hadn’t
Alphabetical List of contractions
- aren’t — are not
- can’t — cannot
- couldn’t — could not
- could’ve — could have
- daren’t — dare not
- didn’t — did not
- doesn’t — does not
- don’t — do not
- hadn’t — had not
- hasn’t — has not
- haven’t — have not
- he’d — he had
- he’d — he would
- he’ll — he shall
- he’ll — he will
- he’s — he has
- he’s — he is
- how’s — how has
- how’s — how is
- I’d — I had
- I’d — I would
- I’ll — I shall
- I’ll — I will
- I’m — I am
- isn’t — is not
- I’ve — I have
- let’s — let us
- mightn’t — might not
- might’ve — might have
- mustn’t — must not
- must’ve — must have
- needn’t — need not
- oughtn’t — ought not
- shan’t — shall not
- she’d — she had
- she’d — she would
- she’ll — she shall
- she’ll — she will
- she’s — she has
- she’s — she is
- shouldn’t — should not
- should’ve — should have
- that’s — that has
- that’s — that is
- there’s — there has
- there’s — there is
- they’d — they had
- they’d — they would
- they’ll — they shall
- they’ll — they will
- they’re — they are
- they’ve — they have
- we’d — we had
- We’ll — we will
- We’ll — we shall
- we’d — we would
- weren’t — were not
- we’re — we are
- we’ve — we have
- what’ll — what shall
- what’ll — what will
- what’re— what are
- what’s — what has
- what’s — what is
- what’ve — what have
- when’s —when has
- where’ll — where shall
- where’ll — where will
- where’s — where has
- where’s — where is
- who’d — who had
- who’d — who would
- who’ll — who shall
- who’ll — who will
- who’re — who are
- who’s — who has
- who’s — who is
- who’ve — who have
- won’t — will not
- wouldn’t — would not
- would’ve — would have
- you’d — you had
- you’d — you would
- you’ll — you shall
- you’ll — you will
- you’re — you are
- you’ve — you have