What for do we use linking or connective words?
Linking or connective words and phrases are used to show relationships between ideas. They can be used to join two or more sentences or clauses.
Linking words help to connect ideas and sentences when you speak or write English. We can use linking words to give examples, add information, summarise, sequence information, give a reason or result, or to contrast ideas.
Using linking or connective words and phrases
- can improve the quality of your speech
- your ideas flow more smoothly
- the logical relationships between the ideas are expressed clearer
- act like bridges between parts of your writing and speaking
- you decorate your written work or speech by making them sound or read better.
Here’s a list of the most common linking words and phrases:
To state personal opinion
In my opinion
In my opinion, Sunday is the best day of the week.
In my view
In my view, golf is just a game and not a sport.
Personally
Personally, I am against zoos.
I believe that
I believe that new sports facilities are necessary for our school.
It seems to me that
It seems to me that this magazine will be very popular among teenagers.
I think that
I think that the problem of polluted environment is one of the most urgent.
As for me
As for me, I am greatly interested in art.
As far as I am concerned
As far as I am concerned, art plays an essential part in my life.
There are a number of reasons why I believe
There are a number of reasons why I believe that television is one of the main sources of information.
To my mind
To my mind, there are many good sportsmen in our school.
To my way of thinking
To my way of thinking, tests are not a good way of measuring someone’s knowledge.
Personally I believe that …
Personally I believe that learning about survival skills sounds incredibly interesting.
It strikes me that
It strikes me that so few of them were willing to help.
I feel very strongly that
I feel very strongly that we have to do community work, such as helping the elderly.
I’m inclined to believe that
I’m inclined to believe that students have to wear a school uniform.
Based on what I know
Based on what I know, school helps to become a better person.
I am convinced
I am convinced you should avoid fizzy drinks.
Speaking for myself
Speaking for myself, I watch TV no more than two hours a day.
I am confident that
I am confident that children should use computers sensibly.
To list points
First(ly), first of all, to start with, to begin with
Firstly it is wrong and secondly it is extremely difficult to implement. First of all, let me ask you something. She wasn’t very keen on the idea to start with. To begin with, his is a genuine talent.
For a start
You’re bored and don’t knowwhat to do? Well, you could go play outside, for a start! I’m sick of living in this city —for a start, the traffic makes commuting to work an absolute nightmare!
In the first place
Why didn’t you tell me in the first place that you’ve decided to leave?
initially (at first)
Iitially, he thought the new concept was nonsense. Initially, Steve cleared tables and washed up
first and foremost
He is first and foremost a teacher. First and foremost, I want to thank all of you for being here tonight.
Second(ly)
I want two things from my boss – firstly, a pay rise, and secondly, a longer contract.
Third(ly)
There are three factors to take into account: firstly cost, secondly time, and thirdly staff.i
in the second place
I don’t want to go yet – in the first place I’m not ready, and in the second place it’s raining.
subsequently (after a particular thing has happened; afterward)
The officer decided to stop and subsequently made an arrest.
simultaneously (at the same time)
The telethon was broadcast simultaneously on 31 US networks.
and then
Data were systematically analysed separately and then compared with one another.
next
Next, entire cities banned smoking in all indoor public places.
formerly (previously, earlier, before)
Formerly, a hectare of this precious vineyard was worth 30,000 francs.
previously
Previously, there had been 25 houses sold at or above the independent appraised value.
finally
Finally, I’d like to thank everyone for coming this evening.
on the whole (all in all, altogether)
On the whole, it was quite a good speech.
ultimately (finally; in the end)
Ultimately, it’s a question of who is more popular.
lastly
Lastly, I’d like to ask you about your plans. Lastly, add the lemon juice.
last of all
Last of all, I again want to say a lot of thanks to you for this rare occasion and for the possibility of explaining the position of Ukraine in relation to very important issues discussed here today.
last but not the least
I would like to thank my publisher, my editor and, last but not the least, my husband.
To add more points on the same topic
what is more
He was now a king, and what was more, a well-beloved king.
You should remember it, and what’s more, you should get it right.
furthermore
Computers are cheaper nowadays; furthermore, they are lighter.
moreover
The report is badly written. Moreover, it’s inaccurate.
in adding (to this)
in addition
You haven’t paid the rent yet. In addition, you owe me money. Chris is on the basketball team this semester at Indiana School for the Deaf. In addition, he is on the soccer team.
in addition to this
John’s grades are terrible because he has been so lazy these days. In addition to this, his relationship to his parents got worse.
another reason
We will be here for one more week so we can finish up our work. Another reason we are staying longer is because we do not want to miss the conference.
besides
The trip is too expensive. Besides, I don’t really like hot weather.
also
John likes camping in the mountains. Also, John is an experienced hiker.
too (in addition; also)
not only … but
If the project fails this will have terrible consequences not only on our department, but also on the whole organization.
above all (most importantly)
Above all, don’t forget to call when you get there.
along with ( in addition to)
This is a plane carrying heavy radar equipment along with full fuel tanks. I went to the concert along with my friend.
additionally (also)
“Additionally, 45,000 people have already exhausted their unemployment benefits this year,” he said.
as well as
Rural women include farmers, as well as domestic servants.
equally important
This agenda item is equally important. Promoting inter-cultural dialogue was equally important.
To show sequence
Beginning: First, First of all, To start with
Continuing: Secondly, After that, Then, Next
Concluding: Finally, Lastly, Last but not least
To show cause and effect
because
We can’t go to Sue’s party because we’ll be busy working on our project.
because of
The plane was delayed because of the foggy weather. I was late to work because of the heavy traffic.
consequently (as a result)
He had spent most of his time hanging around instead of revising his lessons. Consequently, he had a lot of trouble answering the exam questions. The company is expanding. Consequently, there are jobs on offer. They have recruited more people and consequently the service is better. Flexible workers find themselves in great demand, and consequently earn high salaries
due to the fact that
This is partly due to the fact that many of them lack a basic education certificate. This is partly due to the fact that certain expectations cannot any longer be met.
as a consequence
This is constantly growing population of the Earth and as a consequence growing level of consumption. Many Arab countries were involved in actual military confrontation with Israel and, as a consequence, some of their territory was occupied.
as a result
Prices were reduced by 20%. As a result, sales increased. The weather is supposed to be drizzly and chilly today; as a result, the Festival will be cancelled.
therefore
A hurricane has been announced. Therefore, air traffic will be disrupted. I was too tired; therefore I decided not to go to the state fair last night.
for that reason
The school bus broke down last week and has not been repaired yet. So for that reason, our dance group is unable to go to Washington, D.C. to perform at Kennedy Center.
owing to (because of)
The concert has been cancelled owing to lack of interest.
since (for the reason that, because)
Delegates were delighted, since better protection of rhino reserves will help protect other rare species.
as (while, just as, at the time that)
Frank watched him as he ambled through the crowd.
for
She remained silent, for she was so depressed to talk.
thus
It is raining today thus we are not going to the beach.
that’s why
Ricky worked all day, from 8am until 11pm. That is why he stayed home instead of going camping with us.
To show similarity
likewise (in the same way; also)
The dream of young people is to grow old, and it is likewise the dream of their parents to relive youth. Just water the plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom. Informal: “I don’t have time to spend hours preparing one dish!” “Likewise!” (= it’s the same for me)
similarly (in a similar way)
The children were similarly dressed. Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles have to stop too.
in the same way
My mother did everything she could to educate us. In the same way, we put a high value on our children’s education.
To show contrast
yet
Sharon has not visited the Land of the Dragons, yet if she had had a kid, she would have gone by now.
however
The hotel was open. However, nobody came to the reception desk.
nevertheless (despite what has just been said or referred to)
Brain drain has terrible consequences on the developing countries. Nevertheless, nothing has been done to solve the problem or at least reduce its negative effects. He had severe injuries; nevertheless, he completely recovered.
nonetheless (in spite of that; nevertheless)
The weather was bitterly cold. He went hiking nonetheless. The play was great, nonetheless, I was sick of seeing it after the fourth time.
but
She’s very hard-working but not very imaginative. This is not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance. The play’s good, but not that good – I’ve seen better. I’m sorry, but I think you’re wrong when you say she did it deliberately.
Call me old-fashioned but I like handwritten letters. You can invite Keith to the party, but please don’t ask that friend of his party, but please don’t ask that friend of his. She’s not a painter but a writer. She’s not only a painter but also a writer. We mustn’t complain about the problem, but help put it right. I think it’s true, but then, I’m not an expert.
though
Though I eat green beans because they are healthy, I hate them.
although
Although she’s very nice, her classmates hate her. Although Steven was extremely tired, he washed the dishes.
even though (although)
Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister.
even if
He is poor and has no house, but even if he had money, he wouldn’t buy a house.
in spite of the fact / despite the fact
In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.
in spite of / despite
In spite of/despite being blind, he walked to the station. Despite Fred’s old age, he goes jogging every morning. In spite of the cold weather, they enjoyed themselves.
whereas (in contrast or comparison with the fact that)
They have got two children, a boy and girl. The boy takes after his father whereas the girl takes after the mother. Tom is rich, whereas Jack is poor.
on the other hand
Laptops are convenient; on the other hand, they can be expensive.
on the contrary / conversely
Northern European countries had a great summer. On the contrary/conversely, southern Europe had poor weather.
To give examples
for instance / for example
There are several problems to consider; for instance/for example, there is a lack of public transport. Not all birds eat berries. For example, vultures eat dead animals.
such as
I have a few things to take care of such as paying bills, cleaning the house, and going to the post office.
like (such as; for example)
They study lots of subjects at school, like history, languages, maths, science, etc.
particularly (especially)
We’re particularly interested to hear from people who speak two or more European languages. I didn’t particularly want to go, but I had to.
in particular (especially)
What in particular did you like about the last apartment that we saw? Are you looking for anything in particular?
especially
He didn’t especially like dancing. I like sports games, especially basketball.
to illustrate
Jeff is an interesting person to know. To illustrate, he knows a lot about the history of Ireland.
Expressing purpose
in order to
She wakes up early in order to be on time to work.
in order not to
I left home early in order not to be late for the appointment.
so as
They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife
so as not
He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.
so that
She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues.
To assert obvious truth
no doubt
There is no doubt that the dog buried the bone in the garden.
undoubtedly
Jeff told us an undoubtedly true story that was very scary.
without a doubt
The judge, without a doubt, thinks capital punishment is wrong.
of course
Of course, Sarah is going to the beach this weekend with her parents. She needs a break from Gallaudet.
naturally
Naturally Steven is not going to agree with that plan.
in fact
In fact, he thinks that the idea of setting up a business selling scarves would surely fail. Lisa decided not to go to King Islands. In fact she told me, “No, way.”
certainly
Certainly, you may borrow my book on the history of the community. But, be sure to return it to me next week.
conceding that
Conceding that Sally is a strong skater, Rachel still believes she will be able to beat her in the Olympics. Rachel wants to become the first deaf ice skater to receive a gold medal.
in other words
I feel that our last Student Council meeting did not go well. In other words, it was a fine mess.
needless to say (obviously)
Needless to say, because of the accident he won’t be at work for a while.
To introduce a conclusion
Finally
Finally, I’d like to thank everyone for coming this evening.
Lastly (used to show when something comes after all the other things in a list)
In accepting this award, I would like to thank the producer, the director, the scriptwriter, and, lastly, the film crew.
All in all
Sure, it rained on our vacation, but all in all we had a great time. All in all, the team has a bright future, even though
they didn’t make the playoffs this year. All in all, it was a very good party. All in all, I’m glad that I visited New York
City.
Taking everything into account
But taking everything into account, we can state that the general situation in the region is improving.
On the whole
On the whole, it is clear that tobacco production represents a small part of most economies.
In conclusion
In conclusion, she stressed the need for realistic and achievable targets.
To conclude
To conclude, I want to wish you all a very happy holiday season.
To crown it all
I had lost my ticket, was soaked to the skin and, to crown it all, discovered that my purse had been stolen.
To sum up
To sum up, our team is now one of the best in the world.
In brief
In brief, some improvements in the middle school program need to be made.
In a nutshell
Well, to put it in a nutshell, we’re lost.
Нам бывает непросто выразить свои мысли лаконично и связно, когда мы общаемся на английском, пишем электронные письма по работе, отправляем сообщения иностранным друзьям. Сегодня расскажем, какие связующие выражения и вводные слова можно использовать, чтобы сделать вашу речь красивой, понятной и логичной.
Что такое linking words
Для начала нужно разобраться, что такое linking words и зачем их нужно знать.
Linking words — это связующие элементы, которые употребляют для логического перехода от одной мысли к другой. Они сделают вашу речь или письмо понятнее для англоговорящего читателя и обеспечат более высокий балл при сдаче любого экзамена. По-другому их называют discourse markers — маркеры беседы, связующие обороты речи.
Linking words могут быть выражены отдельными словами (например, however) или фразами (например, as a result), относиться к разным частям речи и употребляться в разных частях предложения.
| Часть речи | Слова-связки | Место в предложении | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|
| Союз | Like, because, although | В большинстве случаев ставятся в середине предложения, но могут быть и в начале, например although. | Although shopping online is quite cheap, delivery periods can be very long. — Несмотря на то, что покупать онлайн довольно дешево, сроки доставки могут быть очень долгими. |
| Предлог | Due to, despite the fact that, because | Ставятся перед существительными. | Young professionals are moving abroad because of low salaries in their native country. — Молодые специалисты переезжают за границу из-за низких зарплат в их родной стране. |
| Наречие | Therefore, indeed | Ставятся в начале предложения, выделяются запятыми. | The deadlines of the project are close. Therefore, we need to begin the launch of our product. — Сроки завершения проекта поджимают. Поэтому нам нужно запускать наш продукт. |
Linking words можно разделить на множество групп в зависимости от их функции (противопоставление, добавление новой информации, введение, заключение и т. д.). Давайте разберем каждую группу отдельно.
1. Purpose — цель написания
Эта группа наиболее важная, ведь в любой письменной работе мы указываем цель ее написания. Эссе, письмо другу или e-mail по работе — в большинстве случаев мы начинаем с объяснения, зачем мы пишем тот или иной текст. Например:
- in order to do smth, so as to do smth — чтобы сделать что-то;
- so that — чтобы;
- to that/this end — с этой целью.
I am writing to you so as to confirm my participation at the conference. — Я пишу вам, чтобы подтвердить свое участие в конференции.
I would like to confirm my participation at the conference so that there is no misunderstanding. — Я бы хотел подтвердить свое участие в конференции, чтобы не было недопонимания.
Zoologists are seeking to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched. — Зоологи пытаются понять, как животные общаются друг с другом. С этой целью было начато новое исследование.
Хотите как можно скорее заговорить на английском? Тогда записывайтесь на бесплатный пробный урок.
2. Opinion and emphasizing — выражать мнение и акцентировать внимание
Это также одна из наиболее полезных групп linking words, так как во многих письменных заданиях необходимо выразить свое мнение по поводу той или иной идеи. Наиболее употребляемая фраза — in my opinion (по моему мнению). Как же можно заменить это выражение?
- in my view, to my mind, to my way of thinking — на мой взгляд, по моему мнению;
- personally, I believe that — лично я думаю, что;
- I feel strongly that — я глубоко убежден, что;
- I am inclined to believe that — я склонен полагать, что;
- it strikes me that, it seems to me that — мне кажется, что;
- as far as I am concerned — насколько мне известно.
To my way of thinking, in any occupation talent is more important than skills. — На мой взгляд, в любой профессии талант важнее умений.
I am inclined to believe that the problem of malnutrition in poor countries doesn’t depend on technological development. — Я склонен полагать, что проблема недоедания в бедных странах не зависит от развития технологий.
It strikes me that there is a larger issue in the team. — Мне кажется, что в команде есть еще более весомая проблема.
Иногда хочется подчеркнуть особую важность того или иного факта. Следующие слова помогут красочно, а главное, правильно это сделать:
- clearly, obviously — определенно, очевидно, бесспорно;
- needless to say — само собой разумеется;
- significantly, importantly — что особенно важно.
Clearly, if everyone were allowed to carry a gun, the crime rate would rise. — Бесспорно, если бы каждому было позволено носить оружие, уровень преступности возрос бы.
Importantly, the writer was being employed by the leading party when he wrote this work, and was therefore under pressure. — Что особенно важно, писатель работал на ведущую партию, когда написал данную работу, и поэтому был под давлением.
3. Listing facts and addition — перечисление фактов и добавление новой информации
В подтверждение вашему мнению зачастую необходимо привести ряд доказательств. Правильно и логично их выразить помогут следующие связующие слова и фразы, они всегда на письме выделяются запятой.
- firstly, first of all — во-первых;
- first — для начала;
- to start with, to begin with — прежде всего;
- in the first place — в первую очередь;
- secondly — во-вторых;
- thirdly — в-третьих;
- then, next — затем;
- afterwards, after that — после этого;
- finally — наконец;
- lastly — в заключение;
- last but not the least — последнее, но не менее важное.
To begin with, you should wash the wound in the cold water. Next, wrap a bandage around the cut. Lastly, put the patient in a comfortable position. — Прежде всего, вам следует промыть рану холодной водой. Затем обмотайте рану бинтом. В заключение, положите пациента в удобное положение.
Если вы хотите добавить какую-либо информацию к своему высказыванию, используйте подходящие слова-связки. Одна из типичных ошибок — это постоянное использование союза and (и) и also (также). В английском языке существует множество альтернативных слов и фраз:
- moreover, furthermore, in addition — более того (используются в начале предложения);
- besides — кроме того;
- as well as — так же, как и;
- coupled with — наряду с;
- not only … but also — не только …, а также и;
- not to mention, to say nothing of — не говоря уже о (используется, чтобы подчеркнуть новый аргумент);
- on top of that — сверх всего прочего, вдобавок ко всему;
- not only that, but — при этом.
That war caused suffering to millions of people worldwide, not to mention its impact on countries’ economy. — Эта война обрекла на страдания миллионы людей по всему миру, не говоря уже о ее влиянии на экономику стран.
The characters of the novel missed their train, and on top of that they were alone in the middle of nowhere. — Герои романа опоздали на поезд, и вдобавок ко всему они остались одни в глуши.
4. Contrast — противопоставление
Уметь правильно высказать противоположные мнения или факты также важно. Вместо обычного but (но) употребляйте следующие linking words:
- however — однако;
- on the one hand — с одной стороны;
- on the other hand — с другой стороны;
- having said that — вместе с тем, при этом;
- then again, that said — впрочем, хотя;
- yet — тем не менее (если стоит в начале предложения);
- despite smth, in spite of smth, notwithstanding smth — несмотря на что-либо;
- nonetheless, nevertheless — несмотря на это, все равно.
It is well known that the first landing on the Moon took place on July 20, 1969. Having said that, some people assert that it is a hoax. — Всем хорошо известно, что первая высадка на Луну была 20 июля 1969 года. При этом некоторые утверждают, что это ложь.
The manager says that a fire was the reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was paid to say this. — Менеджер утверждает, что причиной случившегося стал пожар. Впрочем, возможно, что ему заплатили, чтобы он так сказал.
Ann was not doing well in her physics course. Yet, she managed to get a high grade in the final exam. — Анна не очень хорошо училась по физике. Тем не менее ей удалось получить высокую оценку за итоговый экзамен.
Notwithstanding some members’ objections, the company went ahead with the plan. — Несмотря на возражения некоторых членов, компания продолжила идти по намеченному плану.
The research had its limitations, but it was important for us nevertheless. — В исследовании были свои ограничения, но оно все равно было важным для нас.
5. Comparing — сравнение
При сравнении двух точек зрения можно использовать следующие linking words:
- likewise, similarly — равно как и, таким же образом, аналогично;
- whereas — тогда как;
- conversely — и наоборот, в свою очередь;
- by contrast, in comparison — напротив, зато, в противоположность;
- although, even though — хотя;
- unlike — в отличие от.
Cars must stop at red traffic lights. Likewise, bicycles have to stop too. — Машины должна останавливаться на красный свет. Таким же образом должны поступать и велосипедисты.
People who aim to climb corporate ladders develop this trait while growing up. Conversely, people who search for stability acquire these values in their childhood. — Люди, которые стремятся идти по карьерной лестнице, приобретают эту черту характера пока взрослеют. В свою очередь, люди, которые ищут стабильность, получают эти ценности в детстве.
The marketing department suffers from absenteeism. By contrast, the call center employees are performing very well. — В отделе маркетинга наблюдается проблема отсутствия работников без уважительной причины. Зато сотрудники колл-центра работают очень хорошо.
The village festival went well, unlike the previous year when very few people came. — Сельский праздник прошел хорошо, в отличие от предыдущего года, когда собралось совсем мало людей.
6. Cause and consequence — причина и следствие
Важно уметь не только выражать свое мнение, но и аргументировать его. Многие изучающие английский язык делают ошибку, используя только because (потому что) и so (поэтому), тогда как существует множество синонимичных слов и фраз для выражения причин или следствий:
- Cause — причина
- since, as — так как;
- owing to the fact that, due to the fact that — в связи с тем, что;
- on the grounds that — исходя из того, что;
- in view of, in light of — принимая во внимание, исходя из;
- because of — из-за.
Since they had to wait for the train, they decided to have a cup of coffee. — Так как им нужно было ждать поезд, они решили выпить по чашке кофе.
Many members have objected to the proposal on the grounds that it would be too costly. — Многие члены не одобрили предложение исходя из того, что оно может быть слишком затратным.
In view of the late hour, the chairman decided to put off that discussion until the next meeting. — Принимая во внимание позднее время, председатель решил отложить обсуждение до следующего собрания. - Consequence — следствие
- consequently — следовательно;
- as a result — в результате этого;
- as a consequence — вследствие этого, как следствие;
- therefore — поэтому;
- for this reason — по этой причине, в силу вышесказанного;
- thus — так, таким образом.
Nowadays young adults receive a lot of help from their parents. As a consequence, they are remain unemployed longer than previous generations did. — Сегодня молодые люди получают много помощи со стороны родителей. Вследствие этого они остаются безработными дольше, чем представители предыдущих поколений.
We were unable to get funding. For this reason, we had to abandon that idea. — Нам не удалось получить финансирование. По этой причине нам пришлось оставить эту идею.
This plan will reduce waste, and thus cut costs. — Благодаря этому плану мы сможем сократить количество отходов и таким образом снизить расходы.
7. Example — пример
Помимо всем известного выражения for example (например) есть и несколько других вариантов linking words, позволяющих привести пример:
- for instance — например;
- to give an illustration — наглядно показать;
- such as — такой как, а именно;
- particularly, in particular, especially — в особенности.
Some birds migrate to avoid harsh winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south. — Некоторые птицы мигрируют, чтобы избежать суровых зим. Ласточки, например, ранней зимой улетают из Великобритании на юг.
To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of obesity. — Для наглядности давайте рассмотрим проблему ожирения.
If you want to decrease your chances of having a heart attack, you should reduce your intake of meat, in particular red meat. — Если хотите уменьшить вероятность инфаркта, вы должны сократить потребление мяса, в особенности красного.
8. Condition — условие
Следующая группа linking words позволит добавить уточнение к уже сказанному или сделать оговорку:
- provided that, providing that, providing, on the condition that — при условии, что;
- in the event of, in case of — при возникновении, на случай (после ставится существительное);
- in the event that, in case — в случае, если.
He can borrow my car providing he doesn’t drive too fast. — Он может взять мою машину при условии, что не будет ехать слишком быстро.
It’s better to take an umbrella in case of rain. — Лучше взять зонтик на случай дождя.
In the event that trouble starts, lock all the doors! — В случае если начнутся волнения, закрой все двери!
Если вы хотите говорить грамотно, свободно выражать свои мысли и не делать ошибок на письме, запишитесь на курс «Практическая грамматика».
9. Introduction and conclusion — введение и заключение
В этой части разберем, какие слова-связки подходят для введения и заключения:
- Introduction — введение
Зачастую в начале письменных работ можно привести какое-то общеизвестное мнение или факт, таким образом представив тему, о которой пойдет речь. Употребляйте следующие фразы:
- it is widely believed that — многие считают, что / повсеместно считается, что;
- people often claim that — люди часто утверждают, что;
- some people argue that — некоторые люди приводят аргументы, что / утверждают, что;
- as a general rule, generally — как правило, обычно;
- on the whole, in general — в целом, в общем.
It is widely believed that the Earth is the only planet in our solar system where life is possible. — Считается, что Земля — это единственная планета в нашей солнечной системе, где возможна жизнь.
As a general rule, people who exercise regularly do not suffer from stress. But some people argue that they are still exposed to stress-related problems. — Как правило, люди, которые регулярно делают физические упражнения, не страдают от стресса. Но некоторые утверждают, что они все равно подвержены проблемам, вызванным стрессом. - Conclusion — заключение
- taking everything into account, all things considered — принимая все во внимание;
- as was previously stated — как уже отмечалось ранее;
- in conclusion — в заключение;
- to sum up — подводя итог;
- above all — главным образом, а главное;
- all in all — подводя итог изложенному выше, отметим.
All things considered, we can state that the general situation in the region is improving. — Принимая все во внимание, можно заявить, что общая ситуация в регионе улучшается.
To sum up, it is unlikely that mankind will ever bring an end to all wars. — Подводя итог, маловероятно, что человечество когда-либо положит конец войнам.
Above all, it is important to remember that natural resources are depleting. — Главное, важно помнить, что природные богатства истощаются.
All in all, the problem of civil war victims in these countries still remains. — Подводя итог изложенному выше, отметим, что проблема жертв гражданской войны в этих странах по-прежнему существует.
Теперь вы сможете более уверенно высказывать свое мнение, выражать несогласие или наоборот поддерживать точку зрения своего собеседника. Предлагаем вам повторить пройденный материал и пройти тест.
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Сегодня мы поговорим о словах-связках (linking words) и фразах-связках в английском языке.
Содержание статьи:
Что такое linking words and phrases?
Таблицы linking words с переводом.
Упражнения на отработку linking words and phrases.
Что такое linking words and phrases?
В английской речи или на письме Вы можете использовать слова-связки (linking words) или короткие фразы (linking phrases), которые помогут организовать Вашу речь и сделать ее более логичной и понятной для того, кто Вас слушает или читает.
Слова-связки могут быть разными частями речи. Linking words важны для написания достойного и связного эссе (essay writing).
Обратите внимание, на использование слов-связок: неправильное использование linking words в английском языке может полностью изменить смысл того, что вы пытаетесь сказать.
Ниже приводятся таблицы слов-связок и фраз-связок с переводом. Этот перечень не является исчерпывающим. Будьте осторожны: хотя linking words and phrases сгруппированы в наших таблицах по сферам применения, слова-связки в каждой из таблиц не являются синонимичными – для их правильного применения необходимо уточнить перевод, а также место в предложении.
Некоторые слова-связки и фразы используются в нескольких таблицах, так как могут иметь различное (логическое) значение.
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Listing (слова-связки, используемые для перечисления, организации логической последовательности). |
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first, second, third |
Первое, второе, третье |
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firstly, secondly, thirdly |
Во-первых, во-вторых, в-третьих |
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first, furthermore, finally |
Во-первых, кроме того, наконец-то |
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to begin, to conclude, in conclusion |
Для начала, чтобы сделать вывод, в завершение |
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next, last, finally |
следующий, последний, наконец |
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In addition, moreover |
Кроме того, кроме того |
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Further, furthermore |
Далее / кроме того, |
Примеры с переводом
Firstly, it could be rather risky, secondly, we don’t have enough qualification. – Во-первых, это может быть очень рискованно, во-вторых, у нас нет достаточной квалификации.
And, moreover, Greg was a man of stainless character. – И, более того, Грег был человеком с честным характером.
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Reinforcement (слова-связки, употребляющиеся для усиления, подкрепления мысли ) |
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also |
также |
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furthermore |
кроме того |
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moreover |
более того |
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what is more |
более того |
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in addition |
кроме того |
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besides |
кроме того |
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above all |
прежде всего |
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as well (as) |
также (как) |
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in the same way |
таким же образом |
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not only … but also |
не только … но и |
Примеры с переводом:
And, besides, I did not know the whole truth myself then. – И, кроме того, я и сам-то всей правды тогда не знал.
Molly is not only intelligent but also beautiful. – Молли не только умна, но и красива.
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Similarity (слова-связки для выражения схожести / похожести) |
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equally |
одинаково |
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likewise |
также |
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similarly |
аналогично |
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correspondingly |
соответственно |
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in the same way |
таким же образом |
Примеры с переводом
Development banks, likewise, increased their loan commitments in 1999. — Банки развития также увеличили объем своих кредитов в 1999 году.
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Giving examples (слова-связки для примера, введения дополнительной информации) |
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for example |
например |
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for instance |
например |
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as follows: |
следующим образом: |
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that is |
то есть |
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namely |
а именно |
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in other words |
другими словами |
Примеры с переводом:
Three students were mentioned, namely John, Sarah and Sylvia. – Трое студентов были упомянуты, а именно Джон, Сара и Сильвия.
China, for example, faces increasing export difficulties – Китай, к примеру, все больше сталкивается с проблемами в области экспорта.
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Summary (слова связки для подведения итогов высказывания) |
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in conclusion |
в заключение |
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to conclude |
в заключение |
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in brief |
в кратце |
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to summarise |
подводя итог |
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overall |
в целом |
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therefore |
поэтому |
Примеры с переводом:
I wish in conclusion to express the view of the Group. — В заключение я хотел бы выразить мнение Группы.
But overall, the situation has not changed much. — Однако в целом ситуация существенно не изменилась.
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Expressing an alternative (слова-связки, которые используются для выражения альтернативы) |
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alternatively |
в качестве альтернативы / как вариант |
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rather |
скорее |
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on the other hand |
с другой стороны |
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the alternative is |
Альтернатива такова |
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another possibility would be |
другой возможностью могло бы быть |
Примеры с переводом:
Alternatively, we can assume that price changes stay large even as the period gets shorter. –В качестве альтенативы, можно предположить, что изменения цен остаются значительными, даже в случае сокращения периода.
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Result/consequence (слова-связки для выражения результата / следствия) |
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so |
так |
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therefore |
поэтому |
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as a result/consequence |
в результате/вследствие |
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accordingly |
соответственно |
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consequently |
следовательно |
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because of this/that |
из-за этого/ того |
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thus |
таким образом |
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hence |
Отсюда |
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for this/that reason |
По этой / той причине |
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so that |
так что |
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in that case |
в том случае |
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under these circumstances |
при таких обстоятельствах |
Примеры с переводом:
Central Asia thus remains only weakly integrated into the world economy. – Центральная Азия, таким образом, остается лишь ограниченно интегрированной в мировую экономику.
In these circumstances, there will be temporary financial loss to fishermen. – В таких обстоятельствах рыбаки будут терпеть временные финансовые потери.
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Stating the obvious (слова-связки для выражения очевидности мысли) |
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obviously |
очевидно |
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clearly |
ясно |
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naturally |
естественно |
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of course |
конечно |
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as can be expected |
как можно ожидать |
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surely |
конечно |
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after all |
Ведь, в общем, помимо прочего |
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Undoubtedly |
Несомненно |
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Indeed |
Действительно |
Примеры с переводом:
«I’ve obviously missed something,»– Видимо, я что-то недопонял.
He was, after all, a humorless child. — Он, в общем, и в детстве обладал не слишком развитым чувством юмора.
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Emphasis (слова-связки для акцентирования мысли) |
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Generally |
Вообще |
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Admittedly |
Правда |
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In fact |
На самом деле |
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Particularly / in particular |
Особенно / в особенности |
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Especially |
Особенно |
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Importantly |
Главное |
Примеры с переводом:
Admittedly, the dates haven’t been fixed yet. – Правда, сроки еще не указаны.
More importantly, nine new services will be offered to our customers. – И, что еще важнее, клиентам будут предложены девять новых видов услуг.
Linking words exercises. Упражнения на слова-связки.
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answers to the given text.
There are many reasons for visiting the city of Rome. _________ (1) , it is a city with an interesting history.__________ (2), it was the capital of the Roman Empire. _________ (3), Rome is very beautiful, _________ (4) its many palaces, churches and squares. __________ (5), many of the city’s classical monuments have been preserved, __________ (6) it is possible to see how the city used to be. ___________ (7), many people travel to Rome every year. ____________ (8), I believe that, ___________ (9) a trip to Rome may be expensive, it is well worth visiting such a wonderful city.
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A |
B |
C |
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1 |
Since |
On the whole |
Firstly |
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2 |
Secondly |
Finally |
Therefore |
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3 |
in order to |
Moreover |
All in all |
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4 |
due to |
because |
so |
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5 |
Apart from |
However |
In addition |
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6 |
because |
so |
And |
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7 |
Because |
But |
For this reason |
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8 |
To sum up |
Although |
For example |
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9 |
moreover |
although |
due to |
Exercise 2. Choose the correct linking word.
- I have never been here before… (as/but/and) my friend has.
- We took a taxi… (in short/but/because) we were late.
- This house is beautiful… (In addition to/ However/ Because), it is in poor condition.
- I was tired, … (so/for example/since) I went to bed early.
- … (All in all / Despite / Although) she felt ill, she didn’t call the doctor.
- Some foods, … (moreover/as a result/such as) chocolate, are very fattening.
- Everyone attended the meeting… (whose / whereas / apart from) Steve, who was on holiday.
- Is this the boy… (whose/which/ what) parents own the factory.
Ответы к упражнениям на linking words.
Ex. 1.
1c, 2a, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6b, 7c, 8a, 9b
Ex. 2.
1 but, 2 because, 3 however, 4 so, 5 although, 6 such as, 7 apart from, 8 whose
Понравилось? Сохраните на будущее и поделитесь с друзьями!
Unless you are a robot, then you know that writing requires some level of flow for readers to understand. Connecting words or linking words help writers create continuity in writing.
In this guide, we will cover not only what connecting words are, but their functions and when to use them.
A Quick Review of Conjunctions
Connecting words, at their core, are just conjunctions. But, when you are unsure of what a conjunction is, then you can’t effectively use connecting words.
A conjunction is a word that links other words, phrases, or clauses together.
There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating, correlative, and subordinating. Each of these conjunctions includes connecting words, so it’s safe to safe that connecting words and conjunctions are virtually the same thing.
The most significant difference with connecting words is that they also include phrases to more clearly express a thought.
The Original Coordinating Conjunctions
We are taught coordinating conjunctions in elementary school, so it’s easy to understand why this might feel easy to some. Do you remember how you were taught in school to remember connecting words? If you’re like me, then teachers drilled us to recognize the simple mnemonic device: F A N B O Y S
Fanboys is a group of letters that each represents a connecting word.
F = For
A = And
N = Not
B = But
O = Or
Y = Yet
S = So
These basic connecting words are the jumping – off point to dig deeper into the various purposes of connecting words.
Below we have extended the list of connecting words to the eight most common roles of connecting words.
One Final Usage Rule
It is commonly taught that coordinating conjunctions should never be at the beginning of a sentence. But this is incorrect. There are many opportunities where it is correct to use a conjunction at the beginning of a sentence.
Do English usage rules like this confuse you? You’re not alone. English is complicated and filled with rules that can make it difficult to know if you are trying to become a better writer.
ArgoPrep is ready to help! With online access to countless resources, users have seen an improvement to their test scores and abilities in as little as 30 days.
What are Connecting Words?
A connecting word or phrase is used to connect two separate thoughts. You could use connecting words for a variety of different reasons, including:
- To Give Examples
- Add Information
- Summarize
- Sequence Ideas
- Give a Reason
- Give a Result
- Contrast Ideas
- Emphasize a Thought
- To Make a Concession
- To Generalize a Thought
- To Restate Prior Thoughts
Connecting words go by a variety of different names, including linking words and transitions. At the core, all of these things have the same goal, which is to connect thoughts in writing.
Just like the example above of the robot, without connecting words, writing can feel blocky and unrelated.
Connecting words serve as the glue to bind thoughts together in a logical way and also helps drive home the “point” (or ) of writing.
Examples of Connecting Words
| Type | example |
| To Give Examples |
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| Add Information |
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| Summarize |
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| Sequence Ideas |
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| Give a Reason |
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| Give a Result |
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| Contrast Ideas |
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| Establish Opposition |
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Conclusion
If you want to add interest to your writing, but aren’t sure how a great place to start is connecting words. There are many different forms of connecting words, so it’s important to determine your purpose before selecting the words you’re going to use.
Let’s review:
- Conjunctions are the basic form of connecting words.
- There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating, correlative, and subordinating.
- The most basic conjunctions are the words that create fanboys (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
- Connecting words connect different thoughts.
- There are many kinds of connecting words to use so that your purpose can be communicated to your readers.
- If you are struggling with concepts like connecting words, check out ArgoPrep for easy-to-use and high-impact resources to help you grow.
Connecting words and phrases in the English language is one area you will need to master, as you are learning the language. The English language is difficult, but hopefully, this short article will help you understand how to use linking words and phrases correctly.
When Would You Need to Connect Words and Phrases in English?
Words and phrases need to be connected for a variety of reasons. For example, you may want to make a comparison, contrast, show purpose or demonstrate condition. Most of the connectives, words that form the connection, are used to join two clauses together or start a new sentence expanding on the previous statement.
Linking Clauses Within A Sentence
The words included here are used when you want to join two parts of the sentence together.
Although/even though
- Although she is old, she can still run far.
Even if
- She is pretty and single, but even if she wasn’t pretty, she would still be single.
In case
- You might want to take flat shoes; in case you want to dance later.
In spite of/despite
- In spite of/despite the fact she was busy, she still made time to volunteer.
So that
- He took a large umbrella so that if it rained, he wouldn’t get wet.
Whatever
- You can rely on me whatever happens.
Whereas
- Samantha has a dog, whereas Billy does not.
Whenever
- I would lend money to you whenever you need it.
Wherever
- I will still care for you wherever you go.
Above are different word choices you may use when you are linking two parts (or clauses) of a sentence. This list is by no means extensive and you may find other connectives that fit your subject better. These are just a few examples to show you some different connectives and how they can be used within a sentence.
Linking Two Separate Sentences
The linking words and phrases included here are used when you want to link two complete sentences together. Remember, if a connective word starts the sentence it should be followed by a comma. The words in this section will be grouped, as they can often be used in place of one another.
As a result/Consequently/Furthermore
- The company is growing. Consequently, there will be more jobs on offer.
Besides/Furthermore/In addition/More over
- The holiday is too expensive. Besides, I don’t really want to go.
However/Nevertheless/Nonetheless
- The shop was open. However, nobody came to the kiosk.
In the same way/ Likewise/ Similarly
- I believe that teenagers are respectful. Similarly, research has shown this.
The above words can be used if you are linking two separate sentences together. As stated before, the list is not exhaustive. However, this should give you a good idea of the connectives out there and the way to use them to join two sentences.
In Summary
The English language is tricky to learn and connecting words (or connectives) are part of that. Hopefully, there are enough examples of linking words and phrases included here to get you started. You may even be able to add more to the list yourself.