Complete the sentences with one of the word in brackets

Example: In
many countries, smoking has been outlawed(law) in
public places.

1 We
had a big _________ (celebrate) for my uncle’s 75th birthday.

2 When
we finished university, Axel and I formed a ________ (partner) and
started our own business.

3 ________
(apparent) Luke wants to quit his job and move to Bolivia.

4 After
the crash, the ________ (wound) were taken to the local hospital for
treatment.

5 A
famous ________ (history) visited our school and told us a lot of
stories about the past.

6 Many
animals are fighting for ________ (survive) as humans continue to
destroy the environment.

7 At
the school disco, the boys ________ (number) the girls. There were
three times as many boys.

8 I’m
afraid we ________ (estimate) how popular the tour would be. 1,200
people asked to join, but we only have 100 places.

9 The
villa has an ________ (door) tennis court so we can only play if it
isn’t raining or too hot.

10 After
my illness, it took me several weeks to get back my ________
(strong).

10

Vocabulary total

40

PRONUNCIATION

8 Match the words with the same sound.

sociallyyell tedious buzz comfortimpressive hiss troops put off
donation charge

Example: know
socially

1 qualifications_________________

2 chance_________________

3 feelings
_________________

4 mortgage
_________________

5 revolution
_________________

6 neighbourhood
_________________

7 cut
short _________________

8 impression
_________________

9 joke
_________________

10 used
_________________

10

9 Underlinethe stressed syllable.

Example: repetitive

1 maternity

2 nuclear

3 figure

4 trouble

5 afford

6 income

7 withdraw

8 defeat

9 captivity

10 poached

10

Pronunciation total

20

Grammar, Vocabulary, and Pronunciation total

100

READING

1 Read the article and tick () a, b, or c.

THE
SCIENCE OF PERSUASION

A
Persuasion is key to business and to much more besides. In many
walks of life and in many situations, persuading people to do what
you want them to do is the key to success. Is persuasion a science
with rules that can be taught and learnt, or is it simply a matter of
instinct and personal experience? Researchers have looked into
different aspects of persuasion and come up with some interesting
results.

B
One advertising copywriter, for example, came up with an approach
to selling a product on a TV shopping channel via phones sales that
differed from the norm for such advertising. Instead of being
instructed: ‘Operators are waiting, please call now’, viewers
were told ‘If operators are busy, please call again’. This might
appear to have been a risky tactic, putting potential buyers off by
suggesting that they would have to waste their time calling
repeatedly until they finally got through to someone to take their
order. But the results were extraordinary and an unprecedented number
of sales resulted. The advert suggested that instead of there being
lots of operators sitting there and hoping people would call, there
were so many people who wanted the product that people might have to
wait until they could get it. This showed just how desirable the
product was. Potential customers decided that, if so many other
people wanted it, they definitely wanted it too.

C
What role does choice have in persuading people to buy or get
something? One study looked at the choices employees made when
offered different retirement programmes. This showed that the more
choices people were given, the less likely they were to choose
anything at all. Another study in a supermarket revealed a similar
effect of choice. A particular supermarket displayed either 6 or 24
different kinds of jam. When there were 24 jams to choose from, 3% of
customers went to the display and bought one of the jams. When there
were 6 jams on display, 30% of customers did so.

D
To what extent can fear play a part in
persuasion? One experiment involved public health leaflets on the
dangers of tetanus infection. Some of the leaflets consisted almost
entirely of frightening images of infected people, with a bit of
information about infection, while some contained no images at all,
only information about infection. Some included information on where
people should go to get tetanus injections to protect themselves,
while others only gave this information and nothing else. The outcome
was that the greatest number of people who went for injections were
those who had been given the leaflet with both frightening images and
instructions on where for injections. People who had been
given the leaflets dealing only with infection did nothing. The
conclusion was that fear paralyses people if no solution is offered,
but if people are frightened and offered a solution they are
motivated to take action.

E
Research has also looked into the issue of restaurants persuading
people who have booked to let them know if they are not going to turn
up. This shows that getting people to promise to do something makes
them more likely to do it than simply asking them to do it. If the
restaurant asks people to call if they can’t make it, 30% of them
simply don’t turn up and don’t tell the restaurant. If, however,
the restaurant asks them to call if they have to cancel and they
reply that they will do so, only 10% fail to notify the restaurant in
advance that they will not be coming.

F
Another aspect of persuasion concerns getting someone to change
their mind. Everyone knows how hard this can be. It’s hard to prove
to someone that a previous decision was wrong, and as people get
older they get less and less willing to change their minds. This is
because people want things to be consistent, they want their
attitudes, statements, values and actions to follow a set pattern.
The only way to persuade them to change is to acknowledge this by
agreeing that the previous decision they made was a perfectly
understandable one. This allows them to focus on your suggestion
without feeling that their previous decision was wrong in any way. As
a result, they may be persuaded to break out of their established
pattern without feeling uncomfortable about doing so.

1 In
section A, the writer raises the question of whether or not
________.

A
business is different from other walks in life with regard to
persuasion     

B
persuasion is as important as people say it is     

C
it is possible to generalize about how persuasion works     

2 The
writer says that the instruction mentioned in section B ________.

A
sounds like a bad idea     B was given by mistake    

C
was necessary in the circumstances     

3 How
did some people react to the instruction mentioned in section B?

A
Many of them bought more than one of the product.     

B
Their interest in the product increased.     

C
They bought something they didn’t want.     

4 In
both of the studies mentioned in section C, ________.

A
some of the choices proved more attractive than others     

B
the number of choices affected what people did     

C
only a few people selected any of the choices     

5 What
is said about the leaflets mentioned in section D?

A
Some of them contained images that were not frightening.     

B
Some of them contained images and information.     

C
Some of them contained only images.     

6 What
did the experiment described in section D show?

A
Fear alone can prevent people from taking action.     

B
Fear always causes people to take action.     

C
Fear persuades people to take action more than information does.
    

7 The
research described in section E involved ________.

A
asking people to do different things     

B
making the same request more than once     C people agreeing to a request    

8
In section F, the writer says that trying to persuade people
to change their minds can ________.

A
take longer with some people than with others     

B
seem like a challenge to ordinary behaviour     

C
fail for reasons that do not seem logical     

9 The
writer advises in section F that you should not ________.

A
discuss the other person’s attitude in general     

B
make your suggestion too strongly     C criticize a previous decision    

10 The
writer’s purpose in the article as a whole is to ________.

A
discuss a number of different forms of persuasion     

B
advise the reader on how to get better at persuasion     

C
compare the results of various research into persuasion     

10

Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Check in the Word List.
1 Weren’t the  …. vows beautiful at Anna and Nick’s .. …..? (wedding/marriage)
ITALY
‘My parents both come from large families, but in ours there’s just my brother and I. Although the birth rate has dropped a lot here in recent years, family still takes priority. My parents make us feel special. We can express ourselves openly and have our opinions listened to. We have lots of family celebrations and we often share Sunday lunch with my grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins. Meal times are really important to us, as they are to most Italians. After dinner, we often dress up and go out for a passeggiata, or evening stroll.’
Sylvia, 19
ENGLAND
‘My parents are separated, so my sister and I live with our mum. We spend most weekends at our father’s place though, as our parents think it is important that they both remain a big part of our lives. I don’t see much of either of my grandparents as they live in different cities. I am very close to my maternal grandmother though, and I speak to her on the phone a lot.’
Thomas, 17
Jordan
‘My family is the centre of my life. Family hierarchy is very important in Jordan and the young show respect to the old at all times. Getting married and having a family is a top priority for me. My marriage will probably be arranged by my father, which is quite common here. I have a large family and my house is often full of relatives visiting us. Indeed, the concept of privacy is alien to us Jordanians!
Aalia, 17
JAPAN
‘The Japanese believe that the strength and support of the family is essential for reaching your full potential in life. Like all Japanese children, I was taught to obey authority and to be very polite, as poor behaviour would reflect badly on my family. Being a parent is considered a very important role. My sister and brother-in-law have just had their first child, so they have started calling each other ‘Otoosan’ and ‘Okaasan’ (Father and Mother) instead of their first names. This is very common here!’
Takumi, 18
2) ) There are just four people in my ………………..family, but more than twenty in my ………………family. (extended/immediate)
3) ) My ….. grandmother lives in a little …… cottage. (old/elderly)
4) ) My) ) ……… who came to the family celebration spanned three……………..! (generations/relations)
5) ) Some ……………of ours recently gave us a photo album full of pictures of our …………..) ) ) ) (ancestors/relatives)
6) ) A……….family consists of father, mother and children whereas a) ) family consists of one parent and children (single parent, nuclear)

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Текст:

After lunch Claire said, «I want to go for a walk.» «Don’t get lost,» Aunt Mm told her. There was a cold wind, and it got colder when she came to the castle field. But it was a nice, sunny afternoon— an afternoon to laugh at stories aboutghosts, she thought.
Claire moved across and up the field quickly. Soon she was near the dark towers. There was no sun here and it was very cold. It was quiet. There were nosounds of birds or animals. She went over to the tallest tower — the Black Tower, the boy called it. Did the woman die here? There was a door at the bottom. Inside, stone stairs went up to the top. Suddenly Claire was afraid. «»Why am I afraid?» she thought. «Ghosts?» Then she heard a sound. She thought it was a bird and looked up quickly… and a big stone fell from the top of the tower…

Задание:

Вставьте слова в запись дневника Claire:

23 December. Today I decided to go to the 1.) … . It was a 2.)… afternoon.I went quickly across the 3.)… I laughed at stories about 4.)… . Soon I got to the tallest 5.)… . There was no 6.) … here. I was 7.)… . I saw a 8.) … in a tower. Inside I saw stone 9.)… . At first I wanted to go there. Then I heard a 10.)… . A big 11.) … fell from the 12.)… of the tower. I jumped away and looked up. I saw 13.)…