Прослушайте аудио урок с дополнительными объяснениями
Что же такое «слова – связки»? Это те слова или словосочетания, которые помогают нам построить красивый рассказ, соединяя между собой предложения и помогающие нам делать плавный переход от одного высказывания к другому.
Используя такие слова в своей речи, Вы покажете своё умение красиво владеть иностранным языком, сможете выразить своё мнение, показать удивление или восторг. Такие слова сделают Ваше общение более эмоциональным и интересным для собеседника.
Ниже мы подготовили для Вас таблицу с такими словами. Возможно, некоторые слова Вам будут уже знакомы, а какие-то Вы встретите впервые.
Вводное слово-связка | Вариант в английском языке |
---|---|
а это значит | it means |
без сомнений | without any doubt |
более того | moreover; and what’s more |
более-менее | more or less |
было бы неплохо | it would be nice (good, great) |
было бы лучше | it would be better |
в данном случае | in this case |
в конце концов, в конечном счете | after all; finally; in the end; eventually |
в общем | in general; on the whole |
в то же время | at the same time |
в том-то и дело | exactly; that’s the point |
в частности | in particular; specifically |
вернее, точнее | to be more exact; to be more precise |
вероятнее всего | most probably |
вероятно | probably |
во всяком случае | anyway |
возможно (может быть) | possibly; perhaps; maybe |
во-первых | first; first of all |
впрочем | however; though |
вы шутите | are you kidding? |
действительно (по правде) | indeed; really |
должно быть | it must be; apparently |
другими словами | in other words |
если говорить честно | to be honest; to tell the truth; frankly |
если хочешь | if you like/want |
жаль | unfortunately; it’s a pity |
и все-таки (несмотря ни на что) | for all that; still; however; nevertheless |
и наоборот | on the contrary |
и потом | and then; besides |
или же | or |
или сказать лучше | or rather |
именно так | just so |
иначе говоря | in other words |
итак | thus; so; well |
как видите | as you can see |
как минимум | at least |
как это ни странно | actually; curiously enough |
конечно! | certainly; surely; of course |
короче говоря | to be brief; in short |
кроме всего прочего | in addition; besides |
кроме того | besides (that); moreover; what’s more |
кстати | incidentally; by the way |
мало того | moreover; more than that |
между нами | between ourselves; between you and me |
между прочим | by the way; incidentally |
мне очень жаль | I’m very sorry |
может быть | perhaps; maybe |
на первый взгляд | at first sight |
на самом деле | actually; in fact |
наверное | probably |
надеюсь | I hope; hopefully |
наконец-то! | at last! |
например | for example; for instance |
не могу поверить; слишком хорошо, чтобы оказаться правдой! | I can’t believe it; too good to be true! |
несомненно | undoubtedly; no doubt; beyond all doubt |
нет слов | (I don’t know) what to say! |
обычно | usually; normally |
однако | however; nevertheless |
откровенно говоря | frankly speaking |
очевидно | apparently; obviously; evidently |
по моему мнению | in my opinion |
пожалуйста | (при вежливой просьбе) please |
почти | almost; nearly |
представь себе | just imagine! |
поэтому | therefore; (and) so; that is why |
ради Бога! | for God’s sake! |
с одной стороны | on the one hand |
с другой стороны | on the other hand |
само собой разумеется; конечно | it goes without saying; of course |
слава Богу | thank God, thank goodness |
следовательно | consequently; therefore; so |
следует заметить | it should be noted |
так что | so; so that |
таким образом | thus; in that way; therefore |
тем не менее | nevertheless; for all that |
то есть | that is |
хотя | though; although |
черт возьми! | damn it; dammit!; damn it all! |
что значит; это значит | it means |
это невозможно | it’s impossible |
это не секрет | it’s no secret that |
это правда | that is true |
я думаю, считаю | I think; I believe |
- communication word
-
Телекоммуникации: блок хранения информации, набор символов
Универсальный англо-русский словарь.
.
2011.
Смотреть что такое «communication word» в других словарях:
-
Communication theory — is a field of information and mathematics that studies the technical process of information[1] and the human process of human communication.[2] Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins … Wikipedia
-
Word of mouth (disambiguation) — Word of Mouth may refer to:*word of mouth, a method of communication * Word of Mouth (The Kinks album) * Word of Mouth (Jaco Pastorius album) * Word of Mouth (Vicious Rumors album) * Word of Mouth (The Blueskins album) * Word of Mouth (John… … Wikipedia
-
word-of-mouth — adjective expressed orally a viva voce report the film had good word of mouth publicity • Syn: ↑viva voce • Similar to: ↑spoken * * * ˈ ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ˈ ̷ ̷ adjective Etymology … Useful english dictionary
-
Word of mouth — is a reference to the passing of information by verbal means, especially recommendations, but also general information, in an informal, person to person manner. Word of mouth is typically considered a face to face spoken communication, although … Wikipedia
-
Communication accommodation — theory is a result of the work of Howard Giles, Communication professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. This is a pragmatic theory that looks at the phenomena of interactants changing the way they communicate when in differing… … Wikipedia
-
Word — Word, n. [AS. word; akin to OFries. & OS. word, D. woord, G. wort, Icel. or[eth], Sw. & Dan. ord, Goth. wa[ u]rd, OPruss. wirds, Lith. vardas a name, L. verbum a word; or perhaps to Gr. rh twr an orator. Cf. {Verb}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The spoken… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
-
Word blindness — Word Word, n. [AS. word; akin to OFries. & OS. word, D. woord, G. wort, Icel. or[eth], Sw. & Dan. ord, Goth. wa[ u]rd, OPruss. wirds, Lith. vardas a name, L. verbum a word; or perhaps to Gr. rh twr an orator. Cf. {Verb}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
-
Word deafness — Word Word, n. [AS. word; akin to OFries. & OS. word, D. woord, G. wort, Icel. or[eth], Sw. & Dan. ord, Goth. wa[ u]rd, OPruss. wirds, Lith. vardas a name, L. verbum a word; or perhaps to Gr. rh twr an orator. Cf. {Verb}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
-
Word dumbness — Word Word, n. [AS. word; akin to OFries. & OS. word, D. woord, G. wort, Icel. or[eth], Sw. & Dan. ord, Goth. wa[ u]rd, OPruss. wirds, Lith. vardas a name, L. verbum a word; or perhaps to Gr. rh twr an orator. Cf. {Verb}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
-
Word for word — Word Word, n. [AS. word; akin to OFries. & OS. word, D. woord, G. wort, Icel. or[eth], Sw. & Dan. ord, Goth. wa[ u]rd, OPruss. wirds, Lith. vardas a name, L. verbum a word; or perhaps to Gr. rh twr an orator. Cf. {Verb}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
-
Word painting — Word Word, n. [AS. word; akin to OFries. & OS. word, D. woord, G. wort, Icel. or[eth], Sw. & Dan. ord, Goth. wa[ u]rd, OPruss. wirds, Lith. vardas a name, L. verbum a word; or perhaps to Gr. rh twr an orator. Cf. {Verb}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Обновлено: 13.04.2023
Аннотация научной статьи по наукам об образовании, автор научной работы — Банарцева Арина Владимировна
Коммуникативная методика на сегодняшний день, бесспорно, является самым эффективным способом изучения английского языка. За границей она появилась примерно в 60-х годах прошлого века, а в нашу страну пришла приблизительно в середине 90-х. Коммуникативная методика ориентирована именно на возможность общения . Из четырех «китов», на которых держится любой языковой тренинг (чтение, письмо, говорение и восприятие речи на слух), повышенное внимание уделяется именно двум последним. Коммуникативный метод призван в первую очередь снять страх перед общением . Коммуникативность проявляется в функциональности обучения. Функциональность предполагает, что как слова, так и грамматические формы усваиваются сразу в деятельности, на основе ее выполнения.
Похожие темы научных работ по наукам об образовании , автор научной работы — Банарцева Арина Владимировна
Сущность коммуникативной методики обучения английскому языку студентов
Реализация когнитивно-коммуникативного подхода в обучении английскому языку в неязыковом вузе
Китайская локализация коммуникативной лингвистики и использование коммуникативной методики в обучении иностранным языкам
Коммуникативная грамматика как основа речевой деятельности студентов (немецкий язык, неязыковое УВО)
К проблеме обучения коммуникативной грамматике иностранного языка в вузе
i Не можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.
The communicative approach to teaching a foreign language
Текст научной работы на тему «Коммуникативный подход в обучении иностранному языку»
КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЙ ПОДХОД В ОБУЧЕНИИ ИНОСТРАННОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
Коммуникативная методика на сегодняшний день, бесспорно, является самым эффективным способом изучения английского языка. За границей она появилась примерно в 60-х годах прошлого века, а в нашу страну пришла приблизительно в середине 90-х. Коммуникативная методика ориентирована именно на возможность общения. Из четырех «китов», на которых держится любой языковой тренинг (чтение, письмо, говорение и восприятие речи на слух), повышенное внимание уделяется именно двум последним. Коммуникативный метод призван в первую очередь снять страх перед общением. Коммуникативность проявляется в функциональности обучения. Функциональность предполагает, что как слова, так и грамматические формы усваиваются сразу в деятельности, на основе ее выполнения.
Ключевые слова: коммуникативная методика, общение, изучение языка, функциональность, практическое владение.
Как известно, целью обучения иностранному языку является практическое владение языком, усвоение системы языка и приобретение языковых умений. Однако опыт показывает, что зачастую по окончании вуза даже лучшие студенты не владеют навыками спонтанной речи, ощущается их бедный словарный запас и однотипность оформления грамматических структур.
Специально проведенные исследования показали, что более 90 % учебных занятий по иностранному языку преимущественно направлены на обучение системе языка, а не на овладение им. Основным субъектом и объектом обучения при традиционной методике выступает преподаватель. Он направляет виды речевой деятельности, дает комментарии и организует процесс обучения в целом. При этом методы и приемы обучения не направлены на формирование и развитие речевых навыков и умений студентов.
1 Арина Владимировна Банарцева, старший преподаватель кафедры «Иностранные языки».
Традиционную методику изучения английского языка еще называют грам-матико-переводной. Она заключается в системном изучении грамматического материала, фонетики, формирует навыки перевода и чтения. Учащиеся составляют диалоги, заучивают их, учат слова по темам, пересказывают тексты, выполняют письменные грамматические упражнения. Главными чертами такого подхода являются заучивание материала и основательность. Особенностью традиционной методики является то, что в процессе работы обучающиеся должны освоить в заданном объеме все виды речевой деятельности.
В настоящее время широко используется и так называемая коммуникативная методика освоения языка. Коммуникативный подход в изучении языка (communicative approach) — вовсе не новая методика: за границей она появилась примерно в 60-х годах прошлого века, а в нашу страну пришла приблизительно в середине 90-х. Тогда все изучающие английский язык начали жаловаться, что «все понимают, а говорить не могут». На путь борьбы с этим несоответствием и вступили приверженцы коммуникативного подхода.
С тех пор коммуникативная методика значительно преобразилась и получила массовое распространение по всему миру. Изначально она предполагала групповые занятия с носителем языка. С первого же урока обучение велось на английском языке. Позже подход претерпел некоторые изменения, и теперь он используется как в группе, так и на индивидуальных занятиях.
О его эффективности сказано и написано много. Результаты достигаются за счет сведения к минимуму использования родного языка обучаемого во время проведения занятий. При таком подходе очень важно научить человека думать на иностранном языке, чтобы он воспринимал иностранную речь без каких-либо ассоциаций с родным языком. При таком методе обучения изучение теоретических моментов сведено к минимуму или вообще отсутствует, а главное внимание уделяется живому общению, т. е. разговорной речи. Нередко встречается заблуждение, что при использовании коммуникативного подхода изучению грамматики уделяется непростительно мало времени. На самом же деле в процессе обучения большое внимание и достаточное количество времени уделяется и лексике, и грамматике, однако их освоение не является основной целью изучения иностранного языка.
Говоря об учебных материалах, используемых при коммуникативном обучении иностранному языку, следует отметить их практически неограниченное разнообразие. Учебные материалы играют первостепенную роль в стимуляции коммуникативного использования языка. Традиционно выделяют три основных вида учебных материалов: основанные на тексте, основанные на коммуникативной задаче, реалии. Коммуникативная методика
Основная задача коммуникативной методики — помочь учащемуся избавиться от пресловутого языкового барьера. Около 70 % занятия по коммуникативной методике посвящено разговорной практике на различные темы. И все же ошибочно было бы считать, что communicative approach — это исключительно разговоры на английском языке. Коммуникативный подход рассчитан на развитие устной и письменной речи, словарного запаса, грамматики, навыков аудирования и чтения. Преподаватель проходит с учеником три стадии обучения: engagement (вовлечение), study (изучение) и activation (активация — использование). На стадии engagement педагог вовлекает ученика в процесс обучения: инициирует увлекательную дискуссию, предлагает обсудить картинку, проблему, фильм и т. п. На стадии изучения студенту поясняют грамматическую тему и использование новых слов и выражений, то есть работают над расширением словарного запаса и овладением грамматикой. На стадии активации знаний ученик выполняет различные упражнения для закрепления новой грамматики и слов. Это может быть продолжение обсуждения изучаемой темы, но уже с применением полученных знаний.
Как и любой другой способ изучения языка, коммуникативный подход трансформировался с течением времени, однако его основополагающие принципы не изменились. К ним можно отнести следующие:
1. Ученик начинает говорить на английском с первого занятия. Даже те, кто изучает язык с нуля, на первом уроке овладевают парой десятков фраз. Это позволяет быстро привыкнуть к звучанию речи, предупреждает появление языкового барьера или избавляет от него.
2. Изучая язык по этой методике, не нужно выбирать: говорить свободно или говорить правильно. Задача заключается в том, чтобы сделать речь беглой и грамотной одновременно.
При обучении используются современные аутентичные пособия. Тщательно проработанные англоязычные тексты содержат увлекательный практический материал, который может быть использован в жизни и в профессиональной деятельности.
Умение говорить грамотно — вот основной навык, над совершенствованием которого работает коммуникативная методика. Студентов учат не только говорить на разные темы, но и при этом следить за правильностью речи. Не секрет, что языковой барьер часто развивается от того, что человек боится допустить ошибку в разговоре. И с этим страхом успешно борется коммуникативный подход: развитию навыка говорения посвящено до 70 % времени урока. Communicative approach помогает снять и непосредственно языковой, и психологический барьер: у обучающихся пропадает страх разговаривать на английском языке. Чем больше и чаще обучающийся говорит на английском, тем быстрее он учится формулировать свои мысли. А на занятиях c использованием коммуникативной методики студенты разговаривают большую часть урока. Преподаватель строит диалог таким образом, чтобы обучающимся было интересно отвечать на вопросы и они могли использовать полученные знания по максимуму. Коммуникативный метод учит связной речи, различным разговорным фразам и клише, которые позволяют впоследствии говорить бегло.
Студенты учатся не только слышать, но и понимать английскую речь. На занятиях обучающиеся прослушивают и разбирают вместе с преподавателем небольшие аудио- и видеоматериалы. Обычно такой материал используется как основа для дискуссии.
Коммуникативная методика обучения английскому языку направлена на развитие умения спонтанно говорить на различные темы. На занятиях используется в основном только изучаемый язык. Преподаватель иногда объясняет сложные нюансы по-русски, однако на 90 % занятие проводится на английском языке. Такой прием позволяет не только «перестроиться» на использование английского языка, но и перестать мысленно переводить русские фразы на английский и наоборот. Грамматика и лексика изучаются для общения, а не «для галочки». Коммуникативная методика предполагает очень правильный и простой принцип изучения грамматических конструкций: никто не зубрит теорию. Преподаватель поясняет то или иное правило и вместе со студентами начинает отрабатывать его на практике, доводя навык его использования до автоматизма. Аналогично поступают и с новыми словами: никакой зубрежки, только многократное практическое применение.
В последнее время стало модно рассуждать о том, как дети учат свой родной язык, с тем чтобы попытаться скопировать этот процесс при изучении
иностранного языка. Вспомните, как учатся языку дети: они сначала говорят, и уже в процессе общения взрослые поясняют им, как говорить правильно. Так, если любого из нас спросить, как ребенок осваивает произношение, фонетику своего языка, то большинство из нас скажет: подражая родителям. Дети в отличие от нас разговаривают, даже имея скудный словарный запас и не имея никакого понятия о грамматике, не боятся ошибиться и не судят себя за сделанные ошибки. Отсутствие комплексов помогает детям погружаться в иностранный язык без ненужного багажа. Коммуникативный подход применяется примерно так же: студенты обсуждают интересную тему и учатся применять новую конструкцию или лексику в процессе разговора. Например, преподаватель поясняет второй тип условных предложений и предлагает поговорить о мечтах: If I won much money, I would buy a Ferrari (Если бы я выиграл много денег, я бы купил «Феррари»). После 5-10 предложений студенты легко запоминают эту конструкцию и понимают принципы ее использования. То есть грамматика и лексика фактически не являются основным объектом изучения, а используются как вспомогательный материал и учатся автоматически.
Жизнь не стоит на месте, и коммуникативная методика продолжает развиваться. Так, ее стали использовать при индивидуальной форме обучения и на онлайн-уроках. Причем коммуникативный подход на занятиях английским по «Скайпу» имеет свои отличительные особенности.
1. Индивидуальный подход. Индивидуальный подход означает, что преподаватель адаптирует программу обучения под конкретного обучающегося. Ведь люди отличаются друг от друга и природными свойствами (способностями), и умениями осуществлять учебную и речевую деятельность, и своими характеристиками как личности: личным опытом, контекстом деятельности, набором определенных чувств и эмоций, интересами, статусом (положением) в коллективе. На занятиях английским по «Скайпу» по коммуникативной методике все внимание педагога сосредоточено только на одном студенте. Это позволяет обнаружить пробелы в знаниях и оперативно устранить их. Таким образом, обучающемуся не будет слишком легко или слишком сложно на занятии, у него будет стимул к развитию, и в то же время он будет досконально понимать все изучаемые темы.
2. Выбор обучающимся объема и типа домашних заданий. Стоит отметить, что нельзя совсем отказываться от домашних заданий, так как домашнее задание — это лучший способ закрепить материал в памяти и проверить, насколько хорошо он усвоен. Домашние задания при коммуникативном под-
ходе никогда не бывают скучными — это могут быть онлайн-тесты и кроссворды, песни и различные ресурсы на английском для проверки знаний.
3. Использование грамматики и лексики как вспомогательного материала и изучение их автоматически. Как и на обычных, аудиторных занятиях, на занятиях онлайн студенты не учат сухие формулировки правил. Они учатся естественному использованию грамматических конструкций и действительно полезных слов и выражений на практике.
4. Максимум практики на занятии. Большую часть занятия обучающиеся упражняются в говорении. Несколько минут отводится чтению интересного текста, который впоследствии и становится темой для обсуждения. Задания на совершенствование навыков письма и аудирования чаще всего даются на дом. Так, можно прослушать текст или написать письмо, не торопясь, в спокойной обстановке. Если что-то непонятно, преподаватель обязательно придет на помощь и пояснит все на занятии. Такой подход позволяет сэкономить время и позаниматься развитием разговорной речи, ведь этот навык, как правило, осваивается труднее всего. Благодаря этому решается проблема, описанная в начале статьи: «все понимаю, а говорить не могу».
У коммуникативной методики, несмотря на отсутствие «новизны» и «инновационного подхода», много преимуществ. На сегодняшний день это, бесспорно, самый эффективный способ изучения английского языка. Таким образом, мы можем с уверенностью заявить: коммуникативная методика обучения английскому языку подходит абсолютно всем, а особенно ее оценят по достоинству те, кто имел не очень приятный опыт изучения языка по древним учебникам. Коммуникативная методика ориентирована именно на возможность общения. Из четырех «китов», на которых держится любой языковой тренинг (чтение, письмо, говорение и восприятие речи на слух), повышенное внимание уделяется именно двум последним. Коммуникативный метод призван в первую очередь снять страх перед общением. Коммуникативность проявляется в функциональности обучения. Функциональность предполагает, что как слова, так и грамматические формы усваиваются сразу в деятельности, на основе ее выполнения. Исходя из вышесказанного можно сделать вывод, что коммуникативность необходима в процессе обучения, поскольку служит для того, чтобы общение происходило в адекватных условиях, таких как учет индивидуальности каждого учащегося, речевая направленность процесса обучения, функциональность обучения, ситуативность общения, постоянная новизна процесса обучения.
1. Пассов Е.И. Коммуникативный метод обучения иноязычному говорению. — М.: Просвещение, 1991. — 223 с.
2. Колкер Я.М. Практическая методика обучения иностранному языку. — М., 2000.
3. Сурженко О.Ю. Коммуникативная методика против традиционного метода обучения иностранному языку // Педагогика: традиции и инновации: материалы VI междунар. науч. конф. Челябинск, февраль 2015 г. — Челябинск: Два комсомольца, 2015.- С. 160-162.
4. Хохлова А.А., Нечаева А.А. Коммуникативные игры в обучении иностранному языку в техническом вузе // Вестник Самарского государственного технического университета. Сер. Психолого-педагогические науки. — 2016. — № 2(30). — С. 110-115.
5. Лебедев О.Е. Компетентностный подход в образовании // Школьные технологии. — 2004. — № 5. — С. 7-11.
Поступила в редакцию 1.03.17; в окончательном варианте 15.03.17
THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
i Не можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.
A. V. Banartseva1
Samara State Technical University
244, Molodogvardeiskaya st., Samara, 443100
1 Arina V. Banartseva, Senior Lecture of Foreign Languages Department.
Key words: communicative competence, language acquisition, learning language, interaction, communicative purpose.
1. Passov E.I. Kommunikativniy metod obutchenija inoyazychnomu govoreniju [The communicative method of teaching of foreign language speaking]. Moscow: Prosveschenije, 1991. 223 p.
2. Kolker Y.M. Prakticheskaja metodika obutchenija inostrannomu yazyku [Practical methods of foreign language teaching]. — Moscow, 2000.
3. Surzhenko O. Kommunikativnaia metodika protiv traditsionnogo metoda obutchenija inostrannomu yazyku [Communicative method versus traditional method of learning a foreign language] // Education: Tradition and Innovation: Proceedings of VI Intern. scientific. Conf. (Chelyabinsk, February 2015). — Chelyabinsk: Two Komsomolets, 2015. P.160-162.
Eliciting the words from memory is one of the key ways to reinforce the vocabulary in mind. Elicitation can vary. One of the ways is to elicit the form of words. The task can be to build the «word squares”, in which words can be read both «down» and «across» and “palindromes”, in which the words can be read both «back» and «forth» e.g. “Madam. I am Adam”. Exploratory task 2.3. Given below is an example of the «word square» .
B | I | L | L |
I | D | E | A |
L | E | A | D |
L | A | D | Y |
Make up a word square of your own. The beginning has been done for you
Eliciting from meaning and form in a crossword
Words are often elicited from meaning and form in a «crossword» activity. Exploratory task 2.4
Read the sentences. Then give the names of the jobs and write them in the form of the lexical grid to cross correctly with the word “policeman” (the word «policeman» has been written for you going «down» in the crossword:
He/she works in reception at hotel (from here on the words are written across).
He/she looks after people who are ill.
He/she works with electrical things.
He/she looks after people’s teeth.
He acts in the theatre.
He/she cuts hair.
He/she plays music.
He/she plays football.
She works in business.
1. | P |
2. | O |
3. | L |
4. | I |
5. | C |
6. | E |
7. | M |
8. | A |
9. | N |
Eliciting from meaning and form can be organised with a number of tasks. Exploratory task 2.5
Guess the words ending in «ick»: not well, sound of a watch, locking sound, piece of wood, not thin, baked block of clay, a blow with a foot, select, fast, pass the tongue over
Eliciting from image is done in the activity such as «Pictionary». the learners are asked to create mental images of new words. Then the learners draw images that represent selected words on the blackboard. Other learners identify the words encoded by images. Imagined picture can be either drawn or described in words.
Exploratory task 2.6 Imagine and describe to your partner the items given below. Do not name them! Let your partner guess from description what you have imagined.
Items | Descriptions | Guess |
1. A cloud | ||
2. Niagara fall | ||
3. A glass of Champaign | ||
4. Nightmare | ||
5. Water spring |
Eliciting from context can be done in a number of tasks.
Exploratory task 2.7. Fill in the words denoting injuries:
Injury | Reason |
· I … my hand · I … my ankle · I … my arm · I have got … · I … my finger · I’ve got a … · I’ve … a joint | Was working with a knife I ran for a bus Fell off the bike Slipped on the ice Boiled milk Had a fight Played football |
Exploratory task 2.8
Eliciting from context can take the form of the lexical cloze. In this task the learners are to choose the correct word A or B in order to fill each space in the gapped version of the text. It is important to have a general understanding of the text before the learners start the task. When you come to the gap in the text you are to think about the general meaning they can expect. The correct answer must have the correct meaning and must combine correctly with other words in the sentence. The first answer can be given. Do the following activity of the “lexical cloze”. Work in pairs or in small groups and reflect on the difficulties you might experience in choosing the right word.
Correctly chosen words | Wrongly chosen words | Difference in meaning between A and B |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Text.Police are conducting an enquiry into a 1… at Buckingham Palace. No details have been 2…. The items were personal 3… of the Princess Royal. The Queen was absolutely 4… at the incident. This police investigation is the latest in a series of security 5… in the Palace. Last July an intruder scaled a 12ft fence and attempted to enter the palace. He was arrested and released without 6…. Earlier an escaped psychiatric patient evaded security to get into the grounds of the palace while the Queen was 7…. Recently a police officer was 8… by Scotland Yard in connection with bribery and 9… charges (Adapted from BBC News Internet Page. October 3 1999)
A | B | |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | Theft Leaked Possessions Furious Alarms Charge Absent Caught Conspiracy | Burglary Released Belongings Angry Alerts Accusations Away Arrested Plot |
A frequent lexical activity is lexical mind map. A mind map is the result of lexical associations with a key word.
Exploratory task 2.9. Produce a mind map with the key word “food with a taste”. Possible list of tastes is “spicy, bitter, salty, sweet, sour, creamy, crunchy, greasy”. One word has been written for you
Lemon Food with a taste
Lexical items can be practised by placing words in a table.
Exploratory task 2.10. Give the food that has the test as shown in the table:
Spicy | Bitter | Salty | Sweet | Sour | Creamy | Crunchy | Greasy |
(from O’Connell, S. 1999. Focus on First Certificate. Longman. P. 166).
Exploratory task 2.11
Words can make up a situational set, i.e. the words that are necessary for a certain speech situation. Make up a vocabulary list (words and phrases) necessary to take part in a debate on “alternative medicine”. Continue the list if necessary
What do writing in a diary, watching television, talking with friends, speaking on the telephone, and reading a menu have in common? They are all forms of communication. It has been estimated that people spend more time communicating than they spend in any other complex activity in life. Even so, communication is a word that most people have difficulty defining and talking about. The word communication may be used to identify activities that do not involve people—for example, the word communication may be used to describe the ways that animals relate to each other. Similarly, it is often said that electronic devices communicate with each other. Communication usually refers to activities involving people, however. Thus, communication may be defined as the means through which people exchange feelings and ideas with one another. While this definition is clear and simple, much more needs to be said.
The Use of Symbols. Unlike things, feelings and ideas are difficult to exchange. People wishing to exchange physical objects may simply hand them to each other. Feelings and ideas, however, are without physical substance. They cannot be handed directly to another person. Rather, they must be exchanged through the use of symbols—things that represent or stand for other things. In oral, or spoken, communication sound patterns are used to stand for other things. The secret to learning an oral language is to discover which sound patterns are associated with which meanings. Very young children often point at objects as they say “Dat?” They have learned that the word “dat,” which is their word for “What is that?”, causes older children and adults to help them learn the sound patterns that stand for objects they wish to identify. As children start to associate sounds with meanings, they are acquiring language. Oral communication, however, involves more than just language. In the above example, young children use higher pitch at the end of the sounds “dat” to show that these sounds are intended as a question. When people use such a vocal characteristic to help clarify the intent of the sound patterns being used, it is often said that they are using paralanguage. Since para stands for besides, or in addition to, paralanguage may be defined as the vocal characteristics—rate, pitch, loudness, and so on—that accompany sound patterns and help to indicate meaning. For example, if a child shouts “dat” with no elevation in pitch, what change in meaning has occurred? “Dat” now is being used to stand for “Give me that.” Sound patterns may also be accompanied by nonverbal symbols. Facial expression, gestures, and eye contact help speakers to make their meanings clear. For example, when a child says “dat” (meaning “give me that”), he or she is likely to look at and point to the object in question. If the child’s request is not answered, expression on the child’s face will indicate disappointment unless “dat” is provided. While nonverbal symbols normally add to sound patterns, or language, they may also be used by themselves. When members of a football or basketball team hold their hands high in the air with the index fingers extended, the audience knows that the athletes are proud of their victory and consider themselves to be number one—the best team in the league. Many other gestures have meaning when used by themselves. People who have serious hearing problems, and cannot communicate through sound patterns, become unusually skillful in signing—using hand signals to indicate their meaning. They also become skillful in using eye contact and facial expression to add to signing. One special type of nonverbal communication involves the use of objects or designs rather than gestures, facial expressions, or movements. Traffic lights and highway road signs are examples. So too are religious symbols and national, state, and company flags. Symbols are also used in written communication. It is important to recognize, however, that both individuals and societies begin with oral language. Children use language to communicate through speaking and listening several years before they learn to read and write. Nearly one third of all the people in the world over the age of 15 are illiterate—incapable of reading or writing. Still these people use language, paralanguage, and nonverbal symbols to communicate with others. Similarly, societies begin with oral languages. Later they may seek to represent their languages with written symbols. Many societies, however, do not have written languages. Of the approximately 2,800 languages in the world, fewer than half have been transcribed into written symbols. The cultural heritage of these societies is passed on to succeeding generations by tribal elders through oral communication. In North America there were once 200 Indian languages. Many of these languages have been lost forever because tribal elders died before the languages could be transcribed. Essentially a written language uses printed symbols to stand for sound patterns. In English the 26 letters of the alphabet are the main symbols used to represent sounds. As there are approximately 47 sounds in the English language, however, the letters of the alphabet used alone cannot represent all of the sounds. Consequently, various groupings of letters are used to represent some sounds. For example, the letters t and h are used to represent the first sound in the word thinking. Some letters and combinations of letters may stand for more than one sound. For example, all of the vowels (a, e, i, o, u) stand for more than one sound in English. In addition to using letters to represent sounds, a written language contains punctuation marks that stand for paralanguage. For example, a period and a comma stand for a pause, a question mark stands for a change in inflection, or pitch, and an exclamation point stands for increased volume and intensity. Nonverbal aspects of oral communication have no direct counterpart in written language. Charts, graphs, pictures, and drawings, however, may be used to help the reader understand the printed text. Pictures and other graphic forms may hold meaning for people who speak different languages and who come from different cultures. A picture of a starving child, for instance, has meaning for people throughout the world. Most forms of human communication, however, require that people share the same symbol systems. Language, paralanguage, and nonverbal symbols must be shared. In addition, people must share the same knowledge of what in a language can be used properly under various social situations. This varies from one culture to another. So, when learning a second language, it is important also to learn about the people who use that language. A Process People sometimes forget that communication is a process—a series of ongoing events. Instead, communication is often thought of as a thing. A book, an encyclopedia, a phonograph record, and a magazine are indeed things. But each of these things is, by itself, not communication. It is, rather, a message that is but one part of the whole communication process. This process begins when a person feels a need to communicate. For example, a student may feel that his or her hair looks messy after gym class. To check it out, the student encodes, or places into sound patterns, a message: “Does my hair look messy?” Person two hears the sounds and decodes, or assigns meanings to, the message: “Chris is worrying about messy hair again.” The friend then encodes a response into sound patterns: “Your hair looks great, Chris. Stop worrying.” Chris hears the sounds and decodes their meaning: “Oh, great. Pat thinks my hair doesn’t look messy.” This illustration shows how the communication process works for one person-to-person exchange involving a single idea or feeling. In ordinary conversation the communication process is unlikely to stop with a single exchange. In the preceding illustration the communication process was interactive—person one and person two directly exchanged ideas. However, this is not always the case. For example, this article was written by a person whom the reader will never meet. To the degree that the editors alter the message, it is partly theirs. In some respects, the encyclopedia’s business managers, a secretary or two, and others are also sources of the message. It is also unlikely that the reader will try to send a message to the author. So, in this case communication is a one-way process. Similarly, radio and television programs, newspapers, films, and magazines are usually one-way messages created by teams of people. In all of these cases, a great deal of communication has taken place between people as they planned for, encoded, revised, and edited the message that is read, seen, or heard. The ideas included in a one-way message seldom remain only in the head of the receiver. Students use information from encyclopedias to create their own oral and written messages. People often encode messages about other messages as they talk with or write to others about things they have seen or read or heard. Consequently, a single communication process is often linked with other communication processes. In schools separate time slots are sometimes set aside for reading, writing, and oral communication instruction. When this is true, language instruction is organized around the modes, or ways, of communicating—reading, writing, listening, and speaking.When people communicate in real life, however, they seldom use the language modes in isolation. As people write, they talk to other people about their ideas, read printed materials to get additional information, and listen to helpful explanations or reactions. In fact, communication usually begins with a purpose rather than a mode.
Text 2. PURPOSES
Communication serves five major purposes: to inform, to express feelings, to imagine, to influence, and to meet social expectations. Each of these purposes is reflected in a form of communication. Informative Communication Informative communication is the process of people sharing knowledge about the world in which they live. Informative messages are expected to present an objective—truthful and unbiased—view of the topics being considered. For example, if a sports fan reads accounts of a baseball game in two different newspapers, it is reasonable to expect that the reports will agree on all the significant details of the game: the final score, the winning team, hits, runs, errors, and other happenings. Informative communication is an important part of life. Young people are exposed to informative messages throughout their school years; it is the main type of communication at all educational levels. As students mature, they are expected to grow intheir ability to understand and create informative messages. When reading or listening to such messages, students are expected to recognize the subject or purpose, identify the main points, pick out important details, summarize information, make some assumptions, and draw additional conclusions. Informative communication is also important to adults in their work. Nations such as the United States were once called industrial societies, as most people worked in industries that manufacture products. Today these nations are often called information societies, as an increasing number of careers involve the processing of information rather than products. People who work with things rather than ideas, however, also must use such job-related informative messages as parts manuals, job descriptions, catalogs, instructions, warranties, contracts, and invoices. Young people and adults also use information away from school and work. They seek information about the weather, sporting events, available entertainment, and local, national, and international news. People need information in order to conduct their lives intelligently. Fortunately information has never been more available than at the present time. Free public libraries are available in most parts of the world. The reference sections of libraries contain a wide assortment of reference materials: encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, dictionaries of geographical places, biographical dictionaries, indexes such as ‘The Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature’, almanacs, and handbooks and manuals on how to make things. A wide array of printed materials is available. Magazines include information both for the general audience and for people with special interests. Informative paperback books may be found in bookstores, drugstores, newsstands, and supermarkets. Newspapers remain a popular source of information. Television has become an important source of news information in the United States. While newspapers were the primary newssource in 1960, they were overtaken by television in 1963. Television is now the favorite choice for state, national, and international news. Only for local news are newspapers the most preferred and trusted source. Information is rapidly becoming even more available because of advances in technology. Personal computers, word processors, cable television, videodiscs, and video recording devices are finding their way into more and more homes, classrooms, and businesses. Computers have already dramatically changed the storage, analysis, and retrieval of information by business and governmental agencies.
Аннотация научной статьи по языкознанию и литературоведению, автор научной работы — Yuldasheva Zarnigor Farxadovna, Aminova Zarina Raimovna
The article is about the communicative method of teaching foreign languages. Communicative teaching of foreign languages has recently become a generally accepted standard in pedagogical practice. Initially, the communicative technique included group exercises with a native speaker. From the first lesson, the training was conducted in English, and even students with a zero level began to speak this language already in the first lesson, having mastered a couple of dozen phrases.
Похожие темы научных работ по языкознанию и литературоведению , автор научной работы — Yuldasheva Zarnigor Farxadovna, Aminova Zarina Raimovna
four basic methods of teaching English in a chronological order of their development: APPLICATION IN THE SYSTEM of public administration training
Peculiarities of intensive methods’ application in teaching foreign languages at Ukrainian higher educational institutions
Changes and challenges of modern society: what it takes to reach a near-native level of foreign language profi ciency
Methodology of teaching proverbs and sayings of English in general education schools
i Не можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.
Текст научной работы на тему «Communicative method of teaching foreign languages»
COMMUNICATIVE METHOD OF TEACHING FOREIGN
1 2 Yuldasheva Z.F. , Aminova Z.R.
1Yuldasheva Zarnigor Farxadovna — English teacher; 2Aminova Zarina Raimovna -English teacher, SCHOOL № 28,
GIZHDUVANSKYDISTRICT, BUKHARA REGION, THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article is about the communicative method of teaching foreign languages. Communicative teaching of foreign languages has recently become a generally accepted standard in pedagogical practice. Initially, the communicative technique included group exercises with a native speaker. From the first lesson, the training was conducted in English, and even students with a zero level began to speak this language already in the first lesson, having mastered a couple of dozen phrases.
Keywords: communicative approach, training, education, foreign language.
Communicative teaching of foreign languages has recently become a generally accepted standard in pedagogical practice. The origin of this trend in the mid-70s is considered as a kind of protest of the traditional, so-called grammar-translation method of teaching foreign languages, which was based mainly on translations, studying grammatical material, memorization, phonetics (pronunciation) and formed translation and reading skills. As a result, students, although possessing substantial knowledge and skills, experienced difficulty in speaking. The main task of the innovative communicative approach is to help the student get rid of the notorious language barrier and learn to speak correctly and fluently.
Initially, the communicative technique involved group exercises with a native speaker. From the first lesson, training was conducted in English, and even students with a zero level began to speak this language already in the first lesson, mastering a couple of dozen phrases. This allowed you to quickly get used to the sound of speech, prevented the appearance or eliminated the language barrier. Later, the approach was transformed and underwent some changes, but its fundamental principles remained. Now it is used both in a group and in individual lessons.[1]
The teacher goes through three stages of learning with the student: engagement (engagement), study (study) and activation (activation — use). At the engagement stage, the teacher involves the student in the learning process: initiates a fascinating discussion, suggests discussing something, etc. At the stage of study, the student is explained the grammatical topic and the use of new words and expressions, that is, they are working on expanding the vocabulary and mastering the grammar. At the stage of activation of knowledge, the student performs various exercises to consolidate the new grammar and words.[2]
Consider the basic principles, goals and objectives of this technique.
2. The Communicative approach teaches you to quickly formulate your thoughts and speak fluency. The teacher builds dialogues and conversations in such a way that students are interested in answering questions and expressing their point of view. Students are given many established colloquial phrases, cliches and turns, which subsequently allow you to build a logically connected, correct and fluent speech.
3. A communicative approach forms the skill of perception and understanding of English speech. During the lesson, during a conversation with the teacher, students are given the opportunity to listen to how natural coherent speech sounds. In addition, authentic audio and
video materials are used as a basis for discussion, which in general helps to quickly get used to the sound of the English language and easier to understand aurally.
The instructor demonstrates many affirmative, negative, and interrogative sample sentences, asking participants what is relevant to real life. For example, about the contents of the audience, their own rooms, apartments, etc. Then, the participants themselves learn to ask each other questions and answer them using new material. That is, grammar and vocabulary are not the main object of study, but are used as supporting material and learn automatically.
6. A great advantage of the communicative technique is that when training, only authentic modern texts, video and audio materials are used, which allows students to learn to read modern texts, watch their favorite films, listen to their favorite songs in English in the original, without any difficulty understanding them. Since most of the vocabulary, important speech cliches, various constructions and turns will be familiar to them, which also helps to learn to write correctly and beautifully.
7. A communicative technique helps to develop the correct English pronunciation. Lessons include various exercises to practice these or those sounds, speaking different tongue twisters. The fact that you need to talk a lot in class, as a rule, repeating the same words repeatedly, gradually accustoms you to pronounce sounds more accurately and achieve the correct sound.
8. The communicative methodology offers for studying a wide variety of topics that are interesting, relevant and definitely useful when communicating in the modern world. Moreover, the subject matter of the materials is selected taking into account the interests, needs and goals of the students. And the use of various auxiliary materials helps to diversify the classes and strengthen the knowledge gained, which in general makes the learning process using the communicative technique fascinating and effective.
1. Passov E.I. Communicative method of teaching foreign language speaking. M.:
Education, 1991, 223 p.
2. Surzhenko O.Yu. Communicative technique against the traditional method of teaching a
foreign language // Pedagogy: traditions and innovations: materials of the VI
Читайте также:
- Этот сводной таблицы создан в более новой версии excel и не может быть обновлен
- Как наложить видео на видео в adobe premiere
- Как в ворд вставить данные из ячейки эксель
- Путь до файла с базой в формате id
- Торрент программа разгон видеокарты
In this article, I demonstrate how I teach advanced learners how to develop richer and more expansive vocabulary.
This article demonstrates perfectly how to use the communicative approach to teach vocabulary in a way that is both meaningful for the teacher and student.
About the Author: Melissa is a graduate of OnTESOL’s 120-hour Advanced TESOL Certificate course.
She recently returned from teaching English in Japan. She runs her own private teaching business where she teaches English to Korean students in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
The Information Behind Words
Every word in a language comes with multiple layers of information. Among them include its:
-
-
- Basic meaning(s)
- Preferred contexts/common occurrences
- Associations
-
The first two criteria are what is commonly taught in vocabulary lessons in classrooms.
The third criterion is what creates the richness in native speakers’ knowledge of words.
Associations give plenty of meaning and flexibility to a word and are the reason why it can be challenging to teach puns to non-native speakers.
Enroll in our 120-hour Advanced TESOL course to learn how to teach vocabulary effectively!
Associations are acquired through ordinary life events and are influenced by the environment in which the native-speaker grows up.
This is why students and teachers should never discount the value of time, experience, and learning outside the classroom.
While it would be very difficult to replicate each of these experiences, as teachers, we can strengthen vocabulary by providing as many associations as we can with words.
Connecting Words
One useful activity is connecting words.
Finding connections among words is a challenging exercise, especially if you add more words.
Students will have to rely on their creativity and it will also encourage them to ask questions as to the word’s permissible contexts, what part of speech it is, and so on.
This reflection will give them the opportunity to get to know this word at a deeper and more meaningful level.
Exercise:
Choose 2 random words (more words can be used to make it more challenging).
Here are some of the methods I use to do this:
1. Instruct students to draw strips of words from a cup.
2. Take a page from any book, run your fingers through it, and stop at a random word. Repeat to get more words.
3. Use a word generator website
Once the words have been chosen, students will provide an account using them.
There are numerous ways to answer.
I like to use as many as I can because this also exercises different ways to perceive a situation and it’s particularly useful for the speaking portion of language placement tests like IELTS or TOEFL.
Connecting Words – Providing Accounts Explained
An account can take the form of personal stories, historical accounts, fictional stories (like that of a novel), stating opinions, persuasive speech, and jokes.
For instance, if the given words are “blurry” and “fad” in the form of a personal story, the student can say:
“There was a fad when I was in high school for a certain type of glasses. But I don’t really remember what they look like. I do remember that my friend had them and when I tried them on, everything was so blurry”.
Find out the 3 ways a TESOL course by OnTESOL will make you a better teacher
At this point, the student is still sticking to the standard definitions and contexts for both words.
However, the teacher can suggest that “blurry” can also be used to describe “memory” and that the student can say “my memory for it is blurry.”
The student can give an even more specific expression such as, “I remember it very vaguely”.
Therefore, the student can add more information to the preferred contexts and associations of the word.
Using the same words, students can give other types of accounts (jokes, stating opinions, and so on).
Likewise, teachers can add more words and ask students to provide two types of accounts in one answer.
There are many “words” + “type of account” combinations (e.g. 3 words, 2 types of accounts), and teachers can gauge what works best for their students’ levels.
Conclusion
This activity not only exercises word flexibility, but it also strengthens retention of the vocabulary’s meaning and contexts.
In addition, students gain plenty of confidence knowing that they were able to perform this challenging exercise.
It also gives teachers the opportunity to teach contexts and associations more naturally, through conversation, as opposed to writing words on a board and bombarding students with too much information at one time.
Recommended Reading
Библиографическое описание:
Турсунова, Г. Н. The features of communicative method in teaching a foreign language for adults / Г. Н. Турсунова. — Текст : непосредственный // Молодой ученый. — 2017. — № 1 (135). — С. 548-551. — URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/135/34128/ (дата обращения: 14.04.2023).
Signing decrees “on measures to further improve training specialists in the area of the state governance” from April 10 and “On measures to further improve foreign language learning system” from December 10, 2012 by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov have become very important supportive encouragement in improving foreign language teaching in the country. As it is also noted that in the framework of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan and National Program for training in the country, teaching system of foreign languages is also aimed for preparing as highly- educated, modern –thinking specialists and governors in Uzbekistan. Teaching and learning foreign languages is one of the most important tasks to be resolved by the nation. The progress in the development of the teaching system depends on methods chosen by a teacher. Studying of the evolution of teaching methods, we can observe that changes arise according to learners breakthrough, needs and purposes. Promotion of a foreign language culture as the training purpose has become as the reason for emerging of a problem on necessity of the creation of new methodic system which could provide achievement of this purpose by the most effective and rational way. The communicative approach could be said to be the product of educators and linguists who had grown dissatisfied with the audio lingual and grammar-translation methods of foreign language instruction. Foreign language teachers had a sense that learners were not learning enough realistic, whole language. Teachers did not know how to communicate using appropriate social language, gestures, or expressions. In short they were at a loss to communicate in the culture of the language studied. However interest in and development of communicative-style teaching is developing at present days. Nowadays authentic language use and classroom exchanges are becoming quite popular. In the past years, the communicative approach has been adapted to the elementary, middle, secondary, and post-secondary levels, and the underlying philosophy has spawned different teaching methods known under a variety of names, including notional-functional, teaching for proficiency, proficiency-based instruction, and communicative language teaching. The logic of working out of a communicative technique also has led to certain promotion of the foreign language culture as the teaching objective of foreign languages in adult education. And the similar system can be constructed only on a communicative basis. Besides, as practice has confirmed that the use of a communicative technique provides not only foreign language mastering as communicative means, but also development of all-round personal features of adults. The structure of the communicative method includes informative, developing and training aspects which are directed for teaching adults. Taking it and a concept of communicativeness into consideration and also many-sided nature of the teaching system, some methodical principles of a communicative technique can be formulated. The communicative method has firstly raised the problem about communication that should be taught only through communication. In this case communication can be used as an area of education, knowledge and development. Communication is social process, where an exchange of activities, experience combined into the material and spiritual culture, takes place. Emotional and rational interaction of adults and impact on each other is carried out in communication. Namely, communication is an important matter of good education. So, communication carries out a function of teaching, understanding, developing and educating in the communicative methodology of teaching. Teaching process of a foreign language gives a chance to a model of the real communication process on the main parameters: motivation, purposefulness, informative ness in the communication process, novelty, situation, functionality, character of interaction communicating adults and system of spoken abilities. Thanks to it, teaching conditions, due adequate reality, are created that make easy in proper mastering of abilities and using them in the real communication process. Teaching English as a foreign language for adults has long determined changes in the pedagogical methods and continues to do so. What is important is that the focus has changed from teacher-centered classes to learner-centered classes. This method foresees new approaches especially for the teacher. The present teaching system has understood that the class is a stabled two-side partnership between the one who teaches and the one who learns. It means relationship between teacher and adult learner. So the two parts “negotiate” their options in the class, in the sense that, for a better learning activity the one who teaches should become more or less dynamic or adequate. That is the one who understands, the one who finally sets things into order and realizes the best attitude towards his counterpart. In my opinion the main task of the teacher is to create the conditions in which learning process occurs. I regard that we must complete this statement by saying that the teacher has to form the best conditions in which the best learning process for adults can be taken place. The matter is that we are for optimal activists to gain the best results. Communicative method seems to be an appropriate way to rich all objectives. Communicative method deals with classroom interaction of adult learners as an important teaching principle. It is not less important for the adult learner to listen to and to speak with the teacher, as the latter is the one who may and can decide whether the required level of accuracy has been reached. The adult learners always try to treat a teacher teaching them, as a person who has the necessary skills to observe, understand and most important to correct their mistakes. It is not always the best way to learn, especially when it comes to a teaching a foreign language for adults. It is the part of productivity of the teaching process. The adult learner gets a lot from what he hears from the teacher or from a listening activity, but is more important to become the one who can finally produce language. One of the challenges in teaching a foreign language lies not only in the process of entrance, of providing information — that is pronouncing the words and explaining their meaning. It is also the problem of exit, of what the adult learner is capable of pronouncing. Counting on that the learner absorbs the correct depiction of the language (or of a certain vocabulary) by listening to the teacher, we may simply fall into the mistake of dominating the lesson to the exclusion of any other learner. So, we have to constantly acknowledge that by interacting with the teacher, a learner can learn to interact with a competent user of the language. Communicative language teaching makes use of real-life situations that necessitate communication. The teacher sets up a situation that learners are likely to meet in real life. Unlike the audiolingual method of language teaching, which relies on repetition and drills, the communicative method can leave learners in suspense as to the outcome of a class exercise, which will vary according to their reactions and responses. The real-life simulations change from day to day. Learners motivation to learn comes from their desire to communicate in meaningful ways about meaningful topics. Margie S. Berns, an expert in the field of communicative language teaching, writes in explaining Firth’s view that «language is interaction; it is interpersonal activity and has a clear relationship with society. In this light, language study has to look at the use (function) of language in context, both its linguistic context (what is uttered before and after a given piece of discourse) and its social, or situational, context (who is speaking, what their social roles are, why they have come together to speak)».
Summing up above mentioned statements, I’ll like to summarize the following:
- Communication method provides development of all-round personal features of adults.
- Communication method is an important matter for good education principles.
- Communication method changes a focus of the lesson from teacher centered into learner centered at classes.
- Communicative method deals with classroom interaction of adult learners as an important teaching principle.
- Communicative language teaching makes use of real-life situations that necessitate communication
Important instruction on performing communicative method in classes:
‒ Verbal techniques in communication method allow learners understand what is being said.
‒ Non-Verbal techniques allow our leaners to be receptive to what we are saying.
‒ Media facilities helps learners to explain complex ideas.
8-Slide presentations are useful for organizing a variety of visual, audio or animated information and can be used to emphasize key points and summarize ideas.
‒ Videos and animations can illustrate dynamic processes and provide a sense of scale.
‒ Audio clips can introduce a new voice into the classroom and illustrate the sounds of physical processes.
‒ Handouts, whether paper or electronic, are an effective way to share detailed information and images with students.
Getting the learners interested in communicative method:
We need to connect the day’s topic to the learners’ interests, experience, and prior knowledge to spark learners’ curiosity and explain why it’s valuable or useful for them. Provide an engaging example or anecdote that the students can connect to, as emotional connections are more memorable than raw facts.
Organizing the class on communicative method
Teachers have to structure the class in a logical way; e.g., frame the topic as a story, present a problem then develop its solution, describe events and processes chronologically or show the relationship of interconnected ideas to an overarching topic. They have to share an outline to help the students organize and assimilate their learning.
Make explicit transitions between topics to help students follow along; e.g., use verbal signposting such as mini-summaries or link a new topic to the one prior.
Clarifying the purpose or goal in communicative method of the class:
A teacher has to repeat the key ideas and concepts to emphasize their importance to learners and help learners to understand them; e.g., summarize key points, compare and contrast ideas with each other, or provide metaphors and analogies.
Focus on major points and have students seek additional information in other activities.
References:
- I. A. Karimov. A decree “On measures to further improve training specialists in the area of the state governance” from April 10, 2012
- I. A. Karimov. A degree “On measures to further improve foreign language learning system” from December 10, 2012
- Ляховицкий М. В. Методика преподавания иностранного языка. — М., 1981г
- Скалкин В. Л. Английский язык для общения. — М., 1986г
- Dolle, D., & Willems, G. M. (1984). The communicative approach to foreign language teaching: The teacher’s case. «European Journal of Teacher Education», (2), 145–54.
- Morrow, K., & Schocker, M. (1987). Using texts in a communicative approach. «ELT Journal», 41(4), 248–56.
- Oxford, R. L., et al. (1989). Language learning strategies, the communicative approach, and their classroom implications. «Foreign Language Annals», 22(1), 29–39.
- Pica, T. P. (1988). Communicative language teaching: An aid to second language acquisition? Some insights from classroom research. «English Quarterly», 21(2), 70–80.
- Jim Scrivener — Learning Teaching, Macmillan Books for Teachers, Oxford, 2005
- Jeremy Harmer — The Practice of English Language Teaching, Longman, 1995
- Stephen D. Krashen — Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition, Pergamon Press,
- Pattison, P. (1987). «The communicative approach and classroom realities». (EDRS No. ED 288 407, 17 pages)
- Riley, P. (1982). «Topics in communicative methodology: Including a preliminary and selective bibliography on the communicative approach». (EDRS No. ED 231 213, 31 pages)
Основные термины (генерируются автоматически): EDRS, ELT.
Learn English Locally, Apply It Worldwide! Enjoy Regular Practice |
Communicative Grammar or Traditional?
Communicative grammar puts the accent on the actual act of communication. It gives the speaker all the tools for an effective transmission of the intended message. How does it work?
In traditional grammar the words are categorised into parts of speech, which you combine in sentences, by following certain rigid rules.
Here are the lessons we covered in our English Corner E-zine so far.
Grammar vs. communication You study grammar so that you know how to create your When However, you couldn’t say it without Grammar and pronunciation are only there to help us say |
Grammar exists only to help your communication Hm! It’s The bottom line is that we must communicate. It’s When you know 5 words, |
Rule 1 = start speaking! — Rule 2 = never stop!
Note to teachers of English:
Based on the
communicative grammar approach to the teaching of second/foreign
languages, language structures are not supposed to be taught in
isolation but integrated to the four skills of language: listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Try to always have your students practice a structure both orally and
in written form. The students must understand a grammatical structure
and be able to use it in a variety of situations spontaneously and not
just learn the grammatical patterns at the utterance level.
The approach calls for a certain balance between pre-communicative and communicative activities:
the first prepare the learner to handle the language rules for actual
communication and the latter enable him to use the structures in real
communication. The students must not only do drills and
pre-communicative exercises in class, but they should also interact and
communicate with other speakers, outside the classroom environment,
where they would have a chance to use the patterns they are studying. If
this is not possible, an alternative could be to plan the classes in a
way so that the students use the structures naturally and not
artificially, for example in dialogues and role play.
Our input…
Your output!
-
Meeting Time
- Home Page
- Join My English Club
- Members Lounge
- Contact Us
-
Action Time
- Read
- Write
- Listen
- Speak
- Communicate
-
Learning Time
- Cruise Control Learning
- Grammar
- Vocabulary
- Meaning
- Pronunciation
- Literature
-
Teaching Time
- Learning Styles
- Language Tests
- Whole Brain Teaching
- The future of education
-
Testing Time
- English for Working
- English for Travelling
-
Playing Time
- Learn by Playing
- A Game a Week
- Interactive Activities
- English Online
Play & Learn!
We publish on Tuesdays;
You enjoy them any day!
English Corner Weekly E-zine
Packed with knowledge, published on Tuesdays.
Get yours here!
Our Archives:
Pronunciation
Our lessons in the names and sounds of letters, short & long vowel sounds, CVCs, CCVCs, CVCCs, sight words, vowel and consonant contrasts, etc.
Reading
Our lessons will help increase your vocabulary, word recognition, find meaning in context, skills for TOEFL tests and other games, for fun.
Writing
Here we shall build some lessons to help you improve your writing skills.
Grammar
Lots of lessons: cause & effect, comparisons, linking signals, relative clauses, presenting information, expressing emotions and grammar games, of course. We had more lessons on: intensifying adverbs and phrasal verbs, expressing various concepts such as addition, exception, restriction and ambiguity. Lately we started some exercises: likes/dislikes, frequency adverbs (twice), verb tenses, etc.
Website Building
Learn how to build a website, by using the SBI! system — start from the basics, developing a site concept and a niche, supply and demand, learn about profitability and monetization, payment processing, register domain, website structure and content as a pyramid. Also learn about the tools I’m using to build this website. We also covered how to build traffic, working with search engines, building a good system of inbound links, using social marketing and blogs with the SBI system, how to use Socialize It and Form Build It, how to publish an e-zine and how to build a social network in your niche.
Our Weekly Game
We looked at a few games by now: Countable & uncountable nouns, Free Rice, Name That Thing, Spell It, Spelloween, the Phrasal Verbs Game, Preposition Desert, The Sentence Game, Word Confusion, Word Wangling, Buzzing Bees, and The Verb Viper Game.
Be prepared to play and learn more pretty soon.