Что такое nonce word

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A nonce word (also called an occasionalism) is a lexeme created for a single occasion to solve an immediate problem of communication.^[1]^[2]^: 132

Some nonce words may acquire a fixed meaning inferred from context and use, possibly even becoming an established part of the language, at which point they stop being nonce words. Some nonce words may be essentially meaningless and disposable, but they are useful for exactly that reason—the words «wug» and «blicket» for instance were invented by researchers to be used in exercises in child language testing.^[3]

Lexicology[edit]

The term is used because such a word is created «for the nonce» (i.e., for the time being, or this once).^[2]^: 455 All nonce words are also neologisms, that is, recent or relatively new words that have not been fully accepted into mainstream or common use.^[4] The term nonce word in this sense is due to James Murray, the first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.^[5]^:25

In child development studies[edit]

Nonce words are sometimes used to study the development of language in children because they allow researchers to test how children treat words of which they have no prior knowledge. This permits inferences about the default assumptions children make about new word meanings, syntactic structure, etc. «Wug» is among the earliest known nonce words used in language learning studies, and is best known for its use in Jean Berko’s «Wug test», in which children were presented with a novel object, called a wug, and then shown multiple instances of the object and asked to complete a sentence that elicits a plural form—e.g., «This is a wug. Now there are two of them. There are two…?» The use of the plural form «wugs» by the children suggests that they have applied a plural rule to the form, and that this knowledge is not specific to prior experience with the word but applies to most English nouns, whether familiar or novel.^[6]

Nancy N. Soja, Susan Carey, and Elizabeth Spelke used the nonce words «blicket,» «stad,» «mell,» «coodle,» «doff,» «tannin,» «fitch,» and «tulver» when testing to see if children’s knowledge of the distinction between non-solid substances and solid objects preceded or followed their knowledge of the distinction between mass nouns and count nouns.^[7]

In literature[edit]

A poem by Seamus Heaney entitled «Nonce Words» is included in his collection District and Circle.^[8] Fluddle was reported by David Crystal, which he understood to mean a water spillage between a puddle and a flood, invented by the speaker because no suitable word existed. Crystal speculated in 1995 that it might enter the English language if it proved popular.^[2] Bouba and kiki is used to demonstrate a connection between the sound of words and their meaning. Grok, coined by Robert Heinlein in Stranger in a Strange Land, is now used by many to mean «deeply and intuitively understand».^[9] The poem «Jabberwocky» is full of nonce words, with two of them, chortle and galumph, entering into common use.^[9] The novel Finnegans Wake used quark as a nonce word; the physicist Murray Gell-Mann adopted it as the name of a subatomic particle.^[10]

References[edit]

^ «Nonce Word». Cambridge Dictionaries Online. 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language. Ed. David Crystal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0521401798
^ Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 2001, p. 388
^ Malmkjaer, Kirsten. (Ed.) (2006) The Linguistics Encyclopedia. eBook edition. London & New York: Routledge, p. 601. ISBN 0-203-43286-X
^ Mattiello, Elisa. (2017). Analogy in Word-formation : a Study of English Neologisms and Occasionalisms. Berlin/Boston, GERMANY: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-3-11-055141-9. OCLC 988760787.
^ Lise Menn; Nan Bernstein Ratner (2000). «In the Beginning Was the Wug». In Lise Menn; Nan Bernstein Ratner (eds.). Methods for Studying Language Production. Lawrence Erlbaum associates. pp. 1–26. ISBN 978-0-8058-3033-0.
^ Ontological categories guide young children’s inductions of word meaning: Object terms and substance terms. Cognition, 38(2), 179-211. [1]
^ Heaney, Seamus (2006). District and Circle. Faber and Faber. no. 28. ISBN 0-571-23097-0.
^ ^a ^b «OED online». Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ Gell-Mann, Murray (1995). The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. Henry Holt and Co. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-8050-7253-2.

Источник

The titilifarious (also spelled tattyfilarious) British comedian Ken Dodd (c. 1970).
The Graham Stark Photographic Library/Getty Images

Updated on February 12, 2020

A nonce word (from Middle English «for the once») is a word coined or used for a special occasion. A compound construction made up for a particular occasion is sometimes called a nonce compound. As Thomas Kane notes below, nonce compounds (e.g., «an anti-everything-wrong organization») are usually hyphenated.

Examples and Observations

«A nonce word is one coined ‘for the nonce’—made up for one occasion and not likely to be encountered again. When Lewis Carroll coined it, frabjous was a nonce word. Neologisms are much the same thing, brand-new words or brand-new meanings for existing words, coined for a specific purpose. Analogy, especially with familiar words or parts of speech, often guides the coiner, and occasionally these words will enter the standard vocabulary.» (Kenneth G. Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press, 1993)
«Sometimes ‘nonce-formation’ is restricted to linguistically irrelevant, quirky stylistic ‘novelties’; sometimes it is seen as fully representative of the system of word-formation defining ‘possible words.'» (Pavol Štekauer and Rochelle Lieber, Handbook of Word-Formation. Springer, 2005)

Comic Portmanteau Words

«Ken Dodd, a very popular comedian from Liverpool, specialized in the use of words such as titilifarious (a blend of ‘titillating’ and ‘hilarious’?) and plumtuous (a blend of ‘plump’ and ‘sumptuous’?). Such usage may be intended to satirize the ‘long words’ of pompous sounding ‘gobbledygook.'» (Richard Alexander, Aspects of Verbal Humour in English. Gunter Narr Verlag, 1997)
Supercallifragilisticexpialidocious
Mr. Dawes: Well, do you have anything to say, Banks?
George Banks: Well, sir, they do say that when there’s nothing to say, all you can say . . .
Mr. Dawes: Confound it, Banks! I said, do you have anything to say?
George Banks: Just one word, sir . . .
Mr. Dawes: Yes?
George Banks: Supercallifragilisticexpialidocious!
Mr. Dawes Sr.: What?
George Banks: Supercallifragilisticexpialidocious! Mary Poppins was right, it’s extraordinary!
(Dick Van Dyke and David Tomlinson in Mary Poppins, 1964)
«Vegan, too, has its offshoot: a freegan is an anticonsumerist who eats only what others throw away. Unlike a dumpster diver, a freegan (hard g) limits his scrounging to edibles. I believe this term is too close to euphemisms for copulation to be more than a nonce word.» (William Safire, «Vegan.» The New York Times, Jan. 30, 2005)

Horace Walpole’s Nonce Words

«English bristles with nonce words—words invented on the spur of the moment, meant to be used only once. Horace Walpole—the author of the first Gothic novel, and one of the 18th century’s most dedicated letter-writers—was fond of coining new words when the mood struck him. He didn’t invent the insult nincompoop, but he does get credit for the derived form nincompoophood, a word that could stand to be reintroduced. When he wanted to refer to ‘greenness’ and ‘blueness,’ he made up greenth and blueth. When he wanted a word meaning ‘intermediatness,’ he coined betweenity. And while most of these disappeared as quickly as they were invented, a few of his coinages have stuck: Walpole was fond of a fairy tale about three princes from Sri Linka, once known as Serendip, who made a series of unexpected discoveries, so he made up a word to describe the phenomenon. More than two centuries later we still use serendipity for lucky chances.» (Jack W. Lynch, The Lexicographer’s Dilemma. Walker, 2009)

Nonce Compounds

«[P]robably most neologisms are novel compound words. Barbara Tuchman describes the most remarkable quality of a particular statesman as his ‘you-be-damnedness’; and a traveler in Sicily complains of the crude duckboards placed for tourists around an excavation of beautiful mosaics:
It was a groan-making thing to do and only an archeologist could have thought of it. (Lawrence Durrell)
Such constructions are called nonce compounds, which are distinct from the conventional compounds we all use, like teenager or schoolboy. Nonce compounds are usually hyphenated.» (Thomas S. Kane, The Oxford Essential Guide to Writing. Berkley Books, 2000)
«I doubt whether even the breathless, gosh-gee-whiz-can-all-this-be-happening-to-me TV-celebrity-author himself could cap this shlock classic with another.» (Pauline Kael, The New Yorker, 1970)
«The success of a regularly produced nonce compound depends on its conceptual appeal to the speech community and on the importance of the object designated by the compound.» (Florian Coulmas, «Underdeterminacy and Plausibility in Word-Formation.» Meaning, Use, and Interpretation of Language, ed. by Rainer Bäuerle et al. Walter de Gruyer, 1983)

Источник

1
nonce-word

nonce-word noun слово, образованное только для данного случая

Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > nonce-word
2
nonce-word

ˈnɔnswə:d сущ. слово, образованное только для данного случая
n слово, образованное только для данного случая
nonce-word слово, образованное только для данного случая

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > nonce-word
3
nonce-word

[ˈnɔnswə:d]

nonce-word слово, образованное только для данного случая

English-Russian short dictionary > nonce-word
4
nonce word

лингв. окказиональное слово, слово, образованное только для данного случая

English-Russian base dictionary > nonce word
5
nonce word

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > nonce word
6
nonce word

[ʹnɒnswɜ:d]

окказиональное слово, слово, образованное только для данного случая

НБАРС > nonce word
7
nonce word

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > nonce word
8
nonce-word

[`nɔnswɜːd]

слово, образованное только для данного случая

Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > nonce-word
9
nonce word

Новый англо-русский словарь > nonce word
10
nonce word

слово, образованное только для данного случая

Англо-русский современный словарь > nonce word
11
nonce-word

слово, образованное только для данного случая

Англо-русский словарь по рекламе > nonce-word
12
word

wə:d
1. сущ.
1) слово to write a word ≈ сделать запись to coin a word ≈ создать/придумать новое слово to mispronounce слово ≈ неправильно произнести слово to distort smb.’s words ≈ переиначить чьи-л. слова, исказить смысл чьих-л. слов to hang on (to) smb. ‘s words ≈ придираться к чьим-л. словам of few words ≈ немногословно She took the words right out of my mouth. ≈ Она читает мои мысли (говорит то, о чем я хотел сказать) to get a word in edgewise ≈ ввернуть словечко, сделать дельное замечание to have the last word ≈ сказать послпеднее слово (положить конец спору, распре) to take smb. at her/his word ≈ поймать на слове кого-л. Don’t breathe a word about it to anyone. ≈ Об этом никому ни слова. There was no word of the incident in the newspapers. ≈ В газетах нет ни слова о происшествии. She would like to say a few words about the incident. ≈ Она хотела бы сказать несколько слов о происшествии. not to mince any words ≈ рассказать все без утайки angry words cross words sharp words choice word harsh word hasty words high-sounding words hollow words hypocritical words sincere words weasel words archaic words obsolete words borrowed words compound word dialectal words regional words foreign words four-letter words obscene words monosyllabic words nonce words portmanteau word simple words taboo word guide word household word in a word in one word put in a word say a word word in one’s ear it is not the word take at his word on the word with the word
2) часто мн. разговор, речь to put in a good word for smb. ≈ произнести оправдательную речь в адрес кого-л. to have words ≈ крупно поговорить, поссориться с кем-л. (with smb.) warm words, hot words ≈ брань, крупный разговор fair words ≈ комплименты
3) замечание
4) обещание, слово to break one’s word ≈ не сдержать обещание, нарушить клятву one’s solemn word ≈ торжественное обещание one’s word of honor ≈ слово чести She gave me her word that she would deliver the message. ≈ Она пообещала мне, что отправит сообщение. She’s a woman of her word. ≈ Она человек слова. man of his word ≈ человек слова upon my word ≈ Честное слово!
5) вести;
известие, сообщение
6) приказание to give word ≈ отдать распоряжение word of command ≈ команда
7) пароль
девиз;
лозунг ∙ hard words break no bones посл. ≈ брань на вороту не виснет a word spoken is past recalling посл. ≈ слово не воробей, вылетит — не поймаешь a word to the wise ≈ умный с полуслова понимает big words last word sharp’s the word! in so many words code word
2. гл. выражать словами;
подбирать выражения
слово — primary * корневое слово — half a * полслова — to be not the * for it быть недостаточным для выражения или определения чего-л. — tactlessness is not the * for it! «бестактность» — это не то слово /это слишком слабо сказано/! — I am repeating his very /actual/ *s я повторяю его собственные слова, я дословно передаю сказанное им часто pl речь, разговор, слова — concluding *s заключительное слово — to have a * with smb. поговорить с кем-л. — to take (up) the * заговорить;
перебить( кого-л.) — to put smth. into *s, to give *s to smth. выразить что-л. словами — to put one’s thoughts into *s высказать /сформулировать/ свои мысли — to get /to put/ in a * вставить слово, вмешаться в разговор — *s fail me у меня не хватает слов — I have no *s to express my gratitude мне не хватает слов, чтобы выразить благодарность — a truer * was never spoken совершенно верно!;
лучше не скажешь — bold in * only смелый только на словах — «A * to the Reader» «К читателю» (введение к книге) pl размолвка, ссора — high /hard/ *s разговор на повышенных тонах, крупный разговор — they had *s, *s passed between them они поссорились, между ними произошла ссора замечание, совет — a * in season своевременный совет — a * in smb.’s ear намек (тк. в ед. ч.) вести;
известие, сообщение — to receive * of smb.’s coming получить известие о чьем-л. приезде — please send me * as soon as possible пожалуйста, известите меня как можно скорее — please leave * for me at the office пожалуйста, оставьте мне записку в канцелярии (тк. в ед. ч.) обещание, заверение — to give one’s * дать слово;
обещать — to keep one’s * сдержать слово — a man of his * человек слова — to be as good as one’s * сдержать слово — to be better than one’s * сделать больше обещанного — to take smb. at his * поверить кому-л. на слово;
принять чьи-л. слова всерьез — his * is as good as his bond на его слово можно положиться;
его слово — лучшая гарантия — take my * for it (разговорное) уверяю вас, поверьте мне рекомендация, совет — to say /to put in/ a good * for smb. хвалить или отстаивать кого-л.;
замолвить за кого-л. словечко — to give smb. one’s good * рекомендовать кого-л. (на должность и т. п.) (тк. в ед. ч.) приказ, приказание — * of command( военное) команда — to give the *, to say the * отдать приказание /распоряжение, команду/ — * to be passed! (военное) (морское) слушайте все! — his * is law его слово — закон — sharp’s the *! поторапливайся, живей! — mum’s the *! тихо!, ни слова об этом! пароль, пропуск пословица, поговорка слух, молва( the W.) (религия) Слово господне (о священном писании, особ. о Евангелии;
тж. W. of God, God’s W.) — to preach the W. проповедывать евангелие /христианство/ Слово, Бог-слово, Христос (тж. Eternal W.) — ministers of the W. (христианское) духовенство pl (музыкальное) (театроведение) текст, слова ( песни) ;
либретто( оперы) ;
текст (роли) (полиграфия) слово (условная единица объема, равная 5 печатным знакам) — 8000 *s = 1 печатный лист — a book of 160000 *s книга в 20 печатных листов (компьютерное) слово;
код;
кодовая группа;
группа символов (биология) кодовое слово (в генетическом коде) > for *, to a * дословно, буквально, слово в слово > a man of few *s немногословный человек > a man of many *s велеречивый человек;
болтун > by * of mouth на словах, устно > in a /one/ * одним словом, короче говоря > in other *s другими словами, иначе говоря > in a few *s в нескольких словах, вкратце > without many *s без лишних слов > not a *! (разговорное) ни слова!, ни гу-гу!, молчок! > in * and deed на словах и на деле > a play on /upon/ *s игра слов, каламбур > big *s хвастовство > upon /on/ my * (даю) честное слово > my *! подумать только! > in the *s of… говоря словами /по выражению, по словам/ такого-то… > in so many *s определенно, ясно, недвусмысленно;
прямо, откровенно > on /with/ the * как только было сказано;
без промедления;
тут же, сейчас же > to hang on smb.’s *s ловить чьи-л. слова;
внимательно прислушиваться к кому-л. > beyond *s неописуемый, невыразимый > conduct beyond *s поведение, не поддающееся описанию > a * and a blow необдуманный поступок, скоропалительное действие > to eat /to swallow/ one’s *s брать свои слова обратно;
извиняться за сказанное > fair /good/ *s комплименты > fine *s красивые слова > fine /fair, soft/ *s butter no parsnips, *s are but wind (красивые) слова ничего не стоят > he has a kind /a good/ * for everyone у него для каждого человека найдется доброе слово > last *s последние /предсмертные/ слова > the last * (in smth.) последнее слово, новейшее достижение > the last * has not yet been said on this matter последнее слово по этому поводу еще не сказано, вопрос еще окончательно не решен > to have the last * сказать последнее слово (в споре) > not to know the first * about smth. ничего не понимать в чем-л., не знать азов чего-л. > he hasn’t a * to throw at a dog от него слова не добьешься > to suit the action to the * смотреть, чтобы слово не расходилось с делом;
сказано — сделано > a * spoken is past recalling слово — не воробей, вылетит — не поймаешь > *s are the wise man’s counters and the fool’s money только дурак верит на слово > a * to the wise умный с полуслова понимает > hard *s break no bones брань на вороту не виснет выражать словами;
подбирать слова, выражения;
формулировать — I should rather * it differently я бы сказал /сформулировал/ это иначе — how should it be *ed? как бы это выразить?
address ~ вчт. адресное слово
alphabetic ~ вчт. буквенное слово
associatively located ~ вчт. слово найденное ассоциативным поиском
banner ~ вчт. начальное слово
I should ~ it rather differently я сказал бы это, пожалуй, иначе;
a beautifully worded address прекрасно составленная речь
~ девиз;
лозунг;
big words хвастовство
binary ~ вчт. двоичное слово
block descriptor ~ вчт. дескриптор блока
buzz ~ вчт. основное слово
call ~ вчт. вызывающее слово
~ (часто pl) речь, разговор;
can I have a word with you? мне надо поговорить с вами
check ~ вчт. контрольное слово
code ~ кодированное слово
command ~ вчт. имя команды
comparand ~ вчт. характеристический признак
computer ~ вчт. машинное слово
constant ~ вчт. константное слово
control ~ вчт. управляющее слово
data ~ вчт. слово данных
descriptor ~ вчт. дескриптор
digital ~ вчт. цифровое слово
double ~ вчт. двойное слово
edit ~ вчт. редактирующее слово
empty ~ вчт. пустое слово
entry ~ док. порядковое слово описания
warm (или hot) ~s брань, крупный разговор;
fair words комплименты
full ~ вчт. слово
function ~ вчт. функциональная команда
~ пароль;
to give the word сказать пароль
~ приказание;
word of command воен. команда;
to give (или to send) word отдать распоряжение
half ~ вчт. полуслово
in so many ~s ясно, недвусмысленно;
hard words break no bones посл. = брань на вороту не виснет
to have words (with smb.) крупно поговорить, поссориться (с кем-л.)
he hasn’t a ~ to throw at a dog он и разговаривать не желает;
a word spoken is past recalling посл. = слово не воробей, вылетит — не поймаешь he hasn’t a ~ to throw at a dog от него слова не добьешься
I should ~ it rather differently я сказал бы это, пожалуй, иначе;
a beautifully worded address прекрасно составленная речь
identifier ~ вчт. идентификатор
in a ~, in one ~ одним словом;
короче говоря;
to put in (или to say) a word (for smb.) замолвить (за кого-л.) словечко
in a ~, in one ~ одним словом;
короче говоря;
to put in (или to say) a word (for smb.) замолвить (за кого-л.) словечко
in so many ~s ясно, недвусмысленно;
hard words break no bones посл. = брань на вороту не виснет
index ~ вчт. модификатор
information ~ вчт. информационное слово
isolated ~ вчт. выбранное слово
a ~ in one’s ear на ухо, по секрету;
it is not the word не то слово, это еще слабо сказано
key ~ вчт. ключевое слово
the last ~ (in (или on) smth.) последнее слово (в какой-л. области) the last ~ (in (или on) smth.) = последний крик моды
the last ~ has not yet been said on this subject вопрос еще не решен;
sharp’s the word! поторапливайся!, живей!
lock ~ вчт. блокировочное слово
long ~ вчт. двойное слово
matching ~ вчт. слово с совпавшим признаком
nonreserved ~ вчт. незарезервированное слово
numeric ~ вчт. цифровое слово
offensive ~ оскорбительное слово
to take (smb.) at his ~ поймать (кого-л.) на слове;
on (или with) the word вслед за словами
optional ~ вчт. дополнительное слово
packed ~ вчт. упакованное слово
parameter ~ вчт. параметр
partial ~ вчт. часть слова
primary ~ вчт. встроенная операция
processor status ~ вчт. слово состояния процессора
program status ~ вчт. слово состояния программы
in a ~, in one ~ одним словом;
короче говоря;
to put in (или to say) a word (for smb.) замолвить (за кого-л.) словечко
word вести;
известие, сообщение;
to receive word of (smb.’s) coming получить известие о (чьем-л.) приезде
request ~ вчт. слово запроса
reserved ~ вчт. зарезервированное слово
~ замечание;
to say a few words высказать несколько замечаний (по поводу чего-л. — на собрании и т. п.)
search ~ вчт. признак
secondary ~ вчт. вторичная команда
selected ~ вчт. выбранное слово
the last ~ has not yet been said on this subject вопрос еще не решен;
sharp’s the word! поторапливайся!, живей!
she had the last ~ ее слово было последним, = она в долгу не осталась
spoken ~ вчт. произносимое слово
status ~ вчт. слово состояния
to take (smb.) at his ~ поймать (кого-л.) на слове;
on (или with) the word вслед за словами
test ~ вчт. тестовое слово
unmarked ~ вчт. непомеченное слово
~ обещание, слово;
to give one’s word обещать;
a man of his word человек слова;
upon my word! честное слово!
upper half of ~ вчт. старшее полуслово
warm (или hot) ~s брань, крупный разговор;
fair words комплименты
wide ~ вчт. длинное слово
word вести;
известие, сообщение;
to receive word of (smb.’s) coming получить известие о (чьем-л.) приезде ~ выражать словами;
подбирать выражения;
to word a telegram составить телеграмму ~ выражать словами ~ девиз;
лозунг;
big words хвастовство ~ заверение ~ замечание;
to say a few words высказать несколько замечаний (по поводу чего-л. — на собрании и т. п.) ~ замечание ~ известие ~ обещание, слово;
to give one’s word обещать;
a man of his word человек слова;
upon my word! честное слово! ~ обещание ~ пароль;
to give the word сказать пароль ~ пароль ~ приказ ~ приказание;
word of command воен. команда;
to give (или to send) word отдать распоряжение ~ приказание ~ пропуск ~ (часто pl) речь, разговор;
can I have a word with you? мне надо поговорить с вами ~ слово;
word for word слово в слово;
буквально;
by word of mouth устно;
на словах ~ слово ~ вчт. слово ~ совет ~ сообщение ~ формулировыать ~ элемент информации
~ выражать словами;
подбирать выражения;
to word a telegram составить телеграмму
~ слово;
word for word слово в слово;
буквально;
by word of mouth устно;
на словах
a ~ in one’s ear на ухо, по секрету;
it is not the word не то слово, это еще слабо сказано
~ приказание;
word of command воен. команда;
to give (или to send) word отдать распоряжение
he hasn’t a ~ to throw at a dog он и разговаривать не желает;
a word spoken is past recalling посл. = слово не воробей, вылетит — не поймаешь
a ~ to the wise = умный с полуслова понимает
written-in ~ вчт. записанное слово

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > word
13
word

[wəːd]

n

There was no word of the incident in the newspapers. — В газетах не было ни слова о происшествии.

She would like to say a few words about the incident. — Она хотела бы сказать несколько слов о происшествии.

Actions speak louder than words. He — ◊ на бумаге сказано — делом показано. /Не спеши языком, торопись делом

— high-sounding words
— sincere words
— compound word
— hollow words
— foreign words
— nonce words
— taboo word
— words in one’s ear
— word for word

— upon my word!
— say a few words
— tell smb, smth in one’s own words
— have a word with smb

— write a word

— get a word in edgewise
— coin a new word
— mispronounce a word
— distort smb’s words
— hang on smb’s words
— have the last word
— take smb at her word
— put in a word for smb
— not to say a word
— not to mince any words

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > word
14
NONCE

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > NONCE
15
nonce

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > nonce
16
однодневка

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > однодневка

См. также в других словарях:

Nonce word — Nonce Nonce (n[o^]ns), n. [For the nonce, OE. for the nones, a corruption of for then ones, where n. in then is a relic of AS. m in [eth]am, dat. of the article and demonstrative pronoun, E. the. See {For}, {Once}, and {The}.] The one or single… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
nonce-word — (n.) word coined for a special occasion, 1922, from NONCE (Cf. nonce) + WORD (Cf. word) (n.) … Etymology dictionary
nonce word — nonce ,word noun count a word that someone invents for a particular purpose or occasion … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
nonce word — nonce′ word n. ling. a word coined and used only for a particular occasion • Etymology: 1880–85 … From formal English to slang
nonce word — n. a word coined and used for a single or particular occasion, or time being … English World dictionary
Nonce word — For other uses of the word, see Nonce. A nonce word is a word used only for the nonce to meet a need that is not expected to recur. Quark, for example, was formerly a nonce word in English, appearing only in James Joyce s Finnegans Wake. Murray… … Wikipedia
nonce word — noun a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion • Syn: ↑hapax legomenon • Hypernyms: ↑word * * * noun : a word (as ringday in “four girls I know have become engaged today: this must be ringday”) coined and used apparently to suit… … Useful english dictionary
nonce word — UK [ˈnɒns ˌwɜː(r)d] / US [ˈnɑns ˌwɜrd] noun [countable] Word forms nonce word : singular nonce word plural nonce words a word that someone invents for a particular purpose or occasion … English dictionary
nonce word — word invented and used only for one specific occasion … English contemporary dictionary
nonce word — a word coined and used only for a particular occasion. Cf. neologism (def. 1). [1880 85] * * * ▪ literature a word coined and used apparently to suit one particular occasion. Nonce words are sometimes used independently by different writers … Universalium
nonce word — noun A word invented for the occasion … Wiktionary

Источник

(Redirected from Nonce-word)

A nonce word (also called an occasionalism) is a lexeme created for a single occasion to solve an immediate problem of communication.^[1]^[2]^: 132

LexicologyEdit

In child development studiesEdit

In literatureEdit

ReferencesEdit

^ «Nonce Word». Cambridge Dictionaries Online. 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language. Ed. David Crystal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0521401798
^ Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 2001, p. 388
^ Malmkjaer, Kirsten. (Ed.) (2006) The Linguistics Encyclopedia. eBook edition. London & New York: Routledge, p. 601. ISBN 0-203-43286-X
^ Mattiello, Elisa. (2017). Analogy in Word-formation : a Study of English Neologisms and Occasionalisms. Berlin/Boston, GERMANY: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-3-11-055141-9. OCLC 988760787.
^ Lise Menn; Nan Bernstein Ratner (2000). «In the Beginning Was the Wug». In Lise Menn; Nan Bernstein Ratner (eds.). Methods for Studying Language Production. Lawrence Erlbaum associates. pp. 1–26. ISBN 978-0-8058-3033-0.
^ Ontological categories guide young children’s inductions of word meaning: Object terms and substance terms. Cognition, 38(2), 179-211. [1]
^ Heaney, Seamus (2006). District and Circle. Faber and Faber. no. 28. ISBN 0-571-23097-0.
^ ^a ^b «OED online». Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ Gell-Mann, Murray (1995). The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. Henry Holt and Co. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-8050-7253-2.

Источник

Nonce
words as part of linguistic and cultural worldview

Neologisms
vs. nonce-words
Functions
of nonce words
Types
of nonce words
Nonce
words as part of the author’s message.

—
Neologisms
(N)- new words, word-combinations or fixed phrases ; new meanings of
existing words (“mouse”). Some neologisms are
non-motivated(quark).
James
Joyce’s
Finnegan’s
Wake.
Murray
Gell-Mann
then adopted it to name a new class of subatomic
particle.

—
Nonce
words
(NW)
-new words made up by writers and publicists for a special literary
effect. They are rarely adopted into common language. (“I won’t
be sonatoed
out of my own house”)
‘floodle‘
— a stretch of water bigger than a puddle but smaller than a flood.
NW
can
give
rise
to
neologisms.

окказионализмы
(от лат. occasio — “случай”= “писательские
(художественные) новообразования”,
“творческие (стилистические,
индивидуальные) неологизмы”,
“слова-самоделки”, “слова-однодневки”,
“эгологизмы”

NW
& N compared
(O.I.
Alexandrova):

N
–
lexical units emerging as NOMINATIVE
(= IDENTIFYING),
with an intellectual-communicative
function.

NW
–
units emerging as CHARACTERIZING
(PREDICATIVE).

Nonce-words
are characterized by an interplay of explicit and implicit meanings
(“мерцательность”
эксплицитного*
/ имплицитного*)

Reasons
for coining nonce-words:

to express
the thought more precisely than can be done with the common stock of
vocabulary (“touch-me-not-ishness”
– having a ‘touch-me-not’ character;
to
find for a compressed form of meaning (“to be sonatoed
…”, “guesstimate”, galumphing)
to express
one’s emotional attitude or assessment of an object or person
(“floodle”,”twi-thought” – an indistinct or vague
thought);
to foreground
the lexical unit, i.e. to draw attention to it, to “re-design”
its etymology and meaning («искпедиция»
or: such never-existing breed of cats as «кошакса»,
«съембернар»,
«невмастифф»)

Э.
Ханпира:
NW exist not only on on the level of a word but on that of a^

morpheme
(“silences”
“Все каменней
ступени” ,
(Брюсов);
a
word
combination (two wives
ago”,
“an extremely
married
man”; “weaponed ladyhood”, «он
очень
причесывается»).
Я
изучил
науку
расставанья//
В
простоволосых
жалобах
ночных.(Мандельштам)
Not
only can lexical combinability be violated, but syntactical,
too: “Today we shall learn to
vanish mice”.
“Иду,
и
холодеют
росы
и
серебрятся
о
тебе”).

Types
of contexts in which NW occur:

Zero
context
– a context which is superfluous (unnecessary), as the NW reveals
its semantic potential through its inner form.

Minicontext
(= immediate environment)–
a line, a phrase, a sentence, a paragraph sufficient for revealing
the semantics of a NW: «кошакса»
— the only breed of cat that can rub itself against the leg of its
master simultaneously from the front and from behind ( a long cat:
кошка+такса)

Macrocontext
(the whole work of fiction) – “a
rich full death”
as a nonce-cliché )

Vertical
context
(historical—cultural)
(“пушкинское
предикативное наречие кюхельбекерно,
употребленное в строке “и кюхельбекерно,
и тошно”, не может быть истолковано,
если читатель не владеет затекстовой
информацией о меланхоличности,
мнительности натуры друга Пушкина”.
– Н.Бабенко.

Окказиональное в художественном тексте)

Nonce-words
are often related
to allusions:

Орел
// кордильерствует
над
вершинами… (С.Кирсанов)

И, леонардоввинчиваясь
в небо, //Достичь сверхмикеланджеловой
мощи (Л.
Мартынов
“Натура живописца»)

J.Fowles.
“The Collector”: «Calibanity»,
“Calibanese”.

Calibanity
stands
for mediocricy, distrust of everything original, narrow-mindedness,
suspiciousness, the herd instinct (стадный…)

He
said
he’d
think
about
it.
Which
is
Calibanese
for
«no.”»

In
this context the NW «Calibanity»
comes close to the meaning of another NW, from another book of the
same writer: «mass-everything».
(J.Fowles.
The Magician.
– from graduation paper of Е.Муравьева):
«…this
awful
deadweight
of
the
fat
little
New
People
on
everything.
Corrupting
everything. Vulgarizing everything. Raping the countryside.
Everything mass-produced.
Mass—everything».

Е.В.Поздеева (Пермь) (Об
эссе М.Гершуни «Грезиденты»)

вредители-грошмейстеры
заведут свою пустораль,
двинут свои эйфоризмы

…И снова у
думовладельцев
пойдут
беспробудни

…(«безванные,
бездушные
плачуги…
— about terrible living conditions)

(BK – the
stagnation period of Brezhnev’s times, the tedious and
never-ceasing propaganda, the gap between the privileged and the
common people, with their pitiful living conditions)

From a
modern fantasy novel: «ОККУЛЬТОВАРЫ»

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

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Источник

окказиональное слово, слово, образованное только для данного случая

существительное

- окказиональное слово, слово, образованное только для данного случая

Мои примеры

Словосочетания

nonce word — слово, образованное только для данного случая
occasional / nonce word — окказионализм

Источник

Nonce words are neologisms, meaning they are new words that have yet to be accepted into mainstream use. The word comes from the Middle English phrase “for the once,” or for the moment/special occasion. It’s created for a specific purpose that must be inferred from the context and will likely never be encountered by the reader in any other context again.

Nonce pronunciation: Naw-nss Wer-d

Explore Nonce Word

1 Definition and Explanation
2 Why Do Writers Use Nonce Words?
3 Examples of Nonce Words in Poetry
4 Examples of Nonce Words in Literature
5 Nonce Word Synonyms
6 Related Literary Terms
7 Other Resources

Definition and Explanation

Nonce words are made-up words that authors coin for a specific purpose in their writing. They are sometimes used comedically, as within children’s poetry and fiction, while other ties they might be meant entirely seriously, such as in science fiction or fantasy novel. These words might stay contained to the stories they originated in, or, if the short story/novel/poem becomes popular, enter into the mainstream. For instance, Shakespeare created numerous words that were once neologisms and have since entered into common use. These include “cold-blood” and “amazement.”

Why Do Writers Use Nonce Words?

Writers use nonce words when they need a new word to describe something in their writing. This might be because they can’t settle on a word that already exists or because nothing means exactly what they want it to. Nonce words are also used to entertain, such as in the words of Dr. Seuss. He often created new words that rhymed with common words; this added vividness to the worlds he described while also making the reader feel more like they’d been transported there. Sometimes, nonce words are used for the sounds they create, such as in Jabberwocky.’ The words in this particular poem are a pleasure to read and hear but have no clear meaning. It’s possible to infer the meaning of some, but not all of them.

Examples of Nonce Words in Poetry

Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll

‘Jabberwocky’ is perhaps the best-known English-language poem to make sure to nonce words. Here are a few lines from the poem as an example:

’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:

All mimsy were the borogoves,

And the mome raths outgrabe.

At first glance, it looks as though the poem is written in an entirely different language, which almost is considering how many nonce words Carroll employed. As mentioned above, it’s possible to infer meaning for some of these words, while for others, it’s almost impossible to get a complete picture. Some words from this poem, like “chortle” and “galumph,” have entered into common use.

The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear

Lear is one of the best-loved authors of children’s poetry to ever live. In his poem, ‘The Owl and the Pussy-Cat,’ readers can find a few examples of nonce words. Take a look at these lines and the word “runcible,”

So they took it away, and were married next day

By the Turkey who lives on the hill.

They dined on mince, and slices of quince,

Which they ate with a runcible spoon;

Here, Lear coins the word “runcible” in order to refer to something that’s between a fork and a spoon, usually referred to as a “spork” nowadays. The word fits so seamlessly into the poem and sounds very much like a real word that it works quite well here.

Don’t Bump the Glump by Shel Silverstein

Don’t Bump the Glump is Silverstein’s first book of poems. In it, readers can find numerous poems based on nonsense words. For example, take a look at these lines from The Wild Cherote.’

I’d like a coat of Wild Cherote.

It’s warm and fleecy as can be.

But note: What if the Wild Cherote

Would like a coat of Me?

Here, Silverstein creates a character called a “Wild Cherote.” The only information one has, aside from illustrations, is that it’s possible to create a coat out of its hair, wool, or whatever other furry texture it has. Other wonderful poems in the collection include The Bibley,’ ‘Oops,’ and ‘The Skinny Zippity.’

Examples of Nonce Words in Literature

Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein

In Heinlein’s groundbreaking, best-selling science fiction novel, he coined a well-used nonce word— “grok.” The word is used throughout the novel to mean something close to “comprehend” or “understand.” It comes from Mars, where the main character, a human raised by Martians, learned to use it all the time. When he returns to earth, he uses “grok” on a regular basis, forcing all the other characters and the reader to intuit his meaning. By the end of the novel, it’s quite clear, and all the characters who have befriended him are using it regularly as well. Today, the word is used by some computer programmers.

Ulysses by James Joyce

Within Joyce’s masterpiece, Ulysses, readers can find a number of invented words. These include “ringroundabout,” used to describe completely surrounding something, “poppysmic,” the sound of someone smacking their lips, and “mrkgnao,”a version of “meow.” Here is an example of the latter being used in the novel:

Mrkgnao! the cat said loudly. She blinked up out of her avid shameclosing eyes, mewing plaintively and long, showing him her milkwhite teeth.

In this excerpt, readers should also notice the use of “shameclosing” and “milkwhite,” two invented compound words, another type of nonce word.

Nonce Word Synonyms

Occasionalism, nonsense word, protologism, sniglet, pseudoword, nonce compound.

Abstract Diction: occurs when the poet wants to express something ephemeral or ungraspable.
Allusion: an indirect reference to, including but not limited to, an idea, event, or person. It is used within both prose and verse writing.
Audience: the group for which an artist or writer makes a piece of art or writes.
Figurative Language: figures of speech that are used in order to improve a piece of writing.
Imagery: the elements of a poem that engage a reader’s senses. These are the important sights, sounds, feelings, and smells.

Other Resources

Watch: What’s a Nonce Word?
Listen: Ulysses by James Joyce Audiobook
Read: Merriam-Webster Definition: Nonce Word
Watch: Neologism

Источник

Lexicology[edit]

In child development studies[edit]

In literature[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Examples and Observations

Comic Portmanteau Words

Horace Walpole’s Nonce Words

Nonce Compounds

См. также в других словарях:

LexicologyEdit

In child development studiesEdit

In literatureEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

существительное

Мои примеры

Словосочетания

Explore Nonce Word

Definition and Explanation

Why Do Writers Use Nonce Words?

Examples of Nonce Words in Poetry

Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll

The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear

Don’t Bump the Glump by Shel Silverstein

Examples of Nonce Words in Literature

Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein

Ulysses by James Joyce

Nonce Word Synonyms

Other Resources

Lexicology[edit]

In child development studies[edit]

In literature[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Examples and Observations

Comic Portmanteau Words

​​Horace Walpole’s Nonce Words

Nonce Compounds

См. также в других словарях:

LexicologyEdit

In child development studiesEdit

In literatureEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

существительное

Мои примеры

Словосочетания

Explore Nonce Word

Definition and Explanation

Why Do Writers Use Nonce Words?

Examples of Nonce Words in Poetry

Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll

The Owl and the Pussy-Cat by Edward Lear

Don’t Bump the Glump by Shel Silverstein

Examples of Nonce Words in Literature

Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein

Ulysses by James Joyce

Nonce Word Synonyms

Other Resources

Horace Walpole’s Nonce Words