Choose the proper word aim discover

1. Read the text, translate it and do some exercises below.

The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”, which means “knowledge”. Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.

Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the Universe and examine the structure of the cells of living plants and animals. Other researches investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.

Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories that help them order and unity facts. Scientific theories consist of general principals or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.

Scientific study can be divided into two major groups: sciences and humanities. They also have other names such as STEM, the arts and so on. As science, knowledge grew and became more complicated. Many new fields of science appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields became less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.

Science has great influence on our life. It provides the basis of modern technology – the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the Universe.

a. Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph:

1) The fields of scientific research.

2) Different groups of sciences.

3) The importance of science.

4) What is science?

5) Methods of scientific research.

b. Ask questions to the following sentences.

1. The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”.

2. Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts.

3. Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural.

4. Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts

5. Science has great influence on our life.

c. Divide the following disciplines into two groups:

anatomy literary criticism physics chemistry archaeology history education science psychology art criticism ecology logic economics astronomy zoology sociology geography mathematics jurisprudence programming linguistics geology biology botany study of language and literature medicine
sciences	humanities

2. No matter which field a particular science belongs to, they all use the same basic terminological apparatus. Examine the table that lists the commonly misused word pairs about science and do the exercise below.

artificial ― искусственный	false ― неправильный, ложный
natural ― естественный, природный	physical ― физический, материальный
true ― правдивый, достоверный	accurate ― точный
a method ― метод, способ (предполагает соблюдение определенных правил)	a way ― способ
an engine ― двигатель	a machine ― механизм, машина	a motor ― двигатель (чаще всего электрический)
an aim ― намерение, цель	a cause ― причина (негативный фактор, вызывающий определенные последствия)	a reason ― повод
to estimate ― оценивать	to calculate ― подсчитывать
electric ― электрический	electronic ― электронный
to invent ― изобретать	to discover ― совершать открытие (обнаружить то, что уже существовало)
research ― исследование	an experiment ― опыт, эксперимент
progress ― прогресс, развитие	development ― развитие
modern ― современный	new ― новый
an industry ― промышленность	a factory ― завод
an award ― официальная награда (победитель, как правило, выбирается жюри или комитетом)	a reward ― награда за проделанную работу, поощрение
to take place ― проводиться, происходить (заранее планируемые события)	to occur ― происходить (непредвиденное событие)

Choose the proper word:

aim discover research way true invent accurate methods experiment reason

1. It’s … that Earth has square form.

2. What’s the best … to learn a language?

3. The scientists were furious, and with … .

4. Students managed to … math concepts on their own.

5. The book gives an … description of each mineral.

6. It’s better to do some … before you buy a car.

7. The behaviour of wild animals was verified by … .

8. My teacher uses traditional teaching … .

9. Alexander Graham Bell is the man who … the telephone.

10. The … of the research is to find new water sources.

3. Read the text, translate it and do some exercises below.

As science, knowledge grew and became more complicated. Many new fields of science appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields became less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.

Digital humanities is a new direction in science, which began to develop especially actively in the last 5 years. It is a hybrid of the STEM and the humanities. But not in the sense that the humanities have suddenly decided to do physics. The main word here is still humanities, that is, the classical humanities – philology, history, philosophy, cultural studies. It is only proposed to study them in a new way – by ceasing to ignore the fact that the world is turning into digital.

Previously, researchers had dozens, hundreds, thousands of books on hand – today we are talking about millions. How can we study them if thousands of years are not enough to read them? Previously, tens of thousands of manuscripts were gathering dust in archives and were available only to a select few – now they are digitized, supplied with “smart” markup and intelligent search tools. How can we analyze and draw conclusions from this wealth of data? Previously, cartography was the lot of the elite – now everyone can place their coordinates on the interactive globe. How can you use Google Maps to learn new things about trade in the ancient world, the spread of plague in medieval Europe or air travel in the post-war USSR? All these questions forced humanitarian researchers to master skills and knowledge completely uncharacteristic for them – data analysis, data science, automatic text mining, network theory, geoinformatics. This is how “digital humanities” appeared.

And it is almost impossible to give an exhaustive definition of Digital Humanities. http://whatisdigitalhumanities.com/ has 817 different options – you can just refresh the page in your browser and read one by one. By the way, my favorite definition is: “DH is taking tools built by warmongers, oil companies, spy agencies & investment bankers and using them to study literature, philosophy, culture and the classics”.

In fact, formal studies of humanitarian objects have a rich history in the 20th century – poetry, historical databases, and stylometry. For linguists, however, working with text corpora and statistical data has long become mainstream. In fact, a new heyday of interest in exact methods in the humanities is associated with the emergence of new opportunities – the availability of electronic texts, the development of methods for their automatic analysis, new storage and processing capacities, new tools for working with data.

a. Here are the statements of scholars about what they do. Using the text, name the methods of DH they use in their work.

I create interactive maps of the correspondence of the French Enlightened.
	I measure anthropological material from paleontological and archaeological sites, and then create 3D portraits of people who lived millennia ago.
I build social networks of great poets using their letters and diaries.
	I process printed texts and then upload them into a system, which then allows other linguists to search for words, phrases, and whole sentences in different parameters.
I study medieval chronicles and mark conquest campaigns, trade ties between states and the spread of deadly diseases on Google maps.

b. The 20th century was marked by the emergence of many new disciplines at the intersection of two and sometimes three traditional ones. Below are the names of traditional sciences and humanities, make up the names of new ones.

geography linguistics informatics biology physics sociology geography nutritiology geology genetic engineering ethnology chemistry ecology astronomy

Example: A science studying the relationship between human genome, nutrition and health

genetic + nutritiology = nutrigenomics

1. A field of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and culture and how different ethnic groups perceive the world__________________________________________________________

2. The study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms_____________________

3. A science that employs the methods and principles of physics in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena__________________________________________________________________________

4. The direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology_______________________

5. The application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology____________________________________________

6. A subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis______________________________________________________________________________

7. The study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping_________________________________________________________

8. A descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and society’s effect on language________________________________________________________________________

9. The scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time_______________________________________________________________________________

10. An interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena______________________________________________________________

4. New inventions are appearing every day to make our lives easier, longer, warmer, speedier and so on.

Some of them are the result of the work of fundamental or applied science; some are performed unexpectedly by completely ordinary people.

a. Read about inventions and name their scientific authors.

Albert Einstein Isaac Newton Thomas Newcomen Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen Louis Pasteur Alexander Fleming Michael Faraday James Watt I-Xing Thomas Severi Henry Bigelow Dmitry Mendeleev

— There is still a lot of controversy as to who can be considered the first mechanical watch. However, this groundbreaking discovery allowed people to measure time.

— Penicillin (the first antibiotic) was discovered in 1928. If this had not happened, then people would probably still die from things like stomach ulcers, tooth abscesses, tonsillitis and scarlet fever, staphylococcal infection, leptospirosis, etc.

— Rough forms of anesthesia such as opium, mandrake, and alcohol were used as early as 70 AD. But it wasn’t until 1847 that an American surgeon determined that ether and chloroform could be anesthetics, thereby making painful surgery much more bearable.

— The fateful discovery of electricity is usually associated with the name of one scientist, although this phenomenon was known to the ancient Greeks. But he can rightfully be considered the father of modern power grids and electrical appliances, because he discovered the basic principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. During his experiments, he also created the first generator that produces electricity.

— Pasteurization was discovered in the 1860s. It is a heat treatment process that destroys pathogens in certain foods and beverages such as wine, beer, and milk. This discovery had a huge impact on public health.

— This is a well-known story — the famous English mathematician and physicist discovered the force of gravity after an apple fell on his head in 1664. His discovery explains why things fall to earth and why planets revolve around the sun.

— It is common knowledge that modern civilization grew thanks to the Industrial Revolution, the main cause of which was the steam engine. In fact, this engine was not invented overnight, but rather it was gradually developed over about a hundred years thanks to 3 British inventors.

— In 1869, a Russian chemist, while studying the atomic weights of elements, noticed that chemical elements can be formed into groups with similar properties. As a result, he managed to create the first periodic table, which became one of the most important discoveries in the field of chemistry.

— The German physicist discovered X-rays in 1895 when he was studying the phenomena that accompany the passage of electric current through extremely low pressure gas. For this groundbreaking discovery, he was awarded the first-ever Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

— Two related theories – special relativity and general relativity – were published in 1905. They transformed theoretical physics and astronomy in the 20th century, replacing Newton’s 200-year-old theory of mechanics. This theory has become the basis for much of modern science.

b. This list of inventions is of course not exhaustive. Choose an invention that was not mentioned in the exercise and make a short presentation about it.

c. Watch some TED-videos (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Al-30Z-aH8M&list=PL006C004839E8F1C1) about inventions that make our everyday life easier and answer the questions:

1. What is the relationship between a treadmill and the English Penetration System?

2. How were the trains in the first London Tube put underground?

3. If Teflon is repellent, how is it used to coat pans, trays and cooking sheets?

4. Why were the first bras not popular?

5. How did someone’s awkwardness help invent the patch?

5. For a long time, women were deprived of the opportunity to receive a full-fledged education and pursue a scientific career. If any of them made significant scientific discoveries, they were declared the product of the work of male scientists. But some women still managed to write themselves in the history of science. Watch some TED-videos about them (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1mwZrVJ-TI; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6JFRi0Qm_s&t=2s; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIP0lYrdirI&list=PL006C004839E8F1C1&index=26). Then read an article on modern women scientists (https://www.adme.ru/zhizn-nauka/11-zhenschin-uchenyh-kotorye-rushat-stereotip-o-tom-chto-krasota-i-um-nesovmestimy-2124515/?utm_source=AdMe_web&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=share_image&utm_content=Facebook&image=6790065; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wIBCoxuOJ0) and use this services (https://biteable.com/; https://www.powtoon.com/) to create short videos about their scientific careers and the discoveries they made.

6. Some of the most important for humankind discoveries remained unnamed, since they were made in prehistoric times.

They include:

-the invention of tools,

-the ability to produce and maintain fire, which led to

-the heat treatment of food and

-the invention of ceramics,

the domestication of animals and plants,

the invention of the wheel.

Use data from Wikipedia or any other source and place these inventions on a timeline.

2.6 bln year ago IV-III millennium BC

Источник

В
данной функции перед герундием
употребляется предлог.

Geologists
discovered the presence of oil without drilling
a well.

Геологи
обнаружили присутствие нефти, не
разбуривая скважину (без бурения).

In
drilling
hard rocks diamond bits are used.

При
бурении твердых пород используются
алмазные долота.

4. Определение

В
данной функции перед герундием
употребляется предлог of
(for).

Anew
method of drilling—turbodrilling—was
developed by the Russian engineer Kapelushnikov. Новый
метод бурения — турбобурение —
разработан русским инженером
Капелюшниковым.

Герундиальные
конструкции (The
Gerundial Constructions)

1. существительное
в притяжательном падеже

2. существительное
в общем падеже

3. притяжательное
местоимение

+ герундий

J.
Alferov’s being awarded the Nobel prize in physics
is a great achievement of Russian science.

To,
что
Ж.Алферов награжден Нобелевской премией
в области физики, является большим
достижением
российской науки.

J.
Alferov is a great Russian physicist/ Everybody knows of his
(Alferov) having been awarded the Nobel
prize.

Ж.Алферов
— крупнейший российский физик. Все
знают о том, что он награжден Нобелевской
премией.

Герундий
употребляется после следующих глаголов
и выражений:

to
avoid —избегать

to
enjoy —
получать удовольствие от

to
excuse —
извинять

to
continue —продолжать

to
finish —заканчивать

to
give up —бросать,
отказываться от

to
go on —
продолжать

to
keep on —
продолжать

to
mind —возражать

Petroleum
Engineering 55

Unit
3

to stop	— прекращать
to prefer	— предпочитать
it is worth	— стоит (что-то сделать)
it’s no use	— нет смысла, бесполезно
to account for	— объяснять (лежать в основе чего-либо)
to aim at	— стремиться к
to agree to	— соглашаться с (чем-то)
to depend on	— зависеть от
to differ in	— отличаться по
to be fond of	— увлечься
to be interested in	—интересоваться
to insist on	— настаивать на
to object to	— возражать
to prevent from	— мешать, препятствовать, предотвращать
to rely on	— полагаться на
to result from	— проистекать из (от)
to result in	— приводить к
to succeed in	— удаваться, добиваться
Предлоги,	после которых употребляется герундий
apart from	— помимо, кроме > — кроме, вдобавок
in addition to
besides	— кроме
because of	—- из-за
despite	— несмотря на
due to	— благодаря
instead of	— вместо
in spite of	— несмотря на
thanks to	— благодаря
owing to	— благодаря

Ex.
5
Translate
the following word combinations:

the
way of separating oil; a method of exploring a territory; the
problem of refining crude oil; the
process of converting oil into useful products.
to
be interested in obtaining new data; to prevent from mixing with
smth; to result in solving the problem;
to succeed in studying a new process; it’s no use asking this
question; it’s worth trying
to survey the area.
on
heating the mixture; after heating the mixture; before heating the
mixture; by (through) heating the mixture; for heating the mixture;
without heating the mixture; apart from polluting; in addition to
increasing; because of reducing; instead of drying; in spite of
forecasting.

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

Ex.6 Translate the following
sentences.

He is fond of reading.
Heisfondofbeingreadto.
I like asking questions but
not being asked questions.
I object to his asking
questions.
I don’t object to his being
asked questions.
I remember having met you.
Do you mind her working with
us?
He didn’t agree to their
taking part in the conference.
We insist on your conducting
this experiment.
They know of our having
finished the work in time.
The
engineers are interested in solving the problem of protecting pipes
against corrosion as soon
as possible.
A new method of exploring a
well was introduced last month.
On forecasting oil reserves
one should apply the data of geophysical survey.
Reducing the cost of drilling
results in lowering oil prices.
Oil
being a complex mixture of hydrocarbons makes it possible to
separate it into various fractions.
Besides being important as a
fuel, natural gas is an important raw material for chemical
industry.
There is a great problem of
refineries polluting the environment.
Without being treated oil is
of little economic value.

Ex.
7
Complete
the following sentences using the Gerund and Gerundial Constructions.

Excuse (I ask a question)
Thank you for (you help me)
Our group has succeded in (to
solve the problem)
The experiment is worth (to
do)
Would you mind (I open the
window)
Goon(toread)
I insist on (to be told the
truth)
I object to (she is sent to
the conference)

Ex.8 Answer the following
questions.

Why is our University named
after LM.Gubkin?
In what field of science did
LM.Gubkin work?
What other scientists
contributed to the development of petroleum industry and our
university?

Ex.
9
Read
the text and do the tasks that follow it.

Academician
LM.Gubkin (1871-1939)
is
the founder of the Russian State University of Oil and Gas.
He is known as the prominent scholar who established a new branch of
geological science in Russia
—
petroleum
geology. It should be noted that as a petroleum geologist he was
mainly concerned with
the exploration for hydrocarbons. He advocated the organic theory of
oil origin. In his fundamental

Petroleum
Engineering 57

Unit
3

work
«Studies on Oil»* I.M.Gubkin describes the conditions of
accumulating organic matter and the
changes it undergoes. In addition to studying the origin of oil
Gubkin was interested in the problems of
stratigraphy, tectonics and other geological subdisciplines. It was
Gubkin who recommended to apply,
develop and perfect a multi-disciplined approach in searching for
hydrocarbons. He stated that petroleum
geology should be integrated with physics, chemistry, biology,
mathematics, and other sciences. Thanks
to Gubkin’s ideas new oil fields were discovered.

Another
focus of his academic interests was the rational use of hydrocarbon
resources. Particular attention
was directed to exploratory drilling and oil field development.

Apart
from the research work I.M.Gubkin was engaged in teaching. I.M.Gubkin
put forward a new idea of training a petroleum engineer with a
profound academic background. He stated that a petroleum
engineer should be an expert in deep drilling, exploitation,
chemistry and technology of oil as well
as economics. With this in mind he founded the petroleum department
at the Mining Academy. In 1930
on
the basis of this department the Moscow Oil Institute was formed and
Gubkin was its first rector.

Here
he had several years’
experience
of teaching a special course of petroleum geology which he had
introduced into the curriculum.

LM.Gubkin
put forward a new concept of teaching petroleum engineers. He was the
first to introduce a
special-purpose academic program designed to balance theory and
practice, field and lab studies. On
his initiative many outstanding scholars in the field of petroleum
engineering were invited to deliver lectures
and do R&D** at the Institute.

Speak on Gubkin’s research
work.
Speak
on Gubkin’s contribution to the foundation and development of the
Russian State University of
Oil and Gas.

The following phrases can
help you:

prominent scholar
to found smth
to be concerned with
to be (particular)
interested in
to advocate a theory
the focus of his interests
to be engaged in
to put forward an idea (a
concept)-
to train specialists
background
to
be an expert —
to deliver lectures
to do R&D

выдающийся ученый

основывать что-либо

заниматься чем-либо

интересоваться
(в частности) чем-либо

поддерживать
теорию

его основной
интерес

заниматься
чем-либо
предложить
идею (концепцию) готовить
специалистов подготовка, квалификация
быть специалистом
читать лекции
заниматься
исследованием и разработкой

*
The
book is considered to be a hand book of a petroleum geologist. **
R&D
— Research
and Development

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

arouse
v
attractive
a
abundances

abundant
in smth a

flexibility
n
tremendous
a
compete
v

competitor
n

compare
v
byproduct
и
vent v

flarev
experience
n

experience
v

Words to the text «NATURAL
GAS».

вызывать, пробуждать

Oil
reserves in the Baltic and Barents seas have already aroused
Russia’s
great interest.

привлекательный,
притягательный

Goods
are offered at attractive prices at this supermarket.

an attractive force; an
attractive idea

изобилие, богатство

Abundance
of mineral resources is an important factor for the
development of national economy of any country.

богатый чем-либо

Russia
is abundant in mineral resources, гибкость,
приспособляемость

Flexibility
of man to different weather conditions is surprising, громадный

a tremendous amount of work;
a tremendous difference;

a
tremendous explosion соревноваться,
конкурировать

The world’s best athletes
compete in the Olympic games.

Russia
can compete with other countries in oil trade, конкурент

Competitors in business keep
their secrets from each other.

сравнивать,
сопоставлять

If
you compare the old and the new models, you’ll see the changes we
have made.

побочный продукт

When
oil is extracted, gas is often obtained as a byproduct, выбрасывать,
выпускать

In
village houses smoke is vented through chimneys, сжигать
(бросовые газы в факеле)

Unfortunately,
when producing oil a certain portion of gas is flared, опыт
(жизненный), стаж практической работы

She
has 5
years’
teaching
experience.

I
know from experience what will happen, испытывать,
знать по опыту

Working in the North the
oilmen experienced many difficulties.

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

diverse
a
feedstock
n

разнообразный

The
wild life in Africa is extremely diverse, сырье

14. offshore»
ant.
onshore

Most
countries buy feedstocks for refining and export petroleum products,
шельф
(моря)

access
n
accessible
a
distinguish
v
dissolve
v

Russia has
begun offshore oil production in the Barents and Baltic seas.

доступ

The
password will give access to the computer, доступный

The
seas of the Arctic Ocean are not accessible for ships in winter,
различать

He
doesn’t seem able to distinguish right from wrong. растворять(ся)

Water
dissolves salt. Salt dissolves in water. 18.
undergo
v
(шккпуепОподвергаться,
претерпевать (undergone)

accurate
a
guide
v
share
n
employ
v

The
new equipment underwent different tests, точный

The
information should be based on accurate measurements. 1)
руководить, 2) направлять

Professor guide students in
their studies.
In
early days sailors were guided by the stars. доля,
часть

Russia’s share of oil and gas
in the world production is rather large.

использовать,
применять,
нанимать на
работу, предоставлять работу

deplete
v
cavity
n

Different chemical
substances are employed in drilling muds.
One
hundred men are employed by the firm, истощать

Natural
resources are being depleted due to man’s activity, полость,
каверна, пустота или трещина в породе
(в металле)

A
cavity is a hollow within a solid body.

A cavity in an alloy can
cause the failure of a structure.

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

25. amount
to v насчитывать,
равняться

The
distance between London and New York amounts to 5
506 km.

26. be
credited to относить
за счет чего-либо

The
quick development of Saudi Arabia is credited to its great reserves
of oil.

27. giant
а гигантский

An offshore platform is a
giant structure of metal and concrete.

NATURAL GAS

While
the history of crude oil goes back to the 19-th
century, it was only in the 1950s
that the story of
natural gas began to arouse worldwide interest.

Nevertheless,
natural gas appears to be a major and increasingly attractive energy
source for the 21
-st
century. Due to its abundance in reserves, its environmental
friendliness and its flexibility, the use of
natural gas is already showing a tremendous development.

Natural
gas is an oil competitor on fuel markets, but often it is its
associate in the hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Due to this fact and because of their having comparable origins and
locations it seems logical to
draw a parallel between natural gas and crude oil.

After
oil having been discovered, for decades gas was considered to be its
useless byproduct and was vented to atmosphere or flared. But at
present time the natural gas industry is experiencing rapid growth
thanks to the diverse use of natural gas as a fuel and a feedstock
for the petrochemical industry.

An
increasing part of the reservoirs is located offshore, in poorly
accessible areas, often far away from
the major consumption sites. The industry faces therefore great
technical and economical problems of
transporting natural gas to the consumers.

Three types of natural gas are
generally distinguished:

nonassociated gas which is
not in contact with oil
gas
cap —
associated
gas overlying the oil phase in the reservoir
associated gas «dissolved»
in the oil in the reservoir (dissolved gas).

However,
more than the type of natural gas and the properties of oil with
which it may be associated, it
is the chemical composition of the gas that is the most important
factor. It conditions the processing that
the gas will have to undergo to meet the specifications of its
transporting by pipeline or in the form of
LNG (liquefied natural gas). The knowledge of the composition and the
properties of natural gas is essential
in all stages of production, processing, transportation and storage.

Geological
studies guide a closer understanding of the factors influencing the
composition and location of
natural gas reservoirs. Modeling the formation and migration of
natural gas gives an increasingly accurate
forecasting tool. This knowledge helps guide exploration operations
and reduce the risk of wildcatting.

A
growing share of gas reserves being found offshore or in harsh areas
makes necessary the development
of techniques designed to improve productivity and to lower costs.
Different natural gas processing operations can be employed to meet
the specifications required for the transportation or use of
natural gas. Natural gas is transported by pipelines as compressed
gas or liquefied gas.

Natural
gas storage is necessary for the seasonal regulation of consumption
and gas supply, as demand
for instance, for heating is different in winter and in summer. Two
main storage methods are employed:

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

cryogenic storage in tanks,
as LNG
underground storage in
depleted reservoirs and salt cavities.

Gas
discoveries have gradually spread to all the continents, in fact, to
more than 80
countries.
In Russia
its proved reserves which only amounted to 2-10¹²
m³
in 1960
jumped
to 46.9-10¹²
m³
in 2000.
This
clearly places Russia at the top of the world’s gas reserves list.
Most of this increase can be credited
to the discoveries of the largest reservoirs of the globe in Siberia.
New supergiant reservoirs were
discovered north of Siberia in the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea.

Ex.
1
a)
Derive nouns from the following adj ectives using the suffix -ness
and
translate them. Friendly,
hard, harsh, attractive, correct, kind, good, exact.

b)
Derive adjectives from the following nouns using the suffix -less
and
-ful
and
translate them.

Use,
power, fruit, care, help, meaning, thought. .

Ex.2 Derive new words from
the following ones using the prefixes:

over
—
сверх, чрезмерно (часто соответствует
в русском языке приставке пере-)
under
—
недостаточно (часто соответствует в
русском языке приставке недо-).
Lie,
estimate, heat, production, spread, consumption, dry.
sub
—
соответствует в русском языке приставке
под-. Marine,
sea, divide, group, arctic, commission, surface, fraction.

Ex.3 Form all the possible
derivatives of the folio wing words.

Product,
attract, friend, develop, compare, consume, transport, differ,
depend, employ, require, heat,
store.

Ex.4
Find
synonyms to the following words and word combinations in the text.

very	different
to provoke	to differentiate
thanks to	to be subjected to
to be combined with	to obtain
wealth	part
to govern	to use
great	method
to draw a parallel	however
secondary product	exact
Find antonyms to the	following words and word cor
to repell	slow
finished product	solidified
onshore	to raise costs
near

62 Petroleum
Engineering

Unit
3

Ex.6 Find English
equivalents in the text.

вызывать
интерес во всем мире
безопасность
для окружающей среды
находит
широкое развитие
газ
часто сопутствует нефти
большая
часть коллекторов
обуславливает
переработку
очень
точный инструмент прогнозирования
риск
разбуривания разведочных скважин
соответствовать
техническим условиям (характеристикам)
можно
отнести за счет

Ex.
7
Choose
the proper word.

The
company has extensive professional…
(experience,
experiment) in analyzing gas reservoirs.
The
company has conducted a lot of…
(experiences,
experiments) in analyzing gas reservoirs.
… (near,
nearly) 1,000
km
of seismic data were processed.
The
basin covers..
.(near,
nearly) 174
sq
km northeast of the Puesto Hernaudez oil field.
The
basin occupies a large territory..
.(near,
nearly) the Fort McMurray area.
..
.(reserves,
resources) will continue to be created out of a ..
.(reserve,
resource) the limits of
which are not known and will never been known.
..
.(exploration,
exploitation) in the region began with surface mapping, gravity
surveys and the drilling
of several wells.
The…
(exploration, exploitation) history of the pipeline will start in 3
years.
Gas
is considered to be an..
.(increasing,
increasingly) attractive fuel.
(Increasing,
increasingly) C0₂
in the atmosphere effects the quality of the air that we breathe.
Sakhalin-1
project
consists of three (offshore, onshore) oil and gas fields in the sea
of Okhotsk of
Sakhalin Island.
Oil
will be moved by pipeline for further processing at a new (offshore,
onshore) plant on the island.

Ex.8
Translate the sentences in writing. Use the words from the text
«Natural Gas».

Газ
является очень привлекательным
источником энергии.

Промышленная
разработка газовых месторождений
началась в 50-е годы прошлого века.
Доля
газа в мировой экономике растет благодаря
его безопасности для окружающей среды
и изобилию его запасов.

Раньше
газ рассматривали как бесполезный
побочный продукт нефти.
Сейчас
газ стал основным конкурентом нефти
на энергетическом рынке.
Газ
также используется в качестве сырья
для нефтехимической промышленности.
Гигантские
запасы газа расположены на шельфе в
труднодоступных районах.
Промышленности
приходится решать проблемы транспортировки
газа потребителю.
Перед
транспортировкой газ подвергается
различным методам переработки.

Petroleum
Engineering 63

Unit
3

Природный
газ хранится в специальных емкостях
или в истощенных газовых коллекторах.

Российские
запасы газа насчитывают 40% мировых
запасов газа.

Ex.
9
Fill
in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions given below.

…
transporting
gas is compressed or liquefied.
…its
flexibility natural gas is widely used.
… being
produced gas is processed.
Gas is
rarely found…
oil.
… being
a perfect fuel, gas is used as a feedstock for petrochemical
industry.
At
present…
being
flared gas finds wide use.
Gas can be
associated…
oil
in a reservoir.
Gas can be
transported…
pipeline,
barges and tankers.
The
properties…
natural
gas are essential…
gas
processing.
Gas
is delivered to the places of consumption…
its
transporting through pipelines.

(by, with, without, instead
of, in addition to, for, after, due to, of, before)

Ex.10 Translate the following
sentences. Mind the Gerund.

The refinery aims at
producing high-quality products for both domestic and export
consumption.
The policy of the company
resulted in oil prices remaining quite high.

3;
In
addition to minimizing the effects of subnormal reservoir pressure
the new technique is developed
to prolong the life of a well.

Deriving the maximum accurate
information from modeling is a complex process.
The fluid can be pumped
without being lost into the formation.
By adding heat to a solid
body we transform it into a liquid.
Storing
C0₂
in depleted gas reservoirs is only one of several options for
reducing atmospheric emissions.
After being processed in LNG,
the gas is shipped to markets.
The seismic data show that
the structure has the potential of being a very large.possible find.
Reducing
hydrogen consumption by avoiding hydrotreating can save a refinery a
tremendous operating
cost.
Though
ancient people’s applying petroleum is a proved fact, it wasn’t
until the invention of a kerosene
lamp and automobile when it became really necessary.
Petroleum
being impure (с
примесями) makes
it impossible to use it without being refined first.

After
the drilling site having been prepared the construction team brings
in the rig, drilling equipment
and a derrick.
Modeling the formation and
migration of natural gas prevents from unnecessary wildcatting.
Apart from being flexible
natural gas demonstrates environmental friendliness.
We
know of gas industry experiencing rapid growth thanks to gas being a
perfect fuel anda feedstock
for the petrochemical industry.
It’s no use discussing the
fact that natural gas is an oil competitor on the fuel markets.

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

It’s worth mentioning that
supergiant reservoirs were discovered in the north of Russia.
Natural
gas will continue fueling new power plants due to its abundance and
environmental friendliness.
It’s not possible to discuss
natural gas without considering crude oil and other competing fuels.
After processing in the
plants gas must also meet the specifications in the midstream
markets.

Ex.
11
Render
the following text in English.

Промышленная
добыча газа имеет более короткую историю,
чем промышленная добыча нефти.
Промышленная разработка газовых
месторождений началась в 50-х годах 20-го
века.

Раньше
газ считали бесполезным сопутствующим
продуктом нефти, который можно выпускать
в атмосферу и сжигать., Лишь небольшое
количество газа использовали как
топливо.
Еще Д.И. Менделеев предсказывал, что газ
будет использоваться не только как
топливо,
но и как ценное сырье для химической
промышленности. Он говорил, что сжигать
газ
— это топить печь ассигнациями.

По
правде говоря, в настоящее время газ
является серьезным конкурентом нефти
на топливном
рынке, т.к. он имеет ряд преимуществ — он
не так сильно загрязняет окружающую
среду,
его легче транспортировать. Кроме того,
сейчас найдены огромные запасы газа
как на
шельфе, так и на суше. К сожалению, большая
часть найденных запасов газа на шельфе
расположена в труднодоступных районах.
Поэтому возникают значительные проблемы
при разработке
таких месторождений и транспортировке
газа потребителю.

Чтобы
транспортировать газ по трубопроводу,
его подвергают определенной обработке
— газ транспортируют либо в сжатом,
либо в сжиженном состоянии. Сжиженный
газ также можно
транспортировать в танкерах и цистернах,
причем химический состав газа обуславливает
вид переработки и транспортировки.
Знание состава и свойств природного
газа
важны на всех стадиях добычи, переработки,
транспортировки и хранения.

Стоит
упомянуть, что газ можно хранить в
специальных хранилищах, расположенных
далеко
от места добычи. Например, подземные
хранилища могут располагаться около
больших
городов. Эти хранилища заполняются
газом летом, когда потребляется меньше
топлива,
а зимой, в пик отопительного сезона, газ
доставляется потребителю. Установлено,
что
если газ будут выкачивать из пласта с
постояннойскоростью, то газовое
месторождение будет
давать больше газа за более длительный
период. Газ может также храниться в
истощенных
нефтяных и газовых коллекторах, а также
в водоносных горизонтах (aquifers).

В
заключение следует сказать, что газ,
по-видимому, будет самым распространенным
энергетическим
источником 21 века.

Ex.
12
Here
is an example of a summary of the text «Oil Business» (Unit
2).
Now
write your own summary
of the text «Natural Gas». The underlined connecting words
will help you.

Oil
business includes upstream, midstream and downstream operations. But
every petroleum engineer should
have a general idea of the origin, composition and properties of oil.
As oil originates in porous rocks,
sedimentary basins are a prime aim for the oil hunters. So to find an
oil accumulation a geologist should
study the conditions of oil formation and accumulation. However,
only drilling can prove the presence
of oil. After the drilling site has been prepared, the rig is to be
constructed. While
oil recovery

Petroleum
Engineering 65

Unit
3

depends
on natural pressure, additional energy must be supplied if natural
pressure is not enough. Then,
after extraction, oil must be transported from the fields to the
place where it is consumed. Thus
pipelines,
tankers, barges and others are the means of transportation of oil to
storage tanks or to refineries.
And
the basic job of a refinery is to convert petroleum into useful
products. Distribution and marketing
are the final links in the petroleum industry chain.

Ex.
13
Look
through the texts and choose the one related to your speciality.

Text A

Rapid advances in computer,
robotic and telecommunication technologies are removing drilling

personnel from the wellsite,
allowing remotely controlled or automated systems to perform the work

traditionally supported by
humans. Computers will drill future wells much like they guide
airplanes or

operate factories. Computers
have proven to be enormous reducers of cost and big generators of

‘
productivity.

Along
with remotely controlled rigs the industry will develop new tools
that can be easily controlled
by
computers. The mud (буровой
раствор) system
will no longer exist as a series of pits, tanks,
pumps
situated around the rig site and interconnected with a variety of
pipes, cables, and channels. ,
Instead,
it will be replaced with a closed system that operates like a
refinery. J

Chemicals
and materials will be automatically cleaned, dried, compacted and
packaged. So new technologies
will embrace upstream, midstream and downstream sectors.

Perhaps
these changes will take longer than what most people think. However,
it will happen much faster
than the changes of the last 100
years
have happened.

^V Text
В 1

Arefinery
is a factory. A refinery takes a raw material—crude
oil—to
transform it into kerosene, I gasGline,
lubricants and hundreds of other useful products.

A
typical large refinery costs billions of dollars to build and
millions more to maintain and upgrade. It
should be mentioned, it runs around the clock (круглые
сутки) 365 days
a year, employs between 1000
and
2000
people
and occupies as much land as several hundred football fields.

Refining
breaks crude oil down into its various components, which then are
selectively reconfigured into
new products. All refineries perform three basic steps:
separation,
conversion and treatment. In the process
of separation crude oil is separated into components and fractions
according to their weight and
boiling point. Through conversion most low-value fractions become
finished products. The most widely used conversion method is known to
be (called) cracking because it uses heat and pressure to «crack»
heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones. The basic
gasoline-making process is fluid catalytic
cracking, or «catcracking». A catalyst is a substance that
accelerates chemical reactions. Treatment
is the finishing touch. It involves blending, purifying to improve
products quality.

‘■ TextC
• •
■ ■ ‘

Upstream
activities are known to include exploration, drilling and production.

To
drill a well is a highly complex and expensive process that requires
strict planning for success. The science of drilling has advanced
drilling from cable tool to rotary methods, from vertical wells to
horizontal
ones.

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

As
practiced today, drilling is known to involve heavy-duty equipment, a
variety of fluids and sophisticated
instrumentation. For many decades drilling has been associated with
the drilling rig known to be an assembly of tools, machinery and
other equipment. A column of drill pipes with a drilling bit at the
end is lowered into the well, making its way through the formations.

Rigs
of tomorrow are unlikely to look much different from today’s rigs,
yet they are to be more compact
and mobile.

TextD

Reservoir
engineering is known to be a part of petroleum engineering. It maybe
defined as the applied
science concerned with the movement of fluids to, from, and within
natural underground reservoirs.
More specifically, it is concerned with the behavior of reservoir
fluids and matrix after the reservoir
has been penetrated by one or more wells.

In
the practice of reservoir engineering, the reservoir engineer
determines the properties of the reservoir
matrix and of its fluids, interprets these data to predict
reservoir-fluid behavior, and recommends the
development and production program that will result in the maximum
economic recovery of hydrocarbons
—
spacing
of wells, gas-oil and water-oil ratios, rate of production,
stimulation procedures, pressure-control
program.

TextE

Exploration
is not what it was even a generation ago. Two key elements in the
exploration business are:
estimates (оценки)
of
the probable success and the probable field size. The aim of
exploration is to
discover the best areas for drilling. There are four stages in the
process of exploration: aerial survey, geological
survey, geophysical survey and exploration drilling.

Geologic
exploration seems to have progressed since the early days of
petroleum business. Now it’s
not the physical hunt for hydrocarbons but a search for new places in
which to conduct the hunt. In the
course of time explorers discovered relationships between pressure,
temperature, fluid volumes and
rock properties.

No
wells are drilled without accumulating and interpreting geophysical
information, especially 3D
seismic
data. Industry specialists have discovered a broad menu of ways to
gather, process, and interpret seismic
data and have the computing power to perform the calculations. Not so
long ago seismic data were
mainly used to identify subsurface structures. Nowadays explorers
extrapolate rock properties and
pressure, in some cases the presence of hydrocarbons from geophysical
data.

Petroleum specialists consider
exploration to be the initial step of upstream activities.

TextF

Hydrocarbons
with no transportation to market can’t be economically produced.
Thanks to all the discoveries
of transportation know-how, volumes of recoverable hydrocarbons have
grown. Constructing
oil and gas pipelines onshore and offshore reflects developing less
expensive technologies. Great
progress in surveying and mapping resulted in new methods of route
engineering.

The
laying of a pipeline requires a whole series of operations that must
be carefully planned to reduce
investment costs. The operations are performed in the following
order: laying a working track, trenching,
cladding (preparation of the pipes), bending, welding, brushing,
coating, burial, landscape reconditioning. Crossing rivers and
built-up areas requires special operations.

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

TextG

Equipment
and materials are very important in all the stages of petroleum
business. A mechanical engineer
should know the properties of the materials used in the industry,
must also know the factors affecting
the behavior of these materials.

Reducing
the risk of corrosion requires one to select appropriate materials
for the application. Oil and
gas operators use some exotic materials to optimize corrosion
protection. These materials were mostly
developed for specific oil and gas projects.

For
example, alloy 400
is
the first nickel alloy invented and one of the most extensively used
because of
its excellent corrosion resistance to a wide range of environment. It
also has excellent resistance to neutral
and alkaline salts. Its behavior in seawater is excellent.

Text
H

Well
logging is an integral part of reservoir engineering. It provides the
largest source of data. These are
used with core (керн)
and
fluid data to determine reservoir depth and thickness, porosity,
lithology, hydrocarbon
saturation (насыщение)
and
permeability. This information is also necessary in drilling,
completion
(завершение)
and
operation of wells, geophysical and geological exploration,
development of
reservoir models for efficient production.

Text I

Oil
and gas industry is characteristically a high cost business.
Petroleum economics provides the tools
with which to quantify and assess the financial risks involved in all
the cycles of oil and gas business.
Different techniques are applied to advise management on the
attractiveness of investment opportunities,
to assist in selecting the best options, and to determine how to
maximize the value of existing
assets.

Large
capital intensive projects are characteristic of oil and gas
industry. Planning and controlling a project,
which may involve hundreds of personnel, millions of individual
items, and a significant investment has
become a discipline of its own.

Ex.
14
Answer
the following questions:

What branch of petroleum
industry are you interested in?
What is the main focus of
your professional interests?
What must a good specialist
in your field know?
What problems can a
specialist in your field face?
Do you have any practical
experience?
Do you think a profound
academic background helps in mastering your profession?
Are you engaged in R&D?
Can you name any prominent
scholar in your field?

Ex.
15
Speak
on your speciality. The words below can help you.

Petroleum
Geology
explores the origins ofhydrocarbons and forecasts the subsurface
conditions necessary
to accumulate oil and gas.

upstream to
originate

geologist to
accumulate

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

hydrocarbons	to migrate
source rocks
sedimentary rocks
trap
reservoir rock
cap rock
porous rock
Exploration describes the use <	3f geophysical and geological methods in search for accumulations
ofhydrocarbons.
upstream	to provide
interpretation	to process
geophysicist	to identify
well logging	to evaluate
seismic
porosity
permeability
survey
hydrocarbons
Drilling presents drilling technology and subsurface conditions faced bv petroleum engineers.
upstream	to drill
exploratory well	to construct •
(wild cat)	to lower
dryhole	to cut
appraisal hole
drillingrig		‘ ‘ ‘ ^
drilling fluids
drill pipe
horizontal well
bit
Production discusses the various	i methods used to ma;	timize recovery of petroleum from subsurface
reservoirs.
upstream	to extract
natural pressure	to produce
primary (secondary) recovery	to depend
porosity
permeability
pump
natural flow
artificial means

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

Transportation
describes different means of transporting hydrocarbons and their
products.

midstream to
lay a pipeline

pipelines to
weld pipes

tankers to
construct

barges

tank trucks

storage tainks

route engineering

Refining
investigates the complex chemical and physical conversion of crudes
into useful products.

downstream to
refine

treatment to
separate

catalyst to
convert

refinery

heavy
(light) hydrocarbons *

fractions

Automation
and computers
embrace all operations of oil and gas business.

upstream .
to
develop

midstream to
replace

downstream to
reduce

computer to
invent

robotic to
remove

telecommunication to
estimate

alternative
technologies to
calculate

modeling to
model

costs to
integrate

remotely controlled systems

automation

automatization

automated systems

E-business

data processing

software

hardware

Mechanical
engineering
studies the science of materials and constracts machines and
equipment for
oil and gas industry.

upstream to
design

midstream to
select

Petroleum Engineering

Unit
3

downstream	to weld
behavior	to increase
properties	to choose
equipment	to withstand
alloys
corrosion protection
welding
coating
resistance
destruction
strength
Economics provides	; the tools with which to assess and;
demand	to gather information
supply	to evaluate
capital costs	to estimate
operating costs	to forecast
oil and gas prices	to take a decision
budget

economic
analysis Ex.16
Translate in writing. Use a dictionary.

The
major gas reserves on Sakhalin, a Russian island directly north of
Japan, may eventually be developed
for export by pipeline. Shell’s Sakhalin II project is being
developed for exports of LNG, and so ExxonMobil’s Sakhalin I project
is the most likely supplier for a pipeline project. Reserves at
Sakhalin I are estimated at 17.1
trillion
ft³,
and ExxonMobil may eventually be awarded additional areas
of the island. Apipeline linking Sakhalin into the Russian gas grid
is one possible avenue of development
and would come very close to China, creating an opportunity to be
extended into northeastern
China in the future.

Japan
being another option for this pipeline export makes this project more
attractive. In this scenario, a
1500
km
pipeline would link Sakhalin to the main Japanese island, Honshu, via
the less heavily populated
northern island of Hokkaido. A feasibility study for this route is
currently being undertaken by
ExxonMobil. As commercial production of gas from Sakhalin I is not
expected to begin until 2008,
both
of these pipeline options are medium to long term plans. ExxonMobil
is believed to favour the Japan option, while the Russian government
prefers China. However, gas reserves on Sakhalin may ultimately
prove to be adequate enough for both. (Oil arid Gas Journal)

Ex.
17
Think
of several reasons why natural gas is becoming the leader on the
world fuel market.

Petroleum Engineering

_UNIT₄

Text: Grammar:

Grammar Revision:

Ecology

The Conditional Sentences
The Subjunctive Mood

Contact Clauses

Ex.
1
Read
the following international words and word combinations and give
their Russian equivalents.

a) harmony	[‘ha:mani]		cycle
dominate	[‘dommeit]		methane
crisis	[‘kraisis]		catastroph
human	[‘hjuman]		dramatical
effect	[i’fekt]		efficient
b) principal symptoms	[‘prmsapal	simptams]
toxic emission		[‘toksik I’mi	Jan]
to invest a project	[ta m’vest э	‘prod3akt]
sulfur oxide		[‘sAlfa ‘oksaid]
nitrogen oxide		[‘naitrid3sn	‘oksaid]
carbon dioxide		[‘ka:ban dai	‘oksaid]
to control atmosphere	[ta kan’troul ‘setmasfia]

[‘saikl]

[‘meGein]

[,ka3ta’strofik]

[dra’mastikah]

[Yfijant]

72 Petroleum
Engineering

Unit
4
Ex.
2
Insert
the conjunctions «that
«or» which» and
translate the sentences. Consider
the following examples:

Everybody
knows (that)
oil lies in sedimentary rocks,
(дополнительное
придаточное

предложение)

Все
знают, что нефть залегает в осадочных
породах.

Different
fuels (which)
man uses now
are obtained from oil. (определительное

придаточное
предложение)

Различные
топлива, которые сейчас применяет
человек, получают из нефти.

We
can say titanium was discovered twice—in
1790
and
in the 1940s.
We know the higher the
temperature the less electrical conductivity of metals.
The heat a body contains is
the kinetic energy of its molecules.
Mechanical
properties metals possess are important for all engineering
materials.
Stainless steels different
industries use are almost free of corrosion.
It’s true energy is wasted in
industry.
Many scientists suppose
global warming is a real phenomenon.

Ex.
3
Translate
the sentences. Mind different meanings of the words «since»
and
«for».

^^——
^c ^_^—-—
Для

since
с
тех пор как for

в течение

~~~~~
таккак ^^~~~~-
таккак

A
geophysicist first should be a geologist since the interpretation of
the geological studies is the most
important part of any geophysical survey.
Gazprom
has signed 50
agreements
with foreign hydrocarbon companies in its upstream activities since
1986.
The
environmental protection has developed into an oil industry business
since the time when people
began suffering from smog caused by refineries.
Natural
gas from the Norwegian North Sea is an important source of energy
for it will serve the European
market for many decades.
For
Europe Norway and Russia are the major natural gas suppliers whose
importance will continue
to grow in years to come.

Petroleum
Engineering 73

Unit
4

Conditional
Sentences (Условные
предложения)

I	Главное предложение	Придаточное предложение
реальное условие, отно-	I shall finish the work Я закончу эту работу.	if I have time (if am free).
сящееся к настоящему или будущему времени	если у меня будет время.
II предположительное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему времени	I should finish the work Я бы закончил работу,	if I had time tomorrow (if I were free) (now), если бы у меня было время завтра (сейчас)
III нереальное условие, относящееся к	I should have finished the work Я бы закончил работу,	if I had had time yesterday (if I had been free).
прошедшему времени	если бы у меня было время вчера.