Choose a word to put into each gap speedy methods

13. Choose a word to put into each gap:

Speedy methods; construction sites; appliances; hand in hand; the expansion; research work; deals with; the laboratories; scientific career; building material; experimental work; development; civil engineers; labour term; technology; design.

1. The whole process of studying … mastering new construction methods and progressive … of production of building structures and materials. 2. Our builders and … are busy with … and modernization of the building materials industry. 3. They introduce the new building machines and progressive . . . of construction. 4. Our University Academic Staff goes … with the latest … in science. 5. Much work is done by the students in … , which are equipped with modern apparatus, … , machines and devices. 6. Many of us carry out … and make reports about our … at students’ scientific conferences. 7. In summer many students of our faculty have their … . 8. They are sent to work at different … according to their speciality. 9. After graduating from the University we’ll work at …

factories, on construction sites, in … and research institutions. 10. Our University provides us with everything necessary to prepare for a …

through a post-graduate course.

14. Find out from your partners.

– who delivers lectures for you;

– how you take part in scientific research;

– what you have in summer.

15. Prove that:

– the profession you have chosen is very important;

– your practice at different construction sites is of great use.

– you won’t look for a job, the job will look for you.

16. Comment on:

–the process of study at your University;

–the work of our builders and civil engineers;

–the possibilities which are given to you at the University.

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17. Imagine that:

–Two former classmates meet after leaving school. They haven’t seen each other for a long time. Role-play a dialogue with your partner.

–Two students are talking at the library. They are talking about the necessary text-books. Role-play a dialogue with your partner.

–During an excursion to a construction site a group of students ask

questions to a civil engineer. Role-play a dialogue.

18. Comprehensive check. Choose the best alternative according to the text:

1. The whole process of studying at the University deals with … . a) theoretical study of the main subjects;

b) practical work at the building sites; c) mastering new construction methods.

2. Our builders and civil engineers are busy with … .

a) the expansion and modernization of the building materials industry; b) the production of the building materials;

c) the modernization of the agriculture.

3. Besides physics and mathematics … are taught at our faculty. a) special engineering subjects such as strength of materials, chemistry,

descriptive geometry,

machine tools, building materials, geodesy, architecture;

b)special engineering subjects such as theoretical mechanics, building materials, topography,

water supply, geodesy, architecture;

c)special engineering subjects such as strength of materials, descriptive geometry, theoretical

mechanics, building materials, geodesy, architecture.

4.Our University Academic Staff goes hand in hand with … . a) the modern technologies;

b) the latest development in science;

c) the latest development in many spheres.

5.Much work is done by the students in the laboratories, which are equipped with … .

a) all modern conveniences;

b)modern apparatus, appliances, machines and devices;

c)chemical apparatus, machine tools and devices.

6. We do … and building structures.

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a) laboratory tests and experiments on building materials;

b)laboratory tests on building materials;

c)only experiments on building materials;

7. Many of the students carry out … .

a)experimental work;

b)research work;

c) practical work.

8.Some students make reports about their experimental work at … . a) International scientific conferences;

b) Republican scientific conferences; c) students’ scientific conferences.

9.During their practical work students are sent … .

a)to build new houses in all parts of our country;

b)abroad to be taught by the foreign specialists;

c)to work at different construction sites according to their speciality.

10. Practical work is of great use for students as … .

a)they get acquainted with their future work;

b)they get possibility to earn money;

c)they get possibility to have more knowledge.

11. During the 5th year of studying at the University students … .

a)work with their graduation project;

b)do experiments on building materials;

c)study progressive technology of production of building structures and materials.

12. After graduating from the University students can work … .

a)at any enterprise they want;

b)at building material factories, on construction sites, in design and research institutions;

c) only at building material factories and on construction sites.

13. Our University provides students with … .

a)profound theoretical knowledge;

b)everything necessary to prepare for an engineering career;

c)everything necessary to prepare for a scientific career through a post-graduate course;

19. Group work:

Express your opinion on the contents of the utterance by R.E. Hellmurd given above. Discuss all your pros and cons with your group mates.

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UNIT III

FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DWELLINGS

Many people lived in tents until they could afford to build a house.

Ralth Elison

1. Read these international words and try to guess their meaning:

Modern, a construction, industrial, activities, origin, primitive, a decoration, a model, historic, to finish, typical, a column, a centre.

2. Read out the following words and memorize them:

3.Make up your own sentence with the words given above. Use as many words as you can in this sentence.

4.Read out these phrases several times till you remember their meaning:

a primitive man – первобытный человек; the branches of trees – кроны деревьев;

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the Ice Age – Ледниковый период; the Old Stone Age – Каменный век;

to feel a need – чувствовать потребность; at first – в начале, сначала;

much later – намного позже; therefore – поэтому;

inside and outside – внутри и снаружи;

а wicker basket work – плетение из прутьев; at least – по крайней мере.

5. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:

6.Combine the words with the help of the preposition of. Translate these word combinations:

7. Give the three forms of the following verbs:

To spend, to build, to construct, to look, to find, to begin, to take, to lose, to learn, to grow, to do, to dry, to choose, to know, to run, to sell.

8.These words can be used both as verbs and nouns. Make up your own sentences to show the difference in their usage:

Branch, pole, plaster, cover, shelter, attack, paint, need, finish, walk.

9.Write the derivatives of the following words:

Science, origin, protect, decoration, historic, differ, build, side, wide, culture, storm.

10. Read the text and get ready to speak about the history of human dwellings:

FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DWELLINGS

Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls of some buildings. Houses are built for dwelling. Large buildings are constructed for industrial purposes. Theatres, museums, public and scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people. The purpose of modern buildings differs widely but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive men to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies. Protection was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees. Some covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain but others settled in caves.

When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry place to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On the walls of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.

When man began to build a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone

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structures. Trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches. Skins were raised on poles and formed tents.

Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types of human dwellings. They were lost in the prehistoric past but serve as prototypes for structures of later historic times.

In the country ordinary people lived in simple one-storey cottages which did not differ much from the mud and stone huts of an earlier age. The rich people in the country, on the other hand, built huge castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles were built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to enemy attack and to be strong bases in time of war.

In the days of early civilization, when men had learnt how to build simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first, the difference was mainly in size: the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above.

The earliest houses of which something is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it.

Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey.

In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it.

The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house there was the hearth and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.

11. Answer the following questions:

1. Where does a man spend most of the time? 2. What is the aim of building houses? 3. What buildings are built for cultural activities of the

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people? 4. Why did primitive men build their houses? 5. Where did primitive men look for protection? 6. What was the weather like after the Ice Age? 7. Why were caves chosen? 8. Where did the ancient people paint their pictures? 9. Where can you find such decorated caves? 10. Where were caves imitated? 11. What was taken as a model for huts built of branches? 12. Where were skins raised? 13. What is the earliest type of human dwellings? 14. What was lost in the prehistoric past? 15. Where did people live in the country? 16. What did rich people build in the country? 17. What did these castles serve? 18. When did a man feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place? 19. What was a dwelling of the chief like? 20. Why was it necessary to build higher houses in towns than in countries? 21. What was a typical town house like? 22. What material did ancient people use in Egypt for building? 23. What were the houses like in Greece? 24. What materials were used in Rome? 25. Where was the centre of family life concentrated? 26. Were the earliest houses in Britain small? 27. What was in the centre of their houses? 28. How did the light come into early English houses?

12. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. Most of the time of a modern man is spent abroad. 2. Large buildings are constructed for rich people. 3. All primitive people try to protect themselves from other tribes. 4. In prehistoric times men looked for protection in the open air. 5. Some covered themselves with clothes. 6. When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained rains. 7. The people of the Old Stone Age had to invent umbrellas. 8. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. 9. On the walls of their caves ancient people raised skins of wild animals to be warm. 10. Such decorated caves are found even in Belarus. 11. Primitive brick structures, caves and tents are the earliest types of human dwellings. 12. In the country ordinary people lived in simple small houses from timber. 13. The rich people in the country built onestorey cottages with thin walls and narrow windows. 14. These castles were built for cultural activities of the people. 15. In the days of early civilization people began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. 16. When men began to build towns, the chief or leader built larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. 17. People built houses higher in the towns than in the villages because they were richer. 18. A typical house was very simple with many rooms. 19. There were two bedrooms and a kitchen on the second floor. 20. In ancient Egypt the houses were built

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from stone. 21. Greek houses had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk. 22. In their houses they had special women’s rooms, usually on the first floor. 23. In Rome timber were used for building. 24. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard. 25. This gardencourtyard was surrounded by fruit trees. 26. The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of stone. 27. Light came in through the small windows.

13. Choose a word to put into each gap:

The Old Stone Age, hut or tent, ancient, dwelling, tents, to shelter, huts, one-storey cottages, the branches, a kitchen, destroy, mud and stone, narrow, building, a courtyard or garden, caves, wood, poles, huge castles, enemy attack, stormy, wicker basket work plastered, wild, the hearth, a bedroom, stone structures, towns, quarters, plaster over bricks,

1. Houses are built for … . 2. Primitive men tried to protect themselves from … weather, … animals and human enemies. 3. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under … of trees. 4. Some people settled in … . 5. The people of … had to find some warm and dry place … from bad weather. 6. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not … . 7. On the walls of their caves … people painted pictures. 8. Trees were taken as a model for … built of branches. 9. Skins were raised on … and formed tents. 10. Primitive … , huts and … are the earliest types of human dwellings. 11. Simple … did not differ much from the … huts of an earlier age. 12. The rich people in the country built … with thick walls and … windows. 13. These castles were built to stand up to … and to be strong bases in time of war. 14. The chief or leader had a larger … than the rest of the people. 15. The streets in … were very narrow and there was not much place for … within the town walls.

16. There was … behind and … above in a typical town house. 17. Some of Egyptian houses were built around … with rooms opening into it. 18. In Greek houses there were special women’s … , usually upstairs on. 19. In Rome houses were often finished with … on both inside and outside walls. 20. The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of … or … over with clay. 21. In the centre of the house was … .

14. Find out from your partner:

–if he knows about the life of the people of the Old Stone Age;

–why ancient people painted pictures in their caves.

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– what unusual was in the houses of English people.

15. Prove that:

– houses are built for dwelling;

– primitive people looked for protection all the time;

– ordinary and rich people lived in different houses;

16. Comment on:

– the building in the days of early civilization;

– the houses of Egypt and Greek people;

– the houses which were typical for Italy and England.

17. Imagine that:

– You meet your school friend. He studies at Historical Faculty in Belarusian State University. He was ill for a long time and he wants you to tell him about building in different historic periods. Role-play a dialogue with your partner.

– Your small brother has to prepare précis about all sorts of houses in the ancient world. Role-play a dialogue with your partner.

18. Comprehensive check. Choose the best alternative according to the text:

1. Most of the time of a modern man is spent … . a) at his work;

b) within the walls of some educational establishments; c) within the walls of some buildings.

2. Primitive men protected themselves from … . a) earthquakes and their enemies;

b)cold weather, wild animals and all sorts of invasions;

c)stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies.

3. In prehistoric times men … .

a)hunted on wild animals;

b)looked for protection under the branches of trees;

c)fought with neighbouring tribes all the time.

4. … to protect themselves from cold and rain but others settled in caves.

a)Some built small and simple huts;

b)Some covered themselves with handmade blankets;

c)Some covered themselves with skins of animals.

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