Canada comes from indian word kanata

Вставить пропущенные слова. motto; is washed; name; area; population; capital;
was called; is situated; languages; country

Canada is the second largest 1)… in the world. It 2)… in the northern part of the North American continent. Its total 3)… is 9,975,000 square kilometers. Canada 4)… by three oceans – the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. Canada’s 5)… comes from an Indian word kanata, which means «village». When the area came under the British rule in 1897, the new country 6)… the Dominion of Canada, or simply Canada. This country has a small 7)…, only about 27,300,000 people. There are two official 8)… in the country: English and French. The 9)… of Canada is Ottawa. Canada’s 10)… «From Sea to Sea» is appropriate because it’s surrounded by three oceans.

b) Fill in blanks with suitable words.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1)… on the British Isles. The British Isles 2)… two islands, Great Britain and Ireland. The western coast of Great Britain 3)… by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. Their total 4)… is over 244 000 square kilometers. The United Kingdom is one of the world’s smaller 5) … . Its 6)… is over 57 million people. London is the 7)… of the United Kingdom.

Today, it seems impossible to imagine Canada by any other name. However, there were a number of other interesting suggestions and events leading up to the formal christening of our nation in 1867.

  • Aboriginal roots
  • The naming of a nation

Aboriginal roots

The name “Canada” likely comes from the Huron-Iroquois word “kanata,” meaning “village” or “settlement.” In 1535, two Aboriginal youths told French explorer Jacques Cartier about the route to kanata; they were actually referring to the village of Stadacona, the site of the present-day City of Québec. For lack of another name, Cartier used the word “Canada” to describe not only the village, but the entire area controlled by its chief, Donnacona.

The name was soon applied to a much larger area; maps in 1547 designated everything north of the St. Lawrence River as Canada. Cartier also called the St. Lawrence River the “rivière du Canada,” a name used until the early 1600s. By 1616, although the entire region was known as New France, the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was still called Canada.

Soon explorers and fur traders opened up territory to the west and to the south, and the area known as Canada grew. In the early 1700s, the name referred to all French lands in what is now the American Midwest and as far south as present-day Louisiana.

The first use of Canada as an official name came in 1791, when the Province of Quebec was divided into the colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. In 1841, the two colonies were united under one name, the Province of Canada.

Two Aboriginal youths telling Jacques Cartier about the route to the village of Stadacona, site of the present day City of Québec.

The naming of a nation

Leading up to the proposed confederation, a number of names were suggested for the northern half of the continent of North America, including: Albertsland, Albionora, Borealia, Britannia, Cabotia, Colonia, EfisgaFootnote 1, Hochelaga, Norland, Superior, Transatlantia, TuponiaFootnote 2, and Victorialand.

The debate was placed in perspective by Thomas D’Arcy McGee, who declared on February 9, 1865:

“I read in one newspaper not less than a dozen attempts to derive a new name. One individual chooses Tuponia and another Hochelaga as a suitable name for the new nationality. Now I ask any honourable member of this House how he would feel if he woke up some fine morning and found himself instead of a Canadian, a Tuponian or a Hochelagander.”

Fortunately for posterity, McGee’s wit and reasoning – along with common sense – prevailed, and on July 1, 1867, the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick became “one Dominion under the name of Canada.”

The Dauphin Map of Canada, c. 1543, showing Cartier’s discoveries

While a variety of theories have been postulated for the name of Canada, its origin is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning ‘village’ or ‘settlement’.[1] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.[2] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona);[2] by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as Canada.[2]

From the 16th to the early 18th century, Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River.[3] In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. These two colonies were collectively named the Canadas until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841.[4]

Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the London Conference, and the word Dominion was conferred as the country’s title.[5] By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a «Realm of the Commonwealth».[6] The government of Louis St. Laurent ended the practice of using Dominion in the statutes of Canada in 1951.[7][8]

The Canada Act 1982, which brought the constitution of Canada fully under Canadian control, referred only to Canada. Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day.[9] The term Dominion was used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though after the Second World War the term federal had replaced dominion.[10]

Etymology[edit]

A map of North America from 1565, one of the first to include the name «Canada» (top right).

The name Canada is now generally accepted as originating from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata ([kana:taʔ]), meaning ‘village’ or ‘settlement’.[11][12] Related translations include ‘land’ or ‘town’, with subsequent terminologies meaning ‘cluster of dwellings’ or ‘collection of huts’.[11][13] This explanation is historically documented in Jacques Cartier’s Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI.[11]

Although the Laurentian language, which was spoken by the inhabitants of St. Lawrence Valley settlements such as Stadacona (modern-day Quebec City) and Hochelaga (modern-day Montreal) in the 16th century, is now extinct, it was closely related to other dialects of the Iroquoian languages, such as the Oneida and Mohawk languages. Related cognates meaning ‘town’ include nekantaa, ganataje, and iennekanandaa in the Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca languages respectively.[11] Prior to archeological confirmation that the St. Lawrence Iroquois were a separate people from the Mohawk, most sources specifically linked the name’s origin to the Mohawk word instead of the Laurentian one.[14]

A 1934 three-cent stamp commemorated the four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Canada by the French navigator, Jacques Cartier.

A widespread perception in Canadian folklore is that Cartier misunderstood the term «Canada» as the existing proper name of the Iroquois people’s entire territory rather than the generic class noun for a town or village. For instance, the Historica Canada’s Heritage Minute episode devoted to Cartier’s landing at Hochelaga is scripted as having Cartier believe that «Kanata» or «Canada» was the established name of the entire country.[15] This is not supported by Cartier’s own writings, however—in Bref récit, Cartier fully understands the actual meaning of the word («They call a town Canada»),[16] and his earliest name for the wider territory is «le pays des Canadas» (‘country of Canadas’,[17] ‘land of Canadas’, or ‘land of villages’).

While the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian origin for the name Canada is now widely accepted, other theories have been put forth in the past.

Iberian origin theory[edit]

The most common alternative theory suggested that the name originated when Portuguese or Spanish explorers, having explored the northern part of the continent and unable to find gold and silver, wrote cá nada (‘nothing here’ in Portuguese), acá nada, aqui nada or el cabo de nada (‘Cape Nothing’ in Spanish) on that part of their maps.[18] An alternative explanation favoured by philologist Marshall Elliott linked the name to the Spanish word cañada, meaning ‘glen’ or ‘valley’.[19][20]

The earliest iterations of the Spanish «nothing here» theory stated that the explorers made the declaration upon visiting the Bay of Chaleur,[21] while later versions left out any identifying geographic detail.

The known Portuguese presence in modern Canadian territory, meanwhile, was located in Newfoundland and Labrador. Neither region is located anywhere near Iroquoian territory, and the name Canada does not appear on any Spanish or Portuguese maps of the North American coast that predate Cartier’s visit.[20] No name for the Bay of Chaleur is attested at all in Spanish sources from that period, while the only name for Newfoundland attested in Portuguese sources is Terra Nova do Bacalhau, after the region’s plentiful cod.

In most versions of the Iberian origin theory, the Spanish or Portuguese passed their name on to the Iroquois, who rapidly adopted it in place of their own prior word for a village;[20] however, no historical evidence for any such Iberian-Iroquoian interaction has ever actually been found.[20] Elliott’s «valley» theory, conversely, was that the Spanish gave their name for the area directly to Jacques Cartier, who then entirely ignored or passed over the virtually identical Iroquoian word.[20] According to Elliott, Cartier never explicitly stated that there was a direct connection between canada or kanata as the Iroquoian word for ‘village’ and Canada as the new name of the entire territory, and never accounted for the spelling difference between kanata and Canada—and thus the Spanish etymology had to be favoured because the spellings matched.[20] Notably, Cartier never wrote of having any awareness of any preexisting Spanish or Portuguese name for the region either, meaning that Elliott’s allegation that the kanata derivation was not adequately supported by Cartier’s own writing on the matter was also true of his own preferred theory.

Franciscan priest André Thevet claimed that the word derived from segnada Canada, an answer reportedly given by Spaniards in the St. Lawrence Valley area when asked what their purpose was; according to Thevet, the phrase meant that they were seeking land[22] or that they were hunting.[23] These words do not actually exist in Spanish, however.

Minor or humorous theories[edit]

British philologist B. Davies surmised that by the same process which initially saw the First Nations mislabelled as Indians, the country came to be named for the Carnata region of India or that region’s Kannada ethnic group;[24] however, this theory has attracted no significant support from other academics.[11]

Additional theories have attributed the name «Canada» to: a word in an unspecified indigenous language for ‘mouth of the country’ in reference to the Gulf of St. Lawrence;[11] a Cree word for ‘neat or clean’;[25] a claimed Innu war cry of «kan-na-dun, Kunatun«;[23] a shared Cree and Innu word, p’konata, which purportedly meant ‘without a plan’ or ‘I don’t know’;[26] a short-lived French colony purportedly established by a settler whose surname was Cane;[11] Jacques Cartier’s description elsewhere in his writings of Labrador as «the land God gave to Cain;» or, to a claim that the early French habitants demanded a «can a day» of spruce beer from the local intendant[11] (a claim easily debunked by the facts that the habitants would have been speaking French, not English, and that canning did not exist until the 19th century).

In their 1983 book The Anglo Guide to Survival in Québec, humourists Josh Freed and Jon Kalina tied the Iberian origin theory to the phrase nada mas caca (‘nothing but shit’).[27] No historian or linguist has ever analyzed this explanation as anything more than an obvious joke.

Canadian[edit]

The demonym «Canadien» or «Canadian» once referred exclusively to the indigenous groups who were native to the territory.[20] Its use was extended over time to the French settlers of New France, and later the English settlers of Upper Canada.[20]

Colonial usage[edit]

New France[edit]

European explorer Jacques Cartier transcribed the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian word (pronounced [kanata]) as «Canada» and was the first European to use the word to refer not only to the village of Stadacona but also to the neighbouring region and to the Saint Lawrence River, which he called rivière de Canada during his second voyage in 1535.[28][29] By the mid 1500s, European books and maps began referring to this region as Canada.[30]

Canada soon after became the name of a colony in New France that stretched along the St. Lawrence River.[30][31] The terms «Canada» and «New France» were often used interchangeably during the colonial period.[30]

British North America[edit]

After the British conquest of New France (including ceding of the French colony, Canada) in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of Quebec. Following the American Revolution and the influx of United Empire Loyalists into Quebec, the colony was split on 26 December 1791 into Upper and Lower Canada, sometime being collectively known as «The Canadas», the first time that the name «Canada» was used officially in the British regime.[32]

Some reports from the 1840s suggest that in that era, the word «Canada» was commonly pronounced «Kaugh-na-daugh» rather than its more contemporary pronunciation.[20]

Upper and Lower Canada were merged into one colony, the Province of Canada, in 1841, based on the recommendations of the Durham Report.[11] The former colonies were then known as Canada East and Canada West, and a single legislature was established with equal representation from each. Underpopulated Canada West opposed demands by Canada East for representation by population, but the roles reversed as Canada West’s population surpassed the east’s. The single colony remained governed in this way until 1 July 1867, often with coalition governments. A new capital city was being built at Ottawa, chosen in 1857 by Queen Victoria, and became a national capital.

Selection of the name Canada[edit]

Proclamation announcing the formation of one Dominion, under the name of CANADA, 1867

At the conferences held in London to determine the form of confederation that would unite the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), the Province of New Brunswick, and the Province of Nova Scotia, a delegate from either Nova Scotia or New Brunswick proposed the name Canada in February 1867, and it was unanimously accepted by the other delegates. There appears to have been little discussion,[33] though other names were suggested.

Other proposed names[edit]

While the provinces’ delegates spent little time, if any, in settling on Canada as the name for the new country, others proposed a variety of other names:[34][11]

  • Anglia – the medieval Latin name for England
  • Albionoria – ‘Albion of the north’
  • Borealia – from borealis, the Latin word for ‘northern’; compare with Australia
  • Cabotia – in honour of Italian explorer John Cabot, who explored the eastern coast of Canada for England
  • Colonia
  • Efisga – an acronym of English, French, Irish, Scottish, German, Aboriginal
  • Hochelaga – an old name for Montreal
  • Laurentia
  • Mesopelagia – ‘land between the seas’
  • New Albion
  • Norland
  • Superior
  • Tupona – acronym for The United Provinces of North America
  • Transatlantica
  • Ursalia – ‘place of bears’
  • Vesperia – ‘land of the evening star’
  • Victorialand – in honour of Queen Victoria

Walter Bagehot of The Economist newspaper in London argued that the new nation should be called Northland or Anglia instead of Canada.[35] On these names, the statesman Thomas D’Arcy McGee commented, «Now I would ask any honourable member of the House how he would feel if he woke up some fine morning and found himself, instead of a Canadian, a Tuponian or a Hochelegander?».[36]

Kingdom and Dominion[edit]

Working towards the Confederation of Canada, Canada’s founders deliberated on the official title for their new country, primarily between the «Kingdom of Canada» or the «Dominion of Canada.»[37][38]

In J. S. Ewart’s two volume work, The Kingdom Papers,[39][40] it is noted that the following names were considered for the union of British North America: «The United Colony of Canada», «the United Provinces of Canada», and «the Federated Provinces of Canada».[41] Ewart was also an ardent advocate for the formation of «the Republic of Canada», a position which was rarely expressed in those times.[42]

Kingdom of Canada[edit]

During the Charlottetown Conference of 1864, John A. Macdonald, who later became the first Prime Minister of Canada, talked of «founding a great British monarchy,» in connection with the British Empire. He advocated, in the fourth Canadian draft of the British North America Act, the name «Kingdom of Canada[37] in the text is said:

The word ‘Parliament’ shall mean the Legislature or Parliament of the Kingdom of Canada.
The word ‘Kingdom’ shall mean and comprehend the United Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

The words ‘Privy Council’ shall mean such persons as may from time to time be appointed, by the Governor General, and sworn to aid and advise in the Government of the Kingdom.[43]

Canada’s founders, led by Macdonald, wished their new nation to be called the Kingdom of Canada in order to «fix the monarchical basis of the constitution.»[44] The governor general at the time, The 4th Viscount Monck, supported the move to designate Canada a kingdom;[45] however, officials at the Colonial Office in London opposed this potentially «premature» and «pretentious» reference for a new country. They were also wary of antagonizing the United States, which had emerged from its Civil War as a formidable military power with unsettled grievances because British interests had sold ships to the Confederacy despite a blockade, and thus opposed the use of terms such as kingdom or empire to describe the new country.[46]

Adoption of Dominion[edit]

Map of the British Empire under Queen Victoria at the end of the nineteenth century. «Dominions» refers to all territories belonging to the Crown.

Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, Premier of New Brunswick, suggested the term Dominion,[i] inspired by Psalm 72:8 (from the King James Bible): «He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth.»[38] This is also echoed in Canada’s motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin for ‘from sea to sea’).[47]

The term Dominion had been used for centuries to refer to the lands held by a monarch,[48] and had previously been adopted as titles for the Dominion of New England and the Dominion and Colony of Virginia. It continued to apply as a generic term for the major colonial possessions of the British Empire until well into the 20th century;[49] although Tilley and the other Fathers of Confederation broadened the meaning of the word dominion to a «virtual synonym for sovereign state.»[50] Its adoption as a title for Canada in 1867 served the purpose of upholding the monarchist principle in Canada; in a letter to Queen Victoria, Lord Carnarvon stated:[51]

The North American delegates are anxious that the United Provinces should be designated as the ‘Dominion of Canada.’ It is a new title, but intended on their part as a tribute to the Monarchical principle which they earnestly desire to uphold.[51]

Macdonald, however, bemoaned its adoption. In a letter to Lord Knutsford on the topic of the loss of the use of the word kingdom, Macdonald said:

Canadian post card from 1905.

A great opportunity was lost in 1867 when the Dominion was formed out of the several provinces…The declaration of all the B.N.A. provinces that they desired as one dominion to remain a portion of the Empire, showed what wise government and generous treatment would do, and should have been marked as an epoch in the history of England. This would probably have been the case had Lord Carnarvon, who, as colonial minister, had sat at the cradle of the new Dominion, remained in office. His ill-omened resignation was followed by the appointment of the late Duke of Buckingham, who had as his adviser the then Governor General, Lord Monck — both good men, certainly, but quite unable, from the constitution of their minds, to rise to the occasion. Had a different course been pursued, for instance, had united Canada been declared to be an auxiliary kingdom, as it was in the Canadian draft of the bill, I feel sure almost that the Australian colonies would, ere this, have been applying to be placed in the same rank as The Kingdom of Canada.[52][53]

He added as a postscript that it was adopted on the suggestion of British colonial ministers to avoid offending republican sensibilities in the United States:

P.S. On reading the above over I see that it will convey the impression that the change of title from Kingdom to Dominion was caused by the Duke of Buckingham. This is not so. It was made at the instance of Lord Derby, then foreign minister, who feared the first name would wound the sensibilities of the Yankees. I mentioned this incident in our history to Lord Beaconsfield at Hughenden in 1879, who said, ‘I was not aware of the circumstance, but it is so like Derby, a very good fellow, but who lives in a region of perpetual funk.’[54]

Use of the term dominion was formalized in 1867 through Canadian Confederation. In the Constitution of Canada, namely the Constitution Act, 1867 (British North America Acts), the preamble of the Act indicates:

Whereas the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their Desire to be federally united into One Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom….[55]

Moreover, section 2 indicates that the provinces:

… shall form and be One Dominion under the Name of Canada; and on and after that Day those Three Provinces shall form and be One Dominion under that Name accordingly.[55]

French terms[edit]

The French translation of the 1867 British North America Act translated «One Dominion under the Name of Canada» as «une seule et même Puissance sous le nom de Canada» using Puissance (‘power’) as a translation for dominion. Later, the English loanword dominion was also used in French.[56]

The Fathers of Confederation met at the Quebec Conference of 1864 to discuss the terms of this new union. One issue on the agenda was to determine the Union’s «feudal rank» (see Resolution 71 of the Quebec Conference, 1864). The candidates for the classification of this new union were: le Royaume du Canada (‘the Kingdom or Realm of Canada’), l’Union du Canada (‘the Union of Canada’), and le Dominion du Canada (‘the Dominion of Canada’).

Use of Dominion[edit]

There are numerous references in United Kingdom Acts of Parliament to «the Dominion of Canada;» and the British North America Act, 1867 (BNA Act) referred to the formation of «one Dominion under the name of Canada.»[57] Section 4 of the BNA Act also declares that: «Unless it is otherwise expressed or implied, the Name Canada shall be taken to mean Canada as constituted under this Act;» this has been interpreted to mean that the title of the country is simply Canada. Nonetheless, the term «Dominion of Canada» appears in the Constitution Act, 1871—the usage of which was «sanctioned»[58]—and both «Canada» and «Dominion of Canada» appear in other texts of the period, as well as on numerous Canadian banknotes before 1935.

Until the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was commonly used to identify the country. As the country acquired political authority and autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government began using simply Canada on state documents. Quebec nationalist leaders also objected to dominion, arguing that it suggested Ottawa would have control over Quebec.

Under Prime Minister Louis St-Laurent, compromises were reached that quietly, and without legislation, «Dominion» would be retired in official names and statements, usually replaced by «federal». The St. Laurent government thereby ended the practice of using «Dominion» in the Statutes of Canada in 1951.[59]

The independence of the separate Commonwealth realms was emphasised after the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952, when she was proclaimed not just as Queen of the United Kingdom, but also Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, Queen of New Zealand, Queen of South Africa, and of all her other «realms and territories».[6] This also reflected the change from dominion to realm; in the proclamation of Queen Elizabeth II’s new titles in 1953, the phrase «of her other Realms and Territories» replaced «dominion» with another mediaeval French word with the same connotation, «realm» (from royaume).[60]

With that said, the national holiday of «Dominion Day» kept that name until May 1980, when a private member’s bill to replace the name with Canada Day was unexpectedly passed in the House. In the Senate, Eugene Forsey and the Monarchist League of Canada strongly defended the traditional usage. When a Gallup poll showed 70% of all Canadians favoured the change, the Senate approved the bill without a recorded vote.[61]

The Canada Act 1982 refers only to Canada and does not use the term dominion. No constitutional statute amends this name, nor does any Canadian legal document state that the name of the country is anything other than Canada.[62] Moreover, official sources of the United Nations system,[63][64]
international organizations (such as the Organization of American States),[65] the European Union,[66]
the United States,[67] and other polities with which Canada has official relations as a state either consistently use Canada as the only official name, affirm that Canada has no long-form name, or affirm that the formal name is simply Canada.

The terms Dominion and Dominion of Canada are still considered to be appropriate, although arcane, titles for the country.[68][69][70] The federal government continues to produce publications and educational materials that specify the currency of these titles, although these publications are not themselves legal or official documents.[71][72][73]
For instance, in 2008 the Canadian government registered the Maple Leaf Tartan, designed in 1964, with the Scottish Tartans Authority. The tartan’s alternate name is «Dominion of Canada.»[74][75]

The term Dominion and Dominion of Canada is also used in a colonial historical sense, having been used to distinguish contemporary (post-1867) Canada from either the earlier Province of Canada or from the even earlier The Canadas and modern history of the current realms.[76] The terms have also been used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though in this usage, «federal» has replaced «dominion». For example, The Canadian Almanac stopped using Dominion of Canada in 1964.[77]

See also[edit]

  • List of Canadian place names of royal heritage
  • Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies
  • Origins of names of cities in Canada
  • List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin
  • List of Canadian place names of Indigenous origin
  • List of Canadian place names of English origin
  • List of Canadian place names of Scottish origin
  • List of Canadian place names of Spanish origin

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ «Dominion (noun).» Merriam-Webster Dictionary: «a self-governing nation of the Commonwealth of Nations other than the United Kingdom that acknowledges the British monarch as chief of state»

References[edit]

  1. ^ Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1991). Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-313-26257-9.
  2. ^ a b c Rayburn 2001, pp. 14–22.
  3. ^ Magocsi, Paul R. (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada’s Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 1048. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.
  4. ^ «An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada». J.C. Fisher & W. Kimble. 1841. p. 20.
  5. ^ O’Toole, Roger (2009). «Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context». In Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly (eds.). Holy Nations and Global Identities: Civil Religion, Nationalism, and Globalisation. Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-17828-1.
  6. ^ a b Morra, Irene (2016). The New Elizabethan Age: Culture, Society and National Identity after World War II. I.B.Tauris. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-85772-867-8.
  7. ^ «November 8, 1951 (21st Parliament, 5th Session)». Canadian Hansard Dataset. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  8. ^ Bowden, J.W.J. (2015). «‘Dominion’: A Lament». The Dorchester Review. 5 (2): 58–64.
  9. ^ Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1.
  10. ^ Courtney, John; Smith, David (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-533535-4.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rayburn 2001, pp. 14–17.
  12. ^ Mithun 1999, p. 312.
  13. ^ Hawkins, Alfred; John Charlton Fisher (1834). «7». Hawkins’s Picture of Quebec: With Historical Recollections. Printed for the proprietor by Neilson and Cowan. p. 111. in the note of Charlevoix, Nouvelle France, volume the first, page nine, of the quarto edition, and repeated in «Beautés de l’Histoire du Canada» affords the real solution of the difficulty: «Quelqu’uns derivent ce nom du mot Iroquois Kannata qui se prononce Cannada, et signifie un amas de cabanes;»–»Some derive this name from the Iroquois word Kannata, pronounced Cannada, signifying a collection of huts.»
  14. ^ Johansen 1999, p. 49.
  15. ^ «Heritage Minutes: Jacques Cartier» Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. Historica Foundation of Canada.
  16. ^ Francis, Jones & Smith 2009, p. 27.
  17. ^ Cook, Ramsay (2017). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442658042. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
  18. ^ John George Hodgins (1858). The Geography and History of British America, and of the Other Colonies of the Empire: To which are Added a Sketch of the Various Indian Tribes of Canada, and Brief Biographical Notices of Eminent Persons Connected with the History of Canada. Maclear & Company. p. 51.
  19. ^ «Further Conjectures as to the Origin of the Name ‘Canada'». The New York Times, September 5, 1908.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i Orkin 2010, pp. 38–43.
  21. ^ Jefferys, Thomas. 1754. The Conduct of the French, with Regard to Nova Scotia. London: T. Jefferys.
  22. ^ Gervais Carpin, Histoire d’un mot: l’ethnonyme «canadien» de 1535-1691. Les Éditions de Septentrion, 1995. ISBN 9782894480366. p. 50.
  23. ^ a b Olive Dickason, Le mythe du sauvage. Les Éditions de Septentrion, 1993. ISBN 9782921114967. p. 298.
  24. ^ Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, December 1861. p. 432.
  25. ^ John Maclean, Canadian Savage Folk: The Native Tribes of Canada. C. W. Coates, 1986.
  26. ^ Joseph Graham, Naming the Laurentians: A History of Place Names ‘up North’. Les Éditions Main Street, 2005. ISBN 9780973958607. p. 65
  27. ^ Josh Freed and Jon Kalina, The Anglo Guide to Survival in Québec. Eden Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0920792339. p. 89.
  28. ^ Marsh 1999, p. 355.
  29. ^ Roger E. Riendeau (2007). A Brief History of Canada. Infobase Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4381-0822-3. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017.
  30. ^ a b c Warkentin & Podruchny 2001, p. 234.
  31. ^ MCC. «Le territoire Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine», in La Nouvelle-France. Ressources françaises, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (France), 1998, retrieved 2 August 2008
  32. ^ «Canadian Heritage — Origin of the Name — Canada». Pch.gc.ca. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
  33. ^ Creighton, Donald. 1956. The Road to Confederation. Houghton Mifflin: Boston; p. 421.
  34. ^ «How Canada Got Its Name — Origin of the Name Canada». Canadaonline.about.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
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  49. ^ «… on the 23rd of April 1895, Tongaland was declared by proclamation to be added to the dominions of Queen Victoria … » («Africa» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 343.)
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Bibliography[edit]

  • Ewart, J.S. (1912–1917). The Kingdom Papers. Vol. I. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild, and Stewart. Archived from the original on February 15, 2006.
  • Francis, R. Douglas; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B. (2009). Journeys: A History of Canada. Nelson College. ISBN 978-0176442446.
  • Johansen, Bruce Elliott (1999). The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313306235.
  • Marsh, James H. (1999). The Canadian Encyclopedia. The Canadian Encyclopedia. ISBN 978-0-7710-2099-5. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017.
  • Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
  • Orkin, Mark M (2010), «The Name Canada: An Etymological Enigma» (PDF), Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader, Kingston, Ontario: Strathy Language Unit, Queen’s University, archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015
  • Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
  • Warkentin, Germaine; Podruchny, Carolyn (2001). Decentring the Renaissance: Canada and Europe in Multidisciplinary Perspective, 1500-1700. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8149-0. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016.

Further reading[edit]

  • Choudry, Sujit. 2001(?). «Constitution Acts» (based on looseleaf by Hogg, Peter W.). Constitutional Keywords. University of Alberta, Centre for Constitutional Studies: Edmonton.
  • Gerald Hallowell (2004). The Oxford Companion to Canadian History. Oxford University Press Canada. ISBN 978-0-19-541559-9.

External links[edit]

  • Dominion of Canada FAQ
  • Origin of the Name — Canada — Canadian Heritage

The name «Canada» comes from «kanata,» the Iroquois-Huron word for «village» or «settlement.» The Iroquois used the word to describe the village of Stadacona, present-day Quebec City.

During his second voyage to «New France» in 1535, French explorer Jacques Cartier sailed up the Saint Lawrence River for the first time. The Iroquois pointed him in the direction of «kanata,» the village at Stadacona, which Cartier misinterpreted as a reference to both the village of Stadacona and the wider area subject to Donnacona, the Stadacona Iroquois chief.

During Cartier’s 1535 trip, the French established along the Saint Lawrence the colony of «Canada,» the first colony in what the French called «New France.» Use of «Canada» gained prominence from there. 

The Name «Canada» Takes Hold (1535 to the 1700s)

By 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as «Canada.» By 1547, maps were showing the name Canada as everything north of the St. Lawrence River. Cartier referred to the St. Lawrence River as la rivière du Canada («the river of Canada»), and the name began to take hold. Even though the French called the region New France, by 1616 the entire area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence was still called Canada.

As the country expanded to the west and the south in the 1700s, «Canada» was the unofficial name of an area spanning the American Midwest, extending as far south as what is now the state of Louisiana.

After the British conquered New France in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of Quebec. Then, as British loyalists headed north during and after the American Revolutionary War, Quebec was divided into two parts.

Canada Becomes Official

In 1791, the Constitutional Act, also called the Canada Act, divided the Province of Quebec into the colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. This marked the first official use of the name Canada. In 1841, the two Quebecs were united again, this time as the Province of Canada.

On July 1, 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country of Canada upon its confederation. On that date, the Confederation Convention formally combined the Province of Canada, which included Quebec and Ontario, with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick as «one Dominion under the name of Canada.» This produced the physical configuration of modern Canada, which is today the second largest country in the world by area (after Russia). July 1 is still celebrated as Canada Day.

Other Names Considered for Canada

Canada wasn’t the only name considered for the new dominion, although it was ultimately chosen by unanimous vote at the Confederation Convention. 

Several other names were suggested for the northern half of the North American continent leading up to confederation, some of which were later repurposed elsewhere in the country. The list included Anglia (a medieval Latin name for England), Albertsland, Albionora, Borealia, Britannia, Cabotia, Colonia, and Efisga, an acronym for the first letters of the countries England, France, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, with the «A» for «Aboriginal.»

Other names floated for consideration were Hochelaga, Laurentia (a geological name for part of North America), Norland, Superior, Transatlantia, Victorialand and Tuponia, an acrostic for The United Provinces of North America.

This is how the Canadian government remembers the name debate on ​Canada.ca:

The debate was placed in perspective by Thomas D’Arcy McGee, who declared on February 9, 1865:

“I read in one newspaper not less than a dozen attempts to derive a new name. One individual chooses Tuponia and another Hochelaga as a suitable name for the new nationality. Now I ask any honourable member of this House how he would feel if he woke up some fine morning and found himself instead of a Canadian, a Tuponian or a Hochelagander.”

Fortunately for posterity, McGee’s wit and reasoning–along with common sense–prevailed…

The Dominion of Canada

«Dominion» became part of the name instead of «kingdom» as a clear reference that Canada was under British rule but still its own separate entity. After World War II, as Canada became more autonomous, the full name «Dominion of Canada» was used less and less.

The country’s name was officially changed to «Canada» in 1982 when the Canada Act was passed, and it’s been known by that name ever since.

The Fully Independent Canada

Canada did not become fully independent from Britain until 1982 when its constitution was «patriated» under the Constitution Act of 1982, or the Canada Act, The act essentially transferred the country’s highest law, the British North America Act, from the authority of the British Parliament—a connection from the colonial past—to Canada’s federal and provincial legislatures.

The document contains the original statute that established the Canadian Confederation in 1867 (the British North America Act), amendments that the British Parliament made to it over the years, and Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the result of fierce negotiations between the federal and provincial governments that set down basic rights ranging from freedom of religion to linguistic and educational rights based on the test of numbers.

Through it all, the name «Canada» has remained. 

Canada

Canada

Canada is the second largest country in the world. Only Russia has a greater land area. Canada is situated in North America. Canada is slightly larger than the United States, but has only about a tenth as many people. About 28 million people live in Canada. About 80% of the population live within 320 km of the southern border. Much of the rest of Canada is uninhabited or thinly populated because of severe natural conditions.
Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 territories. Canada is an independent nation. But according to the Constitution Act of 1982 British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is recognized as Queen of Canada. This symbolizes the country’s strong ties to Britain. Canada was ruled by Britain completely until 1867, when Canada gained control of its domestic affairs. Britain governed Canada’s foreign affairs until 1931, when Canada gained full independence.

Canada’s people are varied. About 57% of all Canadians have some English ancestry and about 32% have some French ancestry. Both English and French are official languages of the country. French Canadians, most of whom live in the provinces of Quebec, have kept the language and customs of their ancestors. Other large ethnic groups are German, Irish and Scottish people. Native people — American Indians and Eskimos — make up about 2% of the country’s population. 77% of Canada’s people live in cities or towns. Toronto and
Montreal are the largest urban areas. Ottawa is the capital of the country.
Today, maintaining a sense of community is one of the major problems in Canada because of differences among the provinces and territories. Many Canadians in western and eastern parts of the country feel that the federal government does not pay enough attention to their problems. 80% of Quebec’s population are French Canadians. Many of them believe that their province should receive a special recognition in the Canadian constitution.

Questions:
1. Where is Canada situated?
2. How many people live in Canada?
3. Where do most Canadians live?
4. Who is the head of state in Canada?
5. When did Canada gain its independence?
6. What are the official languages in Canada?
7. What people live in Canada?
8. What is the main problem facing Canada today?

Канада
Канада — это вторая по величине страна в мире. Только Россия имеет большую площадь. Канада находится в Северной Америке. Канада немного больше Соединенных Штатов, однако в ней живет в десять раз меньше людей. В Канаде проживает около 28 миллионов жителей. Около 80% населения живет в пределах 320 км от южной границы. Большая часть остальной территории Канады не заселена или мало населена из-за суровых природных условий.
Канада является федерацией 10 провинций и 2 территорий. Канада — это независимое государство. Но согласно Конституционному акту 1982 года английский монарх королева Елизавета II Соединенного Королевства признана королевой Канады. Это символизирует прочные связи страны с Британией. Британия правила Канадой вплоть до 1867 года, когда Канада получила контроль над своими внутренними делами. Британия управляла иностранными делами Канады до 1931 года, когда Канада получила полную независимость.
Население Канады разнообразно. Около 57% канадцев имеют английское происхождение и около 32% жителей — канадцы французского происхождения. Как английский, так и французский являются государственными языками страны. Французские канадцы, большинство из которых живет в провинции Квебек, сохранили язык и обычаи своих предков. Другими большими этническими группами являются немцы, ирландцы и шотландцы. Коренные народы, американские индейцы и эскимосы, составляют около 2% населения страны. 77% населения Канады живет в больших и малых городах. Торонто и Монреаль являются самыми большими городами. Оттава является столицей страны.
Сегодня сохранение чувства общности является главной проблемой в Канаде из-за различий среди провинций и территорий. Многие канадцы в западных и восточных областях страны считают, что федеральное правительство не уделяет достаточно внимания их проблемам. 80% населения Квебека — французские канадцы. Многие из них считают, что провинция должна получить специальное признание в канадской Конституции.

Источник: 100 тем английского языка. Авторы Каверина В. Бойко В. Жидких Н.

Canada
Canada comes from an Indian word kanata, meaning “a village” or “a settlement”.
Official languages are English and French. But many other languages are spoken there, including Inuktitut (the language of the Inuit, or Eskimos) and other Canadian Indian languages.
Ethnic groups: 80.0% European (English, French, Scottish, Irish, German Russian, others), 4.0% South Asian, 3.9% Chinese, 3.8% Native Indians, 3.3% other Asians, 2.5% African Canadians, 2.5% others.
The motto of the country is From Sea to Sea.
Ottawa is the capital of Canada and the largest city is Toronto.
Canada has 10 Provinces: Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia. Quebec is both the oldest and the largest of Canada’s ten provinces. Quebec City, the capital of Quebec province, is the oldest city in Canada. About 240 kilometres southwest of Quebec City is Montreal, the largest city in the province. The first European to visit the area was Jacques Cartier of France. In 1534 he landed at the site of a Huron Indian village. 70 years later, the French settled in the area. Today, eight out of every ten people in Quebec are of French origin. The French language they speak is unique. In many ways, it’s like 17th-century French!
The longest river is the Mackenzie River (4, 241 km long) and the highest mountain is Mount Logan (5, 959 metres high).
The national holiday is on the first of July. It’s Canada Day.
Canada is surrounded by three oceans – the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Arctic. It has the longest coastline in the world: 243,000 kilometres. The latest big craze in Canada is whale-watching. Special boats go out into the ocean — at the right place and at the right time — and you have a 99% chance of seeing whales!
Some people believe that Canada owns the North Pole. It’s true that 40% of the country’s territory is in the Arctic North, but the North Pole is not owned by any country. However, many Canadians (especially children) believe that Santa Claus is from Canada.
Canada has more lakes than any other country. Many of the lakes were created by glaciers. There are lots of rivers in Canada too.
Canada is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Much of the country’s wealth lies in its many mines and forests. Minerals such as coal, copper, nickel, and iron ore are found in the mines. Forests cover almost half of Canada’s territory.
Niagara Falls is one of the world’s wonders. These beautiful waterfalls can be found on the border between Canada and the United States. This place is often called ‘the honeymoon capital of the world.’
The Yukon is a territory in northwest Canada where the Klondike Gold Rush took place in 1890s. Jack London came to the Yukon in September of 1897. He was 21 years old and full of hopes to find gold. Although he didn’t become rich, he later turned his Klondike adventures into fame and fortune with his legendary short stories and books.
Canadian Indians are also known as First Nations people.
Canadians are said to be friendly, peace-loving, modest and polite. However, they don’t like it when they are mistaken for Americans.
The maple leaf is the national symbol of the country. Maple leaves come from maple trees and one particular kind of maple tree — the sugar maple — gives Canadians their favourite sweet: maple syrup. Canadians like it so much that they even have special celebrations in honour of this sweet drink.
At the beginning of spring, when the days are warm but the nights are still cold, sugar maples start to produce sap, or tree water. If you collect the sap and then boil it for a long time, you’ll get maple syrup. If you cook it longer, you’ll get maple sugar.
Only sugar maples produce maple syrup, and only tall, graceful sugar maples growing in North America will do the trick. In spite of repeated efforts by Europeans to cultivate sugar maples, they have never succeeded. The secret is not only in the trees but in the climate too.
The boiling point of maple syrup is 7 degrees above the boiling point of water.
Pure maple syrup has no fat and no proteins and is a good source of 3 essential elements — calcium, iron and thiamine.
Canada supplies 80% of the world’s maple syrup.
Today, there are maple syrup festivals all over Canada. They usually start at the beginning of March and last from three to six weeks. During the festival you can see sap coming from trees and help cool syrup in a ‘sug arhouse’ (a special cabin in the forest for making syrup and sugar).
Sweet maple sap was one of the most important of Native Americans’ foods. They boiled it to make syrup. But most often they cooked it down until it was almost dry, so it could be easily stored. A supply of maple sugar saved them from starvation when hunters returned empty-handed. They used it with everything, including meat and fish.

Канада
Канада происходит от индийского слова, Каната, что означает «деревня» или «поселение».
Официальные языки английский и французский. Но там говорят на многих других языках, в том числе инуктитуте (язык инуитов, или эскимосов) и других языках канадских индейцев.
Этнические группы: 80,0% европейцев (англичане, французы, шотландцы, ирландцы, немцы, русские, другие), 4,0% из Южной Азии, 3,9% китайцев, 3,8% Индейцев, 3,3% другие азиаты, 2,5% африканские канадцы, 2,5% другие.
Девиз страны от моря до моря.
Оттава является столицей Канады, а крупнейшим городом является Торонто.
Канада имеет 10 провинций: Ньюфаундленд и Лабрадор, Остров Принца Эдуарда, Новая Шотландия, Нью-Брансуик, Квебек, Онтарио, Манитоба, Саскачеван, Альберта, Британская Колумбия. Квебек самая старая и самая большая из десяти провинций Канады. Квебек, столица провинции Квебек, является старейшим городом в Канаде. Около 240 км к юго-западу от Квебека находится Монреаль, крупнейший город в провинции. Первым европейцем, посетившим район, был Жак Картье из Франции. В 1534 году он высадился на месте индийской деревни Гурон. 70 лет спустя французы поселились в этом районе. Сегодня, восемь из каждых десяти человек в Квебеке французского происхождения. Французский, на котором они говорят, уникален. Во многом, он напоминает французский17-го века!
Самая длинная река — Маккензи (длиной 4, 241 км) и самая высокая гора — Логан (высотой 5, 959 метров).
Национальный праздник празднуется в первый день июля. Это День Канады.
Канада окружена тремя океанами — Тихим океаном, Атлантическим и Северным Ледовитым. Он имеет самую длинную береговую линию в мире: 243000 километров. Наблюдение за китами очень модно в Канаде. Специальные лодки выходят в океан — в нужном месте и в нужное время — и у вас есть 99% увидеть китов!
Некоторые люди считают, что Северный полюс принадлежит Канаде.
Это правда, что 40% территории страны находится на территории Крайнего Севера, но Северный полюс не принадлежит ни какой стране. Тем не менее, многие канадцы (особенно дети) считают, что Санта-Клаус родом из Канады.
Канада имеет больше озер, чем любая другая страна. Многие из озер были созданы ледниками. В Канаде так же много рек.
Канада является одной из богатейших стран в мире. Большая часть богатства страны заключается в ее многочисленных шахтах и лесах. Минералы, такие как уголь, медь, никель и железная руда находятся в шахтах. Леса покрывают почти половину территории Канады.
Ниагарский водопад является одним из чудес света. Эти красивые водопады могут быть увидены на границе между Канадой и Соединенными Штатами. Это место часто называют «мировая столица медового месяца».
Юкон является территорией на северо-западе Канады, где в 1890-е годы прошла Золотая лихорадка Клондайк. Джек Лондон приехал в Юкон в сентябре 1897 года. Ему был 21 год, и он был полон надежд на то, чтобы найти золото. Хотя он и не стать богатым, позже его приключения на Клондайке привели писателя к славе и богатству.
Канадские индейцы, также известны как исконные народы.
Канадцы говорят, дружелюбны, миролюбивые, скромные и вежливые. Тем не менее, им не нравится, когда их ошибочно принимают за американцев.
Кленовый лист является национальным символом страны. Один особый вид клена — клен сахарный — дает канадцам их любимую сладость: кленовый сироп. Канадцы, так его любят, что у них даже есть специальные торжества в честь этого сладкого напитка.
В начале весны, когда дни теплые, но ночи все еще холодные, сахарные клены начинают производить сок. Если вы соберете сок, а затем будете варить в течение длительного времени, вы получите кленовый сироп. Если вы кипятите его дольше, вы получите кленовый сахар.
Только сахарные клены производят кленовый сироп, и только высокие, изящные сахарные клены, растущие в Северной Америке. Несмотря на неоднократные усилия европейцев выращивать сахарные клены, это им никогда не удавалось. Секрет не только в деревьях, но и в климате тоже.
Точка кипения кленового сиропа на 7 градусов выше точки кипения воды.
Чистый кленовый сироп не имеет жира и белков и является хорошим источником трех важных элементов — кальция, железа и тиамина.
Канада поставляет 80% мирового кленового сиропа.
Сегодня по всей Канаде празднуют фестивали кленового сиропа.
Они, как правило, начинаются в начале марта и длятся от трех до шести недель. Во время фестиваля можно увидеть как сок идет из деревьев, и помочь охладить сироп в специальном домик в лесу.
Сладкий кленовый сок был одним из самых важных продуктов коренных американцев. Они варили его, чтобы сделать сироп. Но чаще всего они готовили его, пока он не становился почти сухим, в таком виде его было легко хранить. Запас кленового сахара спасал их от голодной смерти, когда охотники возвращались с пустыми руками. Они использовали его со всем, в том числе с мясом и рыбой.

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