Business writing word list

What many business writers refer to as “business vocabulary” contains difficult or archaic words and phrases
people do not use in everyday speaking, such as “cognizant” instead of “aware,” “initiate” instead of “begin,”
and “endeavor” instead of “try.” The writers feel using difficult or archaic words makes their business writing
seem more professional and shows the writer’s intelligence. Using common, everyday words in business writing
feels to these writers like it’s dumbing down the writing and patronizing the reader.

However, research^* by Daniel M. Openheimer at Princeton University indicates the writers who use
these words may not be projecting the image of themselves they think they are projecting. Dr. Oppenheimer
conducted a series of experiments to see what readers think about writers who use difficult and archaic words.
He wrote several documents using difficult, archaic words such as those some business writers use. He asked
groups of readers what they thought about the documents. He then rewrote the documents replacing the difficult
words with common, everyday words and asked groups of readers what they thought about the writers of the simpler
documents.

Readers more often felt the documents using common, everyday words were written by writers who were more
intelligent than the writers of the documents containing difficult, archaic words.

The results were that the readers more often felt the documents using common, everyday words were written by
writers who were more intelligent than the writers of the documents containing difficult, archaic words. Dr.
Oppenheimer concluded, “Anything that makes a text hard to read and understand, such as unnecessarily long words
or complicated fonts, will lower readers’ evaluations of the text and its author. . . . One thing seems certain:
write as simply and plainly as possible and it’s more likely you’ll be thought of as intelligent.”

Common, everyday words are the most up-to-date words in the language. Languages change over time, and the
changes appear first in the words people speak. Words business writers use lag behind the up-to-date words of
the spoken language, sometimes by centuries.  In the eighteenth century, sending a letter “under separate cover”
referred to sending a letter wrapped in a sheet of paper that was folded around the letter and sealed with
sealing wax so the letter would arrive at its destination undamaged.  These covers were used until around 1840
when envelopes were invented.  Today, no one says, “I wrapped the letter in a cover and sent it.”  “Cover” has
been replaced by “envelope.”  However, some business people still write that they have sent something “under
separate cover.”

You will make your writing clearer and more effective immediately by being careful about the words you use. Here
are some tips to help you use business vocabulary that communicates most clearly to readers and may impress
readers with your intelligence.

Business Writing Best Practice 1

Write using the plain English words you would speak

Write as though you were speaking to the reader. That doesn’t mean you use informal, street words like “bugs
him” for “bothers him” or “pad” for “home.” Choose words you would use if you were speaking to the readers in a
business meeting. Business writing today is a medium for conveying to readers what you would speak to them if
you were with them. You wouldn’t sit across a table from a co-worker and say, “Karen, we initiated the endeavor
to ascertain where the pipe malfunctioned utilizing our video equipment, but subsequently were compelled to
excavate the line.” Karen would think you had lost it. Unfortunately, many business people write using words
like that. Instead, you would say to Karen, “We began to try to locate the broken pipe using our video
equipment, but ended up having to dig up the line.” Karen would understand you easily and feel you regard her as
a colleague because you communicate with her in common English. Write using the words you would speak.

Business Writing Best Practice 2

Write your first draft freely, as though you were speaking it

Good business writers create clear, effective business writing when they do their editing. Writing the first
draft is just a way of putting the ideas into words so you can start to edit them. If you look at an early draft
of the Declaration of Independence, you’ll see insertions and strike throughs from beginning to end. No one
writes a first draft that is as clear and correct as it must be to achieve the writer’s goals with the reader.
All accomplished business writers will tell you they have to edit their first drafts to massage them into the
documents they want them to be. Write your first draft as the words come to you. Don’t edit sentences while
you’re writing the first draft.

Writing the first draft as though you were speaking also helps eliminate writer’s block. If it takes you a
frustratingly long time to write an email or report, you’re likely trying to make every sentence perfect as you
write it. That’s like holding up building your house because you spend weeks building the bathroom, painting its
walls, putting up prints, installing curtains, and taking a shower before you build the framework for the rest
of the house. You’ll write more clearly and quickly if you prepare notes and an outline of the document, then
write your first draft as though you were speaking to the reader using the outline. Edit your spoken draft to
make it a clear, well-organized document by removing fragment sentences, unclear statements, and overly casual
words. However, keep the clear, everyday words you would speak.

Business Writing Best Practice 3

As you edit your writing, if you see words you wouldn’t speak, change them to the common, everyday words

You likely will fall into using the difficult, archaic words when you write a business document. We see so much
business writing using these words that it seems like it’s the appropriate vocabulary for business. As you edit
your writing in preparation for creating the final draft, if you see a word or phrase you wouldn’t say if you
were sitting with the reader speaking the message, change the word or phrase to the simpler alternative.

Business Writing Best Practice 4

Use jargon words only when the reader uses them commonly

Jargon words are the vocabulary specialists in a field use when writing about activities in the field. If you
are talking to someone in finance, you’ll use finance jargon. Talk to someone in engineering and you’ll use
engineering jargon. You both expect to write and read the specialized words you use in your field. However,
don’t use the jargon words with people who aren’t specialists in your field. Replace the jargon words with the
plain English alternatives.

Business Writing Best Practice 5

When you are writing to someone who is a specialist in your field, use common, everyday words for the text that
isn’t jargon

When you write a business document to someone who is a specialist in your field, use the jargon words for your
field, but for all other words, use common, everyday vocabulary. The fact that you’re communicating with another
expert in your field doesn’t mean you should make the writing sound stilted and difficult. You will communicate
most clearly using common, everyday words even with your colleagues in the field.

Business Writing Best Practice 6

Avoid using abbreviations

Avoid using abbreviations and acronyms unless the reader knows them well. For example, you would use “IBM” or
“NASA” because those abbreviations are common knowledge. If your company referred to the employment review
process as ERP and every employee knew that, you could use the abbreviation in an email to an employee. However,
avoid using the abbreviation in an email to someone outside of the company who does not know the process unless
you believe that other person needs to learn the abbreviation.

Important reasons for preferring the full set of words are that readers may not remember the abbreviation or may
open the document to a page past the page with the definition when trying to find specific information in the
document later. Besides, writing the full set of words has no negative effects on readers—they don’t mind
reading them.

If the full set of words is very long, prefer to use a shortened version for it (such as “Engleman” for the firm
name “Engleman, Breighton, Dawson, and Filburton”). The shortened version provides the reader with enough of the
name to enable him or her to recall the full name.

Avoid abbreviations you must explain in parentheses the first time you use them. If any reader has a less than
perfect memory, you will be creating confusion because the reader may have to later browse through the earlier
pages of the document to find the definition.

Business Writing Best Practice 7

Don’t use alternative terms for names, such as “Company” for “Jansen Manufacturing”

Don’t use alternative terms such as “Company” for a firm’s name or “Plaintiff” for a person’s name. A growing
number of businesspeople, attorneys, judges, engineers, and others whose disciplines commonly use unnecessarily
complex language have joined forces to form the Plain English Movement. They are encouraging all professionals
to use language anyone can understand. Lawyers, especially, must understand that replacing names with generic
terms such as  “Company,” “Plaintiff,” or “Defendant” makes their writing unnecessarily difficult to
follow.

Example

You don’t need the shortened version of the name in parentheses after the longer version, but it lets the
reader know you will use the shortened version in the remainder of the document.

Business Writing Best Practice 8

Use the plain English words for these difficult or archaic words

Write using clear, common, everyday words. It will pay off for you when your readers understand your
messages and respond as you expect them to. They’ll see you as well organized and intelligent because you
communicate clearly.

Why Using Plain English Isn’t Dumbing Down the Meaning

Writing a message using plain English doesn’t change the meaning of the message. Writing has two levels: a
deep structure and a surface structure. The deep structure is the meaning you want to convey. The surface
structure is the words, phrases, and sentences you use to convey the meaning. If you want the reader to know
your vendor must provide a display by Wednesday, the deep structure is the message: “we need the display by
Wednesday.” The surface structure could be “We need the display by Wednesday to finish the project” or it
could be “Regarding the display, project completion necessitates acquisition of the display by EOD
Wednesday” or it could be “Gotta have the display Wednesday or we’ll be in a world of hurt.” All three of
the sentences have the same deep structure, but very different surface structures. The first version uses
simple, everyday words that will communicate most clearly and give the reader the feeling the writer sees
him or her as a colleague. The version using difficult words will not communicate as clearly and will give
the reader the feeling the writer sees the reader as a stranger deserving only a form-letter message. Of
course, the third, informal version will get the point across, but may give the reader the feeling the
writer is not taking the job or the reader seriously. However, regardless of the words the writer uses, all
three convey the same deep structure without a loss of meaning: “we need the display by Wednesday.”

Use the surface words that communicate clearly. The reader will get the same message you might try to convey
using difficult or archaic words, but will more likely understand it and thank you for being clear.

^*Oppenheimer, D. M. (2006). Consequences of Erudite Vernacular Utilized Irrespective of Necessity:
Problems with Using Long Words Needlessly, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 139-156.