Build sentences based on the given words observing the word order she won

1. she, won, easily, the game
2. tennis, every weekend, Ken, plays
3. quietly, the door, I, closed
4. his name, after a few minutes, I, remembered
5. a letter to her parents, Ann, writes, every week
6. some interesting books, found, we, in the library
7. across from the park, they, a new hotel, are building
8. to the bank, I, every Friday, go
9. on Saturday night, didn’t see, at the party, you, I
10. brightly, is, shining, sun, the
11. in, lives, my, sister, New York
12. a, became, doctor, good, Mary
13. a, decided, go, on, picnic, to, we

K e y s  t o  e x e r c i s e s

Passive Voice in English technical texts – ViCTE Newsletter Number 45 / August 2013

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences using one of the verbs in the correct Passive from the list:

 compose base observe export cancel restrict perform

1. The text is composed using excerpts from the Enerdata press release of 30 May 2013 in Grenoble.

2. In Japan electricity production was restricted after the Fukushima accident in March 2011.

3. The annual analysis of world energy demand is based on 2012 data for G20 countries.

4. Among the G7 countries strong alterations in using gas and coal are observed in the USA and in Europe.

5. The surplus of US coal is exported at very competitive prices,

6. The control of the eReader functioning is performed through a sensory screen.

7. The growing share of renewable energies was canceled by the increased use of coal in the EU.

 Exercise 2 Transform Active Voice sentences into Passive Voice sentences:

1. In 2011 China alone contributed to 80% of the world growth of electricity consumption.

80% of the world growth of electricity consumption wascontributed by China.

1. A sensory screen enables the control of the eReader functioning.

The control of the eReader functioning isenabledby a sensory screen.

1. Immediately after the accident at the Fukushima plant the managementimplemented measures to stabilize situation.

Immediately after the accident at the Fukushima plant measures to stabilize situation wereimplemented by the management.

1. The increase of the coal share for electricity production caused the growth of CO2 emissions in the G20 countries.

The growth of CO2 emissions in the G20 countries.wascaused by the increase of the coal share for electricity production.

1. Enerdata, an independent Research & Consulting firm, carried out this analysis.

This analysis wascarried out by Enerdata, an independent Research & Consulting firm.

1. The Tolino Shine eBook reader provides a size of letters tuning.

A size of letters tuning is provided by the Tolino Shine eBook reader.

1. In 2011 high oil prices resulted in a decrease of oil demand in European countries, the USA and Japan.

A decrease of oil demand in European countries, the USA and Japan wasresulted by high oil prices in 2011.

 Exercise 3 Rewrite the sentences below. Instead of using somebody/people/they write a passive sentence

1. Somebody composed the text using excerpts from the Enerdata press release of 30 May 2013 in Grenoble.

The text was composed using excerpts from the Enerdata press release of 30 May 2013 in Grenoble.

1. They elaborated the analysis of the trends in energy demand, based on 2011 data for G20 countries.

The analysis of the trends in energy demand, based on 2011 data for G20 countries, was elaborated

1. People observedstrong alternations in using gas and coal in the USA and in Europe.

Strong alternations in using gas and coal in the USA and in Europe wereobserved.

1. People characterized the world energy demand in 2011 by bullish growing Chinese and Indian markets.

The world energy demand.in 2011 was characterized by bullish growing Chinese and Indian markets.

1. In the United Kingdom they increased the share of using coal for electricity production from 30% to 40%.

In the United Kingdom the share of using coal for electricity production was increased from 30% to 40%.

1. They built the Tolino Shine eReader within a partnership among three Germany’s leading companies.

The Tolino Shine eReader was built within a partnership among three Germany’s leading companies.

1. People control the eReader functioning through a sensory screen,

The eReader functioning is controlled through a sensory screen,

  Exercise 4 What do these words mean? Useit can be or it can´t be for explaining:

1. unpredictable – it can´t be predicted

2. consumable – it can be consumed

3. extendable – it can be extended

4. uncomfortable – it can´t be comforted

5. downloadable – it can be downloaded

6. searchable – it can be searched

7. unexplainable – it can´t be explained

 Exercise 5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form, Present Simple or Past Simple, Active or Passive:

1. Passive Voice is widely used in technical texts.

2. The energy consumption growth in the G20countries slowed down to 2% in 2011

3. Developed countries struggle with stagnant economies, high oil prices, resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption.

4. China comforts its position as the highest energy consuming country in the world.

5. In 2011 high oil prices resulted in a decrease of oil demand in European countries, the USA and Japan.

6. In Japan electricity production was restricted after the Fukushima accident in March2011.

7. The Tolino Shine was built within a partnership among five Germany’s companies.

Revise Prepositions AT IN ON and Simple Past tense – ViCTE Newsletter Number 43 / May 2013

Exercise 1 Put appropriate prepositions (AT, IN, ON) into gaps:

1. Two years ago, on 11 March 2011, in Japan the strongest earthquake accompanying by tsunami happened.

2. The tsunami caused the accident at the Nuclear Power Plant Fukushima-1. (or Fukushima Daiichi)

3. The NPP Fukushima-1 is located near Okum city in Fukushima prefecture.

4. The NPP was built in 1960–1970 and is operated by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO).

5. The accident at the NPP Fukushima-1 occurred practically immediately after the earthquake and tsunami.

6. Radioactive substances were revealed in drinking water and food not only in Fukushima prefecture, but in the other regions of Japan, too.

7. In December 2011 cool shutdown of reactors was completed.

8. On 18 March 2013 in the evening a new accident caused by failure of cooling systems of spent nuclear fuel pools on Units 1, 3, 4 took place.

9. On 19 March the company ТЕРСО managed to put into run the cooling system of Unit 1.

10. Following the accident at the Fukushima NPP on 11 March 2011, the European Unie approved the Implementing Regulation on 26 October 2012

Exercise 2 Find SYNONYMS in the text below for Proposed expressions:

 Some details facts about the Fukushima accident

(Adapted FROM http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html)

Paragraph 1	There are three basic safety functions of the IAEA safety standards: prevention of criticality, removal of decay heat and mitigation of radioactive releases. So immediately after the accident at the Fukushima plant measures to bring the nuclear reactors and the spent fuel pools to a stable cooling condition and to mitigate radioactive releases were implemented.
Paragraph 2	On 13 May the preparatory work on the installation of a cover for the reactor building of Unit 1 was commenced. The reactor building cover should be an emergency measure to prevent the dispersion of radioactive substances
Paragraph 3	In Units 1, 2 and 3 fresh water was continuously injected both via the feed water system lines and the fire extinguishers lines into the reactor pressure vessel. So temperatures and pressures in the vessels remained stable.
Paragraph 4	Stagnant water with high levels of radioactivity in the basement of the turbine buildings of Units 1 and 3 was transferred to the condensers, the radioactive waste treatment facility, Stagnant water in the basement of the turbine building of Unit 6 was transferred to a temporary storage tank. Countermeasures against the outflow of water to the sea and to prevent and minimize the dispersion of radionuclides in water were put in place.

No of a paragraph	Proposed expressions	Expressions in the given text you found
Paragraph 1	disposal radioactive substances efforts minimize	removal radioactive releases measures mitigate
Paragraph 2	preparatory action was begun extraordinary measure	preparatory work was commenced emergency measure
Paragraph 3	uninterruptedly kept	continuously remained
Paragraph 4	highly radioactive ancillary expanding were put into operation	with high level of radioactivity temporary dispersion were put in place.

Exercise 3    Use the Simple Past Tense for the verbs in brackets at the end of each sentence:

1. Two years ago, on 11 March 2011, in Japan the strongest earthquake accompanying by tsunami happened.   (HAPPEN)

2. The tsunami caused the accident at the Nuclear Power Plant Fukushima-1.   (CAUSE)

3. The accident at the NPP Fukushima-1 occurred immediately after the earthquake and tsunami.   (OCCUR)

4. On 18 March 2013 in the evening a new accident caused by failure of cooling systems of spent nuclear fuel pools on Units 1, 3, 4 took place.   (TAKE PLACE)

5. On 19 March the company ТЕРСО managed to put into run the cooling system of Unit 1.   (MANAGE)

6. Following the accident at the Fukushima NPP on 11 March 2011, the European Unie approved the Implementing Regulation on 26 October 2012.   (APPROVE)

Build English sentences regarding to word order – ViCTE Newsletter Number 42 / February 2013

Exercise 1  Put expressions in the table below into an appropriate place:

Hydropower in Russia

SHUFFLE ORDER

■ for hydropower production ■ hydro power plants with capacities of over ■ hydroelectric producer ■ for hydro potential ■ is home to ■  amounted to ■ installed capacity of ■ signed a cooperation agreement to expand ■ the most recent dam projects ■ economically feasible

CORRECT ORDER

■ hydro power plants with capacities of over ■ for hydropower production ■ for hydro potential ■  is home to ■ amounted to ■ economically feasible ■ installed capacity of ■ the most recent dam projects ■ hydroelectric producer■ signed a cooperation agreement to expand

Russia has 102 hydro power plants with capacities of over 100 MW, making it the fifth in the world for hydropower production. It is also the second in the world for the hydro potential, yet only 20% of this potential is developed. Russia is home to 9% of the world hydro resources, mostly in Siberia and the country far east. At the end of 2005, the generating capacity from hydroenergetic sources in Russia amounted to 45,700 MW, and an additional 5,648 MW was under construction. The World Energy Council believes that Russia has much potential for using its hydro resources, with theoretical potential of about 2,295 TWh/year, with 852 TWh being economically feasible.

The largest dams in Russia are the Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam, which has an installed capacity of 6,400 MW; the Krasnoyarsk Dam (6,000 MW); the Bratsk Dam (4,500 MW); the Ust-Ilimsk (4,320 MW). Some of the most recent dam projects are the Bureya Dam (2010 MW) and the Irganai Dam (800 MW). Several dams, including the Boguchany Dam (1920 MW), are currently under construction. Rusenergo is the largest hydroelectric company in Russia and the second largest hydroelectric producer in the world. In October 2010 the China Yangtze Power, the largest hydropower corporation in China, and the EuroSibEnergo, a Russian energy company, signed a cooperation agreement to expand hydroelectric energy production in Russia and export energy to China’ northern territories. The West Siberian Generating Company has plans to start construction of eight mini-hydropower plants in the Altai region before 2015.

■ (1) –  hydro power plants with capacities of over ■ (2) – for hydropower production ■ (3) – for the hydro potential ■ (4) – is home to ■ (5) –  amounted to ■ (6) – economically feasible ■ (7) – installed capacity of ■ (8) – the most recent dam projects ■ (9) – hydroelectric producer ■ (10) – signed a cooperation agreement to expand

 Exercise 2   Build sentences putting the given words into the correct word order:

1. Russia has 102 hydro power plants with capacities of over 100 MW.

2. Russia is home to 9% of the world hydro resources, mostly in Siberia

3. The generating capacity from hydroenergetic sources in Russia amounted to 45,700 MW.

4. The World Energy Council believes that Russia has much potential for using its hydro resources.

5. In October 2010 China Yangtze Power and Russian EuroSibEnergo signed a cooperation agreement.

6. According to the agreement Russia will expand hydroelectric energy production for exporting it to China northern territories.

7. Several dams including the Boguchany Dam (1920 MW), are currently under construction.

Exercise 3 Build sentences based on the given words words adding missing expressions:

1. Russia has 102 hydro power plants with capacities of over 100 MW.

Russia¨/ have / 102 / hydro power plants / capacities / 100 MW.

2. Russia is home to 9% of the world hydro resources, mostly in Siberia.

Russia / be / home / 9% / world hydro resources, / mostly / Siberia.

3. The generating capacity from hydroenergetic sources in Russia amounted to 45,700 MW.

/ generating capacity / hydroenergetic sources / Russia / amounted / 45,700 MW.

4. The World Energy Council believes that Russia has much potential for using its hydro resources.

/ World Energy Council / believe / Russia / have / much potential / using / hydro resources.

5. In October 2010 China Yangtze Power and Russian EuroSibEnergo signed a cooperation agreement.

/ October 2010 / China Yangtze Power / Russian EuroSibEnergo / sign / cooperation agreement.

6. According to the agreement Russia will expand hydroelectric energy production for exporting it to China northern territories.

/ agreement / Russia / expand hydroelectric energy production / exporting it / China northern territories.

7. Several dams, including the Boguchany Dam (1920 MW), are currently under construction.

Several dams, / the Boguchany Dam (1920 MW), / be / currently / construction.

Simple Tenses prevail in Technical English – ViCTE Newsletter Number 41 / October 2012

Exercise 1   Put infinitives in brackets into an appropriate tense:

1. Legislative changes following the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan in 2011 stopped the nuclear extension. (TO STOP)
2. The German Energy Agency presented a new study examining the consequences of the German energy policy shift. (TO PRESENT)
3. The Agency predicts that electricity prices will rise until 2050 and conventional power plants will be needed to a large extent to ensure the security of supply and balance. (TO PREDICT, TO RISE, TO BE)
4. When preparing the study the Agency cooperated with the Aachen University. (TO COOPERATE)
5. By 2050 efficient gas and coal-fired power plants will provideroughly 60% of secure electricity supply, whereas renewable power plants deliver 24%. (TO PROVIDE, TO DELIVER)
6. As of 2020 it will come to situations in which the renewable power production exceeds the demand. (TO COME)
7. The Agency proposes a European capacity market to encourage and stimulate investments in power plants that provide secure capacities. (TO PROPOSE, TO PROVIDE)

Exercise 2  Make sentences putting words below into the correct word order:

1. Before Fukushima Germany had ambitious energy targets.
2. The Energy Concept 2010 approved an extension of the operating times of the 17 German nuclear power plants.
3. The energy and climate package of 26 November 2010 comprised four key elements.
4. At present the total installed capacity of PV plants in Germany amounts to 29 GW.
5. In 2050 the installed power capacity in Germany will amount to 240 GW in total according to the study,
6. The conventional capacity will only decrease by 37% compared with 2010.
7. The Agency demands a complete overhaul of the EEG.
8. The EEG promotes the input of renewable energy into the German grids by granting fixed

   

   ViCTE Newsletter  Number 31 – Giving a definition / July 2011

 Exercise 1  Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order:

1. By load shedding we mean an electrical power outage where electricity delivery is stopped.
2. Energy demand management is the modification of consumer demand for energy.
3. In the UK by the national grid  is meant the high voltage electric transmission networks.
4. High-voltage direct-current technology refers to electricity transfer for greater than 600 km.
5. Spinning reserve is taken to be plants operating at less than full load.

 Exercise 2  Match technical terms in column X to their explanations in column Y:

1 – D,   2 – A,   3 – E,   4 – C,   5 – B

Exercise 3  Make guestions to highlighted parts of the sentences below:

1. By load shedding we mean an electrical power outage where electricity delivery is stopped.    What do we mean by load shedding?
2. Energy demand management is the modification of consumer demand for energy.   What is energy demand management?
3. In the UK the national grid  denotes the high voltage electric transmission networks.   Where does the national grid  denote the high voltage electric transmission networks?
4. High-voltage direct-current technology refers to electricity transfer for very long distances, typically greater than 600 km.   What does high-voltage direct-current technology refer to?
5. Spinning reserve is taken to be plants operating at less than full load.   What is spinning reserve is taken to be?

 ViCTE Newsletter   Number 30 – Cause – effect relationships in your Tech English writing / May 2011

Exercise 1  Put appropriate connectors from the box below into gaps according to the text Fuel cycle in fusion reactors:

1 – so that;  2 – Due to;  3 – In response to;  4 – Thus;  5a – therefore;  5b – As a consequence;  6 – since;  7a – as a result of;  7b – Consequently;  8 – Hence;  9 – So;          10 – for this reason

Exercise 2  Make sentences from A (CAUSE) and  B (EFFECT) and mark verbsindicating a cause-effect relationship:

	A (CAUSE)		B (EFFECT)
1a	Two light nuclei fusing	4b	produces a single nucleus with a slightly smaller mass than the sum of their original masses.
2a	The net positive charge of the protons in the nucleus	5b	prevents the fusion between the nuclei.
3a	The largest fusion cross-section	1b	causes the bigger probability of a fusion reaction occurrence.
4a	Heating the atoms	6b	leads to stripping the electrons from the atoms and leaving them as nuclei.
5a	D-T fusion produces substantial amounts of neutrons	3b	that results in induced radioactivity within the reactor structure.
6a	The neutron flux expected in a commercial D-T fusion reactor	2b	induces problems for material design.

 Exercise 3  Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order:

1. Fusion between the nuclei is opposed by their shared electrical charge.
2. Helium has an extremely low mass per nucleon.
3. Most fusion reactions combine isotopes of hydrogen to form isotopes of helium.
4. Hydrogen-3 (Tritium) is also an isotope of hydrogen, but it occurs naturally in only negligible amounts.
5. Similar to hydrogen, tritium is difficult to contain and may leak from reactors.
6. In a production setting, the neutrons react with lithium in order to create more tritium.

ViCTE Newsletter Number 29 – Easy such and so / April 2011

Exercise 1   Put in so,such or such a:

1. Such a helical field can be generated by adding a toroidal and a poloidal magnetic fields.
2. Magnetic fields are used for confinement because no solid material could withstand such an extremely high temperature of the plasma.
3. The tempereture of the plasma is so high that no solid material could withstand it.
4. Such an alternative to the tokamak is the stellarator.    
5. Such a toroidal electric current flows inside the plasma.
6. The cost of fuel makes such a minor cost component in the overall cost of nuclear power  that the price of uranium has little effect on it.
7. The cost of fuel is so lowly that the increase of the uranium price has little effect on the overall cost of nuclear power

Exercise 2   Choose an appropriate word from the table below and put it in the gap, i.e.:

1 – B; 2 – C; 3 – A; 4 – C; 5 – B; 6 – C; 7 – A.

1.       A magnetic field is used in tokamaks in order to confine a plasma in the shape of a torus.

2.       Plasma is a state of matter similar to gas, in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized.

3.       In a tokamak, the toroidal field is produced by electromagnets that surround the torus.

4.       The poloidal field is the result of a toroidal electric current that flows inside the plasma.

5.       The tokamak is one of the most-researched candidates for producing controlled thermonuclear fusion power.

6.       Magnetic fields are used for confinement because no solid material could withstand the extremely high temperature of the plasma.

7.       The word tokamak is a transliteration of the Russian word токамак, which is an acronym.

Exercise 3   Make questions beginning with the words in brackets:

1.      This current is induced inside the plasma with a second set of electromagnets.  (What is this current induced inside the plasma with?)

2.      Achieving a stable plasma equilibrium requires a magnetic field that moves around the torus.  (What kind of a magnetic field does achieving a stable plasma equilibrium require?)

3.       Such a helical magnetic field can be generated by adding a toroidal field and a poloidal field.  (How can such a helical magnetic field be generated ?)

4.       An alternative to the tokamak is the stellarator.  (What is an alternative to the tokamak?)

5.      Tokamaks were invented in the 1950s by Soviet physicists Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov,  (Who were tokamaks invented in the 1950s by?)

ViCTE Newsletter Number 28 – SVOMT revising/March 2011

Exercise    Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order:

1. Nowadays nuclear power stations generate energy using nuclear fission.
2. Atoms of uranium-235 rods in the reactor are split in the process of fission.
3. The possibility of nuclear meltdowns and other reactor accidents is infinitely small.
4. At present, nuclear energy is in decline.
5. A prototype reactor is being constructed on a site in Cadarache (in France).
6. The reactor is supposed to be put into operation by 2018.
7. The environmental movement emphasizes sustainability of energy use.
8. Nowadays nuclear plants provide about a third of Japan’s electricity.
9. Nuclear industry supporters had hopes of a nuclear renaissance.
10. Nuclear plants need trustworthy and transparent regulation.

ViCTE Newsletter 27 – Study some and countables vs uncountables / January 2011

ViCTE Newsletter Number 26 – Word formation – prefixes/ November 2010 

Exercise 1    Choose the right prefix from the list in brackets:

1. id Tech 3 is a substantial improvement from the preceding Quake engine and id Tech 2.    (ante-, pre–, post-, retro-)
2. During that time, id Tech 3 competed with the Unreal engine.  (un–, im-, in-, il-, ir-, non-)
3. Although id Tech 3 was derived from the id Tech 2, a large portion of code was new or rewritten. (re-, over-)
4. Unlike most other games released at the time Quake III requires an OpenGL-compliant graphics accelerator to run.    (dis-, un-, im-, in-, il-, ir-, non-)
5. id Tech 3 uses a virtual machine to control object behavior on the server, effects and prediction on the client and the user interface.    (super-, trans-, inter-, ex-, extra-)
6. Other visual features include volumetric fog, mirrors, portals, decals, and wave-form vertex deformity.    (un-, im-, in-, il-, ir-, de–, non-)
7. Unless operations that require a specific endianness are used, a QVM file will run on any platform supported by Quake III.    (dis-, un–, im-, in-, il-, ir-, non-)

Exercise 2   Find out in the text “Game engine id Tech 3” words that are synonymous to the words in the left column of the table below:  

Para.No.	Synonyms	The word in the text above
1	corporation	company
vastly	widely
2	considerable	substantial
issued	released
comprise	include
3	closely	tightly
look	appearance
prepared	provided
manipulate	maintain
4	pass on	relay
tries	attempts
approved	confirmed
5	manage	control
presents	opens up
fully	entirely
ordering of individually       addressable sub-units	endianness

Note: Para.No. =  a number of a paragraph

Exercise 3   Write down words with opposite meaningby using prefixes in brackets :

1	prove….(un, im, de)	unprove
2	kind…….(in, im, un)	unkind
3	mature….(un, im, in)	immature
4	visible….(un, in, de)	invisible
5	proper……(im, in, un)	improper

ViCTE Newsletter   Number 25 – Word formation – suffixes/ September 2010 

 Exercise 1   Underline in following sentences all the suffixes and try to find out what part of speech the words are:

1.  The first generation of commonly available PC games were often text adventures or interactive fictions.
2. Further improvements to games were made with the introduction of the first sound cards in 1987.
3. Last technological improvements have allowed developers to increase the complexity of modern game engines.
4. PC gaming currently tends strongly toward improvements in 3D graphics.
5. The multi-purpose nature of personal computers often allows users to modify the content of installed games with relative ease.
6. The inclusion of map editors allow users to create modifications for games smoothly.

Exercise 2   Put words from the box below into gaps:

1 – stand for, 2 – core, 3 – platforms, 4 – series, 5 – selectively, 6 – variety, 7 – variety, 8 – graphical, 9 – demos,  10 – modelling, i.e.:

Game middleware

The term ”game middleware” stand for game engines providing a flexible and reusable software solution that ensures all needed core functions. Such a solution allows the same game to be run on various platforms including game consoles and personal computers. Only few, if any, changes should be made to the game source code in these cases. Some game engines are even designed as a series of loosely connected middleware components that can be selectively combined to create a custom engine. However extensibility is achieved, it remains a high priority in games engines due to a wide variety of uses for which they are applied. Despite the specific name, game engines are often used for other kinds of interactive applications with real-time graphical requirements. The examples of such applications include marketing demos, architectural visualizations, training simulations, and modelling environments.

ViCTE Newsletter Number 24– SYNONYMS/ August 2010

Exercise 1   Find out in the text above words that are synonymous to the words in the left column of the table below:

Para.No.	Synonyms	The word in the text above
1	comprises	includes
2	basic functions	core functions
3	permits	enables
enlarged	extended
elements	components
4	is attained	is achieved
wide diversity	wide variety
frequently	often
5	transferring	rendering
to carry out	to implement
even so	however

Note: Para.No. =  a number of a paragraph

 Exercise 2   Put articles if necessary; if no article is necessary, put x”: 

The term ”game middleware” stand for x game engines providing a flexible and reusable software solution that ensures all needed x core functions. Such a solution allows the same game to be run on x various platforms including x game consoles and x personal computers. Only few, if any, changes should be made to the game source code in these cases. Some game engines are even designed as a series of x loosely connected middleware components that can be selectively combined to create a custom engine. However x extensibility is achieved, it remains a high priority in x games engines due to a wide variety of x uses for which they are applied. Despite the specific name, x game engines are often used for other kinds of x interactive applications with x real-time graphical requirements. The examples of such x applications include x marketing demos, architectural visualizations, training simulations, and modelling environments.

ViCTE Newsletter  Number 23 – Use articles even in tech texts / July 2010

 Exercise 1  Put a, an or the into gaps if necessary. If not necessary, put +:

1. With the world full of electronic displays you don’t think of  + paper as a revolutionary display technology.
2. When the Chinese invented + paper in 105 A.D., it forever changed the way the world communicates.
3. Without + paper, + books might still be printed on + silk scrolls that only the wealthy could afford, making + literacy a rare skill.
4. For nearly 2,000 years, + ink on + paper was the only way to display + words and +images.
5. Paper still beats + computer displays when it comes to + portability and + price.
6. Paper also doesn’t require an external power supply.
7. Scientists are now close to developing a revolutionary technology called + electronic ink that could replace + paper.

Exercise 2 Use the word in capitals given in brackets at the end of each line to form a related  word that fits in the space in the same line:

1. With the world full of electronic displays you don’t think of paper as a revolutionary display technology.    (NOT THINK)
2. When the Chinese invented paper in 105 A.D., it forever changed the way the world communicates.    (INVENT, CHANGE)
3. Without paper, books might still be printed on silk scrolls that only the wealthy could afford, making literacy a rare skill.    (MAKE)
4. For nearly 2,000 years, ink on paper was the only way to display words and images.   (BE)
5. Paper still beats computer displays when it comes to portability and price. (BEAT, COME)
6. Paper also doesn’t require an external power supply.    (NOT REQUIRE)
7. Scientists are now close to developing a revolutionary technology called electronic ink that could replace paper.    (DEVELOP, CALL)

Exercise 3  Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order:

1. With the world full of electronic displays you don’t think of paper as a revolutionary display technology.
2. When the Chinese invented paper in 105 A.D., it forever changed the way the world communicates.
3. Without paper books might still be printed on silk scrolls.
4. For nearly 2,000 years ink on paper was the only way to display words and images.
5. Paper still beats computer displays as to portability and price.
6. Paper also doesn’t require an external power supply.
7. Scientists are now close to developing a revolutionary technology called electronic ink.

ViCTE Newsletter  Number 22 – That OR What: relative clauses

 Exercise 1  Put THAT or WHAT into gaps

1. It is just what virtual private networks (VPNs) are intended to be for.
2. The management of the company likes an idea a virtual private networks (VPN) building, but the draft of the project that the supplier proposed was frightful. 
3. Everything that mobile virtual private networks (VPNs) handle is bound to enable the endpoint to roam across various networks. 
4. What an Internet Protocol address ensures came surprising to me. 
5. Nobody was expecting what could happen to an Internet Protocol (IP) addresses in this computer network. 
6. Everything that concerns virtual private networks (VPNs) is difficult to be understood. 

  Exercise 2   Match the words in Column A to the expressions in Column B:

1 – d, 2 – f, 3 – b, 4 – e, 5 – c, 6 – a,  i.e.: 

	Column A		Column B
1	Mobile Virtual Private Network (VPNs)	d	a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organisation network.
2	Internet Protocol (IP) address	f	a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network
3	Public safety	b	involves the prevention of and protection from events that could endanger the safety of the general public from significant danger, injury/harm, or damage, such as crimes or disasters
4	A name	e	indicates what we seek
5	An address	c	indicates where it is
6	A route	a	indicates how to get there

ViCTE Newsletter  Number 21 – That OR Which: relative clauses

Exercise 1  Make questions (but do not ask about a subject!):

1. The Directive 2009/28/EC was approved by the European Parliament and Council on 23 April 2009.   When was the Directive 2009/28/EC approved by the European Parliament and Council ?    What institution wasthe Directive 2009/28/EC approved by?
2. This Directive promotes the use of energy from renewable sources.   What does this Directive promote? 
3. This Directive came into force on 25.6.2009.    When did this Directive come into force?
4. National action plans set the share of energy from renewables consumed in production of electricity and heating.     What do National action plans set?
5. The Directive is a part of a package of energy and climate change legislation.   What package is the Directive a part of ? 
6. All Member States should meet Community targets for greenhouse gas emission savings.     What targets should all Member States meet? 

Exercise 2  Make one sentence from two using that, which:

1. The Directive 2009/28/EC was approved by the European Parliament and Council on 23 April 2009.     It promotes the use of energy from renewable sources.             The Directive 2009/28/EC, which promotes the use of energy from renewable sources, was approved by the European Parliament and Council on 23 April 2009.
2. The Directive 2009/28/EC was approved by the European Parliament and Council on 23 April 2009.     It came into effect on 25.6.2009.         The Directive 2009/28/EC, which was approved by the European Parliament and Council on 23 April 2009, came into effect on 25.6.2009.
3. The Directive 2009/28/EC, promotes the use of energy from renewable sources.     It came into force on 25.6.2009.        The Directive 2009/28/EC, which came into force on 25.6.2009, promotes the use of energy from renewable sources.
4. According to the Directive the Member States are to establish national action plans. The plans set the share of energy from renewables in production of electricity and heating up to 2020.          According to the Directive the Member States are to establish national action plans which (or that) set the share of energy from renewables in production of electricity and heating up to 2020.
5. Member States should build the necessary infrastructures.     The infrastructures ensure transport and distribution of electricity from renewables.           Member States should build the infrastructures that (or which) ensure transport and distribution of electricity from renewables.
6. The Directive is a part of a package of energy and climate change legislation. It appoints Community targets for greenhouse gas emission savings.           The Directive, which is a part of a package of energy and climate change legislation, appoints Community targets for greenhouse gas emission savings.   OR   The Directive that (or which) appoints Community targets for greenhouse gas emission savings is a part of a package of energy and climate change legislation.

 

ViCTE Newsletter Number 20 – Used to using Passives? / May 2010

Calculations of energy generation costs

NOTE: Passives are marked in colour letters 

Levelised energy cost (LEC) is the price at which electricity must be generated from a specific source. It is an economic assessment of the cost of the energy-generating system including all the costs over its lifetime: initial investment, operations and maintenance, cost of fuel, cost of capital. Furthermore, it is very useful in calculating the costs of generation from different sources.

This cost can be defined, for instance, in a single formula, where LEC, i.e. the Average lifetime levelised electricity generation cost, is calculated using  Investment expenditures in the year t, Operations and maintenance expenditures in the year t,  Fuel expenditures in the year t, Electricity generation in the year t, and some others.   

Typically LECs are counted up over 20 to 40 years lifetimes, and are given in the units of currency per kilowatt-hour, for example AUD/kWh or EUR/kWh or per megawatt-hour, for example AUD/MWh.

When comparing LECs for alternative systems, it is very important to define the boundaries of the ‘system’ and the costs that are included in it. For example, if transmissions lines and distribution systems should be involved in the cost. Typically only the costs of connecting the generating source to the transmission system are considered a part of generation costs. But in some cases wholesale upgrade of the Grid is needed. Careful thought has to be given before these costs are incorporated into the cost of power.

List of affirmative and possible question sentences

Affirmative sentences	Possible question sentences
Levelised energy cost (LEC) is the price at which electricity must be generated from a specific source.	Must electricity be generated from a specific source at Levelised energy cost?
This cost can be defined, for instance, in a single formula.	How can this cost be defined?
The average lifetime levelised electricity generation cost, is calculated using several important variable parameters.	With the assistance of what is the average lifetime levelised electricity generation cost calculated?
Typically LECs are counted up over 20 to 40 years lifetimes, and are given in the units of currency per kilowatt-hour	How long lifetime are LESs counted for?
When comparing LECs for alternative systems, it is very important to define the boundaries of the ‘system’ and the costs that are included in it.	Are the costs of the system included in LECs?
Transmissions lines and distribution systems should be involved in the cost.	Should transmissions lines and distribution systems be involved in the costs?
Typically only the costs of connecting the generating source to the transmission system are considered a part of generation costs.	Which costs are considered typically a part of generation costs?
But in some cases wholesale upgrade of the Grid is needed.	When is wholesale upgrade of the Grid needed?
Careful thought has to be given before these costs are incorporated into the cost of power.	Why does careful thought have to be given before these costs are incorporated into the cost of power?Are these costs incorporated into the cost of power?

 

 

ViCTE Newsletter Number 19 – Passives VS. Actives / April 2010

Exercise 1  Transform Actives into Passives

• 1)      The kernel tasks include managing the systems resource
• Managing the systems resources is included in the kernel     tasks.
• 2)      The kernel provides the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources.
• The lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources is provided by the kernel.
• 3)      The abstraction layers make implementation of the system feasible
• Implementation of the system is made feasible due the abstractionlayers.
• 4)      The kernel usually provides features for dispatching processes.
•  Features for dispatching processes are usually provided by the kernel.
• 5)      The kernel takes responsibility for resolving which of running programs should be allocated to the processor.
• Responsibility for resolving which of running programs should be allocated to the processor is taken by the kernel.
• 6)      Frequently multiple programs demand more memory than the computer has available
• More memory than the computer has available are frequently demanded by multiple programs.
• 7)      The kernel allocates requests from applications to perform I/O operations to an appropriate device.
•  Requests from applications to perform I/O operations to an appropriate device are allocated by thekernel.
•       Different kernels, depending on their design and implementation, do differently operating system functions.
• Operating system functions are done differently by different kernels, depending on their design and  implementation. 
• 9)      Monolithic kernels execute all the operating system code in the same address space. 
• All the operating system code is executed by monolithic kernels in the same address space. 
• 10)   Microkernels run most of the operating system tasks in user space.
  Most of the operating system tasks are run by microkernels in user space.

Exercise 2  Fill in the gaps with Past Participles of verbs in brackets:

Multi-function devices and Device Containers

Afore Windows 7, every device attached to the system was treated as a single functional end-point, which has a set of capabilities and a “status”. This is quite appropriate for single-function devices (such as a keyboard or scanner). But it does not accurately represent multi-function devices such as a combination printer/fax machine/scanner, or web-cams with a built-in microphone. In Windows 7, the drivers and status information for multi-function devices can be grouped together as a single “Device Container”. Then the user manipulates this container in the new “Devices and Printers” Control Panel as a single unit. This capability is provided by a Container ID, which is a Globally Unique Identifier that is unique for every instance of a physical device. The Container ID can be embedded within the device itself by the manufacturer, or created by Windows and associated with each functional end-point, when it is connected to the computer for the first time. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the generated Container ID, Windows attempts to use information unique to the device, such as a Media Access Control address (MAC address) or USB (Universal Serial Bus) serial number.

 Exercise 3  Complete the sentences using one of the verbs in Passive from the box below:

simplify   implement  make   group   intend    handle

1. The kernel is intended to manage communication between hardware and software components of a computer system
2. The kernel merely corresponds to the lowest level of abstraction that is implemented in software
3. Several improvements and additions have been made to Windows 7 (and Server 2008 R2) kernel components.
4. The designing of all the software is simplified due to the concept of abstraction layers.
5. In Windows 7, the drivers and status information for multi-function devices is grouped together as a single “Device Container”.
6. In Microsoft Windows operating systems, scheduling of threads inside a process is handled by the kernel.

 

A. Writing Sentences


Use the given words in a sentence based on the given definition.
Observe proper capitalization and correct punctuation.
1. justified – (adj.) done for, or marked by a good or legitimate reason

2. enslavement — (n.) the action of making someone a slave;

3. mutineer- (n.) a person, especially a soldier or sailor, who rebels or refuses to obey the orders of a person in authority

4. deprivation — (n.) the state of being kept from enjoying or refusing something ;the state of being deprived

5. liberty — (n.) the state of being free within society from oppressive restriction imposed by authority

Pa sagot po please ​

• Home

• Education

• The sentence — word order

§ 1. Word order
in English is of much greater importance than in Russian. Due to the
wealth of inflexions word order in Russian is rather free as the
inflexions show the function of each Word in a sentence. As English
words have hardly any inflexions and their relation to each other is
shown by their place in the sentence and not by their form, word
order in English is fixed. We cannot change the position of different
parts of the sentence at will, especially that of the subject and the
object.

To illustrate this we Shall try to change the
order of words in the following sentence.

Mrs. Winter sent the little boy with a message to
the next village one

December day. (Hardy)

If we put the direct object in the first place and
the subject in the third, the meaning of the sentence will change
altogether because the object, being placed at the head of the
sentence, becomes the subject and the subject, being placed after the
predicate, becomes the object.

The little boy sent Mrs. Winter with a message to
the next village one

December day.

In Russian such changes of word order are in most
cases possible.

Моя сестра видела замечательный фильм
в Москве.

Замечательный фильм видела моя сестра
в Москве.

So due to the absence of case distinctions word
order is practically the only means of distinguishing between the
subject and the direct object.

The above sentence may serve as an example of
direct word order in an English declarative sentence:

(1) the subject;

(2) the predicate;

(3) objects;

(4) adverbial modifiers.

§ 2. Inverted order of words.

The order of words in which the subject is placed
after the predicate is called inverted order or inversion.

Haven’t you
any family? (Du
Maurier)

§ 3. Certain types of sentences require the inverted order of words. These are:

1. Interrogative sentences. In most of them the
inversion is partial as only part of the predicate is placed before
the subject, viz. the auxiliary or modal verb.

Where did they
find her? (Du Maurier)

Can I show
you my library? (Greene)

The whole predicate is placed before the subject
when it is expressed by the verb to be
or to
have.

Is he
at home?

Have you
many friends?

N o t e. — No inversion is used when the
interrogative word is the subject of

the sentence or an attribute to the subject: Who
is in the room? Who speaks

English here? What photos are lying on the
table?

2. Sentences introduced by there.

There is nothing
marvellous in what Jam is going to
relate. (Dickens)

Into the lane where he sat there opened
three or four garden gates.

(Dickens)

3. Compound sentences, their second part beginning
with so or
neither.

“Most of these military men are good shots,”
observed Mr. Snod-grass,

calmly; “but so are
you, ain’t
you?” (Dickens)

Their parents, Mr. and Mrs. R., escaped unhurt, so
did three
of their sons.

(Daily Worker)

4. Simple exclamatory sentences expressing wish.

Be it
so!

Gentle reader, may
you never
feel what I then felt. May your
eyes never shed

such stormy, heart-wrung tears as poured from
mine. (Ch. Bronte)

§ 4. The
inverted order of words is widely used when a word or a group of
words is put in a prominent position, i. e. when it either opens the
sentence or is withdrawn to the end of the sentence so as to produce
a greater effect. So word order often becomes a means of emphasis,
thus acquiring a stylistic function.

In this case inversion is not due to the structure
of the sentence but to the author’s wish to produce a certain
stylistic effect.

1. Inversion occurs when an adverbial modifier
opens the sentence.

Here we must distinguish the following cases:

(a) Adverbial modifiers expressed by a phrase or
phrases open the sentence, and the subject often has a lengthy
modifier.

In an open barouche, the horses of which had been
taken out, stood a
stout

old gentleman in
a blue coat and bright buttons. (Dickens)

On a chair — a shiny leather chair displaying
its horsehair through a hole in

the top left hand corner — stood
a black despatch case.
(Galsworthy)

(b) An adverbial modifier with a negative meaning
opens the sentence. Here belong such adverbial modifiers as: in
vain, never, little, etc. In this case
the auxiliary do must
be used if the predicate does not contain either an auxiliary or a
modal verb.

In vain did the
eager Luffey and the enthusiastic strugglers do
all that skill

and experience could suggest. (Dickens)

Little had I
dreamed,
when I pressed my face longingly
against Miss Minns’s

low greenish window-panes, that I would so soon
have the honour to be her

guest. (Cronin)

Never before and never since, have
I known
such peace, such a sense of

tranquil happiness. (Cronin)

(c) Adverbial modifiers expressed by such adverbs
as so, thus, now, then, etc.
placed at the head of the sentence, if the subject is expressed by a
noun.

So wore the
day away.
(London)

Thus spoke Mr.
Pickwick edging himself as Hear as
possible to the

portmanteau. (Dickens)

Now was the
moment to act.

Then across the evening stillness, broke
a blood-curdling yelp,
and

Montmorency left the boat. (Jerome)

If the subject is a pronoun inversion does not
take place.

Thus he thought
and crumpled
up and sank
down upon the
wet earth.

(London)

(d) Adverbial modifiers of manner expressed by
adverbs placed at the head of the sentence, may or may not cause
inversion. In case of inversion the
auxiliary do must
be used if the predicate does not contain either an auxiliary or a
modal verb.

Silently and patiently did
the doctor bear
all this. (Dickens)

Dimly and darkly had
the sombre shadows of
a summer’s night fallen upon

all around, when they again reached Dingley Dell.
(Dickens)

B u t: And suddenly the
moon appeared,
young and tender, floating up on
her

back from behind a tree. (Galsworthy)

Speedily that worthy
gentleman appeared.
(Dickens)

(f) An adverbial modifier preceded by so
is placed at the head of the sentence.

So beautifully did
she sing
that the audience burst into
applause.

2. Inversion occurs when the emphatic particle
only, the
adverbs hardly, scarcely (correlated
with the conjunction when), the
adverb no sooner (correlated
with the conjunction than), or
the conjunction nor open
the sentence. If there is inversion the auxiliary do
must be used if the predicate does not contain either an auxiliary or
a modal verb.

Only once did he
meet his
match in tennis.

In only one respect has
there been
a decided lack of progress in
the domain

of medicine, that is in the time it takes to
become a qualified practitioner.

(Leacock)

I do not care to speak first. Nor do
I desire
to make trouble for another.

(Cronin)

No sooner had Aunt
Julie received this
emblem of departure than a change

came over her… (Galsworthy)

Scarcely iocs one
long task completed when
a guard unlocked our door.

(London)

3. Inversion occurs when the sentence begins with
the word here which
is not an adverbial modifier of place but has some demonstrative
force.

“Here is my
card, Sir,”
replied Mr. Pickwick. (Dickens)

«Вот моя визитная карточка, сэр», —
ответил мистер Пиквик.

Here comes my
brother John.

Вот идет мой брат Джон.

If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun
the order of words is direct.

“Here he is!”
said Sam rising with great glee. (Dickens)

«Вот он!» — радостно сказал Сэм, вставая.

“Here we are!”
exclaimed that gentleman. (Dickens)

«Вот и мы!» — воскликнул этот джентльмен.

4. Inversion occurs when postpositions denoting
direction open the sentence and the subject is expressed by a noun.
Here belong such words as in, out, down,
away, up, etc. This order of words
makes the speech especially lively.

Out went Mr.
Pickwick’s head again. (Dickens)

The wind carries their voices — away
fly the sentences like
little narrow

ribbons. (Mansfield)

Suddenly in
bounced the landlady:
“There’s a
letter for you, Miss Moss.”

(Mansfield)

But if the subject is a pronoun there is no
inversion:

Down he
fell.

Her skirt flies up above her waist; she tries to
beat it down, but it is no use —

up it
flies.
(Mansfield)

5. Inversion occurs when an object or an adverbial
modifier expressed by a word-group with not
a…, or many
a… opens the sentence.

In case of inversion the auxiliary do
must be used if the predicate does not
contain either an auxiliary or a modal verb.

Not a hansom did I
meet with in
all my drive. (London)

Not a hint, however, did
she drop
about sending me to school. (Ch.
Bronte)

Many a dun had she
talked to and
turned away from
her father’s door.

(Thackeray)

Many a time had he
watched him
digging graves in the churchyard. (Dickens)

I hated that man, many and many a time had
my fingers longed
to tear him.

(Dickens)

6. Inversion often occurs when a predicative
expressed by an adjective or by a noun modified by an adjective or by
the pronoun such opens
the sentence (in case the subject is a noun or an indefinite
pronoun).

Violent was Mr.
Weller’s indignation as he was borne
along. (Dickens)

Such is life,
and we are but as grass that is cut down, and put into the oven

and baked. (Jerome)

Sweet was that
evening.
(Ch. Bronte)

Inversion is very common in clauses of concession
where the predicative is followed by the conjunction as.

Great as
was its
influence upon individual souls, it did
not seriously affect the

main current of the life either of the church or
of the nation. (Wakeman)

However, when the subject is expressed by a
personal pronoun, the link verb follows the subject.

Bright eyes they
were.
(Dickens)

A strange place it
was.
(Dickens)

Starved and tired enough he
was.
(Ch. Bronte)

Miserable as
he was
on the steamer, a new misery came
upon him. (London)

7. Inversion is also found in conditional clauses
introduced without any conjunction when the predicate is expressed by
was, were, had, could or
should.

Even were they
absolutely hers,
it would be a passing means to
enrich herself.

(Hardy)

He soon returned with food enough for half-a-dozen
people and two bottles of

wine — enough to last them for a day or more,
should any
emergency arise.

(Hardy)

Yates would have felt better, had
the gesture of
a few kind words to Thorpe

been permitted him.
(Heym)

It must be borne in mind that emphatic order does
not necessarily mean inversion; emphasis may be also achieved by the
prominent position of some part of the sentence without inversion, i.
e. without placing the predicate before the subject.¹

¹ The
prominent position of each part of the sentence will be treated in
paragraphs dealing with the place of different parts of the sentence.

Here we shall only mention a peculiar way of
making almost any part of the sentence emphatic. This is achieved by
placing it is or
it was
before the part of the sentence which is to be emphasized and a
clause introduced by the relative pronoun who
or that,
by the conjunction that
or without any connective after it.

So it’s you that
have disgraced the family. (Voynich)

It is not in Mr. Rochester he
is interested. (Ch. Bronte)

Father appreciated him. It
was on father’s suggestion that he
went to law

college. (London)

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Vocabulary

2. Fill in the missing word. There are two words you do not need to use.

1. The heavy rain caused the driver to lose control of his car and crash into a tree.

2. What started out as a light breeze soon became a very strong wind.

3. The well-trained lifeguard was able to rescue the drowning swimmer and quickly bring him to safety.

4. The lead actor felt under the  weather and Daniel was asked to replace him in the school play.

5. The big earthquake caused many buildings to collapse and people were left homeless.

6. When the avalanche hit the area, dozens of people were snowed in for many hours.

7. Cars and factories produce toxic fumes that harm the environment.

8. A terrible flood caused by three days of continuous rain has destroyed many houses inthe small fishing village.

9. drought will occur in an area when it hasn’t rained for an unusually long period of time.

10. The terrible fire left dozens of buildings in ruins