Build a word express

Results and Discussion

People are easily persuaded when the agent was favorable impression. This result is very natural; however, the combination of favorable was different from our prediction. First, we predicted that words and facial expressions reflected on the emotions aroused by the scenario would lead to the most favorable impression, so we set these data as the control group. In fact, there were more favorable impressions than those obtained for the control group. For example, the words and facial expressions were “joy” when the user’s emotion was “joy” for the control group. It is very interesting that when the user’s emotion was “joy,” the agent’s words for “joy” with facial expressions of “surprise,” “sadness,” or “fright” were most favorable. On the other hand, when the user’s emotion was “fright,” the agent’s words for “fright” with facial expressions of “disgust” or “sadness” were the most favorable.

These facial expressions were recognized as the emotion conveyed by the words and were more empathetic and somewhat meaningful emotions. For example, when the user’s emotion was “joy,” the agent’s words of “joy” with facial expressions of “surprise” or “fright” might have been recognized as the agent being exaggeratedly surprised at the “joy” scenario. When the user’s emotion was “joy,” the agent’s words of “joy” with facial expressions of “sadness” might have been recognized as the agent being highly pleased from the heart at the “joy” scenario. When the user’s emotion was “fright,” the agent’s words of “fright” with facial expressions of “sadness” might have been recognized as the agent grieving deeply at the user’s “fright” scenario. When the user’s emotion was “fright,” the agent’s words of “fright” with facial expressions of “disgust” might have been recognized as the agent feeling deep hate at the user’s “fright” scenario.

Through these observations, we concluded that there is a rule for facial expressions: in a certain scenario, synchronizing foreseen emotion of the user caused by the situation will make a favorable impression. For example, when the user has the emotion of “joy,” he/she wants someone to be surprised or highly pleased. Then, showing a surprised or highly pleased face expression makes the user feel favorable impression. When the user has the emotion of “fright,” he/she wants someone to grieve deeply or disgust. Then, showing grieved or disgust face expression make the user feel a favorable impression. Users want the agent to synchronize their foreseen emotion by hearing the news instead of simply showing synchronized reaction according to emotion at present time.

13.1.3 Undecidability of universal formalisms

4.7.1 Qualitative Results

4 NOMINALISTIC METALOGIC

This did not stop Leśniewski from exercising utmost rigour in formulating the principles of his system. But in this too he was distinctly unorthodox. Because he rejected platonism, Leśniewski conceived of his logical systems not as sets of abstract propositions or ideal sentence-types, but as concrete collections of physical complexes, growing in time by the addition of new theses. Since no such system is ever infinite, yet the ways in which they might grow, consonant with logical practice, are not given in advance, Leśniewski was forced to give directives which say when it is permitted to add a new thesis to a given system at any given stage. This meant that he in effect had to anticipate in advance and describe precisely but schematically the general form that any thesis could take in relation to prior theses. It was to the formulation of these metalogical directives that he gave his greatest effort.

In the course of formulating his directives, Leśniewski introduced a rich metalogical vocabulary, the terms of which were linked by a series of metalogical definitions he called ‘Terminological Explanations’. The complexity of these was such that he was obliged to abbreviate them in the language of ontology, enriched with a number of primitive metalinguistic terms such as ‘word’, ‘expression, ‘first word of expression’, ‘parenthesis symmetric to’, and more. The terminological explanations and directives for protothetic run to many pages, containing initial explanations, 49 terminological explanations and five directives for extending the system. The definition of ‘definition of protothetic’ alone runs to 18 clauses, and was the single achievement of which Leśniewski was proudest. It was the sloppiness of previous accounts of definition, with the exception of Frege, that prompted Leśniewski to formulate directives for appropriate definitions. These include that the expression defined occur only once on one side of an equivalence, with universally quantified variables, that the definiens employ only expressions previously defined, and so on. It sounds simple but in fact is not. In his advanced graduate seminars Leśniewski typically took three semesters to present the directives, proving by countermodels that every clause of every terminological explanation is logically independent of every other. No logician before or since took such trouble to be so scrupulously exact in their logic. The force of the directives is not imperative or prescriptive. There is no injunction to extend any logical system. Suppose a logical system (concrete collection of inscriptions) has been constructed according to the directives, starting from an inscription of the axiom and proceeding according to the directives up to a certain thesis. Now a logician takes it upon herself to extend the system by adding a new inscription. What the directives do is give the conditions under which any newly added inscription is a legitimate extension. They do not tell the logician how she should extend the system, which is a matter of will and ingenuity. Assuming the axiom is true, it can be seen intuitively that any thesis added according to the directives will preserve truth if all the preceding theses are true. In other words, the system is sound. Leśniewski strove (successfully) to achieve this, but did not prove it.

3.6 Emotional Literacy: The Refinement of Emotional Intelligence

Emotional awareness is the ability to identify, label, and use emotions and feelings in fundamental ways. As growth and development proceed, this capacity becomes refined with the nuances imputing subtlety, character, and uniqueness to an unfolding emotionally literate personality. What had been one emotion expands to many feeling states.

Positive emotions and attitudes such as love, affection, optimism, happiness, enjoyment, surprise, acceptance, cooperativeness, mercy, forgiveness, and compassion are linchpins vital to sustained success. They secure relationships and support a sense of emotional integrity and self-containment. These contribute to enhancing self-concept and self-esteem in both sender and receiver. The perception of happiness with its variants of love and affection are universally recognized across cultures. Harnessing these perceptions is a hallmark of Learned Mindfulness.

Negative emotions such as hostility, anger, fear, disgust, contempt, and disappointment are disruptors of stability. They act as repellants toward affectionate engagements. However, they also modulate positive emotions producing, for example, states of ambivalence or confusion. If identified and tempered, one’s negative emotions can be used constructively and intelligently helping to reconfigure feelings and stabilize mood.

Negative emotions, therefore, behave to disrupt the status quo and offer the potential to reconfigure more constructive personality reformation. When changed, negative emotions can thus add to both personal and interpersonal emotional integrity. Negative emotions often accompanied by “bad habits” are the spur to engage in mindfulness explorations. Bad habits and harm avoidance imbue daily living with a constant struggle mediated by options and effortful choice. This initial antagonism underscores the binary nature of all mental processes, the antagonism spurring creative advances. Negative emotions must exist with positive emotions. Their interactive dependency modulates all experience—both self-experience and experience with others. Negative emotions, left unchecked, have the potential to be acted out in self-destructive ways. The negativity of envy and hatred energizes aggression in destructive killing and murder.

Words and facial expressions communicate subjective feelings. The perception of a person’s nonconscious and often subtle emotional displays by an outside observer is derived from seeing or hearing the brief emotional signals organized into consciously felt “feelings.” These external manifestations of subjectively experienced feeling states are brain-based and culturally determined. They have both innate and universally shared genetic substrates shaped by culture and convention.

In common parlance, the terms “emotions” (i.e., brief nonconscious states), “feelings” (i.e., subjectively identified conscious states), and “affects” (i.e., visually perceptible facial expressions) often are used interchangeably.

Emotions and feelings are universal across cultures. This human experience in emotional processing denotes “emotion perception”—identifying emotions in oneself, others, voices, stories, music, and art. It is hard-wired and universally shared (Brosch, Pourtois, & Sander, 2010; Joseph & Newman, 2010). “Identifying” means recognizing and discovering the emotion as an emotional experience. Giving a name to emotion or labeling it occurs somewhere between emotion “perception” and emotional “understanding” as the “affect’ takes shape materially (Ninivaggi, 2017).

Affect, however, is defined as the visible, intentional, and public display (i.e., facial, verbal, and gestural) of emotional and feeling states. Affects are culturally determined in a limited manner and vary among people, ethnic, and cultural groups (i.e., “display rules”). Affect has a fluid quality and can change from moment to moment in the same individual depending on that person’s mental status (e.g., happy, pensive, depressed, and so forth). Display rules and social contexts correlate with “emotional understanding” and “emotional regulation,” both of which are culturally influenced. Established theories view emotional intelligence to comprise three domains: perception, understanding, and regulation (Mayer & Salovey, 1997).

Emotions exist at birth. Infants and children, however, do not cognitively understand and label their emotions as conscious feelings until later childhood. From birth, however, babies can sense the emotional communications of others and respond adaptively. This “nonconscious” foundation of emotion and affect persists throughout life. It is complemented by a more conscious focus (i.e., named “feelings” and thoughts about feelings) toward the end of childhood. One’s emotional stability and successful social interactions have their basis in healthy emotional development starting in infancy and refining itself. Emotional literacy grows with experience and reflects the refinement of emotional intelligence.

Conventional academic psychology has outlined several schemas about classifying emotions. No one scheme can capture the diversity and fluidity of human emotion although provisional tries such as the following abound. Primary emotions include happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. These are diffuse states of mind having similar meanings for all people across cultures. Secondary emotions are more complex composites of primary emotions becoming more defined as conscious feeling states. These develop between 18 and 24 months of age, and their meaning varies among people. They include guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride, and envy. These secondary emotions are self-conscious emotions because they entail an emerging sense of self-reflection and consideration of the self with others. For example, shame involves feelings of being “bad,” while guilt is the distress about having done something “bad.” The special denotations of “envy” as used by the author have been delineated in the book Envy Theory (2010). In that perspective, unconscious envy may be a decisive personality dynamic rather than merely an emotion or trait.

Mindfulness expands emotional awareness, and so broadens emotional intelligence becoming a pillar of literacy supporting resilience. Resilience is the ability to bounce back to healthy functioning under stress with an adaptive recovery after an unexpected challenge. Essential resilience tools build skills such as developing executive functions, coping strategies, enhanced emotional intelligence, and fostering supportive relationships. Well-recognized resilience factors include realistic optimism. Across development, intelligent emotional awareness enhances emotional literacy running through all character strengths.

1 An Emblematic Concept of Modern Logic

2.3.3 XQuery Full-text

XQuery Full-text  [16] is a proposition of the W3C to extend the XQuery language to full-text search. Full-Text-oriented functionalities of XQuery Full-text are for example token and phrase search, token ordering or token proximity.

One of the most important feature of the language is that it allows to rank results by relevance, and that the user can define its own relevance. This is also possible to use tools such as stemming, thesauri, stop-words or regular expressions  [36].

As example, let us consider the following Xquery full-text query, taken from  [37]:

This query finds books which discuss “conducting usability tests”. Those mentioning “measuring success” are returned first. The following features are used: stemming, unordered distance (no more than 10 words between “conduct” and “usability” and between “usability” and “tests” are for example required), and weight declaration on optional words to impact the scoring and sorting.

As seen in this section, there are a lot of possible languages to search in XML documents collection. As stated in  [5], the complexity and expressiveness of these languages increase from tag-based to clause-based queries. All languages have their own properties and potential uses. They all need a learning phase to be able to use them, but with different degree of ease. For example, the information retrieval-oriented NEXI language is introduced as “the simplest query language that could possibly work”  [13], whereas the database-oriented XQuery Full-text query language propose a very complete but hard to learn syntax for end-user.

To overcome this problem of complexity for end users, graphical query languages were proposed  [38,39], but they are far from being extensively used.

Whatever the query language used, content and structure queries, in the same manner than XML documents, can be represented as labeled trees. The retrieval process can thus be summarized to a tree matching process. The following section describes state-of-the-art algorithms for exact and approximate tree matching.