Brands of the word combinations

Inspired by the challenges faced in crafting brands for my clients, I became passionately wrapped in the topic of what makes an effective brand name. I dove into research in search of answers to my question then organized and analyzed my findings. I greatly enjoyed writing this article; My hope is that it will help others in developing one of their company’s greatest assets: A brand name which consumers can emotionally identify with.

Branding pro Marty Neuemier says in The Brand Gap, “The need for good brand names originates with customers, and customers will always want convenient ways of identifying, remembering, discussing, and comparing brands. The right name can be a brand’s most valuable asset, driving differentiation and speeding acceptance.”

1. Metaphoric Brand Names

These brand names cleverly make no sense on the surface, but have some sort of connection to what they are selling. They have a high risk but also high reward; In the beginning, people are going to think the name doesn’t make any sense—But if the brand name can stick around for a while, that business will carve out a new space in everyone’s minds that only it fills—and consumers will never confuse that brand name with anyone else. Obtaining the domain name is a bit problematic as it often carries a high price.

Successful Metaphoric Brand Names:

  • Amazon is not connected to South America. However, we link the idea of ‘exotic value’ because the Amazon is a beautiful and hard to get to place. Plus, the Amazon is the largest river in the world infusing brand words like big, powerful, flowing, etc. into the company identity.

  • Apple does not sell fruit. They have nothing to do with apples. The bitten apple is linked to the forbidden tree of knowledge from the Bible—the most commonly known book in the world.

  • Yahoo! created an identity around the emotion their brand is meant to evoke. Back when the internet was relatively new and there were a lot of people who are completely new to it, they essentially sold the idea that you can feel the joy of avoiding frustration and actually finding what you want.

  • Nike, the winged Greek goddess of victory is a great reference for speed and…well, victory. These are effective messages to carry when in an industry like sportswear.

2. Misspelled Brand Names

One method is to intentionally misspell a word, add prefixes, suffixes, or other tweaks to existing words in order to carve a unique spot in the brand name market. Though this is immediately identifiable, you will lose online traffic with many consumers who misspell the misspelling!

Successful Misspelling Brand Names:

  • Flickr is naturally evocative of film and cameras.

  • Dribbble, a brand name which “came about from the dual metaphors of bouncing ideas and leaking your work,” says co-founder Dan Cederholm.

  • Todoist effectively turns to do list into a catchy single word.

3. Invented Brand Names

Invented brand names have the advantage of having full control over the brand identity because there is no pre-established meaning in the minds of consumers. Unfortunately, these creative brand names need a lot of time and effort put into their marketing in order to stick in consumer minds. Since they are not actual words, consumers do not immediately know what the brand name offers—in which case a tagline can play that identifying role until the Invented brand name itself becomes infused with meaning.

Successful Invented Brand Names:

  • Twitter effectively makes use of a bird as their logo mascot in order to link this made up word to tweet. Taken a step further, a tweet is now known as a post made exclusively on Twitter.

  • Geico similarly leverages the gecko lizard as its mascot to both market the Invented brand name as well as help people remember it due to the mascot’s similar pronunciation. The Geico Gecko creates its own memorable alliteration.

  • Google, what is a google? It is a misspelling of Googol which is 10 to the power of 100. This makes the brand name part Metaphoric, part Misspelling—but ultimately an Invented brand name.

4. Direct Brand Names

There is no confusion as to what businesses with this type of brand name provide. It is very hard for Direct brand names to develop their own brand identity because they have to stick with the associations that people already have with the particular product or service the brand is named after. This can be very detrimental as consumers will carry any negative experiences they’ve had with the same product or service from another business. Direct brand names often feel as if they are void of any characteristics or personality to identify with and therefore have a hard time creating an emotional connection or communicating something meaningful.

Successful Direct Brand Names:

  • Free Credit Report spells out exactly what it offers.

Some companies which had Direct brand names changed them to something more effective in creating a unique identity.

  • Snapple use to be called Unadulterated Food Products—this is a great example of a business going from a thing they provide to an actual identity.

  • eBay use to be called AuctionWeb—a compound word for what it literally is: auctions held on the web.

  • Nike use to be called Blue Ribbon Sports—sports being a direct and generic word which many other companies could use.

  • Yahoo! use to be called Jerry and David’s Guide to the World Wide Web. They switched to an emotion their brand is meant to evoke.

5. Word Combination Brand Names

Combining the unique identity of Invented brand names with the clarity of what the business is about, Word Combination brand names are a good option if you are sure the business plan will not need to expand or take unexpected turns. Like Direct brand names, you can usually tell what Word Combination brand names sell just by looking at them but with the added ability to create an emotional connection with consumers.

Successful Word Combination Brand Names:

  • Microsoft effectively combines and shortens micro-computer software.

  • Netflix combines two shortened words—Net being derived from the word Internet and Flix shortened from a synonym for movies: flicks. These two words embody what Netflix does.

  • Mastercard gives the idea of a credit card which is somehow superior.

  • FitBit expresses fitness through the use of a small product.

6. Alliteration Brand Names

An alliteration by definition is the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. These can be a combination of any other type of brand name, but with the added chance to stick in consumer minds due to their satisfying flow.

Successful Alliteration Brand Names:

  • Best Buy tries to convince the consumer that they have the best products at the best price.

  • Coca-Cola is named after its original ingredients: cocaine and kola nuts.

  • Dunkin’ Donuts has since removed the word donut from their brand name in order to expand.

7. Personal Brand Names

These brand names make use of the founder’s personal name or that of a historic figure. This act of connecting one’s reputation to a business immediately helps build consumer trust; When consumers can connect to the person, this directly results in consumers connecting to the brand. Eventually, the identity of the brand name surpasses that of the individual and continues to carry its own meaning. Plus, there is no limit to the business’s product or service expansion with a Personal brand name.

Successful Personal Brand Names:

  • Disney has become a brand name packed with memories and meaning in the minds of consumers young and old…and it is all credited in large to the man who started it—Walt Disney.

  • Toyota was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda. The reason for the slight change in spelling is because people though it sounded better and the fact that Toyota can be written with just 8 pen strokes in Japanese.

  • Mercedes-Benz was founded by Carl Benz. Among the co-founders, Emil Jellinek named the new cars after his daughter Mercedes Jellinek.

  • Tesla is known for making electric cars and—as most people know—Tesla the man was a pioneering innovator with the use of electricity. Tesla was not the founder of this company however which makes this a sort of Metaphoric brand name as it references a name with pre-established meaning.

8. Abbreviated Brand Names

Examples from this category can fall under any of the others, but the use of an acronym makes them behave differently. Like Word Combination brand names, Abbreviated brand names allow for an effective use of a direct word while retaining a unique identity. At first, consumers will need to figure out what the acronym stands for to understand what the business does—but after a while, the set of letters will carry their own evolving meaning even though consumers have long forgotten the words they stand for.

Successful Abbreviated Brand Names:

  • AT&T stands for American Telephone & Telegraph. No one says telephone any more and telegraphs are greatly outdated—but that doesn’t matter because society has given the acronym new meaning.

  • GE stands for General Electric.

  • IBM stands for International Business Machines.

  • BMW stands for Bavarian Motor Works in English.

  • UPS stands for United Parcel Service.

10 Characteristics of a Good Brand Name

Each of these categories have their advantages and disadvantages. To summarize the above, here is a list of positive aspects to look for in a brand name. Think of these as guidelines rather than rules.

  1. Built off of a brand strategy.

  2. Connect emotionally.

  3. Short and simple.

  4. Differentiates from competition.

  5. Easy to pronounce.

  6. Can’t misspell it.

  7. Does not use a direct word for what it provides.

  8. Does not limit business expansion.

  9. Don’t need to spend a fortune to get the domain.

  10. Can be protected under national and international trademark.

5 Questions to Ask When Brainstorming Brand Names

Coming up with a brand name for a new business is a daunting task. Here are a few important questions which will act as a guide in your search for the right name for your brand.

  1. Why do we do what we do?

  2. What are our values?

  3. What makes us distinct?

  4. Where do we come from?

  5. What is our personality?

The Power of a Tagline

Making use of a tagline—or slogan—can be a powerful way to communicate what a business provides or the message it stands for. This is especially useful when the business is just starting out with a unique brand name which carries a strong identity but is inherently ambiguous. The tagline can be there to clarify what the business does in its early life until the name itself begins to be associated with its products and services. Furthermore, taglines can easily be removed or changed without damaging the brand’s consistency.

What is Branding
What is Branding?

What is a Brand?

The word “brand” is a comprehensive term “A brand is a name, term, symbol, or design or a combination of them that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors”.

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Branding is the management process by which a product is branded. It is a general term covering various activities such as giving a brand name to a product, designing a brand mark, and establishing and popularizing it.

Branding is an important part of product management, which involves researching, developing, and implementing brand names, brands, marks, trade characters, and trademarks.

What is a Brand Name?

A brand name is a part of a brand consisting of a word, letters comprising a name that is intended to identify the goods or services of a seller or a group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of a competitor.

The brand name is a word or combination of words used to identify a product and differentiate it from other products. All brand names are trademarks, but not all trademarks are brand names. The brand name is that of the brand that can be vocalized.

A brand name may be, but need not be a trading name. For example, Coca-Cola is a trading name that is also the brand name of the company’s leading product.

What is Brand Mark?

A brand mark is the part of the brand which appears in the form of a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. For example, Ganda Phenyl.

What is Trademark?

A trademark has been defined as any sign, mark, symbol, word, or word, which indicates the origin or ownership of a product as distinguished from its quality and which others do have no equal rights to employ for the same purpose.

A trademark is a brand name, brand mark, or trade character or combination thereof with legal protection. When registered a trademark is flowed by R.

Business firms need some techniques to differentiate their products from those manufactured by others. This is efficiently done by trade-marking them by using letters, words, groups of words, symbols, signs, or any combination of these.

What are Patents?

Patents are public documents offering certain rights, privileges, titles, or offices. A patent confers the right to the use of a technical invention. When a new invention is made, it is registered so that an exclusive right is obtained by the inventor to use it.

What is Copy Right?

This is an application in the case of books and is used in the same meaning as that of patents. It is the sole right to reproduce literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work. Copyright is available for the whole of the author’s lifetime and sixty years after his death.


Difference Between Brand and Trademark

The process of branding includes the functions of giving brand name and trademark to any product. However, there are some differences between brand name and trademark. The difference between brand and trademark can be mentioned as follows:

  1. Registration
  2. Legal Protection
  3. Scope
Difference Between Brand and Trademark
Difference Between Brand and Trademark

Registration

Any name, word, letter, symbol, design or any sign composed by combining them is called brand. If the same sign is legally registered in the concerned government office, it called trademark.

Legal Protection

Trademark is provided legal protection, No other company or firm can use this trademark except the producer or seller, which has got it registered. But brand or any symbol, sign can be used by other firms or competing companies. No legal action can be taken even if any company imitated a brand used by other company.

Scope

All trademark includes in brand but all brands may not be trademarks. So, all trademarks are brands, but all brands are not trademarks. In this way, there is basic difference between trademark and brand.

Both of them involve in branding, both of them give identity of products and differentiate from same type products of other companies. But legal protection can be acquired only from registered trademark.


Advantages of Brand Names

There are many advantages of brand names to the manufacturers, distributors and consumers:

  1. Vehicle of Goodwill: It works as a vehicle of goodwill to the seller, by which the article presented for sale may be organized and made effective as a cumulative force in selling. It may prove a valuable asset to the seller.
  2. Stability of Sales Volume and Price: The seller achieves greater stability of sales volume and greater stability of price through transforming his product, to the maximum possible degree in specialty goods.
  3. Healthy Brand Create a Sound Image of the Company: If it wants to bring out new product line or categories they will be welcomed by the customers. This is because the first impression can be a lasting impression.
  4. Brand Names Make the Product Easily Distinguishable and Identifiable: Markets are often very large with a massive range of similar products. There is usually a need to differentiate a product from that of the competitor. This is efficiently done by branding.
  5. Symbol of Quality: Consumers look upon the brand names as a symbol of product quality of a product’s characteristics and feature and as a symbol of the satisfaction product supplies.
  6. Insurance: Branding is an insurance of merchandise comparability when the buyer uses more than one source of supply. Philip’s light bulbs are Philips’s light bulbs, regardless of where purchased.
  7. When the brands contribute to the sound reputation of the companies, middlemen also get benefit out of it because their effort to act between the manufacturer and the end user are minimized.
  8. If a firm has one or more lines of branded goods, it can add a new item to its product mix much more easily than a company selling unbranded merchandise.
  9. A firm can advertise its product and associate each brand and its characteristics in the buyer’s mind. This aids the consumer in forming brand image, which are the perceptions a person has of particular brand.
  10. As social visibility becomes more meaningful, a product’s prestige is enhanced via a strong brand name.
  11. People feel less risky when buying a brand with which they are familiar and for which they have a favorable attitude. This is why brand loyalty occurs.
  12. Branding provides another king of satisfaction to the consumer. When they are satisfied with a particular band they do not regret paying for it. They feel it worthwhile and reasonable.

Choosing a Brand Name

There are four branding decision a firm must undertake. These involve corporate symbols, the branding philosophy, choosing a brand name and using trademarks. We will discuss here only the “choosing a brand name”.

Selecting the right brand name is one of the most vital yet a tricky and frustrating element in developing a new product. A good product with a lackluster name may not sell as well as a mediocre product with an intriguing name.

And once it is chosen and the product is out on the market. Changing or modifying the name is not only difficult but also rather harmful, getting it right the first time is essential.

In the quest for making the brand name play well in the market the firms ought to ask themselves a few question that are related with the impact of the brand name upon the customers. The questions are represented in the figure:

The first hurdle to be overcome is to decide what type of name is appropriate. These are:

  • Names whose meanings bear no connection to the product (Aravalli Scooters, Arrow Shirts)
  • Names that sound interesting but have no meaning (Kodak, Sony)
  • Names that are borrowed from words in other language (Lux)
  • Names that belong to company founders (Ford, Tata)
  • Names that are company initials (HMV)
  • Names that suggest a function or quality of the product (Cool Foam)
  • Names that are taken from myths and legends (Atlas, Hercules).

In each of these categories, various innumerable possibilities maybe explored. Therefore, the main criterion should be to see whether or not the name selected will help to sell the product.


Types of Brands

Following are the types of brands explained:

  1. Individual Brands
  2. Family Brands
  3. Manufacturing Brands
  4. Dealer Brands
  5. Generic Brand
  6. Licensed Brand
Types of Brands
Types of Brands

Individual Brands

A Company using individual brands uses separate brand names for each product, when its products vary in quality or type. If the products are really different such as Hindustan Lever Ltd. (HLL) – Individual brands are Pears, Lux, Lifebuoy, Rexona, Close-up and for Godrej- Individual brands are Cinthol, Ganga, Evita, glory, Marvel.

Sometimes firm use individual brands to encourage competition within the company. Each brand is managed by a different group within the firm. Management feels that internal competition keeps everyone alert .The theory is that if anyone is going to take business away, it ought to be one of the company’s own brands.

Family Brands

Branders of more than one product must decide whether they are going to use a family brand- the same brand name for several products-or individual brands for each product.

For examples, of family brands are like Godrej (cosmetics, refrigerators, and hair dye), Kissan (jam, ketchup, squashes, and pickle), Tata (oil, Salt, tea, machinery, watches, and steel), Maggie (sauce, noodles, pickle, and jam), Bata (shoes, sleepers, socks).

The use of the same brand for many products makes sense if all are similar in type and quality. The goodwill attached to one or two products may help the others, thus cutting promotion costs. It also tends to build loyalty to the family brand and makes it easier to introduce new products.

Manufacturing Brands

Manufacturing brands are brands created by manufacture. These are sometimes called “national brands”- because the brand is promoted all across the country or in large regions.

Such brands include Kellog’s, Whirlpool, Ford, and IBM, And creators of service-oriented firms-like McDonald’s. These brands spend a lot of money in promoting their brands in the same way that other products do.

Dealer Brands

Dealer brands are brands created by middlemen. These are sometime called “private brands” Manufacture and dealer brand names depend on whether the product is owned by producers or by intermediaries.

If the brand is owned by manufacturer that brand is classified as manufacture/national brand otherwise it is a dealer/private brand.

Generic Brand

Generic brand is also called as ‘No Brand’. Under the generic brand, product remains unbranded or without a brand name. Widespread consumer goods and pharmaceutical products, which are inexpensive and plainly packed, are under generic or no brand products. Most of the goods purchased by Indian household consumers are non-branded or generic products.

Generic products are most common for staples-especially food product and drug items. Typically, these are offered in plain packages at lower prices.

Licensed Brand

Here the brand names are licensed on ‘rent’ by the established manufacturers to the sellers of goods by tacking royalties or fee. These brands can have immediate effect on customers mind since the brand name used is well established in the market.


Branding Strategies

Following are the branding strategies adopted by the marketer:

  1. Line Extensions
  2. Brand Extensions
  3. Brand Licensing
  4. New Brands
  5. Co Branding
  6. Mixed Brand
Branding Strategies
Branding Strategies

Line Extensions

Here the existing brand name is extended to new sizes or flavors in the existing product category. For instance a company can introduce additional products in the same line or product category using the existing brand name.

Brand Extensions

Branding strategy that uses an existing brand name to promote a new or improved product in a campany’s product line or product category. This strategy’s risk is overextending a product line and diluting the brand with too many products.

Brand Licensing

It involves a legal licensing agreement for which the licensing company receives a fee, such as royalty, in return for allowing another company to use its brand/brand/mark/trade character.

New Brands

New brand for a new category product.

Co Branding

Co–branding can be defined as a partnership between the marketing activities of at least two or more different brands which are also independent providers of products and services. This type of marketing strategy can involve various types of marketing activities like advertisements or sponsorships.

This association should be beneficial for all the brands involved when they are aligned rather than when those products are promoted individually.

Mixed Brand

Some manufacture and retailers use a mixed brand strategy to sell products. They offer a combination of manufacture, private distributor, and generic brands.

For example, A manufacturer of a national brand might agree to make a product for sale under another company’s brand.


Advantages of Branding

Branding is very important for a company to distinct its products and services from others. Branding is not only important to the owner but also important to consumers and retailers. Following are the advantages of branding:

  1. To Consumers
  2. To Owners
  3. To Intermediaries
Advantages of Branding
Advantages of Branding

To Consumers

  1. Consumer can easily identify the products as they are distinctive. For example, a G Star Jeans is easily distinguishable from H&M, Next or Zara’s Jeans because G Star puts their sign or name (96, G Star) on the pocket.
  2. It gives some feelings to the consumers when they shop branded products. For example, if someone buys an Armani watch he/she feels prestige.
  3. It reduces risk in purchasing because consumer knows the quality, features and other benefits of products without using it.
  4. Helps to have quick buying decision because brand attracts consumers.

To Owners

  1. Companies can charge premium price. For example, Next plc, Armani, Lactose, Harrods etc charges premium price because they have strong brand name.
  2. It gives opportunity to the company for line extension through building on the consumer’s perception of the values and character represented by the brand name.
  3. It helps owners to create consumer loyalty as it gives value to the consumers what they pay for.

To Intermediaries

  1. Branded items make easier for the suppliers to process the orders and track down problems.
  2. Retailers are happy to sell branded products because they are good seller. In terms of Jobber and Fahy (2006) branding helps to enhance.
  3. Company’s value.
  4. Consumer preference and loyalty.
  5. Barrier to competition.

Disadvantages of Branding

These are the disadvantages of branding explained below:

  1. Cost
  2. Impersonal
  3. Fixed Image
  4. Timescale
Disadvantages of Branding
Disadvantages of Branding

Cost

If you wish to create and maintain a strong brand presence, it can involve a lot of design and marketing costs. A strong brand is memorable, but people still need to be exposed to it, this often requires a lot of advertising and PR over a long period of time, which can be very costly.

There are also costs involved with the creating of a brand image or logo (Paying for a designer, printing new letterheads/business cards etc.), and although most of these are only one off costs, they are still relatively large for most small businesses.

The exposure of your brand can be left to word of mouth, this will save you money, but will also greatly slow down the exposure your brand receives.

Impersonal

One of the main problems with many branded businesses is that they lose their personal image. The ability to deal on a personal basis with customers is one of the biggest advantages small business have, and poorly designed branding could give customers the impression that your business is losing its personal touch.

Fixed Image

Every brand has a certain image to potential customers, and part of that image is about what products or services you sell. If you are known for selling just one product, and you want to sell another product, will you be able to do so effectively?

If you sell computers, would your brand name be suitable for selling vacuum cleaners? If your brand is focused too strongly on one product, it can limit your ability to sell other products.

Timescale

The process of creating a brand will usually take a long period of time. As well as creating a brand and updating your signs and equipment (For example, Stationary, vehicles etc…), you need to expose it to your potential customers.

It is commonly shown that people need to see an advert at least three times before they absorb it, which means you will need to advertise and promote the brand for a considerable amount of time before it will become well known.


FAQ Related to Branding

What are the types of brands?

Types of brands are:
1. Individual Brands
2. Family Brands
3. Manufacturing Brands
4. Dealer Brands
5. Generic Brand
6. Licensed Brand.

What are the advantages of branding?

These are the advantages of branding:
1. To Consumers
2. To Owners
3. To Intermediaries.

What are the disadvantages of branding?

ВСЕРОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ ВНЕШНЕЙ ТОРГОВЛИ Минэкономразвития России

________________________________________________________________________________

Кафедра английского языка международного бизнеса

С.В. Аверьянова Е.Ю. Семенова

JUST BUSINESS

Part II

Учебное пособие для слушателей ВАВТ

ВСЕРОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ ВНЕШНЕЙ ТОРГОВЛИ Минэкономразвития России

________________________________________________________________________________

Кафедра английского языка международного бизнеса

С.В. Аверьянова Е.Ю. Семенова

JUST BUSINESS

Part II

Учебное пособие для слушателей ВАВТ

Рекомендовано кафедрой протокол заседания от 21 мая 2014 года, № 9

Одобрено Редакционно-издательским Советом ВАВТ

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ББК 81.2 Англ.

А — 197

Рецензент — Старший преподаватель кафедры английского языка МБ

Рагель С.Г.

Аверьянова С.В., Семенова Е.Ю.

А — 197 JUST BUSINESS Part II: Учебное пособие для слушателей ВАВТ/ С.В.

Аверьянова, Е.Ю. Семенова; Всероссийская академия внешней торговли Минэкономразвития России. — М.: ВАВТ, 2014. — 93 c.

Данное пособие составлено на основе учебника Powel, M., New Business

Matters, Coursebook, Thomson, 2004 и представляет собой сборник текстов и упражнений, направленных на расширение запаса деловой лексики, развитие навыков чтения, аудирования, письма и говорения. Пособие рекомендовано для использования слушателями магистратуры вечернего отделения (upper-intermediate level) международнокоммерческого факультета.

УДК 811.111

ББК 81.2 Англ.

CONTENTS

Unit 5

Brand Management

4

Unit 6

Prices and Commodities

25

Unit 7

Corporate Entertaining

51

Unit 8

Innovation

68

Tapescript

87

Resource Bank

89

3

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

“A product can be copied by a competitor; a brand is unique.”

Simon Mainwaring, branding consultant

LEAD –IN

A.Comment on these quotations on success. Do you agree?

1.Authentic brands don’t emerge from marketing cubicles or advertising agencies. They emanate from everything the company does… Howard Schultz, Starbucks

2.He goes by the brand, yet imagines he goes by the flavor. Mark Twain, writer

3.To me a ‘brand’ sounds evil. Steven Moffat, Scottish television writer and producer

B.A Follower of Fashion?

How important is image to you? Are you very choosy about the kind of clothes you wear, the sort of car you drive, the make of watch you have? Are you as fussy when it comes to the brand of coffee you drink or the type of breakfast cereal in your bowl?

To find out how selective and loyal a consumer you are, try the following extract from a market research questionnaire. In each section, choose the statement you prefer, a or b.

1a. Coke and Pepsi really do taste better than other colas I’ve tried.

b.One fizzy drink is pretty much the same as another to me.

2a. I wouldn’t wear a cheap watch or cheap jewellery because they’re a reflection of your personality.

b.I wear a watch to tell the time and jewellery for fun. I don’t care what they cost if they look all right.

3a. I wouldn’t be seen dead wearing one of those Mickey Mouse fake Rolexes.

b.I’d definitely wear a fake Rolex or

Omega watch if it looked just like the real thing.

5a. I’d pay a lot more for a garment with a famous label in it because quality always shows.

b.I’d never waste money on a silly label when you can get the same garment for half the price elsewhere.

6a. Cheap coffee tastes horrible. I don’t cheat myself by saving a few pence.

b.It all tastes the same after the first three cups!

7a. I usually stick to the same brand of cigarettes and I wouldn’t dream of switching.*

b.I’ll smoke anything, as long as it doesn’t taste of fresh air.*

*Non-smokers needn’t answer this question.

4a. I like my Audi, but if I could afford the same sort of Mercedes, I’d buy one of those instead.

b.For me, the most important thing is a car’s performance and economy, not its make.

Compare your answers with those of your colleagues.

4

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

Discuss: Do you know any products with strong brand images? What are the advantages and disadvantages of brand name products, own brands and generics? Which do you prefer to buy?

Business Brief

Read the texts about products and brands and do the exercises below.

Products and brands

Word combinations with ‘product

catalogue (BrE)

catalog (AmE)

mix

a company’s products, as a group

portfolio

line

a company’s products of a particular type

range

lifecycle

the stages in the life of a product, and the number of

product

people who buy it at each stage

positioning

how a company would like a product to be seen in

relation to its other products, or to competing products

placement

when a company pays for its products to be seen in

films and TV programmes

Goods can refer to the raw materials, materials and components used to make products, or the products that are made.

Here are some examples of these different types of goods: consumer goods that last a long time, such as cars and washing machines, are consumer durables. Consumer goods such as food products that sell quickly are fast-moving consumer goods, or FMCG.

Exercise 1 Which applies to each of these products?

microwave ovens

cotton

cars

hamburgers

soap powder

Exercise 2 Match the sentence beginnings (1-7) with the correct endings (a-g).

1

Banks are adding new types of accounts

a

product life cycles are so short that

product launches are very frequent.

2

Apple is going to simplify its product line

b

its product positioning in relation to

Psion’s existing hardware products.

3

Consumers have mixed feelings about

с

it changed its product range towards

supermarkets

more expensive cars.

4

When BMW bought Rover,

d

of cigarettes in movies.

5

The new law will ban product placement

e

extending their product portfolio into

financial services.

6

Following the launch of the Series 5

f

and deliver fewer but more competitive

laptop, consumers were slow to

models.

understand

7

With this type of equipment in the US,

g

to their product mix.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

5

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

Brands and branding

The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a «name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller’s good or service as distinct from those of other sellers.» A brand can take many forms, including a name, sign, symbol, colour combination or slogan. This may be the name of the company itself: the make of the product. For products like cars, you refer to the make and model, the particular type of car, for example the Ford (make) Ka (model).

Branding is creating brands and keeping them in customers’ minds through advertising, packaging, etc. The word branding began simply as a way to tell one person’s cattle from another’s by means of a hot iron stamp. The word brand has continued to evolve to encompass identity — it affects the personality of a product, company or service. It is defined by a perception, good or bad, that your customers or prospects have about you. A brand should have a clear brand identity so that people think of it in a particular way in relation to other brands. Successful brands are companies’ most valuable assets. They add value to products. They guarantee a certain quality level. And customers believe they get extra value for money. It’s a synergy effect whereby one plus one equals three. Customers who always buy the same brand are brand loyal.

Brand awareness or brand recognition is how much people recognize a brand. The ideas people have about a brand is its brand image. The brand with the most sales in a particular market is a brand leader. Global brands have the ability to cross both geographical and cultural boundaries, building international reputations of quality.

Creating brands and brand awareness is the job of the brand manager. Brand management is the application of marketing techniques to a specific product, product line, or brand. Brand managers plan, develop and direct the marketing efforts for particular brands or products. It is not uncommon for brand managers to be responsible for coordinating activities of specialists in production, sales, advertising, promotion, research and development, marketing research, purchasing, distribution, package development, and finance.

Once the brand name has been established, the makers sometimes engage in brand extension or brand stretching, which involves using the brand name on a range of products. In the case of luxury brands, companies have to be careful to avoid overexposure, which could damage the exclusive aspect of the brand image.

A product with the retailer’s own name on it is an own-brand product (BrE) or own-label product (AmE).Products that are not branded, those that do not have a brand name, are generic products or generics.

Exercise 1 Complete this marketer’s description of his work using expressions from the text above.

My name’s Tomas. I’m Portuguese, and I’ve been ………… ……….. for Woof dog food for the whole of Portugal and Spain since I left business school last summer.

The Woof ………… is owned by a big international group. The market for pet food in Portugal and Spain is growing very fast, as more and more people own dogs and cats, and we’re trying to increase ……….. ……….. of Woof through TV advertisements and boardings in the street. Research shows that people have very positive ideas about it: it has a very positive

………. ………… . But the supermarkets have their ……… ………. Dog food, usually sold cheaper than our product, which is a problem. There are even ……… ………. sold just under the name “dog food’. We have to persuade people that it’s worth paying a bit more for a ………..

product like Woof, which is far better, of course.

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Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

Exercise 2 Match these word partnerships to their meanings.

1

brand loyalty

a

the name given to a product by the company that makes it

2

own-label product

b

using an existing name on another type of product

3

value for money

c

additional advantages produced by combining two ideas or

resources

4

brand awareness

d

the brand with the largest market share

5

brand name

e

the way in which a company controls its brands and the way

people think about them

6

generic product

f

the tendency to always buy a particular brand

7

luxury brand

g

a product that has the brand name of the shop that is selling it

8

brand image

h

a product that is sold under its own name rather than under

the name of a particular manufacturer

9

brand management

i

the ideas and beliefs people have about a brand

10

brand stretching

j

a famous brand with a long history

11

classic brand

k

the amount something is worth compared to the money that

it costs

12

synergy effect

l

a brand associated with expensive, high quality products.

13

brand leader

m

how familiar people are with a brand

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Discuss: What do the following terms mean to you? Discuss them with your colleagues.

brand loyalty

brand-awareness

brandstretching

own label products

me-tooism

subliminal advertising

lookalike products

market saturation

household name

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Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

Listening

Listen to the text about brand wars and answer the questions below.

1What do market leaders have to do to keep their dominating position?

2What happened when Philip Morris reduced their prices?

3What has fair market competition escalated into?

Own-Label Products

4Why are the corporate heavyweights losing sales?

5What percentage of total sales do own-labels account for?

Lookalike Coke

6What do big brands do to fight own-label products? Give examples.

7How does Sainsbury’s cola compare with Coke?

Big Brands – Big Business

8What mark-up is Omega still able to put on their products? Why?

Brandstretching

9What else do big businesses do to generate additional revenue? What examples are given?

Buyer Beware

10What is considered to be the main threat to big brands?

11How can the problem be solved?

12What percentage of clothes and footwear sold in Europe are fakes?

What losses do big companies suffer due to it?

13What should consumers beware of?

Market Saturation

14What consequences can market saturation lead to?

15How many kinds of toothbrushes and shampoo do some stores stock? How long will it take to try them all?

16How many new brands survive?

8

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

Reading and language

Read the text Brand Wars and do the exercises below.

BRAND WARS

Coke versus Pepsi; Nike versus Reebok; Nintendo versus Sega – the battle is on amongst the world’s top brands. Aggressive comparative advertising has now reached fever pitch; extra millions are pouring into R&D, and the market leaders are under constant pressure to slash their prices in a cutthroat struggle for market domination. When Philip Morris knocked 40c off a packet of Marlboro, $47-and-a-half billion was instantly wiped off the market value of America’s top twenty cigarette manufacturers. Lesser brands went to the wall. And that’s just one example of how fair competition within a free market has rapidly escalated into all-out brand war.

Own-label Products

Yet, in spite of the efforts of the corporate heavyweights to win market share, when it comes to fast-moving consumer goods, more and more consumers are switching to the supermarkets’ own-label products. And brand loyalty is fast becoming a thing of the past. The once unchallengeable Nescafe and Kellogg’s are actually losing sales, as their higher price is no longer automatically associated with higher quality. And in many supermarkets across Europe and the States own-labels now account for over 55% of total sales. Their turnover has never been higher.

Lookalike Coke

Of course, the big brands are not giving in without a fight. When British supermarket chain, Sainsbury’s, led the attack on Coke by launching its own similarly packaged product, it managed to secure 15% of the total UK cola market in just two months. But Coca-Cola was quick to respond. Sainsbury’s was told to change its packaging fast or Coke would cut its prices to rival supermarkets and leave Sainsbury’s hopelessly overpriced. Some people say the Sainsbury’s cola tastes as good as Coke. But they’re the ones who underestimate the power of the brand.

Big Brands — Big Business

For brand names are still the reason Omega can put a 300% mark-up on their watches, the reason Nestle spent a fortune buying Perrier, the reason investors are prepared to pay up to twelve times the book value for a company’s stock. Big brands remain big business in the City.

Brandstretching

Brandstretching is another way in which the household names are fighting back. By putting their familiar trademark on attractive and fashionable new products, companies can both generate additional revenue and increase brand-awareness, hence Pepsi Maxwear, Vergin Cola, Camel Adventure Gear clothing and even jewellery by Cadbury! The high-life image suits companies like Philip Morris, for whom, as the restrictions on tobacco ads get tougher, brandstretching is the perfect form of subliminal advertising.

Buyer Beware

So much for the high-street brands. Further upmarket, the luxury branded goods manufacturers are facing an even greater enemy of their own, namely, the pirate brands. And as the trade in lookalike products increases, companies like Ray-Ban and Reebok, Yves Saint Laurent and Armani are calling for a crackdown on the pirates. In Europe over ten percent of clothes and footwear sold are said to be fakes, costing the firms who make the real thing nearly $7 billion a year. For a fraction of the recommended retail price you can pick up fake Gucci, fake Lacoste, fake Lego, fake Disney, fake Nintendo, fake anything. But buyer beware! Your case of Moet et Chandon will probably turn out to be cider and your bottle of Calvin Klein more like industrial cleaner than perfume.

Market Saturation

But, brand wars aside, the single biggest threat to the market remains saturation. For it seems there are just too many products on the shelves. In the States they call this ‘product clutter’ and it is currently the cause of a strong anti-consumerism movement. In fact, product proliferation and widespread me-tooism mean that some Boots stores actually stock 75 different kinds of toothbrush and 240 types of shampoo. It would take you over 20 years to try them all, assuming you even wanted to! And that’s just got to be crazy when you think that 80 to 90% of new brands fail within their first six months.

9

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

Exercise 1 Without referring back to the article, can you remember in what context the following companies were mentioned?

1.Philip Morris / Marlboro

2.Nestle

3.Coca-Cola

4.Omega

5.Cadbury

6.Moet et Chandon

7.Calvin Klein

8.Boots

Vocabulary

Exercise 2 Look back at the article Brand Wars and find the expressions which mean:

1.reach a ridiculous level (par. 1)

2.cut drastically (par. 1)

3.fiercely competitive (par. 1)

4.take 40c off (par. 1)

5.remove or make something disappear (par.1)

6.smaller, less important (par. 1)

7.go bankrupt (par. 1)

8.become much worse or more serious (par. 1)

9.involving all the forces that are available (par. 1)

10.major companies (par. 2)

11.consumer goods that sell very quickly (par. 2)

12.impossible to defeat (par. 2)

13.total sales before costs are deducted (par. 2)

14.stop competing and accept that you can’t win (par. 3)

15.get or achieve something important (par. 3)

16.react quickly (par. 3)

17.worth less than the price that is being charged (par.3)

18.think that something is less important than it really is (par.3)

19.profit margin (par. 4)

20.pay a lot of money for (par. 4)

21.official value of an asset (par. 4)

22.a name of a product/company that is well known (par. 5)

23.receive extra income (par. 5)

24.intended for people who have a lot of money (par. 6)

25.severe measures against law-breakers (par. 6)

26.too many products in a place (par. 7)

27.a sudden increase in number or amount (par.7)

10

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

Exercise 3 Match each of the words in the first column with a word from the second column to make twelve word partnerships from the article. There are some alternative partnerships, but there is only one way to match all twelve.

1

aggressive

a

names

2

household

b

products

3

me-

c

advertising

4

lookalike

d

tooism

5

retail

e

goods

6

supermarket

f

market

7

branded

g

chain

8

free

h

sales

9

subliminal

i

consumerism

10

anti-

j

retail price

11

fair

k

advertising

12

recommended

l

competition

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Exercise 4 Find five nouns in the article Brand Wars which form strong word partnerships with the word market.

1

2

MARKET 3 4

5

Find five nouns in the article Brand Wars which form strong word partnerships with the word brand.

1

2

BRAND 3 4

5

Which 8-letter word can come before all the following words?

goods research protection profile advertising durables non-durables

Now match these word partnerships with the following definitions:

1.commercials aimed at the end-user

2.goods used shortly after purchase such as food, newspapers, etc.

3.products purchased by a member of the public

4.goods which last a long time such as cars, televisions, etc.

5.laws to defend buyers against unfair trading

6.market study of buyer behaviour patterns

7.description of a typical buyer according to age, sex, social status, etc.

11

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

Exercise 5 Match each word on the left with a word on the right to form ten common marketing expressions.

1

brand

a

plan

2

consumer

b

brand

3

marketing

c

offer

4

advertising

d

loyalty

5

core

e

share

6

premium

f

product

7

market

g

brands

8

price

h

campaigns

9

special

i

awareness

10

brand

j

promotions

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Use the expressions from the table above to complete the sentences that follow.

1.___________________ are important brand-building activities.

2.Marketing tactics such as ___________________ aim to boost sales quickly.

3.Because of their association with quality and status ___________________ often cost a bit more.

4.During a sale in a department store, many goods are on ___________________.

5 The danger with brand-stretching is the damage that can be done to the

___________________ if it is not successful.

6.A good ___________________ will guard the long-term interests of the brand it is promoting.

7.Launching a new ___________________ onto the market is a costly and risky business.

8.Customers who always buy the same brand of goods are showing _________________.

9.___________________ is a measure of how well-known a product is in the marketplace.

10.In some sectors, the competition between companies for __________________ is fierce.

Exercise 6 Complete each sentence with the correct form of the underlined word. In some cases, you will need to use the negative form.

advertise

6 profit

■ In our new campaign, our main

■ This line of raincoat is highly

……………………..

medium will be

………………………- we must discontinue it

television.

as soon as possible.

■ Benetton produced a series of

■ If we are serious about improving the

eye-catching ……………………..

for their

……………………… of these outlets, we

products.

should take a good look at staffing costs.

2 associate

7 promote

■ Engineering firms often work in

■ We expect all our ……………………. activities

……………………… with other companies

to cost around £2 million.

on a major contract.

■ ……………………………………. is a very

■ When there is a financial scandal,

important marketing function.

business people often try to

……………………… themselves from

those involved.

3 consume

8 rival

■ Food, clothing and household products

■ The ………………………

between

are all examples of ………………………

soft drinks companies, Coca-Cola and Pepsi

goods.

Cola, is very fierce.

■ Wine ………………………

is high

■ Otis is known all over the world as a

in France, and on the increase in other

manufacturer of lifts. Its reputation in the

European countries.

industry is ………………………

12

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

4 market

9 sell

■ To make money, you don’t just need a

■ Which is your best-

……………………….

good product — you also need excellent

product?

………………………Some products are very innovative, but

■ Our ………………………

force doubled

when we took over our chief competitor.

they simply aren’t ………………………

5 produce

10 value

■ Although the meeting went on for

■ Our stock is so ………………………

that

hours, it was rather

it cannot be left unguarded.

…………………………………….

■ We were most impressed by the

■ Since we introduced the new pay

consultants we hired — their advice was

structure, ……………………… has

……………………………………………..

improved enormously.

Exercise 7 A lot of the language of business and marketing is full of metaphors.

A.Group the following business expressions according to where you think the words in bold originally come from. Choose from the following: war, sport & games, water, health, flight.

1

a takeover battle

11

the company is suffering

2

a stalemate situation

12

the economy is in freefall

3

a few orders are trickling in

13

pour money into advertising

4

defend our market share

14

be an easy target

5

sales have soared

15

a strategic alliance

6

a flood of new products

16

shoot down someone’s idea

7

take a time out

17

the market has completely dried up

8

make a recovery

18

backing a winner

9

the flow of capital

19

the company is in good shape

10

the company really took off

20

playing for high stakes

B. Use the above expressions to complete the following sentences.

1.It was a ________________ — neither side in the negotiation was prepared to move an inch!

2.________________ in the 1990s when profits increased tenfold.

3.The two companies formed a ________________ to fight off the competition from Korea.

4.We’re ________________, Ladies and Gentlemen — the company itself is at risk.

5.In a _______________ it’s often the small shareholders who decide who wins.

6.Never ________________ until you’ve given them the chance to explain what it is.

7.We can’t continue to ________________ until we start seeing some sign that it’s working.

8.________________ to an all-time high and look set to stay high for the rest of the year.

9.I’m afraid ________________ — there’s simply no more demand for this kind of service.

10.Perhaps we should ________________ and meet back here in, say, ten minutes?

11.In our current financial position we would ________________ for a predator company.

12.Poor turnover is partly due to the fact that _______________ from the effects of the recession.

13.Liberalising the markets in Ecuador just led to ________________ out of the country.

13

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

14.In giving this new product the go-ahead, believe me, you’re really ________________ it’s sure to be a huge success.

15.________________, but, when you think that we used to sell 1,000 units a day, frankly it’s pathetic.

16.This big order from the Middle East is just what this company needed to

________________ — finally things are looking up.

17.________________ has made it impossible for us to rely on brand loyalty from our customers — there’s simply too much choice.

18.In spite of media reports to the contrary ________________ and ready to break into new markets with this product.

19.We clearly need to________________ if we are to remain the market leader.

20.Inflation is running at 66%, unemployment is up nearly 30%, our trade deficit is enormous and, to be honest, ________________.

Exercise 8 Study these examples. Then choose the words from the box to complete the sentences that follow. Use your dictionary and grammar book to help you which words are both appropriate and grammatically correct in each case.

Despite the evidence of the value of brands, creating and sustaining that capital are neglected by companies.

Some consumers switch temporarily to the promoted brand, but once the promotion ends, all of them go back to the one they normally prefer.

Since price is often a signal to consumers of a product quality, a brand that is always on special offer loses its appeal.

Reason

because

as so

since therefore

consequently

Contrast

although

despite

in spite of but

however nevertheless yet

1.Brand-stretching can be very risky ……………………….. , it can also be very lucrative.

2.The value of price promotions is questionable, ………………………. most consumers switch back to their usual brand when the promotion ends.

3.Companies have to keep their shareholders happy. ……………………….., brand managers are under pressure to find ways of boosting sales.

4. ……………………… a brand may sell well in one country, it may not sell at all in another.

5.Price is a signal of quality, ………………………. consumers will often pay more for premium brands.

6.In 1991, advertising accounted for around a third of all marketing outlay,

………………………., in 1980, the picture was very different.

7. ……………………… their disappearance from the market, General Electric’s food blenders continued to rank second with consumers 20 years later!

14

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

Reading and Discussing: Read the text below and answer the questions after it.

Brussels throws weight behind counterfeiting drive

Under the slogan ‘Fakes cost more’, the European Union is to throw its weight behind a global anti-counterfeiting campaign. Jose Manuel Barroso, the European Commission president, is to open a counterfeiting summit attended by businesses, charities and campaign groups. He aims to highlight that the practice damages not only big European brands but also consumers and the sweatshop workers involved.

Frederick Mostert, founder of the Authentics Foundation, which organised the conference, said the perception of counterfeiting as a victimless crime had to change. He said: ‘It is about the real cost to society: it is supporting child labour, funding organised crime and terrorism. Many of the products are dangerous. Planes have crashed because of fake parts.’ Few people had grasped how counterfeiting had moved from small-scale family operations to worldwide smuggling rings, Mr Mostert said. He calculated that the business was worth $500bn (€324 bn, £248 bn) annually. ‘Anything can be copied, from a Ferrari to toothpaste. The World Health Organisation says 10 per cent of medicines in the world are fakes. That is scary.’

The Commission has proposed EU-wide minimum criminal sanctions for counterfeiters, including jail terms, for repeat offenders.

From the Financial Times

Do you think counterfeiting is a problem? Why? Why not? The slogan for the anticounterfeiting campaign is ‘Fakes cost more’. How can this be? Who do you think is affected by counterfeiting?

Discuss: For many companies successful marketing begins with the successful sales letter.

What do you generally do with the sales letters that arrive on your desk? Do you ever read them or do they tend to be filed in the wastepaper basket? Why? Explain your answer. Give your ideas on how to create a successful sales letter.

Listening

Listen to a consultant giving tips on how to write the perfect sales letter and answer the questions below.

1What happens to the majority of sales letters and why?

2Why is mass mailing still used?

3What is a reader-friendly letter like?

4What should you bear in mind when you write to Managing Directors?

15

Just Business Unit 5 Brand Management

5How different should your letters be when you write to junior, senior and middle managers? Why?

6What should you do if you have several proposals to make to a customer? Why?

7How can you make your letter compulsive reading?

Reading and language

Exercise 1 Read the text below. Put a suitable preposition for each blank.

Do you ever stop to think about what happens (1) ….. your sales letters after they leave your desk? You may spend hours drafting and redrafting them. But do you give a moment’s thought to how your reader will react (2) ….. them when they arrive? If not, don’t write another word (3) ….. you do.

(4) ….. you write your next letter, put yourself in the shoes of the customer. Make it readerfriendly. The majority of sales letters get filed, lost or binned. The reader-friendly letter stands a better chance.

Rule number one: never insult your reader (5) ….. what is called a mass-mailed letter. True, mass mailing is the quickest way of reaching hundreds of potential customers. It’s also the safest way of ensuring that your letter ends (6) ….. in the bin. A short personalised letter, which gets (7) ….. the point and clearly demonstrates your knowledge of the customer’s needs, will invariably be better received.

(8) ….. a general rule, the more important the person, the shorter your letter should be. Managing Directors are deluged (9) ….. mail. They rarely have time to do more than glance (10) …… it and are unlikely to respond (11) …… your letter themselves. So (12) …… writing to MDs be brief. Junior managers, (13) ….. the other hand, are generally looking (14) ….. ideas they can pinch and present to the boss as their own. Send them long and informative letters.

According (15) ….. Mark McCormack, author of What They Don’t Teach You (16) … Harvard Business School, different levels of management are responsive (17) …… different sales approaches. Senior management is usually looking for strategic solutions (18) ….. long-term problems which fit (19) ….. with their corporate goals. Middle managers want tactical answers to departmental problems which will make their lives simpler and which they can

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Great brand names can become common words. This happens when a company capitalizes on a great idea, works out the best strategy to brand it, and then the name becomes synonymous with what they do. Think of household names like Google or Kleenex. These are category-defining common brands that people convert into verbs and nouns. For example, you don’t just search the internet when you want to look something up… you google it.

What’s surprising is how many common brand names have transitioned into everyday language. Below are 25 examples of brands that became common words. And if you’re keeping count, you’ll find 7 more names placed in the copy of this post. Can you find them?

1. Band-Aid

The Band-Aid was invented in 1920, and trademarked by Johnson & Johnson. The trademark is active today, but regardless of the product, do you know an “adhesive bandage” by any other name?

2. Bubble Wrap

Bubble Wrap is a brilliant packing material and an immensely fun noise maker. The product was invented in 1957 and is a trademark of Sealed Air Corporation.

3. Cellophane

Walk the grocery store aisles and you will see countless items wrapped in cellophane. Cellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose. It is trademarked in Europe and several other countries by Innovia Films but is a genericized product in the United States.

4. ChapstickAn iconic chapstick (or lip balm) tube.

Lip balm may be the generic name, but Chapstick captures the essence of the product. Chapstick is one of Pfizer’s consumer brands. Due to the name’s popularity, the term has become a genericized trademark.

5. Crock-Pot

A Crock-Pot is a brand of slow cooker by Sunbeam Products. These handy devices cook your food all day at a low temperature so you have a tasty stew ready when you get home from work.

6. Dry Ice

Dry Ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide. (Thank you, Wikipedia…I learned something new today.) The Dry Ice Corporation of America trademarked the solid form of CO2 as “Dry Ice.” The name stuck and became the common name for the substance.

7. DumpsterA large garbage bin, more commonly known as a dumpster because of good branding.

Dumpster is one of the words that surprised me on the list. For some reason, I just assumed this is what you call a garbage bin. But it’s a brand of the Dempster Brothers. The name is a portmanteau — the blending of two words — of the word “dump” and the last name Dempster.

8. Escalator

Otis Elevator Co. trademarked the word “escalator” in 1899. They created the word by combining the Latin word for step, scala, with the word “elevator.”

9. Fiberglass

Fiberglass is the brand name for “glass wool.” It was trademarked by the Owens-Corning company.

10. Flip Phone

Some of the most common words began life as trademarked brands. Flip Phone was originally a trademark of Motorola.

11. FrisbeeAn original advertisement for Frisbee, an example of deciding to brand it.

Frisbee is a trademark of Wham-O. What’s surprising is the number of brands that Wham-O created into generic names: Hacky Sack, Hula Hoop, Super Ball, Silly String, and Slip ‘n Slide. Wham-O are branding legends.

12. Laundromat

Laundromat was another surprising name for me on the list. This is a trademark for a coin laundry shop. It was registered by Westinghouse in the 1940s, but they let the trademark expire.

13. Memory Stick

The company Sony branded their portable flash memory as a Memory Stick in 1998. The first Memory Stick held up to 128 MB. It’s kind of quaint to think that was a lot of storage back then. Meanwhile, my iPhone has 128 GB of storage…and I still keep running out of space.

14. Ping PongA ping pong table with two ping pong balls and a paddle, an example of choosing to "brand it"

Ping Pong is a brand of table tennis products owned by Parker Bros. They coined the name in 1901. The founders thought the sound of the small ball when they hit it across the table sounded like “ping pong.”

15. Popsicle

Popsicle, generically known as “ice pops” or “freezer pops,” is a registered trademark of Unilever. Frank Epperson popularized Popsicles after patenting the concept of “frozen ice on a stick” in 1923. Epperson claimed to have first created an ice pop in 1905 at the age of 11 when he accidentally left a glass of powdered soda and water with a mixing stick in it on his porch during a cold night.

16. Realtor

This is another “Who knew?” name for me. We often call real estate agents “realtors,” but the term is a trademark of the National Association of Realtors. The terms “Realtor” and “Realtors” refers to members of the association, and not to real estate agents generally.

17. Seeing Eye DogA seeing eye dog outdoors.

The Seeing Eye, Inc. is a guide dog school located in Morristown, New Jersey. Since 1929, the organization has trained guide dogs to assist visually impaired people. Interestingly, a “Seeing Eye Dog” is a trademark. If anyone else trains a dog, it’s a “guide dog.” This is another example of a remarkably effective brand name.

18. Sheetrock

Sheetrock is the trademark held by United States Gypsum Corporation (USG) for its drywall product. This product is omnipresent in modern home construction, and has largely replaced plaster.

19. Styrofoam

Styrofoam may not be considered a “green product” anymore, but it’s still commonly used for foam cups, plates, and coolers. This is a branded product of polystyrene, and the trademark is held by Dow Chemical.

20. Super Glue

“Super glue” is used informally as a verb or noun, but it is a trademarked product of Super Glue Corporation. It’s a brand of cyanoacrylate adhesive, and as we all know it’s super sticky.

21. Super HeroesA collection of super heroes.

This is really neat. Super Heroes is a jointly owned trademark by DC Comics and Marvel Comics. I guess only DC and Marvel heroes can be super.

22. Trampoline

George Nissen and Larry Griswold invented the Trampoline in 1936. Nissen was a gymnastics and diving competitor and Griswold was a tumbler on the gymnastics team. The name came from the Spanish word “trampolín,” meaning a diving board. George had heard the word on a demonstration tour in Mexico in the late 1930s, and decided to use an anglicized form as the trademark for the apparatus.

23. Videotape

Ampex Corporation owned the original trademark for “videotape.” They were an early manufacturer of audio and video tape recorders, and quickly became a leader in audio tape technology. Ampex developed many of the analog recording formats for both music and movies that remained in use into the 1990s.

24. Windbreaker

Windbreaker was Celebration Trading Inc.’s trademarked word for jackets. Now, a windbreaker is a thin coat designed to resist wind chill and light rain, a lighter version of a jacket.

25. Zipper

This may be the greatest piece of automation ever invented for clothing. The Zipper was originally a trademark of B.F. Goodrich for use in rubber boots. The word Zipper is onomatopoetic — a word that phonetically imitates the sound that it describes. They named the product after the high-pitched “zip” sound the device makes.

Your Turn to Brand It

This is only a small sampling of brands that became common words. What other words come to mind that originated as brand names? Can you think of anything you’d give the “brand it” treatment to? Tweet your examples to @StickyBranding and let’s brand it together!

Curious about our strategy? Take a look here!

“See if your brand name is up to the Universal Naming Trend”

Trending is all about timing. To select the most up to date brand name to your startup or business, you have to follow the naming trends.

Unlike in the past, we, humans have a big relationship with brand names. There is so much to choose in the market and we have the freedom to select which product or service is going to satisfy our needs the most.

To become the selection of the majority of your target customers, you should exactly know what startup naming trend to follow and how to shape your brand name.

How Do You Name A Startup In 2022?

Our brand name specialists have analyzed the naming trends of the past few years and predicted the following naming trends for the year 2022. If you are planning to start a business in 2022, do not forget to consider the following naming trends.

  1. Short names- Most of the brand names of the startups of the last few years, the brand names consist of 4 to 6 characters such as Brex (2017)
  2. Unique names- Most of the entrepreneurs from the last few years have chosen names that are unique as their brand names, for example,  Meesho (2015).
  3. Generic words – This is also a naming trend a considerable amount of entrepreneurs selected generic words for their brand name. Although these brand names are generically worded, they do not represent the core of the business. Our brand name specialists point this out as a special feature. For example, Cameo (2017)
  4. Updating logos-  In modern days, having only a physical store is not enough; online presence is also important. The logo is a very important marketing tool in an online store. So our brand name specialists have figured out updating logos as a related trend for startups. Popular companies like Toyota, Chanel, Coca Cola, and Gucci continuously update their logos and maintain a strong relationship with customers. An attractive logo promotes strong brand recognition.
  5. Visual brand promoting- It is said people remember what they see 60000 times better than what they read. The same goes for your brand name. Make sure to add (naturally not forcefully)  your logo and brand name whenever you share a photo, post, or video.
  6.  Using social media- most of the businesses in the world are active in social media. Social media is a very effective promoting tool for businesses. So being active on social media sites is also a brand naming trend.
  7. Customer-focused marketing- you need to promote your brand name as a customer-friendly brand name. First, discover your target customer crowd and shape your product or service according to their needs, suggestions. With this, you can market your brand name naturally, through the customers. So consider this trend also when you design your brand name.

With the results we extracted from the previous brand naming trends, we developed the universal brand name trend that will never get outdated and secure your online presence among your competitors.

The Universal Startup Naming Trend For 2022

Whatever the naming trend you follow, ensure these factors are included in your brand name. This trend will keep your brand name stand out for decades. Your brand name should be,

01. Not Too Lengthy

If your brand name is too long it won’t be easy to remember for your customers. The latest research results have shown that short brand names are more catchy and memorable than long brand names. So make sure your brand name is limited to 4 to 6 characters as it is the ideal character count for a brandable brand name. For example, Google, Amazon, Visa.

02. Easy To Pronounce And Remember

This is also a very important fact, if you want your brand name to stand out trending for decades. Remembering your brand name depends on how easily you can pronounce your brand name. Customers have long lists of brand names in their memory, so confirm your brand name is easy to pronounce and easy to remember. For example, E-bay, Nike, ADIDAS.

03. The Global Meaning

Always consider the global meaning of your brand name. There can be different meanings in different languages for one word. Even though your brand name is meaningful in your language, there can be negative or unrelated meanings in other languages which is harmful for your brand name especially when the brand name is introduced for the other countries.

A brand name is the very first detail of your business that deals with the customers. So the global meaning of the brand name needs to be positive in order to build a strong connection with the customers. For example, HP, Viber, Twitter.

04. Uniqueness

In the brand naming process, uniqueness is defined in a bit different way than the usual. In the brand naming process, we define uniqueness in the means of the legal ownership to the brand name. Although there are thousands of domain extensions nearly half of the businesses using .com domain extension. With a .com domain extension, you can get the legal ownership of your brand name.

05. User Friendly

Your brand name needs to be easy to deal with when it comes to your smart devices such as laptops, smartphones, tabs etc. When your brand name is easy to pronounce for the robots in your smart device, it will be easy for anyone in the world to read it. So make sure your brand name is robots friendly.

As we know, different industries have different brand naming trends to pick a great brand name. Let’s take a look at the business naming trends of some industries.

06. No Generic Words Are Included

If you need a super brand name, keep your brand name ideas list away from generic words(dictionary words). It is very difficult to translate the original meaning, awareness of a generic word into a brand name. For example, you name your business as “chairs”, but when the customer hears your name for the first time, they automatically picture some chairs instead of your business. With a generic brand name, you cannot make a successful brand image and you cannot reach your target audience. So avoid using genetic words in your brand name.

07. No Numbers And Special Characters Are Used

Unless you are targeting korean or chinese markets, including numbers and special characters in your brand name is not wise. Why? try reading this brand name Zab8won*, was it easy to pronounce? And the surveys we conducted on the market have shown that brand names with numbers and special characters are very hard to memorize. And it does not look good on your URL. Usually URLs contain numbers and special characters, when your brand name also contains numbers and special characters, your customers will be confused. So avoid naming troubles by avoiding numbers and special characters.

Name Trends According To The Industry

Some naming trends are popular in some industries. Here are some examples for that.

-Startup Naming Trends Of The Apparel Industry

These are some popular naming trends in the apparel industry.

  • Founder’s name- Armani, Fendi
  • Mythical names- Nike, Hermes
  • Generic names-  Puma, The North Face
  • Unique names- Nike, ADIDAS
-Startup Naming Trends Of The Beauty Industry

Here are some popular brand naming trends in the beauty industry, that you can try for your beauty startup.

  • Short Brand Names- Avon, Olay, Mecca
  • Use Of Acronyms- Mac, NYX
  • Founders Name- Chanel, Dior
-Most Followed Naming Trends In The Fashion Industry

Consider these naming trends if you are planning to start a fashion accessories business in the future. These are the popular startup naming trends in the fashion industry.

  • One word brand names- Hermes, Rolex, Cartier, GUCCI, Next
  • Acronyms- H&M, C&A, ADIDAS
  • Founder’s name- Tom Ford, Michael Kors, Dolce and Gabbana
-Popular Naming Trends In The Sports Industry

These naming trends have been followed by most of the entrepreneurs of the sports industry.

  • Acronyms- ASICS, DKS
  • Generic words- Under Armour, Skechers, New Balance, North Face
-Popular Naming Trends In The IT Industry

There are many businesses that can be found in the IT industry which are of the following brand name trends.

  • Compound names- PayPal, Facebook
  • Simple and short names- Intel, Adobe
-Naming Trends Of The Food Industry

The following naming trends have been followed by the majority of the food industry entrepreneurs. 

  • One worded brand names- Nestle, Mars, Cargill
  • Acronyms- JBS, ADM, CHS
-Naming Trends Of The E-commerce Industry

Check out the startup naming trends of the e commerce industry. These trends are still being followed by many entrepreneurs in this industry.

  • Using generic words- Amazon, Rakuten
  • Short brand names- eBay, Otto
-Startup Naming Trends Of The Tourism Industry

The following listed naming trends are popular in the tourism industry.

  • Generic words- Ovation Travel Group, Omega World Travel
  • Key worded brand names- Direct Travel, Travel & Transport
  • Acronyms – CWT, ATG, BCD
-Naming Trends Of The Social Industry

Most of the entrepreneurs of the social industry have followed these startup naming trends.

  • Compound words- Facebook, WeChat
  • Generic words- Twitter, Medium
  •  Made Up words- Skype, Instagram
-Hotel And Restaurant Industry Startup Naming Trends
  • Included numbers- 21c Museum Hotel, hotel 71
  • Long names- Belmond Hotel Splendido, Katikies Sun Rocks
  • Generic words- Four Seasons Hotel, Royal Mansour

These are the most followed startup naming trends in the hotel and restaurant industry.

-Naming Trends In The Education Industry
  • Short brand names- Cram, Podia
  • Unique brand names- Chegg, Udemy
  • Founders name- Lynda
  • Acronyms- ALISON

These startup naming trends are popular in the education industry if you are interested in starting an education industry related business.

What Are The Old Naming Trends?

We are going to analyze old naming trends in two parts, 

  • Old naming trends that you should avoid.
  • Old naming trends that are still valid.

Old Naming Trends That You Should Avoid

Actually, in the past, the brand name was used just to introduce the product or service to the customers. Introducing the product or the service was the big deal back then. Less competition in the market was a big reason for this. These brand name trends are just for your knowledge and they are not for your business name.

01. Using Descriptive Words As Brand Names

Using descriptive words for their product or service was a naming trend once. The brand name itself explains the product or service to the audience without confusing them. For example, YouSendIt, Hotels.com, Toy R Us. Today it’s not recommended to use this brand naming trend for your business.

02. Common Names

Using keywords as a brand name is also a naming trend and this trend is still followed by some businesses. Some brand names are related to the product while some are not related at all. For example, Apple and Blackberry. These brand names do not relate to the product while Pizza Hut and coca-cola are related to the product. I stated earlier some businesses name their business with a keyword or common word which is an advantage for their business. You will find out why you should avoid common words in your business name.

03. Using Personal Names

There are personal names that turned into a business name, as an honor to the founder of that particular product or service such as Oscar, Lynda. But for your business, you better go with unique brand names.

04. Using More Than One Words

National Express, Aston Martin, Bank Of America are some examples of this trend; using more than one word or long brand names. The main reason why we ask you to avoid this brand name trend, these brand names are hard to memorize and will not survive on the internet.

05. Using Numbers With Words

This is a trend that you should definitely avoid; using numbers in the brand names. For example, 3M, Chanel No.5. There may be an important message behind those numbers but the latest results show that brand names with numbers are less memorable.

06. Using Misspelled Words

Using misspelled words is an old trend but can still be used even in your business as they are unique. For example, Tumblr (Tumbler) and Flickr (Flicker). Even Twitter started as Twttr and got twitter.com later to avoid this confusion.

Old Naming Trends That Are Still Valid

01. Using Initials Or Acronyms

Naming the business with the founder’s initials or using acronyms as a result of a long brand name with more words is also a notable brand name trend. For example, IBM (International Business Machines) BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke GmbH) H&M (Hennes and Maurits). This is also a good brand name approach even today as they are unique and easy to remember.

keep short image

02. Word Combining

Brand names like Paypal, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, each of these brands is a result of a combination of two words or a combination of two-word partials. This brand name approach is also a unique and trending way to create a cool brand name.

03. Using English Letters or Words

From the past, there is a tendency to use English words or write native words in English letters as a business name trend and this is still valid for today’s businesses too. English is an international language and with English word brand names, you can speak to a global audience. 

English worded brand names- Dove, Apple, Target, GAP, Mini, Starbucks.

Non-English worded brand names- Nokia (Finnish word), Huawei (Chinese word), Honda (Japanese word), Hyundai (Korean word).

What Are The Latest Brand Name Trends?

Selecting an up to date brand name is important. So what are the latest brand name trends?

01. Made Up Words

Made up words are unique and make sure to create them as easy to remember to the audience. Here you have the freedom to create new words but make sure they are easy to spell, memorize, and not a copy of an existing popular brand name. For example, Visa, Skype, Hulu, Google are perfectly made-up words.

Creative & Meaningful image

02. AI (Artificial Intelligence)

There is a trend in the IT industry to put the two-letter AI for their software or IT company to represent what the brand name relates to. For example, Argo AI, Rulai. If your business is related to AI you can also use this trend in a unique way.

03. Robotics

The latest results about brand names reveal most robotic related businesses include the words, Robo, robotic, or robots in their business names, for example, HRG( Hit Robot Group), Mitsubishi Robotics.

User friendliness image

Some Tips To Name Your Startup

Most entrepreneurs struggle in the beginning of the naming process. So we decided to give some tips on naming your startups. If you have no clear idea on how to begin; follow these steps.

  • Know the purpose of your startup

Defining your business as the first step is strongly engaged with the overall development of your business. So be clear about your business purpose because it also affects your brand name.

  • Target customers

Your brand name needs to be parallel with the customers’ decision making process. There are different types of customers in the market and Identifying and understanding your target customers will help you to design a brand name that attracts your customers. 

  • Study the keywords

Studying the keywords is a good way to get familiar with lots of industry related words. So we recommend brainstorming keywords before selecting a brand name. 

  • The global meaning of your brand name

When it comes to the brand names, you need to care thoroughly about the global meaning of your brand name or in other words; make sure your brand name does not generate any negative meaning in other languages. Unless, it can affect the future growth of your business.

  • Online presence of your business

Online presence is a prior requirement in this era for businesses. So the brand name needs to be attractive in your website and easy to type and search for the users.

  • Shortlist the names

If you have more brand name ideas and have no idea to pick one brand name ,our brand name consultants recommend this easy way to shortlist your brand name; brand name qualities!!! Remove all the brand name ideas that lack brand name qualities in them and voila, you’ll easily get the perfect brandable brand name for your startup.

  • Check the domain availability

As the final step, check whether your brand name is available to be registered. You can check it easily from godaddy.com.

Comparisons of Naming Trends

Naming your startup is the foremost important duty you should do before starting any new businesses. Startup name trends change from time to time and we cannot come for a strict decision to follow any trends blindly, it’s all matters about the startups impact which is caused by the founder. Still, startup naming is a faddish endeavor.

You can often identify which era a startup started by looking at its naming styles. We have studied and sorted out the naming trends of some of the fastest growing companies which were founded in recent years and some old companies which were successful.

Old Trend Recent Trend
Word with too many vowels(Google,Yahoo)

From 1990-2000
Name end with cute suffixes (Spotify,Napster)

From 2000-2019
Word with not enough vowels (twitter,Flickr)

From 2000-2010
Compound words (Snapchat,PayPal)

From 2010-2019
Two words jammed together with a capitalized
letter in the middle (YouTube,LinkedIn)

From 2000-2010
Mash-Up words (Instagram)

From 2010-2019
Long and descriptive Names (Apple Computer ,
Cisco Systems)

Early 1980
Human Names (Hulu,Oscar)

From 2005-2019
Fruit Names (Apple,BlackBerry)

Early 1980
Keep Short and Simple (Uber,Nest)

From 2010-2019
Startups cropping up with “AI” in their
names(Argo AI)

late 2016

Now you have good knowledge about the brand name trends and know-how your brand name should shape according to the given suggestions. Trendy brand naming!!!

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