This list was compiled by Pamela Bogart at the University of Michigan English Language Institute. The list includes most of the 570 headwords of Averil Coxhead’s (2000) Academic Word List. The source of the words here is
http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/resources/academicwordlist/awl-headwords. The definitions and examples come from selections made available by vocabulary.com, unless noted otherwise.
The manually-added notes are examples for and from graduate students in various fields at the University of Michigan.
447 words
3,623 learners
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Full list of words from this list:
-
abandon
forsake; leave behind
As people
abandon desktop computers for mobile ones, existing tech companies’ business models are being upended and new companies are blooming.Common academic collocations: abandon a hypothesis, abandon a line of research
COCA (
www.americancorpus.org) indicates academic collocates include decision, efforts, position, policy…i couldn’t find any examples in mechanical engineering, so this might be a verb used more in policy-related fields? -
abstract
existing only in the mind
The other group wrote in a more
abstract, evaluative way, prompted by questions such as “Why did the event happen?Scientific American (Dec 28, 2012)Also a noun. the abstract of an article is a structured summary of its contents. We need to supply abstracts of conference presentations for the conference program or conference proposals sometimes too.
-
access
the right to enter
But one reason may be, paradoxically, greater
access to health insurance.I need to remember to pronounce the /k/ sound in the middle: AEK sess. If not, I sound like I’m saying the verb «assess»
-
accommodate
have room for; hold without crowding
City clerks’ offices around Maine scheduled extra office hours to
accommodate same-sex couples rushing to wed.academic collocations: «accommodate needs,» «designed to accommodate [something]» common nouns that collocate with this verb are «learning, changes, differences» (COCA at
www.americancorpus.org) -
accompany
go or travel along with
Mr. Obama demands that any spending cuts be
accompanied by revenue increases. -
accumulate
get or gather together
Business would still be left with record reserves, much higher than those
accumulated in earlier recessions. -
acknowledge
declare to be true or admit the existence or reality of
Acknowledging differences in work style enables leaders to structure interactions better.
-
acquire
come into the possession of something concrete or abstract
The design of the product resembles gadgets made by Nest Labs, the connected home company Google
acquired earlier this year for $3.2 billion.Wall Street Journal (Sep 10, 2014)collocations: acquire a house, knowledge, experience
q is /k/
stress on QUIRE
obtain, get, buy
members of the word family: acquisition (mergers and acquisitions) -
adapt
make fit for, or change to suit a new purpose
Japanese officials said
adapting overseas technologies presented a particular challenge. -
adequate
having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task
Better said it had injected significant funds into the business «without
adequate returns». -
adjust
alter or regulate so as to conform to a standard
-
advocate
speak, plead, or argue in favor of
He was probably best known for his work on heart disease,
advocating prevention through exercise and diet, particularly foods low in animal fat and sodium. -
affect
have an influence upon
Would adding this data to someone’s medical record
affect health insurance rates?Slate (Jan 7, 2013) -
aggregate
a sum total of many heterogeneous things taken together
Using data from Twitter covering 60,000 trips,
aggregated within a ten mile radius, Fischer created this map of Europe’s transport network. -
allocate
distribute according to a plan or set apart for a purpose
Existing x86 processor designs
allocate cache on a first come, first served basis, which allows some workloads to monopolize the shared pool.Forbes (Sep 10, 2014)allocate resources
-
alter
cause to change; make different
-
ambiguous
having more than one possible meaning
-
analogy
drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity
-
annual
occurring every year
-
anticipate
regard something as probable or likely
“We
anticipate some potential short-term disruption,” Mr. Morton said, “but no significant long-term implications.” -
apparent
clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment
The report of Rain’s
apparent romance with popular South Korean actress Kim Tae-hee, 32, broke in local media on Tuesday. -
append
fix to; attach
The hashtag has been
appended to quite a few approving tweets. -
appreciate
be fully aware of; realize fully
There are, of course, plenty of things to
appreciate about Downton. -
approach
ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem
He said a better understanding of the links between high blood pressure and dementia could be crucial for developing new treatments or
approaches to prevention. -
appropriate
suitable for a particular person, place, or situation
Mr. Frederick said “that kind of legal strategy is perfectly
appropriate.” -
approximate
judge tentatively or form an estimate of
Food technology means they aren’t bad these days, but they’re only going to
approximate the real thing. -
arbitrary
based on or subject to individual discretion or preference
His works are often intentionally placed in unglamorous,
arbitrary surroundings like abandoned buildings, far from the sleek world of urban galleries. -
aspect
a characteristic to be considered
He will oversee all
aspects of marketing for the company, including advertising, brand management, social media, and communications, LivingSocial said on Tuesday. -
assess
estimate the nature, quality, ability or significance of
Another complexity: most studies
assess maternal drinking through interviews, and pregnant women might lie about or underestimate their consumption out of embarrassment or shame.Scientific American (Jan 4, 2013) -
assign
select something or someone for a specific purpose
A larger staff has been
assigned to the school, she said, including mental health professionals. -
assume
take to be the case or to be true
The market, it is generally
assumed, will eventually drive up wages. -
attach
be in contact with
“Indonesians are religious people, they are very much
attached to their religious teachings, their religious values,” he said. -
attain
gain with effort
He joined the Army near the end of and
attained the rank of staff sergeant, remaining in the United States. -
attribute
a quality belonging to or characteristic of an entity
Ms. Ora
attributes much of her fashion education to her surroundings. -
authority
the power or right to give orders or make decisions
Soccer
authorities have been helping those banned with getting back on their feet and finding a way back into society. -
behalf
as the agent of or on someone’s part
The husband sits in the dominant, protective role, watching his wife’s efforts on
behalf of the family and taking pride. -
bias
a partiality preventing objective consideration of an issue
More than 300 political parties contested the last general elections, representing various concerns,
biases, cries for justice and pressure groups. -
brief
give essential information to someone
“Flu vaccines are tough,” Bresee said during a telephone
briefing with reporters. -
bulk
the property possessed by a large mass
Across Portugal, supermarkets and hypermarkets, with their inexpensive packaged goods and
bulk items, continued to gain ground. -
capable
having ability
As John Stuart Mill emphasized many years ago, those who are
capable of supporting themselves should not rely on the habitual aid of others. -
capacity
capability to perform or produce
“The hospitals treating the injured are at maximum
capacity. -
cease
put an end to a state or an activity
The company said it was also temporarily
ceasing sales of modern sporting rifles nationwide. -
channel
transmit or serve as the medium for transmission
Options include
channeling more funds to the banking sector to boost lending, buying government bonds on the secondary market and even reducing foreign currency reserves. -
chart
a visual display of data or information
In some countries, including the largest developing economies in Asia, the G.D.P.
charts show no indication that bad things ever happened. -
cite
make reference to
The ratings agency
cited India’s high saving and investment rates, relatively competitive private sector and diverse economy as rationale behind its decision. -
civil
of or occurring between or among citizens of the state
What followed, officials said, was a remarkable show of international cooperation over Syria’s
civil war. -
clarify
make clear and comprehensible
He later
clarified his meaning and said the media had his misconstrued his comments. -
classic
of recognized authority or excellence
“The Blue Angel,” adapted from Heinrich Mann’s novel “Small Town Tyrant,” is a cinema
classic that made Marlene Dietrich a star. -
code
a set of rules or principles or laws
France’s Civil
Code says one must have another nationality in order to give up French citizenship because it is forbidden to be stateless.New York Times (Jan 3, 2013) -
coherent
marked by an orderly and consistent relation of parts
That leadership vacuum, Mr. Bealefeld and others said, has inevitably depleted morale and kept the agency from developing a
coherent agenda. -
coincide
happen simultaneously
The cutbacks in education and growing youth unemployment
coincide with two demographic crises facing European governments. -
collapse
break down, literally or metaphorically
The
collapse of Latvia’s largest bank in 1995 wiped out many people’s savings. -
commence
set in motion, cause to start
-
commission
a special group delegated to consider some matter
The
commission collected evidence that showed the authorities discussed covering up killings, including by quickly burying the bodies of victims. -
commit
give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause
A lawyer for the medical examiner’s office, Mimi Mairs, said the agency had
committed to “leaving no stone unturned in recalling casework she touched.” -
communicate
interchange information or ideas
By introducing the rating system to games that rely on digital distribution, Vance said, developers will be able to better
communicate their nature to consumers. -
community
group of interdependent organisms living in the same region
In November, Hurricane Sandy devastated entire
communities in coastal New York and New Jersey and killed over 100 people. -
compatible
able to exist and perform in harmonious combination
-
compensate
make amends for
The German government has already
compensated Jews who were forced to work in the ghettos. -
compile
get or gather together
Mobile video calling has risen so quickly that industry analysts have not yet
compiled exact numbers. -
complement
something added to embellish or make perfect
Third, in 2008-9, monetary and fiscal policies were
complemented by government capital injections directly into United States and European banks.New York Times (Aug 11, 2011) -
component
one of the individual parts making up a larger entity
Avoiding turnovers, hitting the offensive boards and getting to the free throw line are all key
components of an efficient offense. -
compound
a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts
The New England
Compounding Center was shut down, and inspections found extensive contamination. -
comprehensive
including all or everything
“
Comprehensive investigative reports for the four equine fatalities from the inner track meet are being completed by board staff.” -
comprise
be made of
Peck, though, was surprised to learn the other team nicknames used in his league, which was
comprised entirely of white men.Washington Post (Jun 27, 2012) -
conceive
have the idea for
-
concentrate
make denser, stronger, or purer
Mostly we were silent,
concentrating on our steps, but occasionally we would chat. -
concept
an abstract or general idea inferred from specific instances
There is little technical artistry involved, the focus instead on simple
concepts and difficult execution. -
conclude
bring to a close
Taken together, the reports have led analysts to
conclude that after years of being an economic drag, housing is now contributing to economic growth. -
concurrent
occurring or operating at the same time
Problem solving was
concurrent with physical effort, so the brain must have adapted by developing appropriate regions to enhance neurocognition.New York Times (Sep 15, 2010) -
conduct
the way a person behaves toward other people
For years, lawmakers, urged by the NRA, have placed so-called riders on spending bills that restrict these and other agencies from
conducting such research. -
confer
have a meeting in order to talk something over
He especially prefers having a radiologist on-site because he believes that
conferring in person helps prevent mistaken readings and gets quicker results. -
confine
place limits on
Is erotic sculpture
confined to temples or particular religious cults? -
confirm
establish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts
The identities have yet to be officially
confirmed, he said. -
conform
be similar, be in line with
In other words, they
conformed to feminine stereotypes. -
consent
give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to
Companies also must get parental
consent before using tracking tools such as cookies that peek into children’s IP addresses and device identification numbers. -
considerable
large in number, amount, extent, or degree
In other words, the trial court wanted to treat the mass media like a public utility, which carried
considerable consequences. -
consist
have its essential character
They
consist of arms, elbows and very long finger bones connected by two layers of thin skin. -
constant
uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing
False reviews are a
constant problem on consumer Web sites. -
constitute
form or compose
The FDA said it is also working on proposed safety regulations targeting imported food – which
constitutes 15% of what’s eaten in the U.S. -
constrain
hold back
Constrained school budgets are likely to prevent any mass hiring or arming of security officers.
-
construct
make by combining materials and parts
He wanted and received some honest feedback to help
construct a game plan that would put them in better positions to succeed. -
consult
get or ask advice from
She said she had decided to step down after
consulting family members and friends. -
consume
use up, as resources or materials
The technology in theory allows for thinner screens that
consume less power. -
contact
be in or establish communication with
Beck made eye
contact with me and nodded. -
contemporary
belonging to the present time
There is, in other words, much to appreciate about
contemporary movies this year. -
context
the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation
Geological Survey has posted some useful
context and interpretation. -
contract
a binding agreement that is enforceable by law
Other league business will also resume, including trades and
contract signings. -
contradict
prove negative; show to be false
The C.I.A.’s acting director, Michael Morell, recently
contradicted that, saying harsh techniques did produce some tips that led to Bin Laden. -
contrary
exact opposition
On the
contrary, he wrote, such clauses are used in most debt restructuring exercises, and investors “would expect Greece to use it.” -
contribute
give to some cause
In 2009, researchers at Mount Sinai Medical Center reported finding evidence suggesting that the chemicals may also
contribute to obesity in girls. -
controversy
a dispute where there is strong disagreement
But the performance has been clouded by
controversy. -
convene
meet formally
-
converse
carry on a discussion
But people in traditional societies
converse constantly, learning from one another and sharing. -
convert
change the nature, purpose, or function of something
Let us embrace book shelves that
convert to dining room tables. -
convince
make realize the truth or validity of something
They are still not
convinced of Mr. Bozizé’s good will. -
cooperate
work together on a common enterprise or project
We are
cooperating with authorities and conducting a full internal investigation. -
core
the choicest or most vital part of some idea or experience
College admission personnel will focus on your performance in this year’s
core academic classes. -
correspond
be compatible, similar, or consistent
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had made the temporary cease-fire by Israel’s airplanes conditional on a
corresponding halt to rocket fire from Gaza. -
create
bring into existence
What started as a few coins to buy one hen ends up
creating jobs for people all over Ghana. -
criterion
the ideal in terms of which something can be judged
Regulators say lenders must consider at least eight
criteria, including a borrower’s credit history, debt obligations, employment status, income and assets. -
crucial
of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis
Developing Internet programming is a
crucial part of Sony’s future, he said. -
culture
a particular society at a particular time and place
“It was really mixed
cultures growing up,” she said. -
currency
the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used
-
cycle
a periodically repeated sequence of events
But real estate tends to move in longer
cycles, and Mr. Case is still saying now is a good time to buy. -
debate
a discussion with reasons for and against some proposal
“Political capital in the gun
debate only goes so far. -
decade
a period of 10 years
Decades ago, Andrews whittled wood, watching the shavings fall away to reveal something recognizable.
-
decline
grow worse
But there will be less dancing now, because the chickens’ numbers have
declined. -
deduce
conclude by reasoning
-
define
show the form or outline of
Relative greatness can be tricky to
define across tennis eras. -
definite
precise; explicit and clearly defined
While there are no
definite plans yet, “we are looking to broaden our outreach beyond New York,” said Terry Lynam, a spokesman for North Shore.New York Times (Mar 8, 2012) -
demonstrate
give an exhibition of to an interested audience
“Over a century of experience in the United States has
demonstrated the powerful role women’s colleges play in educating women leaders.” -
denote
be a sign or indication of
Heard in that light, the work’s agonized gestures, halting pace and tense silences
denoted courage and ineffable dignity.New York Times (Mar 12, 2012) -
deny
declare untrue; contradict
Both the military and Mr. Qadri have publicly
denied working together. -
depress
push down
«It was the most
depressing meeting ever,» said one attendee who spoke on the condition of anonymity. -
derive
come from
He said his son was «a very simple person at heart» who »
derives pleasures from simple things in life.» -
design
the act of working out the form of something
The previous models had identical
designs that made it easier for bump drafting because the front and rear bumpers lined up squarely.New York Times (Jan 12, 2013) -
detect
discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
But soon enough, they
detected something wrong, not least that Mr. Holmes was apparently trying to conceal a handgun. -
device
an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose
Mr. Scal said wireless fitness
devices were becoming popular because they address basic needs for consumers, unlike another trend seen at the show, enormous televisions. -
devote
dedicate
He says movies based on video games rarely please
devoted fans and could taint the brand. -
differentiate
be a distinctive feature, attribute, or trait
“Whirlpool’s key
differentiating points are quality and innovation,” said Mr. Beck, and “the icing is that, hey, we’re made in the United States.” -
dimension
a construct distinguishing objects or individuals
And then there are Houston’s narrow field
dimensions, a factor in United’s struggles this year. -
diminish
decrease in size, extent, or range
The market malfunctions have been assigned part of the blame for the
diminishing amount of trading happening on the nation’s stock exchanges. -
discrete
constituting a separate entity or part
-
displace
cause to move, usually with force or pressure
“There are these young guys in the camps, very well dressed, that are definitely not
displaced persons,” Mr. Goffeau said. -
display
something intended to communicate a particular impression
Eighty of his black-and-white photographs, taken over a 70-year period, will be on
display in this exhibition. -
dispose
throw or cast away
Food trash has to be
disposed of immediately, the futon tucked into its slot every morning, each object stored after use. -
distinct
recognizable; marked
The small plant in Montreal is divided into two
distinct operations. -
distort
twist and press out of shape
But he insists that his work has been intentionally
distorted by critics. -
distribute
give to several people
Mr. Guevara said he believed the institute should stop producing films and be limited to, say, renting out sets and
distributing movies. -
diverse
distinctly dissimilar or unlike
“They represent what New York City is all about: a truly
diverse melting pot.” -
document
writing that provides information
The
document showed that the containers originated in Iran and declared the contents to be “building materials.” -
domain
territory over which rule or control is exercised
He said China’s claims included an area that was “clearly part of the Philippines’ territory and maritime
domain.” -
dominate
be in control
The Chinese economy remains
dominated by manufacturing and factory overcapacity still exists in some sectors. -
draft
any of the various versions in the development of a work
Rethinking Those Words for Screen Any writer knows the sinking feeling: This line, this
draft, this entire project, is not quite working. -
drama
a work intended for performance by actors on a stage
She studied art, music and
drama in high school and later attended Compton Community College. -
duration
the period of time during which something continues
The researchers also found that short sleep
duration and snoring were each independently associated with a greater likelihood of sleepy driving. -
economy
the system of production and distribution and consumption
The Chinese
economy remains dominated by manufacturing and factory overcapacity still exists in some sectors. -
element
one of the individual parts making up a composite entity
The importance of employment for former fighters is acknowledged as an important
element of keeping them from picking up arms again. -
eliminate
end, take out, or do away with
School districts have reported
eliminating thousands of jobs, increasing class sizes and reducing library services and other programs. -
emerge
come out into view, as from concealment
But an
emerging labor shortage, particularly of young workers, has changed that picture. -
emphasis
special importance or significance
Instead, Mr. Langston explained, the
emphasis is on using existing geriatricians as educators and consultants for the generalist physicians who will actually treat older patients. -
empirical
derived from experiment and observation rather than theory
The precise impact can only be determined by careful analysis unencumbered by dogmatic beliefs not anchored in
empirical results. -
enable
provide the means to perform some task
New technologies have raised productivity and profits, while
enabling companies to shed workers and slice payroll. -
encounter
a casual or unexpected convergence
Mr. Reimer also reported that both diesel engines shut off around this time, Mr. Sumwalt said, though he
encountered no problems with steering. -
enforce
compel to behave in a certain way
These rules were strictly
enforced using the flight recording equipment they carried. -
enhance
make better or more attractive
Happily, the field is evolving in ways that may
enhance safety. -
enormous
extraordinarily large in size or extent or degree
Some exhibits designed by Gallagher & Associates are less enticing, including
enormous interactive video databases. -
ensure
make certain of
The Interior Department remains focused on
ensuring safe drilling rather than barring drilling off Alaska’s coast. -
entity
that which is perceived to have its own distinct existence
He said about half of all companies today were structured as so-called pass-through
entities. -
environment
the totality of surrounding conditions
“I would rather him be in a classroom
environment,” Ms. Allen said. -
equate
consider or describe as similar or analogous
Bacon said physical activity was important to good health but might not necessarily
equate with weight loss. -
equip
provide with, usually for a specific purpose
Some are getting rid of checkout lanes and registers altogether in favor of roaming clerks
equipped with mobile devices, for instance. -
equivalent
being essentially comparable to something
And 100 half-time employees are considered
equivalent to 50 full-time employees. -
erode
become ground down or deteriorate
“The state’s historical lack of spending has had an
eroding effect on the district,” he said. -
establish
set up or found
The most recent one was
established by Ford Motors in Mountain View, Calif., in June. -
estate
extensive landed property retained by the owner
Today he earns his living in the real
estate market niche known as A.R.V., for “after repair value.” -
estimate
judge tentatively
By some
estimates, half of the nation’s health care plans are run by companies in the Nashville area. -
ethic
the principles of right and wrong for an individual or group
Professor Gillers, the legal
ethics expert, agreed, saying the
ethics rules do not forbid paying for information. -
ethnic
distinctive of the ways of living of a group of people
A vibrant
ethnic melting pot, Marseille is also home to an increasing number of contemporary art and avant-garde performances. -
evaluate
estimate the nature, quality, ability or significance of
On Wednesday, his office released a statement saying the public prosecutor would
evaluate the commission’s findings. -
eventual
expected to follow in the indefinite future
-
evident
clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment
In addition, the report’s loss estimates are somewhat surprising given that the loans it examined were made after the mortgage crisis became
evident. -
evolve
undergo development
“This is an
evolving and emerging threat,” he said. -
exceed
be superior or better than some standard
An earlier review by the commission found that credit card tips
exceeded 20 percent in fall 2009. -
exclude
prevent from entering; shut out
The most rigorous Drug Free Sport testing panel
excludes drugs like peptide hormones, stimulants, narcotics and many masking agents. -
exhibit
show; make visible or apparent
Some
exhibits designed by Gallagher & Associates are less enticing, including enormous interactive video databases. -
expand
make bigger or wider in size, volume, or quantity
American economic output has continued to
expand at a sluggish pace. -
expert
a person with special knowledge who performs skillfully
But even so, such controls have some benefits, public health
experts say. -
explicit
precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable
And then there’s the film’s
explicit subject matter. -
exploit
use or manipulate to one’s advantage
But their potential in other subject areas is already being
exploited. -
export
sell or transfer abroad
Such findings have implications for national
export officials. -
expose
show; make visible or apparent
Empty picture frames hang on
exposed brick walls, blank as the mind. -
external
happening or arising outside some limits or surface
“
External demand seems to be holding up better than we had thought,” Mr. Moëc said. -
extract
remove, usually with some force or effort
Green tea
extracts, more richly concentrated with EGCG, may not be much better. -
facilitate
make easier
“We have seen over and over again that states are very eager to
facilitate direct investment promotion efforts,” Mr. Riskind said. -
factor
anything that contributes causally to a result
So other
factors, such as genetics, may be more important for human longevity. -
feature
a prominent attribute or aspect of something
The organic results
featured several Nike entries and various shoe retailers, but no comparison shopping sites, at least not on the first page. -
federal
of a government with central and regional authorities
Currently, people using the card get only one free withdrawal per deposit of
federal funds. -
finance
the commercial activity of providing funds and capital
Some of the student exchanges are
financed by the Erasmus Program, while others rely on joint agreements. -
finite
bounded in magnitude or spatial or temporal extent
But a broken bone, unlike stretched ligaments, usually heals completely in a
finite period of time. -
flexible
able to adjust readily to different conditions
Where screens are concerned, apparently, the future remains
flexible. -
fluctuate
move or sway in a rising and falling or wavelike pattern
This create a
fluctuating magnetic field that generates heat without physical contact. -
focus
the concentration of attention or energy on something
The second half
focused on specific 20th-century songs in the Gilbert and Sullivan style. -
format
the organization of data according to preset specifications
What customers are now seeing reflects changes in the
format of Google results. -
formula
a symbolic representation of the composition of a compound
One former member of the DNA Subcommittee said he was concerned the
formula was based on assumptions, not practice. -
forthcoming
easygoing and open when speaking or sharing information
Reflecting on the match Broad outlined the problem clearly enough but was less
forthcoming about the likely solution.«Forthcoming» also implies that someone will say something that others might be reluctant to say, or that the context might suggest one would be uncomfortable saying.
-
foundation
education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field
The
foundation has grown, supporting visual as well as performing artists and changing its name to the
Foundation for Contemporary Arts. -
framework
the underlying structure
-
function
what something is used for
Her best works
function like brilliant collages, creating meaning through idiosyncratic constellations of references and concepts. -
fund
a reserve of money set aside for some purpose
A year later, he and other enthusiasts received a state charter to start collecting
funds and archival material. -
fundamental
serving as an essential component
“Providing access to the
fundamental technology is entirely different,” he said in an e-mail Friday. -
furthermore
in addition
Furthermore, the train in Europe or Asia is likely to have traveled at much higher speed.
-
gender
properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of sex
Thousands marching for
gender justice on New Years eve.The vocabulary.com definitions of gender lack a common academic use of the word in sociology, anthropology, and other social sciences to denote the socially constructed category of gender identity, e.g. what it means to be «male» or «female» and how something in-between is silently categorized as abnormal.
-
generate
bring into existence
But China is not particularly interested in sharing much of the wealth the railroad would
generate. -
generation
a coming into being
Among them: research showing that boomers are giving their time to community groups at higher rates than past
generations. -
globe
an object with a spherical shape
Some artists have created somewhat darker snow
globes. -
goal
the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve
“
Goals can be extremely effective, depending on how people set and approach them,” he says. -
grade
a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality
In all, 17,000 students and more than 1,100 teachers would be affected by closings, program changes and new
grade configurations. -
grant
allow to have
-
guarantee
an unconditional commitment that something will happen
He found his previous job within 30 days, picking up a year’s
guaranteed contract work in Hartford. -
guideline
a rule that provides direction for appropriate behavior
Hang gliding became safer as technology improved and training
guidelines were established. -
hierarchy
a series of ordered groupings within a system
-
highlight
move into the foreground to make more visible or prominent
One particularly striking finding in their analysis
highlights the power that comes with drawing the maps. -
hypothesis
a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations
His
hypothesis was neglected for many years because the methodology for detecting such chemical factors in the living embryo was not yet available.Scientific American (Jan 3, 2013) -
identical
being the exact same one
The previous models had
identical designs that made it easier for bump drafting because the front and rear bumpers lined up squarely.New York Times (Jan 11, 2013) -
identify
give the name or characteristics of
The spokeswoman declined to be
identified by name, citing company policy. -
ideology
an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group
Unfortunately, some United States officials are so captured or captivated by the
ideology of modern banking that they want to play along. -
ignorance
the lack of knowledge or education
One thing I felt keenly while reading was the
ignorance of even great minds, based on when they lived in history.New York Times (Jun 6, 2012) -
illustrate
depict with a visual representation
Investigators have so far not linked any historical pipeline problems to malicious cyberactivity, but software malfunctions have
illustrated the potential threat. -
image
a visual representation produced on a surface
Images of a hang glider soaring through the Grand Canyon were offset by reports of dozens of pilots dying each year in accidents.
-
immigrate
come into a new country and change residency
When Mr. Salomon was 19, he
immigrated to the United States; his father worked in a factory in New York City. -
impact
have an effect upon
Whatever the economic
impact of low interest rates, they seem to be helping corporate America. -
implement
apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design
The big idea: Many business leaders struggle with
implementing strategic change. -
implicate
bring into intimate and incriminating connection
The cases involving big banks, he said, lacked sufficient evidence
implicating C.E.Os. -
implicit
suggested though not directly expressed
But he said there was an
implicit understanding that high-ranking officials were off limits. -
imply
express or state indirectly
Foreign exchange reserves have remained largely static for 18 months,
implying that the Chinese central bank has made no major intervention in the currency. -
impose
compel to behave in a certain way
Similar restrictions have been
imposed by the United Kingdom, Chile and Brazil. -
incentive
a positive motivational influence
But using generous economic
incentives and relying on conventions has been called an outdated economic strategy. -
incidence
the relative frequency of occurrence of something
-
incline
lower or bend, as in a nod or bow
Corporations are generally
inclined to settle potential cases because even being indicted can cripple business. -
income
the amount of money one makes over a period of time
Even if
income tax rates are higher later, I think the tax deferral” makes up for that increase. -
incorporate
unite or merge with something already in existence
-
indicate
designate a place, direction, person, or thing
Instead, he
indicated he might have some inside information on who will be. -
individual
being or characteristic of a single thing or person
“Everybody needs to put
individual thoughts behind them,” Smith said. -
induce
cause to act in a specified manner
Ms. Ortega was not in a medically
induced coma. -
inevitable
incapable of being avoided or prevented
But, he said, “In time, as society becomes more comfortable and legal concerns are ironed out, full autonomy will become practical,
inevitable and necessary.” -
infer
conclude by reasoning
-
infrastructure
the basic features of a system or organization
Mongolia’s vast grasslands have long attracted adventure travelers, particularly those willing to go on horseback, but a limited tourism
infrastructure has kept numbers low. -
inherent
existing as an essential constituent or characteristic
But all predictions based on computer projections have
inherent uncertainties. -
inhibit
limit the range or extent of
However, she said that the respondents might have been
inhibited in answering because their interviews were carried out in front of other family members. -
initial
occurring at the beginning
In fact, Emery still has
initial interviews scheduled. -
initiate
set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for
In the last half-dozen presidential campaigns, the news media have attempted to bring more accountability by
initiating ad watches and fact checks. -
injure
cause damage or affect negatively
Players saw Smith benched two months ago because he admitted he was
injured. -
innovate
bring something new to an environment
They are really looking for someone to
innovate in nutrition and hunger solutions. -
insert
put or introduce into something
He said he tried unsuccessfully to
insert renovations into Lincoln Center’s master plan, “but basically the program was over.” -
insight
clear or deep perception of a situation
But he found that being calm, clear and compassionate gave him better
insights and better timing. -
inspect
look over carefully
Accredited outside auditors
inspected the factory on Walmart’s behalf at least twice in 2011, he said. -
instance
an item of information that is typical of a class or group
Research has found, for
instance, that Indian mothers tend to breast-feed boys longer than they do girls, Ms. Anderson said. -
institute
set up or lay the groundwork for
The Electric Power Research
Institute has some advice, none of it encouraging.There is an additional meaning of «institute» not raised in vocabulary.com, that is, to implement.
-
instruct
impart skills or knowledge to
He is not technically an assistant coach, but he helps
instruct the quarterbacks. -
integral
existing as an essential constituent or characteristic
As this season has gone on, it has become more
integral in Seattle’s offense. -
integrate
make into a whole or make part of a whole
This mission is complicated by the fact that Moscow’s ruling class is, in fact, already deeply
integrated into Western Europe. -
integrity
an undivided or unbroken completeness with nothing wanting
Engineers determined that weaker ones were originally installed, raising concerns about the structure’s
integrity. -
intelligence
the ability to comprehend
He also noted that to carry out commando raids, the American military needs bases, an
intelligence network and arrangements for medical evacuation. -
intense
extremely sharp
“Currently in China people are unusually sensitive to developments like this, and so the reaction has been quite
intense,” Mr. Zhan said. -
interact
do something together or with others
He clearly enjoyed
interacting with sports fans of Chicago he respects. -
intermediate
around the middle of a scale of evaluation
Has also assumed a bigger role in the passing game, primarily at the
intermediate levels. -
internal
located inward
The
Internal Revenue Service issued guidance to employers to increase withholding from paychecks beginning Tuesday to match new tax rates at every income level. -
interpret
make sense of; assign a meaning to
But people do
interpret and observe religion differently and, as Celtics Coach Doc Rivers noted, a fair number of folks “do work on Christmas.” -
interval
the distance between things
Players who sustained head injuries also received scans at three
intervals after the injuries, with researchers using advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques. -
intervene
get involved, so as to alter or hinder an action
Meanwhile, financial markets remain focused on how the European Central Bank might actually go about
intervening in government bond markets.New York Times (Aug 20, 2012) -
intrinsic
belonging to a thing by its very nature
-
investigate
conduct an inquiry of
Police detectives are
investigating several thefts in at least two precincts that appear to include the same suspects, said Sgt. -
invoke
cite as an authority
Yet the concepts
invoked are often abstract, requiring reflection and explanation. -
involve
contain as a part
Another United States Attorney’s office could reopen that investigation, several lawyers
involved in the case said, although that is unlikely. -
isolate
place or set apart
That damage would have been reduced by about two-thirds if controllers in Houston
isolated the rupture as soon as problems emerged, investigators said. -
issue
some situation or event that is thought about
The big
issues that Nokia faces, he said, are “managing efficiently, building great products and changing the way we operate. -
journal
a periodical dedicated to a particular subject
-
justify
show to be right by providing proof
Justifying her sentence, she noted that the men were driven by financial motives and difficult family circumstances rather than ideology.
-
label
a brief description given for purposes of identification
Ms. Lutz, the Living Essentials spokeswoman, said the bold “No Crash Later” statement on product
labels was followed by a special mark. -
layer
a single thickness of some substance or material
“If Disney can drive more value from existing infrastructure by
layering on technology, that is extremely powerful,” said Mr. Brown of Lo-Q. -
lecture
an educational talk delivered by a teacher in a classroom
But each year, Mr. Wright gives a
lecture on his experiences as a parent of a child with special needs. -
legal
established by or founded upon law or official rules
As required by state law, the patient’s
legal guardian was notified, along with local law enforcement. -
legislate
make laws or bills
But the recently introduced Lisbon Treaty has widened the scope for Brussels to ask member nations to
legislate on criminal matters.New York Times (Dec 8, 2010) -
locate
determine the place of by searching or examining
But no one has ever thought that the fountain might be
located beneath a house in Maine. -
maintain
keep in a certain state, position, or activity
Mr. Sprecher indicated that he was willing to
maintain two headquarters, ICE’s home in Atlanta and the Big Board’s center in New York City. -
major
greater in number or size or amount
Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. also is meeting separately Thursday with
major gun retailers, including Wal-Mart. -
manipulate
influence or control shrewdly or deviously
As the financial crisis was heating up, Barclays said it
manipulated rates to increase profits and hide its failing financial health. -
manual
of or relating to the hands
However, back at the other office, Mr. Tuli did point out an engineer who was translating
manuals for companies assembling DataWind tablets in China. -
margin
the boundary line or area immediately inside the boundary
The new military spending bill, known as the 2013 National Defense Authorization Act, was passed in both houses of Congress by wide
margins. -
mature
having reached full natural growth or development
Coach Mike Smith said Monday they had learned from and been
matured by their recent disappointments. -
mechanism
device consisting of a piece of machinery
Mr. Kasuri expressed surprise over the government’s failure to install an effective firewall
mechanism despite having months to do so. -
medium
the surrounding environment
Witnesses told local news
media that the helicopter appeared to have exploded after hitting the ground. -
mediate
act between parties with a view to reconciling differences
A few violence interrupters were
mediating between the gangs’ leaders, while the rest worked the crowd, calming people down. -
medical
relating to the study or practice of medicine
But some critics said that poor and uninsured patients sometimes used the emergency room as their primary source of
medical care. -
mental
involving the mind or an intellectual process
Yet Justice Del Giudice, who was scheduled to sentence Mr. Isaac, ordered a
mental health examination instead. -
method
a way of doing something, especially a systematic way
Other schools have also adopted inventive
methods to promote graduating in four years.What’s missing in this definition is «the scientific method,» or the «Methods» section of a research paper.
-
migrate
move from one country or region to another and settle there
Jeffrey Hart is a Briton
migrating back and forth between Canada and the United States on work visas, gaining experience in natural building.New York Times (Aug 20, 2012) -
minimal
the least possible
The fighters are operating on a
minimal budget, eating just one meal a day, he added. -
minimum
the smallest possible quantity
Employees will be given a
minimum 60-day notice before any furlough of longer than 22 days takes place, according to the document. -
minor
inferior in number or size or amount
In my next post, we’ll look at how seemingly
minor details in a transaction, if not handled properly, can make your life miserable. -
mode
how something is done or how it happens
Altogether, shifting transportation
modes would drive up prices, he said, adding, “Rail is not the answer.” -
modify
cause to change; make different
Riders complained about inaccurate
modified schedules on the Web site — a criticism the agency sometimes acknowledged. -
monitor
keep an eye on; keep under surveillance
A screen in one corner relayed footage from the closed circuit cameras installed across the office floors,
monitoring staff activity. -
motive
the reason that arouses action toward a desired goal
But his prime
motive in choosing Google, he said, was online collaboration. -
mutual
common to or shared by two or more parties
Teams are taught four skill sets: leadership,
mutual support, situation monitoring and communication. -
negate
make ineffective by counterbalancing the effect of
She notes that salad dressing packets typically contain as many as four servings, which can
negate any nutritional value of the greens.Washington Post (Dec 20, 2011) -
neutral
having no personal preference
As head of state, the queen performs some ceremonial and formal duties related to government but must remain
neutral on political matters.New York Times (Dec 19, 2012) -
nevertheless
despite anything to the contrary
Nevertheless, Mr. Ostreicher ended up in June 2011 as the only American in Palmasola Prison, an experience he described as “sheer terror.”
-
nonetheless
despite anything to the contrary
Nonetheless, Mr. Cowen’s illnesses have led to his falling about $8,400 behind in his rent; he could face eviction proceedings beginning next month.
-
norm
a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical
However, let’s take it one step further, beyond social
norms. -
normal
conforming with a standard, level, or type
“I think this is going to end up like a regular summer weekend, no more busy than
normal,” he said. -
notion
a general inclusive concept
The
notion that India’s weak manufacturing sector can catch up to China in advanced computer hardware also strikes some experts as far-fetched. -
notwithstanding
despite anything to the contrary
-
nuclear
constituting the core or central part
A few prominent environmentalists argue that the rapidly heating world cannot make wrenching changes without
nuclear power to ease the transition. -
objective
the goal intended to be attained
Mr. Dempsey’s stated main
objective was to preserve as many Tully’s jobs as possible. -
obtain
come into possession of
A Web site marketing Wegelin’s services said, «Neither the Swiss government nor any other government can
obtain information about your bank account.» -
obvious
easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind
Jet lag’s severity depends on several factors, the most
obvious being how many time zones you crossed. -
occupy
live in (a certain place)
Next to it is a lane usually
occupied by parked vehicles, and then a traffic lane. -
occur
be found to exist
However nothing else
occurred, and in a few minutes he had gone back to sleep. -
offset
a compensating equivalent
That is a particularly weighty question, given the urgent need for tax revenue to
offset the ballooning federal budget deficit. -
ongoing
currently happening
-
option
one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen
“All
options are on the table,” said a senior European official who is participating in the talks but was not authorized to speak publicly. -
outcome
something that results
Sure, compound interest has a powerful
outcome, but it takes an awfully long time to become fun and exciting. -
output
production of a certain amount
American economic
output has continued to expand at a sluggish pace. -
overall
involving only main features
-
overlap
extend over and cover a part of
The building housed a research center run by the national security agency, one of many
overlapping intelligence agencies.New York Times (Jul 19, 2012) -
panel
sheet that forms a distinct section of something
On request, Mr. Singh showed a sample of a touchscreen
panel that he said had been made at DataWind’s manufacturing unit in Montreal. -
paradigm
a standard or typical example
Even if these new shows end up being remakes of familiar
paradigms, more is at stake here. -
parallel
being everywhere equidistant and not intersecting
Increasingly she turned to writing about the recipes she was trying as her interest in cooking deepened in
parallel to her relationship. -
participate
be involved in
“All options are on the table,” said a senior European official who is
participating in the talks but was not authorized to speak publicly. -
passive
lacking in energy or will
On this night, Ms. Meade basically brought to a character a vulnerability that came across as
passive. -
perceive
become aware of through the senses
Insurance, like taxes, quantifies the
perceived societal cost of an activity. -
period
an amount of time
“We were a little bit lost last year when he was out for such an extended
period of time,” Troy Brouwer said. -
persist
continue to exist
While the specific numbers have most likely shifted over time, the basic categories
persist. -
perspective
a way of regarding situations or topics
It is helpful to summarize the important policy effects on the labor market from workers’
perspectives in terms of marginal tax rates. -
phase
any distinct time period in a sequence of events
“He’s progressively gotten better in all
phases,” Haslett said. -
phenomenon
any state or process known through the senses
Researchers found that employee turnover slows down considerably as businesses get older and bigger, which could be contributing to the wage
phenomenon. -
philosophy
a belief accepted as authoritative by some group or school
He often coupled common sense with Greek
philosophy, which, he wrote, «seemed to astonish the whole journalistic fraternity in New York City.» -
physical
involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit
Various companies showed off tools that intervened in our
physical lives. -
policy
a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group
“Chuck Hagel is out of the mainstream,” Mr. Graham says, “on most issues regarding foreign
policy.” -
portion
something determined in relation to a thing that includes it
A large
portion of that is held by a group of hedge funds including York Capital Management, which invests heavily in distressed debt. -
pose
put into a certain place or abstract location
Pointing out the potential hazards
posed by data brokers and the like is part of Mr. Fertik’s M.O. -
positive
characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance
“Call me an optimist, but I see
positive indications of the markets moving forward,” he said. -
potential
existing in possibility
Investors fixated last year on so-called tail risks, or
potential negative surprises. -
practitioner
someone who carries out a learned profession
“Many
practitioners haven’t caught up to the advanced technology yet,” he said. -
precede
be earlier in time
-
precise
sharply exact or accurate or delimited
The
precise impact can only be determined by careful analysis unencumbered by dogmatic beliefs not anchored in empirical results. -
predict
make a guess about what will happen in the future
Research is why he will never live in Seattle, he said; scientists are
predicting a big earthquake someday. -
predominant
having superior power or influence
-
preliminary
preceding or in preparation for something more important
West Bengal: A
preliminary medical examination suggested that a three-year-old girl was raped in Goai village, the Indian Express reported. -
presume
take to be the case or to be true
The 32 remaining passengers are
presumed to have drowned. -
previous
just preceding something else in time or order
He found his
previous job within 30 days, picking up a year’s guaranteed contract work in Hartford. -
primary
of first rank or importance or value
But some critics said that poor and uninsured patients sometimes used the emergency room as their
primary source of medical care. -
prime
of or relating to the first or originating agent
Acquiring the service would not only give Apple access to
prime data but also, as Search Engine Land noted, would complement Apple in other ways. -
principal
main or most important
Among Wall Street’s
principal concerns about Facebook has been the company’s ability to profit as its users increasingly log in on their mobile phones. -
principle
a basic generalization that is accepted as true
The business was built on two main
principles: outstanding customer service and offering high-quality clothes to help people become accepted into society, relatives said. -
prior
earlier in time
Mr. Akhtar said that no
prior warning or threat had been given to his organization by militants. -
priority
status established in order of importance or urgency
“When you are running investments, your
priority needs to be maximizing return.” -
proceed
move ahead; travel onward in time or space
If successful, lawyers said, future
proceedings, at least in the pre trial stage, will be open. -
process
a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
Hall of Fame voting is ultimately designed to be a consensus
process. -
professional
of or relating to or suitable as an occupation
Mitchell, 30, entered his last fight coming off the longest layoff of his
professional career. -
prohibit
command against
One student studying preschool education said she was
prohibited from quitting her internship and was compelled to work night shifts. -
project
a planned undertaking
The landscaping
project was announced in 2011 but has taken time to advance through public review as officials wrestled with the security question. -
promote
contribute to the progress or growth of
Some rinks installed concrete floors to
promote cooling, but others employed newer technologies. -
proportion
relation with respect to comparative quantity or magnitude
Insulin is known to fuel cell growth, and cancer cells consume glucose out of
proportion to other nutrients. -
prospect
the possibility of future success
Nothing to do, no
prospects for getting out. -
protocol
forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by officials
But organizations that foster student musicians still mostly insist on standard
protocols. -
psychology
the science of mental life
David Popplewell of Brasenose College grilled an experimental
psychology candidate by asking: «Why do human beings have two eyes?» -
publication
the act of issuing printed materials
The New York Times and other mainstream
publications published hundreds of the documents Private Manning is accused of leaking. -
publish
prepare and issue for public distribution or sale
The Smoking Gun Web site
published the document online. -
purchase
something acquired by buying
He also said that there are no minimum
purchases required by distributors, denouncing so-called «pay to play» allegations. -
pursue
follow in an effort to capture
Ask for help
pursuing that interest beyond class assignments. -
qualitative
involving distinguishing attributes
-
radical
far beyond the norm
Voters appeared to prefer stability over Mr. Moon’s calls for
radical change. -
random
lacking any definite plan or order or purpose
Monte Carlo methods use a
random process to solve complicated problems. -
range
a variety of different things or activities
He successfully fought to keep cost increases within a manageable
range. -
ratio
relation with respect to comparative quantity or magnitude
Pythagoras, he tells us, used the concept of dissonance in coming to his theories about the simple
ratios of whole numbers. -
rational
consistent with or based on or using reason
Is there any
rational reason to think that things will change next year? -
react
show a response to something
Every college coach wants smart players — athletes who can grasp complex offenses, dissect sophisticated defenses and
react quickly under pressure. -
recover
regain or make up for
Figure Skating Championships later this month while he
recovers from hip surgery. -
refine
reduce to a pure state
But experts also suggested that concepts of fat be
refined. -
regime
the governing authority of a political unit
“In general, I think the
regime in Damascus is approaching collapse,” he said. -
region
the extended spatial location of something
The
region is loaded with iron, and mining companies will continue to go after it. -
regulate
bring into conformity with rules, principles, or usage
While closely
regulated by the Department of Environmental Conservation, New York also offers great fishing opportunities. -
reinforce
strengthen and support
Patterns of one or the other are
reinforced over time. -
reject
refuse to accept or acknowledge
Intermittent fighting increased last month when the rebels
rejected a government demand that they allow supply convoys to reach an army base. -
relax
become loose or looser or less tight
At a Tuesday morning news conference, Saban seemed
relaxed. -
release
grant freedom to; free from confinement
Another senior official, speaking anonymously because he was not authorized to
release military information, said two pilots were on board. -
relevant
having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue
«But working on something so
relevant to society caught my attention.» -
reluctance
a certain degree of unwillingness
But he was expressing some
reluctance to get on board. -
rely
have confidence or faith in
But there is an inherent risk in anything that
relies on transporting natural resources because demand can vary. -
remove
take something away as by lifting, pushing, or taking off
Six thousand fewer tons of steel trusses, which were
removed in 2004. -
require
have need of
Current law
requires reporting multiple purchases of handguns, but not semi-automatic assault rifles. -
research
a seeking for knowledge
Research has found, for instance, that Indian mothers tend to breast-feed boys longer than they do girls, Ms. Anderson said.
-
reside
live in
I was intrigued by our parallel worlds — two Muslim Middle Eastern women, eyes lined with pencils of coal,
residing in the United States. -
resource
aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed
But there is an inherent risk in anything that relies on transporting natural
resources because demand can vary. -
respond
show a reaction to something
Protest leaders said the court had given the state six days to
respond. -
restore
bring back into original existence, function, or position
Some other buildings in the area have yet to have their phone service
restored, however, Verizon officials said. -
restrain
hold back
Additional cuts in government spending later this year, above those already emanating from the cap on discretionary spending, would further
restrain job creation. -
restrict
limit access to
But of greater concern was this: A hang gliding flight that crossed into
restricted airspace was ineligible for the record book. -
retain
hold back within
Hirscher
retained his lead in the overall World Cup standings. -
reveal
make known to the public information previously kept secret
If prodded, Mr. Gogu will
reveal a few celebrity stories. -
revenue
the entire amount of income before any deductions are made
That is a particularly weighty question, given the urgent need for tax
revenue to offset the ballooning federal budget deficit. -
reverse
change to the contrary
But Mrs. Nader and some others are beginning to
reverse that trend. -
revise
reorganize, especially for the purpose of improving
The
revised editorial instead lauded Communist Party’s policies. -
revolution
a single complete turn
The biggest winner in this
revolution will likely be Google, with its free Android operating system. -
rigid
fixed and unmoving
The result is the smallest, most
rigid playing field in recent history: One that excludes 41 states. -
role
the actions and activities assigned to a person or group
Newsome remembers Lewis’s first news conference after his
role in the Atlanta murders was resolved. -
route
an established line of travel or access
Alabama, en
route to its third national title in four years, scored the first three times it had the ball. -
scenario
a postulated sequence of possible events
“They are always prepared for different
scenarios,” he said of the government. -
schedule
a list of times at which things are planned to occur
Washington is
scheduled to open its season Saturday at Tampa Bay. -
scheme
an elaborate and systematic plan of action
Some of these offers turned out to be Ponzi
schemes. -
scope
an area in which something operates or has power or control
The credit can also apply to a wide
scope of industries — not just manufacturing, but computer software, architects, engineers, and food processing firms. -
section
one of several parts or pieces that fit with others
The Journal is planning a full page of excerpts in its Leisure & Arts
section on Wednesday. -
sector
a particular aspect of life or activity
The China corporate
sector has been battling falling profits. -
secure
free from danger or risk
Register online well in advance to
secure a spot at your preferred test site. -
sequence
a following of one thing after another in time
“We built five separate set pieces to shoot different parts of the
sequence,” Mr. Hennah said. -
series
similar things placed in order or one after another
But laying out a
series of possible routes would allow readers to make an educated choice. -
shift
move very slightly
While the specific numbers have most likely
shifted over time, the basic categories persist. -
significant
important in effect or meaning
«To go this far without
significant problems after the worst housing crisis since the Great Depression is remarkable,» Mr. Griffith said. -
simulate
reproduce someone’s behavior or looks
-
so-called
doubtful or suspect
Better still, he said, are
so-called unconstrained bond funds whose managers have great flexibility in how they invest. -
source
the place where something begins
According to a reliable
source, “Baseball has ruled on it. -
specific
distinguishing something particular or unique
Department stores like Saks Fifth Avenue use e-mail to target
specific audiences, but older shoppers still must sift through clothes and accessories for all ages. -
specify
be particular about
The sentence mentioning the alternate swearing-in does not
specify a date, and government officials have said that means Mr. Chávez can be sworn in later. -
sphere
a round three-dimensional closed surface
After surviving the collapse of the twin towers, the battered
sphere was moved to Battery Park. -
stable
resistant to change of position or condition
Mr. Abrams said rental companies preferred to keep prices
stable and spend their energy on trying to gain market share. -
statistic
a datum that can be represented numerically
In recent years, a growing number of high schools have stopped providing class rankings to colleges, raising questions about the value of the
statistic. -
status
the condition or someone or something at a particular time
But he has made no mention of addressing North Korea’s
status as one of the world’s least wired nations. -
straightforward
pointed directly ahead
«We are always looking for sophisticated and
straightforward dishes to add to our tailgate menu,» Jackson wrote. -
strategy
an elaborate and systematic plan of action
But using generous economic incentives and relying on conventions has been called an outdated economic
strategy. -
stress
difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension
An estimated 75 to 90 percent of all doctors’ visits are related to
stress. -
structure
the building of something and the arrangement of its parts
Engineers determined that weaker ones were originally installed, raising concerns about the
structure’s integrity. -
style
a particular kind
Tunisian
Style Baked Cauliflower Frittata In the authentic version of this frittata there is a lot more olive oil, as well as chopped hard-boiled eggs. -
submit
hand over formally
-
subordinate
lower in rank or importance
-
subsequent
following in time or order
But nothing in Mr. Sullivan’s universe is random, and
subsequent chapters reveal a tangle of dark meanings under the surface. -
subsidy
a grant of financial assistance, especially by a government
-
substitute
a person or thing that can take the place of another
Cellphones, email and Skype allow more connection among family members and loved ones, but are no
substitute for being there. -
successor
a person who follows next in order
His
successor at the U.S. unit will be announced later, BP said. -
sufficient
of a quantity that can fulfill a need or requirement
The cases involving big banks, he said, lacked
sufficient evidence implicating C.E.Os. -
summary
a brief statement that presents the main points
In the committee meetings, the
summaries prepared by the first and second readers are often read out loud and discussed. -
supplement
an additional component that improves capability
Some contain anabolic steroids, and even high-quality protein
supplements might be dangerous in large amounts, or if taken to replace meals, he said. -
survey
ask people questions in order to gather data
A
survey in China on Monday found manufacturing activity in that country expanded for the third consecutive month. -
survive
continue in existence after
Last week, in fact, he
survived a vigilante assassination attempt; a car bomb reportedly killed the would-be assassin. -
suspend
stop a process or a habit by imposing a freeze on it
Last spring, Binghamton University
suspended pledging after a series of complaints about people being physically abused, deprived of sleep and forced to drink heavily. -
sustain
lengthen or extend in duration or space
He balked at describing the actions as “harassment” or “molestation,” saying that implied aggravated or
sustained behavior. -
symbol
something visible that represents something invisible
She is looking for dinnerware painted with winged goddesses, holding aloft trumpets and bald eagles, which are
symbols of the Society of the Cincinnati. -
target
a reference point to shoot at
In the mid-1990s, some joined suicide bombing attacks aimed at military and civilian
targets, sometimes deflecting suspicion by dressing as though pregnant. -
task
any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted
The
task had taken considerably longer than expected. -
technical
of or relating to aptitude in a practical skill
Ultimately, Mr. Bevan noticed that Iran had published limited
technical details of its cartridges, including bullet weights. -
technique
a practical method or art applied to some particular task
Each had been a licensed peace officer for five to seven years and had received specialized training in investigative
techniques and firearms. -
technology
the practical application of science to commerce or industry
New
technologies have raised productivity and profits, while enabling companies to shed workers and slice payroll. -
temporary
not permanent; not lasting
Then in late March, a
temporary law financing the government expires. -
terminate
be the last or concluding part of
Terminating that case without a further fight, however, would mean giving up on charging other detainees with those offenses.
-
text
the words of something written
Writing essays has never been my strong suit; I have as much difficulty conveying sincerity through
text as I do in speech. -
theme
the subject matter of a conversation or discussion
“I derive my
themes from what’s happening in everyday life,” Ms. Dimoula had said earlier. -
theory
a belief that can guide behavior
“In
theory you could have fired that cannon,” Mr. Browne said, “because the powder was still working.” -
thereby
by that means or because of that
In principle, work and investment decisions become more efficient and
thereby raise growth. -
thesis
an unproved statement advanced as a premise in an argument
My original
thesis that only Washington Nationals employees, Washington Nationals fans and D.C. media members supported the strategy has turned out to be incorrect.Washington Post (Aug 29, 2012) -
topic
the subject matter of a conversation or discussion
Her newest book, “Prime Time,” a mix of advice on health, fitness, friendship, sex and other
topics, recently came out in paperback. -
trace
an indication that something has been present
North Korea also deployed equipment to
trace cellphone signals. -
tradition
a specific practice of long standing
Yes, it’s a New York
tradition, the first gathering having taken place in 1904. -
transfer
move from one place to another
He ended up at Division III Greensboro College for two years until Clark secured his
transfer to Stanford. -
transform
change or alter in appearance or nature
Regulators say money market funds need to be fundamentally
transformed to prevent them from creating too much systemic risk.
Created on December 28, 2012
(updated October 25, 2016)
Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 2 List
- 2.1 Sublist 1
- 2.2 Sublist 2
- 2.3 Sublist 3
- 2.4 Sublist 4
- 2.5 Sublist 5
- 2.6 Sublist 6
- 2.7 Sublist 7
- 2.8 Sublist 8
- 2.9 Sublist 9
- 2.10 Sublist 10
- 3 Other websites
Introduction
The Academic Word List (AWL) was developed by Averil Coxhead at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. The list contains 570 word families which were selected because they appear with great frequency in a broad range of academic texts. The list does not include words that are in the most frequent 2000 words of English (the General Service List), thus making it specific to academic contexts. The AWL was primarily made so that it could be used by teachers as part of a programme preparing learners for tertiary level study or used by students working alone to learn the words most needed to study at colleges and universities.
The 570 words are divided into 10 sublists. The sublists are ordered such that the words in the first sublist are the most frequent words and those in the last sublist are the least frequent.
List
Sublist 1
sector •
available •
financial •
process •
individual •
specific •
principle •
estimate •
variables •
method •
data •
research •
contract •
environment •
export •
source •
assessment •
policy •
identified •
create •
derived •
factors •
procedure •
definition •
assume •
theory •
benefit •
evidence •
established •
authority •
major •
issues •
labour •
occur •
economic •
involved •
percent •
interpretation •
consistent •
income •
structure •
legal •
concept •
formula •
section •
required •
constitutional •
analysis •
distribution •
function •
area •
approach •
role •
legislation •
indicate •
response •
period •
context •
significant •
similar •
Sublist 2
community •
resident •
range •
construction •
strategies •
elements •
previous •
conclusion •
security •
aspects •
acquisition •
features •
text •
commission •
regulations •
computer •
items •
consumer •
achieve •
final •
positive •
evaluation •
assistance •
normal •
relevant •
distinction •
region •
traditional •
impact •
consequences •
chapter •
equation •
appropriate •
resources •
participation •
survey •
potential •
cultural •
transfer •
select •
credit •
affect •
categories •
perceived •
sought •
focus •
purchase •
injury •
site •
journal •
primary •
complex •
institute •
investment •
administration •
maintenance •
design •
obtained •
restricted •
conduct •
Sublist 3
comments •
convention •
published •
framework •
implies •
negative •
dominant •
illustrated •
outcomes •
constant •
shift •
deduction •
ensure •
specified •
justification •
funds •
reliance •
physical •
partnership •
location •
link •
coordination •
alternative •
initial •
validity •
task •
techniques •
excluded •
consent •
proportion •
demonstrate •
reaction •
criteria •
minorities •
technology •
philosophy •
removed •
sex •
compensation •
sequence •
corresponding •
maximum •
circumstances •
instance •
considerable •
sufficient •
corporate •
interaction •
contribution •
immigration •
component •
constraints •
technical •
emphasis •
scheme •
layer •
volume •
document •
registered •
core •
Sublist 4
overall •
emerged •
regime •
implementation •
project •
hence •
occupational •
internal •
goals •
retained •
sum •
integration •
mechanism •
parallel •
imposed •
despite •
job •
parameters •
approximate •
label •
concentration •
principal •
series •
predicted •
summary •
attitudes •
undertaken •
cycle •
communication •
ethnic •
hypothesis •
professional •
status •
conference •
attributed •
annual •
obvious •
error •
implications •
apparent •
commitment •
subsequent •
debate •
dimensions •
promote •
statistics •
option •
domestic •
output •
access •
code •
investigation •
phase •
prior •
granted •
stress •
civil •
contrast •
resolution •
adequate •
Sublist 5
alter •
stability •
energy •
aware •
licence •
enforcement •
draft •
styles •
precise •
medical •
pursue •
symbolic •
marginal •
capacity •
generation •
exposure •
decline •
academic •
modified •
external •
psychology •
fundamental •
adjustment •
ratio •
whereas •
enable •
version •
perspective •
contact •
network •
facilitate •
welfare •
transition •
amendment •
logic •
rejected •
expansion •
clause •
prime •
target •
objective •
sustainable •
equivalent •
liberal •
notion •
substitution •
generated •
trend •
revenue •
compounds •
evolution •
conflict •
image •
discretion •
entities •
orientation •
consultation •
mental •
monitoring •
challenge •
Sublist 6
intelligence •
transformation •
presumption •
acknowledged •
utility •
furthermore •
accurate •
diversity •
attached •
recovery •
assigned •
tapes •
motivation •
bond •
edition •
nevertheless •
transport •
cited •
fees •
scope •
enhanced •
incorporated •
instructions •
subsidiary •
input •
abstract •
ministry •
capable •
expert •
preceding •
display •
incentive •
inhibition •
trace •
ignored •
incidence •
estate •
cooperative •
revealed •
index •
lecture •
discrimination •
overseas •
explicit •
aggregate •
gender •
underlying •
brief •
domain •
rational •
minimum •
interval •
neutral •
migration •
flexibility •
federal •
author •
initiatives •
allocation •
exceed •
Sublist 7
intervention •
confirmed •
definite •
classical •
chemical •
voluntary •
release •
visible •
finite •
publication •
channel •
file •
thesis •
equipment •
disposal •
solely •
deny •
identical •
submitted •
grade •
phenomenon •
paradigm •
ultimately •
extract •
survive •
converted •
transmission •
global •
inferred •
guarantee •
advocate •
dynamic •
simulation •
topic •
insert •
reverse •
decades •
comprise •
hierarchical •
unique •
comprehensive •
couple •
mode •
differentiation •
eliminate •
priority •
empirical •
ideology •
somewhat •
aid •
foundation •
adults •
adaptation •
quotation •
contrary •
media •
successive •
innovation •
prohibited •
isolated •
Sublist 8
highlighted •
eventually •
inspection •
termination •
displacement •
arbitrary •
reinforced •
denote •
offset •
exploitation •
detected •
abandon •
random •
revision •
virtually •
uniform •
predominantly •
thereby •
implicit •
tension •
ambiguous •
vehicle •
clarity •
conformity •
contemporary •
automatically •
accumulation •
appendix •
widespread •
infrastructure •
deviation •
fluctuations •
restore •
guidelines •
commodity •
minimises •
practitioners •
radical •
plus •
visual •
chart •
appreciation •
prospect •
dramatic •
contradiction •
currency •
inevitably •
complement •
accompany •
paragraph •
induced •
schedule •
intensity •
crucial •
via •
exhibit •
bias •
manipulation •
theme •
nuclear •
Sublist 9
bulk •
behalf •
unified •
commenced •
erosion •
anticipated •
minimal •
ceases •
vision •
mutual •
norms •
intermediate •
manual •
supplementary •
incompatible •
concurrent •
ethical •
preliminary •
integral •
conversely •
relaxed •
confined •
accommodation •
temporary •
distorted •
passive •
subordinate •
analogous •
military •
scenario •
revolution •
diminished •
coherence •
suspended •
mature •
assurance •
rigid •
controversy •
sphere •
mediation •
format •
trigger •
qualitative •
portion •
medium •
coincide •
violation •
device •
insights •
refine •
devoted •
team •
overlap •
attained •
restraints •
inherent •
route •
protocol •
founded •
duration •
Sublist 10
whereby •
inclination •
encountered •
convinced •
assembly •
albeit •
enormous •
reluctant •
posed •
persistent •
undergo •
notwithstanding •
straightforward •
panel •
odd •
intrinsic •
compiled •
adjacent •
integrity •
forthcoming •
conceived •
ongoing •
so-called •
likewise •
nonetheless •
levy •
invoked •
colleagues •
depression •
collapse •
Other websites
For more information about the AWL, please see Massey University — New Zealand’s defining university
For more practice with the words from the AWL, please see
- The University of Nottingham
- Using English for Academic Purposes
- Compleat Lexical Tutor
- AWL Exercises Homepage, featuring 170 exercises to learn and review AWL vocabulary in context
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Academic Word List (AWL) is a word list of 570 English words which appear with great frequency in a broad range of academic texts. The target readership is English as a second or foreign language students intending to enter English-medium higher education, and teachers of such students. The AWL was developed by Averil Coxhead at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, and divided into ten sublists in decreasing order of frequency. The AWL excludes words from the General Service List (the 2000 highest-frequency words in general texts); however, many words in the AWL are general vocabulary rather than restricted to an academic domain, such as area, approach, create, similar, and occur in Sublist One.
The list is available on the Simple English Wiktionary.
See also[edit]
- General Service List
References[edit]
- Coxhead, A. (2000). A New Academic Word List. TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Summer, 2000), pp. 213-238 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3587951
- Hyland, K., & Tse, P. (June 2007). Is there an «Academic Vocabulary»? TESOL Quarterly, Volume 41, Number 2, pp. 235-253.
- Hancioglu, N., Neufeld, S., & Eldridge, J. (2008). Through the looking glass and into the land of lexico-grammar. English for Specific Purposes 27/4, 459-479 doi:10.1016/j.esp.2008.08.001
External links[edit]
- Academic Vocabulary
- Vocabulary in EAP
- Levels tests online
Averil Coxhead is an energetic and friendly Professor in Applied Linguistics in the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand.
She created the Academic Word List (AWL)- the most widely used and recognised lists of academic words. The list contains over 3000 words, divided into 570 ‘head words’ which can help learners master the vocabulary they need to succeed in an English language academic environment.
We use the list in Text Inspector to analyse academic use of language in texts. It can be used to help EFL students and teachers improve both their teaching and learning experience, and help researchers understand the number of academic words used.
We sat down with her for a virtual chat to discuss her love of vocabulary, how word lists like the AWL can transform language learning and why online gaming might not be so bad after all when it comes to language learning.
Let’s start at the beginning. What sparked your interest in English teaching and language learning?
When I was in primary school here in New Zealand, we had a teacher who taught us Māori songs, some vocabulary and phrases in Te Reo Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand.
I remember that language learning experience as being really exciting, partly because it involved music but also because it allowed me to communicate with people using another language. I found that really interesting, even as a little kid.
Then when I was 16, I went on an immersion language exchange in Tahiti which changed the way that I thought about learning languages and built in this idea of communication being key for language learning, not just learning grammar rules.
Several years later, when I was doing my bachelor’s degree, I came into contact with a considerable number of language teachers from abroad thanks to something called the Colombo Plan, so a lot of language teachers came into New Zealand.
As many other New Zealanders do, I then took off travelling and during the trip, decided to finally do my RSA Cert. TEFL in Bournemouth. Since then, I’ve taught in New Zealand, England, Estonia, Hungary and Romania.
Your work has mainly focused on vocabulary. What made you so interested in vocabulary specifically?
When I was in that French immersion exchange environment in Tahiti, I realised that my vocabulary was quite lacking and that, although grammar was important, I needed vocabulary and phraseology if I wanted to communicate.
Then, when I was teaching English in Hungary, I realised that although my speaking skills were reasonable, I struggled with the reading and writing aspects of the language.
Why? Because I didn’t have a big enough vocabulary to deal with the texts that were available to me and get enough input. Then in the classroom, I became very conscious that my ESL students didn’t have enough vocabulary to tackle texts either. It’s a real problem with language learning.
When I came back to New Zealand, I met Paul Nation and started to understand more about the research on vocabulary and more specifically, what kinds of words people need. The answer is high-frequency vocabulary [aka the words that are most frequently in a language].
What is the Academic Word List? Why did you create it?
The Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570 word families that appear frequently in academic texts and can help English language learners develop the vocabulary they need for success in an English-speaking academic environment.
I started to develop this list when I came back from abroad to do my postgraduate degree after six years. During that period, Professor John Read mentioned the University Word List, which was early work that Paul Nation had done, saying “Someone really needs to update this.”
Immediately, a lightbulb went on in my head and I thought, “That sounds like something I need to get involved in”. I was an English for Academic Purposes teacher at the time, I could see that this was the opportunity to get my learners the vocabulary they needed. So I went to meet Paul Nation.
The feedback I’ve received since doing this project has been great. I’ve had students come to me and thank me for helping them to gain entrance to university using the AWL, even when they don’t realise that I developed it.
That for me as a researcher and a teacher is when I realise the value of the work I’ve done when combined with the hard work of my students.
How can examiners, teachers, students and materials writers make the best use of wordlists like the AWL?
The most important thing for vocabulary learning is you always want to be sure that the words that you’ve learned (or that you’re asking your learners to learn) are the really frequent ones so they can give you ‘better bang for your buck’.
Word lists can help with that. They can help identify these most frequent words, tell you more about how they work and allow you to develop your vocabulary knowledge strategically.
1. Start with the most frequent words
First look at what the most frequent words are in the word list and focus your attention on teaching or learning these. Then make sure you’re getting exposure to these words in context which in this case, is via academic texts.
Although there’s a place for decontextualized learning by using flashcards and so on, it’s more effective when you’re really thinking about how you use the word and getting exposure to the words in context which underpins it all.
If the learning starts and stops with working with words in a very mechanical way, it doesn’t become part of learners’ vocabulary in use particularly easily.
2. Learn how word families get formed in English
Then the second thing is learning about how word families get formed in English. This allows the student to recognise certain grammatical forms such as prefixes and suffixes so that they can understand the meaning of words, even if they haven’t come across that particular structure before. It also helps them reach their overall goal of trying to increase their vocabulary size.
3. Start setting goals
The other thing with word lists is that they’re helpful when it comes to setting goals. You can find out how many words you need to learn to know, or what kinds of words your learners know, and then the word list can help you say, “Well, what are the next words? What’s the next target for you?”
The Academic Word List is divided into sublists of 60 words which is an achievable, bite-sized goal that most learners can handle easily.
4. Find resources to learn the words in context
Again, whenever possible you should be exposing yourself or your students to the new vocabulary in context. The development of fantastic websites such as Text Inspector where students and learners can explore more about the words in the text is fantastic as they can have hands-on experience.
In your opinion, what is the best way to learn vocabulary?
Like others in the Paul Nation camp, I believe that our focus shouldn’t be on teaching academic vocabulary per se but on ensuring that English learners are getting adequate amounts of both input and output and become good vocabulary learners.
- Adequate input
You learned your first language through lots and lots of listening, reading and talking with people. But for language learners, the input they need is a lot more input than they get. We need to encourage them to get as much exposure to the language as possible, ideally focussing on the specific language area they want to master.
For example, if they are learning English for business, they should include business texts in their exposure. Likewise, English for Academic Purposes students should get exposure to academic texts as much as possible.
However, we know that if you’re learning new words and you get new context or new knowledge at the same time, it makes it really hard. We need to make sure they’re getting lots and lots of input on things that are high interest, relevant to their lives and that they already know about.
If learners already know and understand the topic in their first language, then the focus is not so much on the ideas, but about the language that they need to express those ideas. It makes it much easier.
- Fluency practice
Output is another really important part of the language learning journey. We all recognize many more words and language than we produce so one of the difficulties for language learners is that they might know these words or recognize these words but they can’t use them.
That’s why we also need to look at fluency practice- making sure that learners have plenty of opportunities for using the language that they know well so that they get more and more fluent.
I’ve recently written a chapter in a book called ‘Vocabulary in the Four Skills’ where I explain the benefit of learners doing an activity such as keeping a diary. It helps them solidify new vocabulary in their mind, demonstrate their knowledge, get lots of writing practice and develop their fluency.
Unfortunately, a lot of learning is language-focused learning, where you’re focused on the pronunciation, on the spelling and the grammatical properties of a word, for example. But it’s all that other relevant input and output that we really need.
- Testing
In terms of testing, the focus needs to be more on what we can do and how we can plan for this vocabulary as teachers.
How can we make sure that we know what our learners already know and therefore what they need to know? Using word lists such as the AWL can play a huge part in this planning and testing process.
Do you believe that technology can help or hinder language learning?
I have a lot of optimism about technological tools being used at the moment because it can provide language learners with the ideal opportunity to improve their language skills, even if they’re not considered traditional language learning behaviours.
Often, they get what Paul Nation highlights as key for language learning in his four strands: large amounts of input, large amounts of output and plenty of fluency practice through playing massive online games.
I have a funny story about this. While taking part in a project that was testing vocabulary size, I came across a group of young non-native English speaking men whose vocabulary was a lot like native speakers.
I took them aside from the testing and said, “You guys are good. Why are you so different from everybody else?” They all looked at each other, laughed and looked at the floor.
As you can imagine, I wondered what the answer was going to be. It turns out that they all played World of Warcraft so were all massive online gamers. They spent hours and hours and hours directing in English, reading English, taking part in the games that they’re playing with high interest.
One of my students who’s just finished her PhD research was talking to language learners about this online, massive game playing activity that encourages language skills. One of the people that she talked to said, “Look, in the language class, I can look away, but when I’m playing World of Warcraft, I can’t look away from the screen. I’m so involved in what I’m doing”.
These English students are getting so much more exposure to the language and using the language than they would normally get in a language learning classroom, which is great.
What does the future hold for you and your research? What other areas have you been working on?
I’ve recently been working on a project called the “Language and Trades Education Project” or LATTE. This focused on specialised vocabulary for trades in different specialized areas and looks at how many words learners need to tackle different kinds of texts, especially technical written texts in New Zealand polytechnics.
We’ve discovered that these ESL learners actually need the same size vocabulary as someone who’s trying to read university-level texts.
These are very difficult texts- you need 9,000 word families to be able to just cope with the text, then you need much more than that to be proficient at reading the texts. These are highly technical documents.
As a result of this work, we’ve got now we’ve got the plumbing word list, a carpentry word list, a fabrication word list, a fabrication word list and an automotive technology word list.
We’ve translated those into Tongan so that we now have bilingual English- Tongan technical trades word lists.
In terms of future research, I’m keen to do much more in that space and to do more on resources looking into bilingualism.
The technical vocabulary area is particularly interesting, especially if people already have the knowledge in their first language and they’re building the same vocabulary knowledge in their second language.
Summary: key takeaways from the interview
Here are some of the key points to remember from our interview with Professor Averil Coxhead:
- Start with the most frequent vocabulary words.
- Learning new vocabulary should be learned in context whenever possible.
- Use topics already familiar and relevant to the learner.
- Ensure that students get plenty of input and output– they usually don’t get enough.
- Use word families to learn how words are formed in English.
- The vocabulary used in trades is surprisingly complex and difficult.
- Set goals for language learning.
- Even online gaming can provide excellent language learning opportunities for students.
- Keeping a diary in a second language can be a powerful way to reinforce writing. skills and to practice vocabulary recall.
- Text Inspector can help you get hands-on experience when it comes to analysing the vocabulary content of texts.
What would you like to see next on our blog?
Send us your ideas at helpteam@textinspector.com