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Although we can buy meat in the shops, some people still like to hunt animals as a hobby

Surplus is another word for extra things that are not needed.

There are still tribes of people living traditional lives in the rainforests of South America.

In most modern societies customs like celebrations and dances have disappeared.

Corn and wheat are two crops that farmers grow in their holds.

One of the benefits of playing sports is that you keep fit.

One of the drawbacks of living in a city is the noise.

Many African countries suffer from regular droughts when no rain falls for months.

Heavy rain causes floods in many parts of Europe each year.

East Asian countries are well known for their technology industries such as computers and cameras.

Exercises and sports at school are sometimes called physical education.

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Результаты (русский) 1: [копия]

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Although we can buy meat in the shops, some people still like to hunt animals as a hobbySurplus is another word for extra things that are not needed.There are still tribes of people living traditional lives in the rainforests of South America.In most modern societies customs like celebrations and dances have disappeared.Corn and wheat are two crops that farmers grow in their holds.One of the benefits of playing sports is that you keep fit.One of the drawbacks of living in a city is the noise.Many African countries suffer from regular droughts when no rain falls for months.Heavy rain causes floods in many parts of Europe each year.East Asian countries are well known for their technology industries such as computers and cameras.Exercises and sports at school are sometimes called physical education.

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Результаты (русский) 2:[копия]

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Хотя мы можем купить мясо в магазинах, некоторые люди все еще любят охотиться на животных, как хобби Излишки другое слово для дополнительных вещей, которые не нужны. Есть еще племена людей, живущих традиционные жизнь в тропических лесах Южной Америки. В большинстве современных обществ таможенного, как праздники и танцы исчезли. Кукуруза и пшеница два урожая, что фермеры выращивают в трюмах. Одним из преимуществ занятий спортом является то, что вы держите нужным. Одним из недостатков жизни в городе является шум. Многие африканские страны страдают от регулярных засух, когда не было дождя падает в течение нескольких месяцев. Сильный дождь вызывает наводнения во многих частях Европы каждый год. Страны Восточной Азии, хорошо известны за их отраслях, таких как компьютеры и камер. упражнениями и спортом в школе иногда называют физическое воспитание ,

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Результаты (русский) 3:[копия]

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хотя мы можем покупать мясо в магазинах, некоторые люди до сих пор нравится охотиться на животных в качестве хобби

сальдо — это еще одно слово для дополнительного вещи, которые не нужны.

до сих пор племена людей традиционной жизни в джунглях южной америки.

в большинстве современных обществ, обычаи, как торжеств и танцы, исчезли.

кукурузы и пшеницы — двух культур, что фермерам выращивать в трюмах.

одно из преимуществ игровые виды спорта, заключается в том, что ты постоянно подходят.

один из недостатков, живущих в городе — это шум.

многие африканские страны страдают от регулярных засух, когда не дождь.

сильный дождь причин наводнения во многих частях европы каждый год.

стран восточной азии — хорошо известны своей технологии отраслях, таких, как компьютеры и камеры.

мероприятия и спортивные школы иногда называют физического воспитания.

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Поддержка инструмент перевода: Клингонский (pIqaD), Определить язык, азербайджанский, албанский, амхарский, английский, арабский, армянский, африкаанс, баскский, белорусский, бенгальский, бирманский, болгарский, боснийский, валлийский, венгерский, вьетнамский, гавайский, галисийский, греческий, грузинский, гуджарати, датский, зулу, иврит, игбо, идиш, индонезийский, ирландский, исландский, испанский, итальянский, йоруба, казахский, каннада, каталанский, киргизский, китайский, китайский традиционный, корейский, корсиканский, креольский (Гаити), курманджи, кхмерский, кхоса, лаосский, латинский, латышский, литовский, люксембургский, македонский, малагасийский, малайский, малаялам, мальтийский, маори, маратхи, монгольский, немецкий, непальский, нидерландский, норвежский, ория, панджаби, персидский, польский, португальский, пушту, руанда, румынский, русский, самоанский, себуанский, сербский, сесото, сингальский, синдхи, словацкий, словенский, сомалийский, суахили, суданский, таджикский, тайский, тамильский, татарский, телугу, турецкий, туркменский, узбекский, уйгурский, украинский, урду, филиппинский, финский, французский, фризский, хауса, хинди, хмонг, хорватский, чева, чешский, шведский, шона, шотландский (гэльский), эсперанто, эстонский, яванский, японский, Язык перевода.

The old mechanism malfunction
Ты знаешь, что первую ночь, когда ты спа
Члены королевской семьи были приглашены
كل شيء سيكون على ما يرام
Это красная ручка
Мысли Лизы были о прошлом
Это красная ручка
A cookie is a small file that a company
there were handsome creatures among them
A cookie is a small file that a company
Когда я была маленькой,мы жили в этом го
A new student say foreign languages very
доска,сосна,граб,бук,ясен.
A new student say foreign languages very
сирумем кез курикс
Мой ребенок-жизнь моя
я не заходил в игру уже месяц
Но самые любимые это те, когда ты просто
Fundus Septum Cavitas
we have already see its
Früher diente er bei der Kriminalpolizei
recipe oleum cacao pro globulis
Старый механизм неисправен
we have already see its

Источник

Match
the words and phrases with the definitions.

1 devastating collapse	A something that happens
2 fiscal policy	B a method or tool for
	doing something
3 domestic	C control of spending
	through taxation
4 steady growth	D money you have to
	spend after paying tax
5 monetary policy	E a serious slowing down
	of the economy
6 recession	F at a slow, unchanging
	rate
7 mechanism	G move around
8 disposable income	H control of the cost
	of borrowing and
	movement of money in
	economy
9 interest	I the members of the
	population able to work
10 circulate	J something you know will
	happen
11 depression	K complete destruction
12 predictable	L the cost of borrowing
	money
13 event	M not foreign
14 workforce	N a very bad period for the
	economy

Macroeconomics

In
the 1930 s one of the worlds strongest economies suffered a
devastating collapse. It was the American economy, and the disaster
was the Great Depression. The effects of the Great Depression were
tell all around the world, and it brought about a change in economic
thinking Economists began to realise that looking at the behaviour or
individual consumers and suppliers in the economy was not enough.
Economists and governments bad to understand how the whole economy
worked. In other words, they had to have an understanding of
macroeconomics.

Microeconomics
looks at how the details of the economy
work.
Macroeconomics lakes a few steps back and looks at the whole picture
While microeconomics looks at Supply and demand for a single product
or industry, macroeconomics follows supply and demand patterns for
the whole economy.
Whereas
macroeconomics about

economic
events at home,
macroeconomics
looks

at
how the domestic economy interacts with
the
economies of other countries.

However,
macroeconomics isn’t only about knowing what’s happening in the
economy. Alter the shock of the Great Depression, governments
realised that an economy needs to be managed. Most governments aim to
have steady economic

growth,
to control inflation and to avoid recessions .Just managing an
individual business is a hard enough task. How do you manage a whole
economy? Governments have certain mechanisms
which
help them to do this.

(62)

The
first of these mechanisms is fiscal policy. Fiscal policy
refers
to the tax system and to government spending. Bу
increasing or decreasing
the
amount of tax people must pay, the government can affect how much
money people
havе
available to spend (disposable
income).
This, in turn, has an effect on demand in the market. Bу
increasing or decreasing their own spending, governments can have a
huge effect on the growth of the economy

The
second mechanism is monetary
policy.
With
its monetary policy, a government sets Interest rates and also
controls the amount of money that circulates in the economy. The
interest rate the government sets influences the rate that commercial
banks set when they lend money to customers. Interest rates have a
big impact on the economy. For example, they can affect people’s
divisions about saving or spending money

The
third mechanism is administrative approach. This is a range of things
that governments do to increase the supply erf goods and services to
the economy but without increasing prices.
There

are
a
number of
ways
governments
try
to do this.

For
example, improvements in education and (raining can make the
workforce more productive Investment in technology can make industry
more efficient. Governments can also change employment and business
laws to make the market more competitive.

With
a combination of these methods, governments try to steer or guide,
the economy on a steady
and
predictable path. They aim for gradual economic growth and to avoid
disasters like the Great Depression.

В
Comprehension

Now
read the text again and answer the questions.

1
Which
countries wore affected by the Great Depression?

A
only America

В
just America and Europe

C
the whole world

2
Which
of the following is interested in foreign economies?

A
microeconomics

B
macroeconomics

С
both micro and macro economics

3
The
three different mechanisms which governments use are …

A
all concerned with how much money people have to spend.

В
aimed at improving education and training.

С
all different ways of managing an economy.

4
Which mechanisms involve changing interest rates?

A
fiscal policy

B
monetary policy

С
administrative approach

5
Which mechanisms might involve creating job training schemes for
school leavers?

A
fiscal policy

B
monetary policy

С
administrative approach

6
What do governments want to achieve with their macroeconomic
policies?

A
to predict what will happen in the economy

В
to create steady economic growth

C
to combine different paths for economic growth

Before
you listen _

Discuss
the following with your partner.

You’re
going to hear about the Great Depression -the worst economic
recession in recorded history. Before you listen, see if you can put
these events in the order that they happened.

the
economy began to recover

companies produced more goods
for

future
demand World War 2 began

people started selling their
stocks and shares the stock market crashed people lost jobs and
farmers left their farms people borrowed money to invest in stocks

and
shares demand began to fall

С
Listening
)))

Now
listen and check your answers.

(63)

Before
you read

Discuss
the following with your partner.

In
soma ways, running a large economy is like running a small business.
What do you think are the similarities and what are the differences?

Reading
2

Aggregate
demand and aggregate supply

When
a company makes plans for how much to produce and what prices to set.
it needs information. The company needs to predict the level of
supply that will he required to meet demand. It needs to set prices
that will keep the business running. In the same way. governments
need this information for the whole economy. The total level of
demand for all products and services is called the aggregate
demand. The
total supply is called the aggregate
supply.

The
demand for products and services is how much is wanted. For a
company, the demand conies from customers. For a whole economy,
things are a little more complicated. Demand in the whole economy
comes from the following:

from
consumers, because they buy products and services (consumption)

from
companies, because they invest money to build factories and buy
machines (investment)

from the government, because
they spend money on services and projects (government spending)

from
exports, because these are sales to customers in other countries
(export)

D
Vocabulary

Complete
each sentence with a word or phrase from the box.

aggregate
availability behave exports long run predict

■ required
short run trend

The
price of a flight often depends on the

………………….of
seats.

Technology
is making it easier and easier to ………………….changes in
the weather.

When
talking about the…………………..we mean

the
total.

Some
people………………….very differently

when
they go abroad.

The………………….means
in the next few weeks

or
months.

The………………….means
in the coming years

or
decades.

Chinas………………….include
all kinds of

manufactured
goods.

Л
lot of raw materials………………….for

manufacturing
are imported.

Prices
are still following a………………….

to
increase.

Figure
1:
Aggregate
Demand

(64)

Although
aggregate demand is made up of many

things,
it behaves in the same way as demand for a single product. For
example, demand rises when incomes rise. The same applies to
aggregate demand. Similarly, demand falls as prices rise. The same is
true for aggregate demand. You can see this relationship shown in
figure 1
on
page 63. The vertical axis shows prices. The horizontal axis shows
real national income .Real national income is the value of all the
services and products produced by the whole economy. It’s calculated
in the same way as aggregate demand (consumption, investment,
government spending and exports). You can see from the curve that
national income (and therefore aggregate demand) increases as prices
fall.

Changes
in
any of the four things which make up aggregate demand will cause a
shift in demand. For example, if the government decides to spend a
huge amount of money on building new hospitals and schools, this will
have an effect on the whole economy. Aggregate demand will increase
at all price levels. This is shown in aggregate demand curve 2 (AD2)
in figure 1.

The
supply curve for an individual product or service is very simple. As
the company increases its supply to the market, it increases the
price. But what about aggregate supply for the whole economy- This is
more complex. In the short run, aggregate supply follows the same
trend as the supply for a single product. Supply rises as prices
rise. However, the long run is different. In the long run. supply is
not affected by price. In the long run, production is limited by the
factors of production. In other words, what a country can supply
depends on the number of factories it has. the number of people
working and the availability of
raw materials.
This is why the long run supply curve in figure 2
on
page 63 is a straight line.

E
Comprehension

Now
read the text again and match each paragraph with the correct
heading.

PARAGRAPH
1………………….

PARAGRAPH
2………………….

PARAGRAPH
3………………….

PARAGRAPH
4………………….

PARAGRAPH
5………………….

A
What aggregate demand includes

B
Two types of aggregate supply curve

С
The
relationship between aggregate demand and price

D
Why are aggregate supply and demand important to governments?

E
What
causes aggregate demand to shift?

Before
you listen_

Discuss
the following with your partner.

The
gross domestic product (GDP) is a way of measuring the income of a
whole nation.

How
do you think GDP is calculated?

Why
do you think some countries have a larger GDP than others?

Which countries in the world do
you think have a large GDP?

Which ones have a small GDP?

F
Listening

Now
listen and complete the summary.

The
gross domestic product is the total value

of
all the (1)………………….supplied
by a

country
during a whole (2)………………….

.
It is often called the (3)…………………..

It
is a way for the government to measure

the
economic (4)………………….of the

country.
The GDP per capita is the GDP

divided
by the number of (5)…………………..

It
is a useful measure of a nation’s

(6)…………………..In
2005. Luxembourg had

a
per capita GDP of $ (2)…………………..In

the
same year, the figure for Burundi was only $
(8)…………………..

(65)

G
Speaking

H
Writing

Discuss
these questions with your partner.

Why
is it important for a country to have steady economic growth?

The
GDP of a country is sometimes used to measure standard of living. Do
you think this is a good measure for standard of living? Why / Why
not?

Task

Work
in groups of three or four. The diagram below shows the aggregate
demand and aggregate supply curves for a country. Talk to each other
about how the curves could change for each of these situations.

the
government decides to spend billions of pounds on road building

there is a large increase in
the price of petrol

the
government increases income tax rates by five per cent

wages increase a lot

Use
the space below to write your notes.

H
Writing

Imagine
you’re a farm worker in America in the 1930s. You’ve just lost your
job because of the Great Depression. Write a letter to your cousin in
Russia.

Look
back at the unit and make notes before you start.

Letter
from history

Dear
[your cousin’s name).

PARAGRAPH
1

Tell
your cousin the bad news about losing your job and what difficulties
you’re facing.

Useful
words and phrases: made redundant, struggle to get by. landlord
demanding rent, bills to pay, go into debt

PARAGRAPH
2

Explain
the situation in America: how the stock market crash happened, the
Depression. Read the notes from С
Listening on page 62.

Useful
words and phrases: stock market, crash, fall in demand for produce,
businesses closing down

PARAGRAPH
3

Explain
what life is like in America now, especially for farmers and farm
workers.

Useful
words and phrases: high unemployment, families struggling to get by.
people depressed, people leaving their homes for the city

PARAGRAPH
4

Say
what you plan to do to find work.

Here
are some ideas: move to the city to find work, join the army, try to
sell something valuable you own and buy a ticket to Europe.

Sign
off

Write
100-150 words

Pronunciation
guide

Devastating

Fiscal

Mechanism

Monetary

Recession

Availability

Axis

(66)

Revision
Vocabulary Units 9 to 12

Match
words from box A to words in box В
to make expressions we use in economics. You can use words in box В
more than once.

■ absolute	■ aggregate	■ disposable	■ fiscal
■ income	■ mixed	■ monetary	■ pension
■ poverty	■ public	■ relative

■demand	■ policy	■gap	■poverty
■goods	■income	■scheme	■trap

Now
match the expressions to their meanings.

services
that the government provides because no one else
will………………….

services
and goods that the government provides because they are good for
us………………….

not
having enough money to survive………………….

to
be much poorer than other people in the same
country………………….

the
government’s decisions about taxation and
spending………………….

the
governments decisions about interest rates and money in the
economy………………….

the
money you can spend after you have paid

tax………………….

a
situation in which it is impossible to escape from being
poor………………….

all
the services and goods that are bought in the
economy………………….

a
way to save money for old age………………….

the
difference between the highest earners and the lowest
earners………………….

Units
9 to 12

Economic
hard times set to continue

The
government released more gloomy economic figures today. Unemployment
has risen again this month, and now ten per cent of the (1) krowforec
are without a job. At the same time, the Bank of England has said
that (2) vinnetmest by companies has decreased dramatically.
Businesses simply don’t want to be involved in (3) srki-agtkni when
the economy is like this. commented John Cash, a senior director with
the bank.

But
the people worst affected are the unemployed and their families. Many
are now spending their life (4) gisvans in order to survive.
Government Minister. Alison Wellby said yesterday that. «The (5)
frelwae of ordinary people is our most important concern». To
prove this, the government has promised to increase spending on (6)
frantres payments such as unemployment (2) fitsbeen. However, this
could be a sign that the (8) cresseion will probably continue into
next year. It seems that even in the (9) glon nur things are not
looking good.

С
Find
ten words in the square connected with buying and selling.

6
The
words in bold in this newspaper story have been wrongly printed. Put
the letters in the correct order to make the right word.

(67)

Before
you read _

Discuss
these questions with your partner.

What is money?

Can
anything be used as money?

Could
stones and leaves be used instead of coins and notes?

A
Vocabulary

Choose
the correct word or phrase.

1
One reason why people buy gold is because it

holds
its value / is taken for granted.

2
When we buy things, we swap / represent money for goods.

3
Diamonds are valuable because they are so

intrinsic
/ rare.

4
The dollar is the cash / currency of the USA.

5
When people barter / guarantee goods, they simply exchange one good
for another.

6 Banks
will only lend to people who can guarantee / barter to pay back the
loan.

7
Some shops won’t accept credit cards. They will only take cash /
currency.

8
When
something holds its value / is taken for

people
don’t think it has great value.

9
Coins
and notes are used to swap / represent value.

10
Metals have intrinsic / rare value because they can be U3ed
to
make things.

11 If
money can easily be moved around and used we

say
it has liquidity / currency.

12
Centuries ago people paid using commodity money / fiat money, such as
gold and silver.

13
Commodity money / Fiat money, like

banknotes
and coins, has no intrinsic value. It only represents value.

Reading
1

Money

The
cash we use every day is something we take

for
granted, but for thousands of years people trailed without it. Before
money was invented, people used a system called bartering.
Bartering
is simply swapping one good for another. Imagine that you have milk,
for example, and you want eggs. You simply find someone who has eggs
and

wants
milk — and you ,swap! However, you can see that this isn’t я
very convenient way to trade.

First
of all, you can’t be sure that anyone will want what you’ve got to
offer. You have to hope that you’ll be lucky and find someone who has
what you want and that he or she wants what you’ve got. The second
problem with bartering is that many goods don’t hold their value For
example, you can’t keep your milk for a few months and then barter
it. Nobody will want it!

Alter
some time, people realised that some goods held their value and were
easy to carry around and to trade with. Examples were metals like
copper, bronze and gold and Other useful goods like salt. These are
examples of commodity
money.

(68)

With
commodity money, the thing used for buying goods has inherent value.
For example, gold has inherent value because it is rare. beautiful
and useful. Salt has inherent value because it makes food tasty, if
you could buy things with a hag of salt, it meant you could keep a
store of salt and buy things anytime you needed them. In other words,
commodity money can store value.

Using
commodity moneу
was much more convenient than ordinary bartering, but it still had
drawbacks. One of these drawbacks is that commodity money often lacks
liquidity.
Liquidity
refers to how easily money can circulate There is obviously ,a limit
to how much salt you can carry around! There’s another problem with
commodity money not everyone may agree on
the
value of

the
commodity which is used as money. If you live by the sea. salt may
not be SO valuable to you. Money needs to be a good writ
of account. In
other words, everyone should know and agree on the value of a unit.
This way, money can be used to measure the value of other things.

The
solution is to create a kind of money that does not have
any
real intrinsic value, but that represents value. This is called ,fiat
money.
The
coins and notes that we use today are an example of fiat money. Notes
don’t have any inherent value

they
are just paper. However, everyone agrees that they are worth
something. More imporiantly, their value is guaranteed by the
government. This is the reason why pounds and dollars and the world’s
other currencies have value.

В
Comprehension

Complete
the table with information from the text.

	Examples	Advantages	Disadvantages
Bartering	swapping eggs for milk	simple to understand
Commodity Money	(3)………………….and (4)………………….	allows you to store (5)………………….	not (6)………………….agrees on its value lack of liquidity means money can’t
Fiat Money	(8)………………….and (9)………………….	value Is (10)………………….by the government

Before
you listen

Discuss
the following with your partner.

You’re
going to listen to someone talking about the history of money. Before
you listen, read through the statements below. Do you think they are
true or false?

С
Listening )))

Now
listen and check your answers.

1
The
earliest kind of money was used about 3.000
years
ago.

2
Shells
were used as a kind of fiat money.

3
The
first metal coins appeared in Greece.

4
The
first coins were round.

5
Paper
money first appeared in China.

6
The idea of paper money travelled quickly to Europe.

(69)

Before
you read

Discuss
the following with your partner.

■ accessible	■АТМ	■compensate
■ deposit	■ make a living	■ reliable
■ security	■ sensible	■ transfer
■withdrawal

l
As………………….against
possible burglarios. they

installed
alarms.

2
Some people aren’t very………………….with their

money
and they waste it on useless things.

3
If
you are injured at work, you may get money to

………………….for
losing your salary.

4
If something is…………………..you can trust it to

work
properly.

5………………….things
are easy to reach or to get.

6
When you………………….things you move them

from
one place to another.

7
An………………….is a machine that gives

customers
money when the bank is closed.

8
Most people have to work m order to

9
When you make a…………………..you put money

into
your account.

10
When
you make a…………………..you take money

out
of your account.

Reading
2

Banks

If
you work, you’ve probably got a hank account. You could keep the
money you earn each month in a box
under
your bed. but it wouldn’t he very sensible. One reason is that it’s
not very safe. If your house gets burgled, you’ll lose everything
you’ve saved. Another reason is that your money will lose value.

As
prices rise, the money in a box under your bed will be able to buy
fewer and fewer things. Money in a bank savings account, however,
will earn interest. The interest will help compensate for the effect
of
inflation. But banks are more than just safe places for your money
What other services do they offer?

The
other main service is lending money.
Individuals
and businesses often need to borrow money, and they need a lender
that they can trust. This is exactly what banks are — reliable
lenders. In fact, most of the money that people deposit in their bank
accounts is immediately lent out to someone else.

Apart
from storing and lending money,
banks
offer other financial services. Most of these are ways of making
monеу
more accessible to customers. For example, banks help people transfer
money securely. They give customers cheque
books
and credit cards to use instead of cash They provide ATM machines so
that people can get cash any time of the day or night.

(70)

But
how do banks make a living?
Basically,
they make a living by charging interest on loans. Of course, when you
make a deposit into a hank savings account, the bank pays you
interest on that money. However, the rate they pay savers is less
than the rate they charge borrowers. The extra
money
they make by charging interest on loans
is
where hanks earn most of their money.

For
hanks, interest is also a kind of security. Sometimes people do not
pay back money they borrow. This is called defaulting
on
loan. When someone defaults on a loan, the bank uses money earned
from interest to cover the loss.

All
of this means that most of the money people
have saved
in the hank is not there at all! A small amount of the total savings
is kept by the bank so that customers can make withdrawals. The rest,
however, is made available for loans. The amount that is kept is
called the reserve. The reserve must be a certain percentage
of
all the savings received from customers
—
for example 20 per
cent.
This figure is set by the central bank, and this is one of the ways
that governments can control the amount of money circulating in the
economy.

E
Comprehension

Now
read the text again and answer these questions in your own words in
the space provided below.

1
What two reasons are given for saving your money in a bank account?

2
Why do people prefer to borrow money from banks?

3
Do banks do anything else for their customers other than store and
lend money?

4
How do banks earn money?

5
Who decides how much money the bank keeps in reserve?

Notes:

Before
you listen_

Discuss
these questions with your partner.

If
a bank note is not real, we call it a lake
or
counterfeit
note.

How
do you know if a banknote is real or not?

What can banks do to make
people trust their notes and coins?

F
Listening )))

Look
at these notes about whether a ten-pound note is
genuine
or not and see if you can guess what goes in the gaps.

Paper
is very (1)…………………..

The
words (2)………………….are raised from the

paper.

There
should be a strip of (3)………………….in the

middle
of
the
note.

There
is a watermark of the (4)…………………..

There
is a hologram which shows a picture of

Britannia,
who was a (5)…………………..and the

(6)…………………..

With
a magnifying glass you can see the word
(7)………………….written in tiny microlettering.

If
you put the note under fluorescent light, a bright

(8)………………….number
ten will appear.

Now
listen and check your answers.

(71)

G
Speaking

Discuss
these questions with your partner.

Can
you imagine life without money?

What are the dangers of using a
credit card to pay with instead of money?

What do you know about digital
money?

Task

Give
a two-minute presentation on the history of money. First, read
through text 1 again and make notes below on the following.

bartering

commodity money

fiat money

You
can also include recent developments not mentioned in the text, such
as credit cards and digital money.

Notes:

Pronunciation
guide:

Liquidity

Copper

Accessible

Deposit

Withdrawal

Borrower

Default

Bartering

Fiat

H
Writing

Write
a promotional leaflet for a bank. The aim of the leaflet is to
attract new customers and to inform existing customers about the
services the bank offers.

Use
an informal, friendly style like you see in advertisements. Organise
the leaflet using the plan shown here.

Promotional
leaflet

PARAGRAPH
1

Give
a brief history of the bank and say how big it is today (to give
confidence to customers).

PARAGRAPH
2

Explain
what your main services are. and what advantages you offer compared
to other banks (for example, interest rates).

PARAGRAPH
3

Say
what other services you offer and how they can be useful to your
customers: for example, special savings schemes for certain people
(students / pension schemes for workers) and Internet banking.

PARAGRAPH
4

Say
how customers (or potential customers) can contact the bank (e-mail,
web page, phone number, local branches, etc).

Write
200-250
words

(72)

Before
you read

Discuss
these questions with your partner.

What taxes do people pay in
your country? Are the taxes fair? Why / Why not?

A
Vocabulary

Choose
the correct answer А.
В
or С
from the list opposite.

1
The………………….department
of the government

looks
after roads, railways and airports.

2
The
government hopes its………………….will help

reduce
unemployment.

3
The
parts that something is made of are sometimes
called…………………..

4………………….employment
is when everyone who

can
work has a job.

5
The money that you have after you’ve paid taxes is called
your………………….income.

6
The part of a person’s salary that is not taxed is called their
personal…………………..

7
The government plans many new………………….

projects,
such as building new hospitals and schools.

8
Another
word for extra goods that are not needed

is…………………..

9
When
the economy is working at full

…………………..it
is using all its resources

for
production.

10
A………………….is
a large, fast road which

connects
cities.

11
A………………….is
a plan for achieving something.

12
In
a………………….tax system, people who earn

more
pay more tax than people who earn less.

1A transport	1B education	1С defence
2A components	2В allowance	2С policy
3 A income	3В components	3С capacity
4A absolute	4В complete	4C full
5A full	5B disposable	5C spending
6 A allowance	6B surplus	5С capacity
7A personal	7B public	7C disposable
8A surplus	8B shortage	8С allowance
9A employment	9В income	9C capacity
10 A path	10B motorway	10C railway
11A component	11В project	11С scheme
12A surplus	12B progressive	12С public

Reading
1

Fiscal
policy

As
we
saw
in unit 12, fiscal policy is one of
the
tools that governments have
to
Keep the economy on a steady
path.
The two main components of fiscal policy are chanties to the tax
system and changes in government spending Hut what changes can
governments make in these
two
areas,
and
how do changes affect the growth of
the
economy?

Let’s
look first at the tax system, and in particular at income tax Income
tax is one of the biggest

sources
of
income for a government
Many

(73)

governments
operate a system called progressive
taxation. This
means that the more you earn, the more tax you pay. People are
usually allowed to keep some of their income without paying any tax.
This is called the perconal
allowance. The
rest of their income is then taxed using the progressive system. For
example:

income
Personal
Tax
to pay

before
tax
allowance
after allowance

0-1,999
10%

2,000-29,999
5,000 22%

30,000
and over
40%

Governments
can decide to change the size of the personal ,allowance, or change
the percentage that each income group has to pay. If the economy is
growing too fast, and demand for goods and services is more than the
economy can supply, the government will want to slow down ,spending.

To
do this, they can decrease the personal allowance, or they can
increase the percentage to pay in tax. This will mean people have
less disposable income, and spending will slow down. If the economy
is slowing down loo much. governments can do the opposite.

What
about government spending? How does that affect economic growth? The
key to this is something called the multiplier effect.
To
understand how this works, let’s look at an example. Imagine that the
economy is not growing. This will make aggregate demand tall. In
turn, productivity falls. This situation means that the nation’s
resources are not all being used. In other words, there are surplus
raw materials, machines are not being used
and
workers are unemployed. What the economy needs is a pull
in
demand for goods and services.

The
government can provide this pull by spending a large amount of money
on public projects. For example, imagine that the transport
department decides to spend £200 million on building a new motorway.
This will give work to building. companies and jobs to unemployed
workers. In other words, more resources are being used and the
nation’s productivity is increased.

Companies and workers on the
motorway project will save some of the money they earn, but also
Spend some. The money they spend will be

income
for others in the economy. If half of the 200 million is spent. then
the total national income has grown by this much:

200
million + (0.5 x 200 million)

Each
time a proportion of the income is passed on. the economy grows
again:

S200
million + (0.5 x 2O0 million) + (0.5 x 100 million), etc

In
theory, the multiplier effect will continue until there is full
employment and the nation’s resources are being used to their fullest
extent.

В
Comprehension

Now
read the text again and answer these questions in your own words.

1
What are the two tools of fiscal policy?

2
What is someone’s personal allowance?

3
What will the government do to taxes if the economy is slowing down?

4
How can the government create more demand in the economy?

5
When does the multiplier effect stop working?

Before
you listen

Discuss
these questions with your partner.

What do you think makes a good
tax?

Which four things listed below
do you think are the most important?

1
It’s
easy to collect.

2
It’s
paid often.

3
It’s
easy to understand.

4
It’s
not paid too often.

5
It’s
a low percentage of income.

6
It’s
easy to pay. 1
It’s
fair.

8
It’s
large enough for the government to use.

С
Listening

Now
listen to someone talking about Adam Smith’s four rules for good
taxation. Which four ideas from the list above are mentioned?

(74)

Before
you read

Discuss
the following with your partner.

Sometimes
people feel like spending money. Other times they prefer to save
their money. Why is this?

Complete
each sentence with a word or phrase from the box.

■ central bank	■ commercial banks	■confident
■credit	■Exchange rate	■ expand
■ frequently	■impact	■proportion
■ mortgage	■ repayments

1
We have to pay our bills too………………….in

my
opinion!

2
A country’s………………….is the government bank.

3
The………………….are the high street banks that

everyone
uses.

4
When a loan is taken out, usually each month

………………….have
to be made.

5
A………………….is a special loan for people who

want
to buy a house.

6
When you feel…………………..you feel sure that

what
you are doing is safe.

7
Many people these days buy things on

………………….instead
of paying in cash.

8
A large………………….of people use banks to

deposit
their savings.

9
The………………….compares
the values of

different
currencies.

10
If a company wants to…………………..to move

into
new
markets for example, it will need to borrow
money.

11 High
interest rates have an………………….on the

consumer’s
ability to buy a new home.

Reading
2

Monetary
policy

Monetary
policy
is another tool that governments use to control the есоnomу.
Monetary policy mainly involves making changes to the interest rate.
It can also involve changing the amount of money that circulates
round the economy However, this second kind of monetary policy isn’t
used very often because it can lead to inflation. Changing interest
rates, on the other hand, is a method that is used quite frequently
for slowing down or speeding up the economy. So how does it work?

Basically,
commercial banks the ones that you and 1 use to keep our savings in
and to borrow from — borrow their money from the country’s central
bank. This is the national or government bank, and it has the power
to set interest rates. The interest rate of the central bank will
influence the rates commercial banks set for then customers When
interest rates go up. borrowing

moneу
becomes more expensive. When they go down, it becomes cheaper.

People
get loans from banks for all sorts of reasons, but the biggest loan
most people take out is to buy a house. This kind of loan is called a
mortgage.
When
Interest rates increase, mortgages become more expensive People who
already have a mortgage will need to pay more on
their
repayments, and will have less money to spend on other things. Fewer
people will want to buy new houses and house prices will fall

(75)

In
turn. home owners will feel less confident about their own wealth and
will spend less. As a result, the economy slows down. A fall in
Interest rales will have the opposite effect on (he house buying
chain.

Consumers
also buy other things using borrowed money. This is called buying
on creadit and
interest rates will also affect how much people spend on credit.
Purchases made using credit cards are now a huge proportion of total
spending in many countries. This means that interest rale changes
have a big impact on consumer spending and the economy as a whole.

Companies,
too, arc affected by interest rate changes. When interest rates arc
low. they feel more confident about investing in order (to expand
their business. Low interest rates will encourage them to take out
loans in order to build factories, buy machines and increase
production. All of this increases the size of national output Again,
higher interest rates will have the opposite effect.

Finally,
interest rates can have an effect on the amount of exports a country
sells. This is because the value of a currency (the exchange rate)
often falls when the interest rate falls. When the value of a
currency falls, a nation’s products and services become cheaper for
customers from other countries. This increases export sales, and more
money comes into the economy And. of course, a rise in interest rates
will mean a rise in the exchange rate. This will reduce export sales,
and reduce the total output of the economy.

E
Comprehension

Now
read the text again and choose the sentence which best summarises
each paragraph.

PARAGRAPH
1

Changing
interest rates is the most common

type
of monetary policy.

Governments
never change the amount of

money
circulating in the economy.

Changing
interest rates increases the amount

of
money in the economy.

PARAGRAPH
2

A
The commercial banks set exactly the same

interest
rate as the central bank. В
The
central bank controls all other

commercial
banks.

C
The central bank influences the interest rates of other banks.

PARAGRAPH
3

A
High interest rates are good for the housing market.

B
Mortgages are the most common type of loan. C High interest rates are
bad for the housing market.

PARAGRAPH
4

A
Interest rates influence consumer spending. B In every country the
proportion of credit card holders is high.

C
Most people borrow money with then credit card.

PARAGRAPH
5

A
Businesses invest more when interest rates are low.

B
National output drops when interest rates are low.

C
Business investment is not affected by interest rates.

PARAGRAPH
6

A
How much a country exports affects the interest rate.

B
The interest rate can affect exports. C A rise in exports reduces the
total national income.

Before
you listen

Discuss
the following with your partner.

Every
solution to a problem has its drawbacks. What do you think are the
disadvantages of fiscal and monetary policy? Think about:

changes in people’s behaviour

length of time policies need to
take effect

F
Listening )))

Now
listen and choose the best way to complete each sentence.

1
One
problem with macroeconomic policy is that…

A
people
never do what you want.

В
you
can never be sure how people will act.

С
you
can’t stop people spending.

2
An
increase in government spending may make people …

A
spend
more.

В
work
harder.

С
save
more.

(76)

3
Another problem with macroeconomic policy is that…

A
it costs money.

В
it takes time.

С
it almost never works.

G
Speaking

Discuss
these questions with your partner.

Do
you believe people really think about the interest rate when they
decide to save or spend money?

What
affect do you think taxes have on the way people work?

Task

Give
a two-minute talk on monetary policy. First read through text 2 again
and make notes below about the following.

the
tools
of
monetary policy that the government can use

how
interest rates affect ..

—
house
buying

—
consumer
spending

—
business
investment – exports

H
Writing

Pronunciation
guide

Allowance
Taxation Circulate Mortgage

Imagine
you run a business which has customers at home and abroad. Things are
going well, and to make things better, the government has just
announced a drop in interest rates. This is a good time to get a loan
and invest in your business. Write a letter to your bank manager
asking for a business loan.

Formal
letter

Use
this plan to help you.

INTRODUCTION

Dear
Mr/ Mrs /Miss (give
a
name]. Say briefly why you’re writing.

Useful
words and phrases:

I
am writing to request…

I
would be grateful if you could …

PARAGRAPH
1

Explain
what your business is. Say how much you want to borrow.

Useful
words and phrases:

I
run a … company which …

I
would like to borrow approximately …

PARAGRAPH
2

Explain
why now is a good time to expand: (increasing sales / interest rate
cut and its
effect
on the economy).

Useful
words and phrases:

The
reason why …
I believe
this is the right time because …

It
would be sensible to take advantage of…

PARAGRAPH
3

Say
how you will spend the money.

Useful
words and phrases:

I
intend to spend the money as follows …

The
majority of the money will be needed for …

In
addition, some of the funds will be spent on …

PARAGRAPH
4

Ask
for details about the loan: How long can you borrow for? What will
the interest rate be?

Useful
words and phrases:

Could
you tell me how …

1
would
be grateful if you could let me know …

CONCLUSION

Sign
off politely

Useful
words and phrases:

I
look forward to hearing from you soon … Yours sincerely,

Write
about 200
words

(77)

Before
you read

Discuss
these questions with your partner.

Why
do banks charge interest on loans? Why do banks pay interest on
savings? How often do interest rates change? Why do you think they
change?

A
Vocabulary

Match the words	and phrases with the
definitions.
1 purse	when there is not enough
	of something
2 cash till	where a store of bank’s
	money is kept
form	to make sure
4 willing	an advantage
a plus	E has to
target	F prepared to do
• reserve account	G say formally
8 to ensure	H place in shop where money
	is kept
shortage	I kind (of)
obliged	something you aim to achieve
11 state	К a way to invest money by
	lending it to the government
12 securities	L small bag to keep money in

Reading
1

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1. The ______department of the government looks after roads, railways and airports.

2. The government hopes its _____ will help reduce unemployment.

3. The parts that something is made of are sometimes called ________.

4. _________ employment is when everyone who can work has a job.

5. The money that you have after you’ve paid taxes is called your ______ income.

6. The part of a person’s salary that is not taxed is called their personal ___________ .

7. The government plans many new ___________ projects, such as building new hospitals and schools.

8. Another word for extra goods that are not needed is _________.

9. When the economy is working at full __________, it is using all its resources for production.

10. A _____________ is a large, fast road which connects cities.

11. A _______ is a plan for achieving something.

12. In a _____ tax system, people who earn more pay more tax than people who earn less.

1. a. transport b. education c. defence

2. a. components b. allowance c. policy

3. a. income b. components c. capacity

4. a. absolute b. complete c. full

5. a. full b. disposable c. spending

6 a. allowance b. surplus c. capacity

7. a. personal b. public c. disposable

8. a. surplus b. shortage c. allowance

9. a. employment b. income c. capacity

10. a. path b. motorway c. railway

11. a. component b. project c. scheme

12. a. surplus b. progressive c. public

Task 4. Make up an investment project.

Background

“Angel Investments” is based in Warsaw, Poland. It provides finance for start-up or young companies which need capital to develop their businesses. AI is run by a group of extremely rich people of various nationalities who made their fortunes in the computer and financial services industries. They enjoy the excitement of working with start-ups and small companies, and believe that Central and Eastern Europe offers outstanding opportunities for investment. They are willing to take risks and support projects which seem unusual or extraordinary. However they also expect to make money, usually by taking a stake in the business or a share of the profits.

A team of AI investors is currently considering several proposals. After hearing presentations from individuals and companies, AI will decide which projects it will invest in, and how much money it will give to each one. They have €5.5 million to invest in the projects.

You are an entrepreneur who needs finance for a new project; the rest of the group are AI investors.

Key points for product presentations

The Business

A description of the business

· What does it do?

· What is the name of the company?

· What is the form of ownership and structure?

· Who is it for?

· Brief details about the team (age, education, experience, etc.).

The Product or Service

A brief description – including artwork, if possible.

· What are the advantages of the product or service?

· What are its unique features?

Marketing

· Who are the existing or target customers?

· Who are the competitors or possible future competitors?

· What are the competing products, if any?

· What about pricing policy?

· How will the product or service be launched and promoted?

· What are the selling and distribution methods?

Finance

· How much finance is required and for what purposes(in detail)?

Proposals:

New magazine
You need to finance the first edition and launch of a new magazine. Amount required: € 2.5 million, to finance production, editorial, office administration, distribution costs and promotion.

Relaxation tank centres
At these centres, stressed business people can float in tanks and forget about their problems. Other services will include advice about diet and skin care, a solarium, and sun beds, etc. Amount required: € 2 million, to finance premises, equipment, staff and promotion.

New sport league
You have a background in sport and public relations. You want to set up a league for a sport which at present is not well-known, but could become very popular Amount required: €2.5 million to finance administration and promotion, endorsements of the league by famous sports people, travel and legal costs.

International Publishing House
The company will look for young talented authors all over the world and publish their works. Amount required. € 2 m. for research, premises, equipment, staff, legal costs.

Higher Educational Institution.
The College will train specialists in all economic (any other) and related spheres. Amount required: € 1,5 m. for premises, equipment, administration, promotion and inviting world-famous professors.

High-tech Company
Your company will promote alternative sources of electric power.
Amount required: € 3 m. for search of ideas, production, testing, marketing, equipment.

Your own idea for a product or service
You have an idea for a product or service. You have not yet written a business plan, but the AI team are willing to listen to your presentation. Amount required: At least €3 million, to finance development, production, personnel, launch and marketing costs.

For Additional Reading

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Источник

ОГСЭ.03. ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК

Методическое пособие по проведению

практических занятий

Специальность: 38.02.01 Экономика и бухгалтерский учет (по отраслям)

Автор:

Ваганова Татьяна Павловна, преподаватель иностранного языка

Содержание

Пояснительная записка…………………………………………………………………….	4
Практическое занятие № 1……………………………………………………………….	5
Практическое занятие № 2……………………………………………………………….	7
Практическое занятие № 3……………………………………………………………….	10
Практическое занятие № 4……………………………………………………………….	13
Практическое занятие № 5……………………………………………………………….	16
Практическое занятие № 6……………………………………………………………….	19
Практическое занятие № 7……………………………………………………………….	21
Практическое занятие № 8……………………………………………………………….	24
Практическое занятие № 9……………………………………………………………….	26
Практическое занятие № 10………………………………………………………………	29
Практическое занятие № 11………………………………………………………………	30
Практическое занятие № 12..…………………………………………………………….	33
Практическое занятие № 13………………………………..…………………………….	35
Практическое занятие № 14………………………………………………………………	37
Практическое занятие № 15………………………………………………………………	39
Практическое занятие № 16………………………………………………………………	42
Практическое занятие № 17………………………………………………………………	44
Практическое занятие № 18………………………………………………………………	46
Практическое занятие № 19………………………………………………………………	49
Практическое занятие № 20………………………………………………………………	51
Практическое занятие № 21………………………………………………………………	54
Практическое занятие № 22………………………………………………………………	56
Практическое занятие № 23………………………………………………………………	58
Рекомендуемая литература.………………………………………………………………	61

Пояснительная записка

Методическое пособие содержат указания и порядок выполнения практических работ, разработано в соответствии с рабочей программой учебной дисциплины «Иностранный язык» для специальности 38.02.01 Экономика и бухгалтерский учет (по отраслям),рекомендовано преподавателям и обучающимся для самостоятельной аудиторной и внеаудиторной работы.

Данная дисциплина изучается в структуре основной профессиональной образовательной программы, является частьюобщегогуманитарного исоциально-экономическогоцикла программы подготовки специалистов среднего звена.

В результатеосвоения учебной дисциплиныобучающийсядолжен:

уметь:

общаться(устноиписьменно)наиностранномязыкенапрофессиональныеи повседневныетемы;

переводить(со словарем) иностранные тексты профессиональной направленности;

самостоятельносовершенствовать устную и письменную речь,пополнять словарный запас;

знать:

лексический (1200—1400лексическихединиц)играмматическийминимум, необходимыйдля чтенияи перевода(сословарем)иностранныхтекстов профессиональной направленности.

Материал дисциплины следует изучать учетом междисциплинарных связей с учебными дисциплинами: статистика, бухгалтерский учет.

Для закрепления теоретических знаний и приобретения практических умений программой дисциплины предусмотрено проведение 23 практических занятий (46 часов). Задания практических занятий носят личностно-ориентированный характер, составлены в двух вариантах и рассчитаны на обучение с разным уровнем знаний. Практические занятия выполняются после изучения соответствующей темы.

Основная цель методического пособия состоит в обеспечении студентов необходимыми сведениями, методиками и алгоритмами для успешного выполнения практических заданий, в формировании устойчивых навыков и умений по разным аспектам обучения английскому языку, позволяющих самостоятельно решать учебные задачи, выполнять разнообразные задания, преодолевать наиболее трудные моменты в отдельных видах аудиторной работы.

Приступая к выполнению практической работы, обучающиеся должны внимательно прочитать тему, цель занятия, краткие теоретические сведения по теме практической работы, ответить на контрольные вопросы для закрепления теоретического материала, а затем выполнить предложенные задания.

По окончании работы каждый студент должен оформить отчет.

Практические занятия являются допуском к дифференцированному зачету. Обучающийся, пропустивший практическое занятие по уважительной или неуважительной причинам, должен выполнить задание в дополнительно назначенное время.

Практическое занятие № 1

Эконометрика

Тема № 3.1. Виды экономических систем

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; формирование грамматических навыков использования глаголов в пассивном залоге; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Эконометрика»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Глаголы в страдательном залоге, преимущественно в SimplePassive

Пассивный залог указывает на то, что лицо или предмет, выраженное подлежащим, подвергается действию, выраженному сказуемым.

Лицо или предмет, совершивший действие, вводится в предложение с помощью предлогаby.

Например,The fish was caught by the seagull. – Рыбабылапойманачайкой.

TheradiowasinventedbyPopovin 1895. – Радио было изобретено Поповым в 1895 году.

Для выражения орудия, при помощи которого совершается действие, употребляется предлог with.

Например,The paper was cut with the knife. – Бумагабыларазрезананожом.

Дополнение с предлогом by часто отсутствует в страдательном залоге. Например, Thisbridgewasbuiltin 1946. – Этот мост был построен в 1946 г.

Образование:tobe + III форма глагола

to be

Present Simple Passive: am/is/are

Past Simple Passive: was/were

Future Simple Passive: shall/will

Лексический материал:

Toincrease – возрастать, увеличивать (ся)

To save – беречь, экономить

To measure – измерять

To earn – зарабатывать

To combine – сочетать

Income – доход

Salary – заработная плата

Theory – теория

Analysis – анализ

Variable – переменная

Time series analysis – анализ временных рядов

Cross-sectional analysis – структурный анализ

Paneldataanalysis – анализ панельных данных

Evidence – улика, доказательство

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в PresentSimplePassive

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст, выполните устный перевод выделенного курсивом текста

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 выберите подходящее по смыслу слово, запишите предложения в тетрадь. Переведите предложения

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 1

Карточка № 1

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в PresentSimplePassive

Вариант 1

The postbox (to empty) every day.

The stamps (to postmark) at the post office.

The letters (to sort) into the different towns.

The mail (to load) into the train.

The mailbags (to unload) after their journey.

Вариант 2

The bags (to take) to the post office.

The letters (to sort) into the different streets.

The letters (to deliver).

Bread (to eat) every day.

Hockey (to play) in winter.

Карточка № 2

Econometrics

Прочитайте текст, выполните устный перевод выделенного курсивом текста

Economists like to make theories. They theories about why inflation happens, for example, or what causes unemployment. But theories are not useful if you cannot test them. This is true for all sciences, and the same for economics.

To test a theory, you first need to gather what scientists call empirical evidence. That’s evidence that can be measured, like money spent or babies born. When you have collected evidence, you’re ready to do the math and statistics to test your theory. Economists call their maths econometrics.

Let’s take an example. Imagine that you want to find out why some people save more money than others. You may think that this depends on two things: how much they earn (their income) and how happy they generally are about saving money.

Econometrics is about finding relationships between variables- in other words relationships between values that change. Economists try to find out if variable A changes every time value B changes. They want to find out if variable A is dependent on variable B. This is called analysis, and there are two main kinds of econometric analysis: time-series analysis and cross-sectional analysis.

Time series — analysis shows how variable change over a period of time. How salaries increased over the last century, for example. Cross – sectional analysis compares variables at one point in the time. The salaries of men compared to women right now, for example. Of course, economists like to make things more complicated than that. Sometimes they combine cross-sectional with time-series analysis, and this is called panel data analysis.

As we said earlier, econometrics is good for testing economic theories. However, there is also a practical side to econometrics. The same maths and statistics are used by governments and business managers, as well as academics.

Econometrics can help governments and companies find out how well they are doing. With the data from all this mathematics, they can make better decisions and plan better for the future.

Карточка № 3

Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово, запишите предложения в тетрадь. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

Prices usually (increase/save) money from one year to the next.

People work in order to (measure/earn) money.

My grandmother’s only (income/salary) is her pension.

Einstein is famous for his (theory/analysis) of relativity.

The police search for (evidence/variables) to help them find the criminals.

Вариант 2

If you (increase/combine) blue with red you get purple.

His (theory/analysis) of the problem is very good.

People (save/increase) their money in banks accounts.

You can use a ruler to (measure/earn) the size of things.

A person’s (income/salary) is the money they earn each month from work.

Практическое занятие № 2

Традиционная экономика

Тема № 3.1. Виды экономических систем

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Традиционная экономика»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Глаголы в страдательном залоге, преимущественно в SimplePassive

Лицо или предмет, совершивший действие, вводится в предложение с помощью предлогаby.

Например,The fish was caught by the seagull. – Рыбабылапойманачайкой.

TheradiowasinventedbyPopovin 1895. – Радио было изобретено Поповым в 1895 году.

Для выражения орудия, при помощи которого совершается действие, употребляется предлог with.

Например,The paper was cut with the knife. – Бумагабыларазрезананожом.

Образование:tobe + III форма глагола

to be

Present Simple Passive: am/is/are

Past Simple Passive: was/were

Future Simple Passive: shall/will

Лексический материал:

To chase – преследовать, гнаться

To hunt – охотиться

A tribe – племя

Customs – обычаи

A party – партия, вечеринка

Crops – сельскохозяйственная культура

Goods – товары

Benefit – выгода, польза

Drawback – препятствие, помеха

Drought – засуха

Hurricane – ураган

Flood – наводнение

Technology – технология, технологический

Agricultural – сельскохозяйственный

Surplus – избыток, излишек

Shortage – дефицит

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в PastSimplePassive

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст, озаглавьте каждый параграф

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 2

Карточка № 1

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в PastSimplePassive

Вариант 1

My question (to answer) yesterday.

Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London.

St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.

The letter (to receive) yesterday.

I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday.

Вариант 2

I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday.

These trees (to plant) last autumn.

We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday.

The letters (to deliver) three days ago.

The postbox (to empty) yesterday.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст, озаглавьте каждый параграф

The traditional economy

It’s hard to imagine our lives without coins, banknotes and credit cards. Yet for most of human history people lived without money. For thousands of years’ human societies had very simple economies. There were no shops, markets or traders. There were no employers, paid workers or salaries. Today, we call this kind of economy the traditional economy, and in some parts of Asia, South America and Africa this system still exists.

People who live in a traditional economy don’t have money because they don’t need it. They live lives of subsistence. That means they hunt, gather or grow only enough food to live. There is almost no surplus in the traditional economy, and there is almost no property. Families may own simple accommodation, but land is shared by all the tribe. Economic decisions are taken according to the customs of the tribe. For example, every family may need to give some of the crops they grow to the tribal leader, but keep the rest for themselves. They don’t do this because it makes economic sense. They do it because the tribe has always done it. It’s simply a custom.

Custom, also, decides what jobs people do in the traditional economy. People generally do the jobs that their parents and grandparents did before them. Anyway, there aren’t many jobs to choose from in the traditional economy. Men are hunters, farmers or both. The woman’s place is at home looking after children, cooking and home-making. This division of labor between men and women is another characteristic of the traditional economy. Whatever the work is, and whoever does it, you can be sure it’s hard work. This is because traditional economies have almost no technology. Physical strength and knowledge of the environment are the tools for survival.

Like any other economic system, the traditional economy has its benefits and drawbacks. Probably the biggest benefit is that these are peaceful societies. People consume almost everything they produce and own practically nothing. They are equally poor. For all these reasons, war is almost unknown in these societies.

However, people who live in traditional societies are among the poorest people in the world. Because custom decides what people do, nothing in these societies ever changes. Because there is no technology, people depend on nature to survive. They have no protection from environmental disasters like droughts and floods. They are always in danger of hunger and disease.

But the traditional economy is in danger itself. There are only a few examples left on the planet. In 100 years from now, it may have disappeared forever.

Paragraph 1_____________

Paragraph 2_____________

Paragraph 3_____________

Paragraph 4_____________

Paragraph 5_____________

Paragraph 6_____________

Карточка № 3

Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово, запишите предложения в тетрадь. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

Although we can buy meat in the shops, some people still like to (chase/hunt) animals as a hobby.

(Surplus/Shortage) is another word for extra things that are not needed.

There are still (tribes/customs) of people living traditional lives in the rainforests of South Africa.

In most modern societies, (parties/customs) like celebrations and dances have disappeared.

Corn and wheat are two (foods/crops) that farmers grow in their fields.

Вариант 2

One of the (benefits/drawbacks) of playing sports is that you keep fit.

One of the (customs/drawbacks) of living in a city is the noise.

Many African countries suffer from regular (hurricanes/droughts) when no rain falls for months.

Heavy rain causes (drought/flood) in many parts of Europe each year.

East Asian countries are well known for their (technology/agricultural) industries such as computers and cameras.

Практическое занятие № 3

Рыночная экономика

Тема № 3.1. Виды экономических систем

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; формирование навыков грамматического анализа текста; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Рыночная экономика»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Грамматический анализ текста

Умение увидеть структуру английского предложения, а также и возможные отклонения от этой структуры имеет первостепенное значение для выявления содержания предложения, поскольку в английском языке грамматические окончания практически отсутствуют.

Грамматическое чтение характерного для англоязычных научных текстов поясняющего предложения начинается с идентификации сказуемого. Сказуемое является обязательным членом любого английского предложения. Оно отвечает на вопросы «что делает подлежащее?», «что делается с подлежащим?», «что (кто) оно такое?» и т. д. Сказуемое является наиболее важным для понимания смысла членом предложения и занимает в структуре предложения центральное место. Места остальных членов предложения определяются относительно сказуемого. Основными признаками-идентификаторами сказуемого являются:

1. Появление вспомогательного или модального глагола в личной форме. Личнымиформамиглагола to be будут am, is, are, was, were;глагола to have – has, have, had;глагола to do – do, does, did.Идентификаторами сказуемого также являются вспомогательные глаголы shall, will, should, would и модальные глаголы can, could, may, might, ought.

2. Окончания -s и -ed значащего глагола.

3. Роль указателя на то, что дальше последует группа сказуемого, могут играть наречия already (уже), often (часто), always (всегда), seldom (редко).

4. Роль сигнализатора также может играть наличие местоимения (I, he, she, they) в роли подлежащего.

5. В ряде случаев сигнализатором группы сказуемого может оказаться группа прямого дополнения, которая в английском языке всегда стоит после сказуемого.

Наибольшие трудности при идентификации сказуемого обычно возникают в тех случаях, когда глагол находится в Present или Past Indefinite (кроме 3-го лица ед. числа). В этих случаях важнейшими структурными ориентирами могут оказаться порядок слов в предложении и признаки-идентификаторы 3, 4 и 5.

Лексический материал:

To advertise – помещать объявление, рекламировать

To afford – позволить себе

Competition – конкуренция

Controlled – управляемый

Costs – стоимость, издержки

Incentive – стимул, побуждение

Limit –ограничение

Prepared – подготовленный

Profit – выгода

To raise – поднимать

To reduce – снижать (ся)

Role – роль

Street market – уличный рынок

Theoretical – теоретический

Demand – спрос

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 прочитайте текст (см. Карточка № 2) и выпишите предложения с глаголами в SimplePassive. Проанализируйте их

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь. Переведите предложения

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 3

Карточка № 1

Прочитайте текст (см. Карточка № 2), выпишите предложения с глаголами в SimplePassive. Проанализируйте их

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст ещё раз, ответьте на вопросы

Themarketeconomy

Have you ever walked through a busy street market? People push their way through crowds of others in order to reach the stalls first. The air is full of deafening shouts. Stall owners yell to advertise their goods. Buyers cry out their orders. It’s hard to imagine, but behind this noisy confusion is a very logical economic theory: the market economy.

The market economy is sometimes called the free market. A free market is not controlled in any way by a government. It is also free from the influence of custom or traditional. In a free market, the only reason why things are bought and sold is a because there is a demand for them. Prices for goods and services are simple what people are prepared to pay. The market economy is not really controlled by anyone. It controls itself.

The street market where we began has many of the characteristics of the free a shopping list of things they need. They also come with an idea of how much they are prepared to pay. Stall owners sell what customers demand, and try to get the highest price they earn for it. Supply and demand control what is on the market and how much it sells for. In the wider economy, we are all customers, and the stall owners are like companies.

The role of the company in the free market is to supply what people want. However, companies need an incentive. The incentive is profit. There are two ways for companies to make a profit. The first way is to raise their prices. the second way is to reduce their production costs. And this brings us to two more features of the market economy: competition and technology.

Competition exists in a free market because theoretically, anyone can be a producer. This means that companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market. Competition is good for consumers because it helps to control prices and quality. If customers aren’t happy with a product or service, or if they can’t afford it, they will go to a competitor.

Technology exists in a free market because producer need ways to reduce their costs. They cannot buy cheaper raw materials. Instead, they must make better use of time and labour. Technology is the use of tools and machines to do jobs in a better way. This helps companies produce more goods in less time and with less effort. The result: more profit.

People often think that most economies are free markets. However, at the macroeconomic level, a truly free market economy does not exist anywhere in the world. This is because all governments set limits in order to control the economy. Some governments set very few, but they all set some. For this reason, a true market economy is only theoretical. Nevertheless, many of the features of the market economy do exist in most societies today.

Ответьте на вопросы:

Who controls a market economy?

Who decides what products are for sale in a free market?

What do companies want?

Why is competition a good thing?

Why does technology exist in the market economy?

Why are there no true market economies in the world today?

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь. Переведитепредложения

advertise, afford, competition, controlled, costs, incentive,

limit, prepared, profit, raise, reduce, role, street market, theoretical

Вариант 1

I bought this old camera for $50 and sold it for $ 80. That’s $30 ____________.

Making money is the main ______________to work.

My ___________in the business is to meet customers and find out what are they want.

Businesses _____________their products in the media to attract more customers.

Every Saturday this road becomes the local ______________where people come to buy fruit and vegetables.

Вариант 2

If there is only one producer in the market, there is no ______________.

Production ________at the amount of money companies spend to make a product.

I can’t ___________that car – it’s far too expensive.

A ____________ economy is one where a government decides what can be bought and sold and how it is done.

The idea that life exists on other planets is _____________. Nobody knows for sure.

Практическое занятие № 4

Плановая экономика

Тема № 3.1. Виды экономических систем

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; формирование грамматических навыков в употреблении условных предложений первого типа; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Плановая экономика»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Условные предложения первого типа

Условные предложения используются тогда, когда мы хотим сделать предположение о том, что могло бы случится, случилось бы, и что бы мы хотели, чтобы случилось.

Условные предложения 1-го типа относятся кнастоящему или будущему и выражают реальную ситуацию. 1-й тип относится к возможному условию и его возможному результату.

Например,Ifyoudon’thurry,youwillmissthetrain. – Если не поспешишь, опоздаешь на поезд.

Образование: 1. придаточное условия, выраженное при помощи If +PresentSimple +2. главное предложение, выраженное с помощью употребления FutureSimpleTense. Например,If it rains today, you willget wet.

Лексическийматериал:

Commodity – товар

Standard – стандарт

Socialist – социалист

To indicate – показывать, указывать

Ration – рацион, порция

To ration – распределять

Solution – решение

To operate – работать, действовать

Mixed economy – смешанная экономика

To hoard – накоплять, хранить, запасать

To depend on –зависеть от

Growth – рост

To produce – производить, вырабатывать

Perfect – совершенный

Production – производство

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 раскройте скобки, образуя условные предложения первого типа. Переведите предложения

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст, отметьте утверждения True (T) или False (F)

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 соотнесите слова с определениями. Переведите предложения

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 4

Карточка № 1

Раскройте скобки, образуя условные предложения первого типа. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) alone.

If my friend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad.

If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea party.

If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry).

If you (not to work) intensively, you (to fail) the exam.

Вариант 2

If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Art Gallery every year.

If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the zoo.

If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms.

If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together.

If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the University.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст, отметьте утверждения True (T) или False (F)

The planned economy

In many ways, the planned economy is the direct opposite of the market economy. In the market economy, the forces of supply and demand decide everything: what is produced, how much is produced, the methods of production and the price. In the planned economy, all of this is decided by the government. In every way that the market economy is free, the planned economy is controlled.

Unfortunately, no economic system is perfect. If there was a perfect system, economists wouldn’t have anything to argue about Market economies have their strengths, but they have their problems, too. Planned economies try to provide solutions to these problems. For example, the free market supplies the things that people want. However, what people want and what they need are not always the same: Fast food is always in demand, but it’s bad for us. In a planned economy, the government could decide to stop fast food restaurants operating in the market.

A second problem with free markets is that producers always want the highest price. Often the poor can’t afford things. In a planned economy, the government sets prices. They make sure that everyone can afford basic commodities. This is one way that planned economies try to share things equally. Another is to control how much people get paid.

In a planned economy, workers’ wages depend on the service they provide to society. If people can live without their service, you get paid less. This is very different from the free market. In the free market, someone’s salary mostly depends on the demand for his or her work. If people like what you do, you get paid more.

Before 1900, there were few examples of planned economies. During the 20th century, however, the planned economy became the standard for socialist governments like the USSR and China. These countries experienced amazing economic growth in a very short time. In a market economy, it takes a long time for big industries to grow from small companies. In a planned economy, however, huge industries can grow overnight. The government simply decides to spend money on factories and factories appear. Britain, for example, took centuries to develop her steel industry in a free market economy. China developed hers in a few decades.

But, as we said, no economic system is perfect. The planned economy has many drawbacks. One of these drawbacks is problems with supply. It is difficult for governments of planned economies to know exactly how much to produce to meet demand. In a market economy, when the price of a commodity rises, this indicates a rise in demand. Companies then supply more to the market. This warning system doesn’t work in a planned economy because price is controlled by the government. The result is shortages.

When shortages happen, governments can do two things: ration goods or raise prices. In this situation, people then start to hoard things, and the problem gets even worse. As the population gets bigger, shortages like this become more common. For this reason, China – once the world’s biggest planned economy — is rapidly moving towards another system: the mixed economy.

Отметьте утверждения True (T) или False (F)

In a planned economy, the government decides how products are made.

In a planned economy, suppliers can sell anything that is in demand.

In a planned economy, a doctor should get paid more than a footballer.

Planned economies grow more slowly than market economies.

In a market economy, greater demand for something makes it cheaper.

Planned economies are difficult to run in countries with large populations.

Карточка № 3

Соотнесите слова с определениями. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

1 ration	A all the businesses and companies are involved in the production of technology, food, etc.
2 solution	B when the government sets a limit om how much people can buy of something
3 wages	C money paid regularly for work done
4 hoard	D secretly storing and hiding goods for use later
5 industry	E answer to a problem

Вариант 2

1 commodity	A when there is not enough of something
2 socialist	B something you can buy or sell
3 shortage	C very quickly
4 indicate	D describes someone/something aiming to share wealth equally
5 rapidly	E show

Практическое занятие № 5

Выбор потребителя

Тема 3.2. Структура рынка и конкуренция

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; формирование грамматических навыков использования сложного дополнения в английских предложениях; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Выбор потребителя»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Сложное дополнение

Это конструкция, состоящая из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже и инфинитива. Местоимениявобъектномпадеже:I – me; you – you; he – him; she – her; it – it; we – us; they – them.Например,Isawthemwalkalongtheroad. – Я видел, как они шли по дороге.

Глаголы,послекоторыхупотребляетсяинфинитивбезчастицы to: to see, to watch, to notice, to observe, to feel, to hear, to let, to make, to have. Например,Ihaveneverheardyousing. – Я никогда не слышал, чтобы ты пел. Never let him go. – Никогданеотпускайего.

Глаголы,послекоторыхупотребляетсяинфинитивсчастицей to: to want, to wish; to desire; to like; should/would like; to expect; to suppose; to believe; to consider; to find; to know; to think; to state; to note; to report; to order; to allow; to forbid.Например,Iwantyoutobemywife. – Я хочу, чтобы ты стала моей женой. Heorderedhimtostopthisconversation. – Он приказал ему прекратить этот разговор.

Лексический материал:

Maximum – максимальный

Rational – рациональный, разумный

Budget constraints – ограничения денежных средств

Deciding factor – решающий фактор

To calculate – рассчитывать, делать вычисления

Toassume –принимать на себя, присваивать

A combination – сочетание

An alternative – альтернатива, выбор

Utility – полезность

Purchase– покупка

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 раскройте скобки, используя сложное дополнение. Переведите предложения

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 поставьте частицу to перед глаголами, где это необходимо.

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 прочитайте текст. Выполните письменный перевод текста. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту «Выбор покупателя»

Задание 4. С карточки № 4 выберите правильное по значению слово в предложении. Запишите и переведите предложения

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 5

Карточка № 1

Раскройте скобки, используя сложное дополнение. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

I want (she) to be my wife.

My sister taught (I) to swim and dive.

They would like (we) to read aloud.

Bob advised (she) to stay for another week.

We expect (he) to arrive at noon.

Вариант 2

I heard (you) open the door.

Dad always makes (I) go fishing with him every weekend.

Our parents expect (we) to stop quarreling.

Sara never lets (he) drive her car.

I saw (you) cross the street.

Карточка № 2

Поставьте частицу to перед глаголами, где это необходимо

Вариант 1

We heard the lorry … stop near the house.

I want my elder sister … take me to the zoo.

I believe the Internet … be the greatest invention ever.

The teacher doesn’t let us … use our mobile phones.

They didn’t expect her … be late.

The police officer made him … tell the truth.

Вариант 2

Would like you … admit your fault.

Steven believes Lisa … be the best manager in our store.

Nick supposed me … go in for sports.

We saw Jacob … break the window.

I consider this sculpture … be a masterpiece.

She noticed Mary suddenly … turn pale.

Карточка № 3

Прочитайте текст. Выполните письменный перевод текста. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту «Выбор покупателя»

Consumer choices

Вариант 1

It’s a hot summer day. You’ve been out walking all morning and you’re getting thirsty. It’s also about lunchtime, and you’re feeling pretty hungry, too. What luck! Here’s a kiosk selling snacks. You’ve got six euros to spend. You can buy bars of chocolate or bottles of water … or a combination of both. Now you’ve got another problem: consumer choice.

If you’re a neoclassical economist, however, there’s nothing to worry about. Neoclassical economists believe that consumers make rational choices. Before a consumer buys something,

they think about the cost and the amount of satisfaction the purchase will give them. They then compare the price and satisfaction of possible alternative purchases. In the end, they buy what gives them maximum satisfaction at the lowest cost.

So, what will you buy from the kiosk? An important deciding factor is the amount you have to spend. Economists call this your budget constraint. Your total budget is six euros. Bottles of water are two euros each, chocolate bars are one euro each. You could buy three bottles of water, or you could buy six chocolate bars.

Вариант 2

Or, you could buy any combination that adds up to your total budget. We can put all of this information on a budget line. The budget line shows what combinations of goods are possible. Economists call these combinations of goods bundles. But which is the best bundle? This depends on something called utility. Utility is the economists’ word for the satisfaction we get from a purchase. Each good has its own utility value for the consumer. The utility of a bundle depends on two things: the utility of the goods in the bundle, and how much of each good is in the bundle.

To understand marginal utility, just think about chocolate bars. Every time you consume a bar of chocolate, the satisfaction you get from the next bar will be less. In other words, you get less utility every time you eat another bar. This decrease in utility is called the marginal utility. The marginal utility is the one of an additional item.

Put very simply, budget, price and level of utility will all affect your choice at the kiosk. The neoclassical theory of consumer choice says that it is possible to calculate demand for products if we know this kind of information. However,notalleconomistsagree!

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту «Выбор покупателя»

According to neoclassical economists, what do consumers want?

What is budget constraint?

What is utility?

What explains marginal utility?

What do neoclassical economists believe about consumers?

Карточка № 4

Выберите правильное по значению слово в предложении. Запишите и переведите предложения

Вариант 1.

If you are in a hurry, it can be difficult to make a (maximum/rational) decision.

The amount of money you have to spend is your (budget constraint/deciding factor).

The (maximum/rational) speed limit on this road is 120 kilometers per hour.

Quality is often the (deciding factor/budget constraint) when people choose something to buy.

Some people (calculate/assume) how much they spend every week.

Вариант 2

Green is (a combination/an alternative) of yellow and blue.

When you buy something from a shop, you make a (purchase/budget constraint).

When you (calculate/assume) something is true, you guess that it is true.

The use or satisfaction you get from something you buy is called (utility/purchase).

Olive oil is a healthy (alternative/combination) to butter.

Практическое занятие № 6

Монополия

Тема 3.2. Структура рынка и конкуренция

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; формирование грамматических навыков использования условных предложений II типа; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Монополия»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Условные предложения II типа

Условные предложения 2-го типа относятся ко времени сейчас или любому другому времени, ситуация в таком предложении нереальная. Такие предложения не основываются на фактах. 2-й тип условия относится к гипотетическому условию его возможному результату. В условных предложениях 2-го типа, придаточное условия стоит в простом прошедшем времени, а главное предложение в настоящем условном или настоящее продолженное условное. Например, Ifitrained,youwouldgetwet. – Если бы шёл дождь, ты был мокрым до нитки. IfIspokeItalian,IwouldbeworkinginItaly. – Если бы я говорил по-итальянски, то я бы работал в Италии.

Лексический материал:

Aggressive – агрессивный

Innovation – инновация

Illegal – нелегальный

Legal – легальный

Naturally – естественно

Network – сеть

Takeover – слияние компаний

Printing – печатание

Publishing – издательский

To occur – появляться, происходить

Monopoly – монополия

Pricemaker – компания, устанавливающая цены на рынке

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 раскройте скобки, образуя условные предложения II типа. Переведите предложения

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст. Выполните перевод текста. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту «Монополия»

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Запишите и переведите предложения

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 6

Карточка № 1

Раскройте скобки, образуя условные предложенияII типа. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) alone.

If my friend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad.

If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea party.

If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry).

If you (not to work) intensively, you (to fail) the exam.

Вариант 2

If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Art Gallery every year.

If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the zoo.

If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms.

If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together.

If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the University.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст. Выполните перевод текста. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту «Монополия»

Monopoly

Вариант 1

In a monopoly, one company has a much larger market share than any other company. In fact, their share is so big that other companies cannot really compete. When there is a monopoly, the normal laws of supply and demand do not always work. Monopolies come in different kinds, but a pure monopoly is when there is only one company in the market providing a particular product or service. This situation, in fact, is the exact opposite of perfect competition. How do pure monopolies happen?

Some monopolies occur naturally. This happens when a company manages to create an economy of scale. An economy of scale is when variable costs of production increase more slowly than increases in supply. Every company would like to be in this situation. Unfortunately, it’s not easy to achieve. Economies of scale are possible for companies which need a lot of money to set up but much less money to run.

A telephone company is a good example. Telephone companies have to spend millions of pounds laying cables. However, once they have made the network, running the system does not cost so much. Any other company that wants to compete will have to make their own network. Not surprisingly, not many bother!

Вариант 2

However, the world of business is a jungle, and there are more aggressive ways to create a monopoly. One of these is by making takeovers. This means that a more powerful company buys a smaller one in the same industry. Takeovers happen vertically or horizontally. In a vertical takeover, a company buys companies that supply it with materials or services. For example, a publishing company might buy a printing business. In a horizontal takeover, a company buys its competitors. The competitors then become part of the first company.

One final way a monopoly occurs is for the government to make it happen. This is called a legal monopoly, but not because other monopolies are illegal! It is called a legal monopoly because it is created by law. The government may decide that a competitive market is not good for a certain industry. In this case, it can make one company the only legal supplier. Sometimes, it provides the service itself. This is called a state monopoly. The postal service in many countries is an example of a state monopoly.

Generally, monopolies are not good for consumers. This is because in a monopoly, the laws of supply and demand do not work in the same way. А company with a monopoly becomes a price maker. They have much more power to set the price for their product or service. Also, they don’t usually spend money on innovation because they don’t need to. The bottom line, as they say, is that monopolies mean less choice for consumers.

Ответьте на вопросы по тексту «Монополия»

What is a pure monopoly?

What is a legal monopoly?

What is a horizontal takeover?

When does a company become a price maker?

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Запишитеипереведитепредложения

takeover, network, illegal, innovation, cables,

printing, naturally, aggressive, publishing, legal

Вариант 1

A ___________is a set of connections.

When one company gains control of another company it’s called s _______________.

Raw materials are things like wood or oil that exist ________________.

Electricity travels along _______________to reach our houses.

___________people get what they want by violence and force.

Вариант 2

_____________ companies are responsible for the writing and pictures in books, etc.

_______________companies make books.

_________________is inventing and thinking of new solutions to problems.

If something is ________, it is allowed by law.

When something is ____________, it is not allowed by law.

Практическое занятие № 7

Издержки и поставки

Тема 3.2. Структура рынка и конкуренция

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; формирование грамматических навыков использования условных предложений III типа; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Теоретический материал

Условные предложения III типа

Условные предложения 3-го типа относятся ко времени в прошлом, ситуация противоположна реальности. Факты, на которых основаны такие предложения основаны на противоположных ожидаемым результатам. 3-й тип условия относится к нереальному условию в прошлом и его возможному в прошлом результату. В условных предложениях 3-го типа придаточное условия стоит в прошедшем совершенном времени, а главное предложение в совершенном условном. Например, Iftheweatherhadbeenfine,weshouldhaveplayedoutside. – Если бы погода была хорошая, мы бы играли на открытом воздухе.

Лексический материал:

Interest – процент

Loan – ссуда, заем

Revenue – доход

Rate – ставка

Relationship – взаимосвязь

Part-time – неполный

To maintain – поддерживать, содержать

Nasty – скверный, неприятный

Keeptrackof – следить за, отслеживать

Theshortterm – краткосрочный

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 раскройте скобки, образуя условные предложения III типа. Переведите предложения

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст. Выполните перевод текста. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту «Издержки и поставки»

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 7

Карточка № 1

Раскройте скобки, образуя условные предложенияIII типа. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) alone.

If my friend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad.

If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea party.

If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry).

If you (not to work) intensively, you (to fail) the exam.

Вариант 2

If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Art Gallery every year.

If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the zoo.

If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms.

If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together.

If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the University.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст. Выполните перевод текста. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту «Издержки и поставки»

Costs and supply

Вариант 1

Companies have to spend money in order to make money. The money they spend to manufacture their goods or provide their services are called costs. Costs are important. Any company that doesn’t keep track of costs will soon be in trouble. And there are many different kinds of costs to keep track of such as fixed costs and variable costs.

Why are costs important? Well, for two reasons: Firstly, there is a relationship between costs and profit. Profit is overall revenue minus costs. Secondly, there is a relationship between costs and supply. To understand this relationship, we need to look at some types of cost.

One type is fixed costs. Fixed costs are costs that don’t change. They are costs that the company has to pay each month, for example, or each year. The value of fixed costs will not rise or fall in the short term. Examples include the rent the company pays, the interest they have to pay each month on any loans and the salaries they have to pay for permanent employees.

Вариант 2

The good news about fixed costs is that they don’t change with increases in production. For example, imagine a company produces 1,000 pens in January and 2,000 pens in February. The rent for the factory remains the same for both months.

Variable costs, however, change (vary) with the size of production. The more pens the company produces, the more these costs increase. Examples of variable costs are the raw materials needed for production, the cost of electricity and the cost of maintaining machines that are working more.

Also, the company may need to get more part-time employees. Their hourly pay is another variable cost. In unit 1 we said that the price of a product or service increases as supply increases. Variable costs are the reason why. Variable costs can rise at a much slower rate than production. Thisiscalledaneconomyofscale.

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Запишитеипереведитепредложения

interest, keep track of, loan, maintain, nasty,

part-time, rate, relationship, revenue, the short term

Вариант 1

__________what I spend by writing everything down in a notebook.

There is a _________between the quality of a product and its cost.

A company’s total _____________is all the money it receives from sales.

________________is the next few weeks or months. The long term may be the next years or decades.

Factories have to ______________ their machines to keep them working properly.

Вариант 2

A ____________worker works for only a few hours a day or a few days per week.

When someone or something is ____________, they are not nice at all.

If you borrow money from a bank, you have to pay it back with an extra charge which is called _____________.

When somebody lends money, they are giving a _________________.

The _______________ at which something happens is how fast it occurs.

Практическое занятие № 8

Рыночная структура и конкуренция

Тема 3.2. Структура рынка и конкуренция

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; закрепление грамматических навыков использования условных предложений II и III типов; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Рыночная структура и конкуренция»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Условные предложения II типа

Условные предложения III типа

Лексический материал:

Structure – структура

Market share – доля рынка

Scale – шкала, масштаб

Pure – чистый

To exist – существовать

Identical – идентичный, тождественный

Similar – подобный, аналогичный

Barrier – барьер

Toblock – заграждать, препятствовать

Trading – торговый

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 раскройте скобки, образуя условные предложения II и III типов. Переведите предложения

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст. Выполните перевод текста. Отметьте утвержденияTrue (T) или False (F)

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 8

Карточка № 1

Раскройте скобки, образуя условные предложенияII и III типов. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

If am not too busy, I shall go to the concert.

They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake.

If he doesn’t come out on time, shall we have to wait to him?

If no one comes to help, we shall be obliged to do the work ourselves.

Вариант 2

If you put on your glasses, you will see better.

What shall we do if they are late?

Will you be very angry if we don’t ring him up?

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст. Выполните перевод текста. Отметьте утверждения True (T) или False (F)

Market structure and competition

Вариант 1

When economists talk about market structure they mean the way companies compete with each other in a particular market. Let’s take the market for pizzas, for example. There may be many thousands of small companies all trying to win a share of the pizza market, or there may be only one huge company that supplies all the pizzas. These are two very different market structures, but there are many other possible structures.

Market structure is important because it affects price. In some market structures, companies have more control over price. In other market structures, consumers have more control over price. You can think of market structure as a kind of scale. At one end of the scale is perfect competition and at the other end is pure monopoly. In a market with perfect competition, there are many companies supplying the same good or service, but none of them are able to control the price. This sounds fine, but in reality it is very difficult for such a market structure to exist. What’s needed?

First of all, there must be many small companies competing. Each company has its own small share of the market. If one company has a much larger share than any other, it can affect price, and perfect competition will no longer exist.

Вариант 2

Secondly, products or services from different companies must be the same. This doesn’t mean that everything on the market has to be identical, but they have to be perfect substitutes. In other words, one company’s product must satisfy the same need as another company’s. Imagine a company produces a television that also makes tea. Its product is different from everyone else’s. If it chooses to raise the price of its TVs, customers may still want to buy them because of this difference.

Thirdly, customers and companies must have perfect and complete information. This means that they know everything about the products and prices on the market and that this information is correct.

Fourthly, there mustn’t be any barriers to new companies entering the market. In other words, there must not be anything that helps one company stay in the market and blocks other from trading.

Finally, every company in the market must have the same access to the resources and technology they need. If all of these conditions are met, there is perfect competition. In this kind of market structure, companies are price takers. This is because the laws of supply and demand set the price, not the company. How does this work?

Very simply! An increase in demand will make a company increase its price in order to cover costs. It might try to push its prices even higher than necessary so that it can make more profit. However, it will not be able to do this for very long. The increase in demand and the higher price will make other companies want to enter the market, too. This will drive the price back down to equilibrium.

Отметьтеутверждения True (T) или False (F)

Market structure describes how competitive a market is.

Perfect competition and pure monopoly are opposites.

Four conditions are necessary for perfect competition to exist.

In perfect competition, every company makes a slightly different product.

Perfect competition makes it easy for new companies to start trading.

When there is perfect competition, companies are able to set any price they want.

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Запишитеипереведитепредложения

structure, market share, scale, perfect, exist,

pure, similar, identical, barrier, block, trading

Вариант 1

Companies usually have a _______________ with senior managers at the top and employees at the bottom.

McDonald’s has a very big _____of the fast food market.

Some teachers mark students’ work using a ______from A to E.

No one’s work is __________. We all make mistakes.

A perfect economic system may never ________.

Вариант 2

A _________monopoly means an absolute or complete monopoly.

Not all twins are _______. Some twins are brother and sister, for example.

Sometimes a person’s colour or race can be a __________ to getting work.

We use curtains to ____________light.

Countries have been ___________with each other for thousands of years.

Практическое занятие № 9

Выбор профессии

Тема 3.2. Профессия – бухгалтер, экономист. Карьерный рост

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; закрепление грамматических навыков распознавания в речи и в тексте ранее изученных структурных типов предложения; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Теоретический материал

Лексический материал:

Trainee accountant – бухгалтер-стажёр

Bookkeeper – бухгалтер

Tax accountant – бухгалтер по налогообложению

Staff – персонал

Tohire – нанимать, брать на работу

To be responsible for – бытьответственнымза

To study – изучать

To inspect – проверять

To specialize – специализироваться

To lease – арендовать

Asset – актив

Off-balance-sheet-accounting – забалансовыйсчёт

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в PresentSimpleActive или PresentSimplePassive

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст. Выполните перевод текста. Отметьте утвержденияTrue (T) или False (F)

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами или словосочетаниями. Запишите и переведите предложения

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 9

Карточка № 1

Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в PresentSimpleActive или PresentSimplePassive

Вариант 1

Я всегда хвалю моих друзей.

Каждую субботу папе показывают мои оценки.

Мы часто вспоминаем вас.

Он каждый день рассказывает нам что-нибудь интересное.

Меня часто приглашают в кино.

Вариант 2

Я часто посылаю письма друзьям.

Моей сестре часто помогают в школе.

Я иногда забываю взять студенческий билет.

Книги Агаты Кристи читают с удовольствием.

Каждую субботу папа показывает дедушке мои оценки.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст. Выполните перевод текста.

Hi Javier

At our meeting yesterday you asked me to send you some background info on creative accounting, and in particular off balance-sheet accounting.

Basically there’s quite a bit of flexibility in the way we can interpret the standards and principles of accounting. For example, we may want to report bigger profits so that we can attract investors on the capital markets. On the other hand, smaller profits may be better so that we pay less tax. The problem is that the line between truthful and misleading representation of figures is sometimes very thin, and this is where people get into trouble.

Off-balance sheet accounting is seen by some as one type of creative accounting. (People have been arguing about it for years, though! The key point to remember is that the accounting treatment of legitimate business transactions can vary greatly. For example, many companies are involved in leasing for business reasons, and the question for the accountants is how to present the financial implications of such leases in the accounts. theory, the idea is that leasing an asset (instead of buying it) allows the company to exclude the liability accounts.

Hope this helps – give me a call if you have any more questions.

Best wishes

Henry

Отметьтеутверждения True (T) или False (F)

Accountants agree that creative accounting is a good thing.

Off-balance-sheet accounting is one way of creative accounting – there are others.

Creative accounting is sometimes used to try and attract more investors.

Accountants are allowed some flexibility in the way they present accounts.

Leasing is actually illegal.

Big profits mean paying less tax.

When a company leases an asset, the accountant doesn’t have to include it in the accounts.

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами и словосочетаниями. Запишитеипереведитепредложения

specializing, studying, for inspecting its accounts, processing the records,

giving administrative support, to inspect its accounts

Trainee accountants. Accountants who are ____________________for professional examinations.

Bookkeepers. Administrative staff responsible for _____________________of a business’s financial activities.

Tax accountant. An accountant _______________ in a company’s tax affairs.

Back-office manager. Person in charge of the staff responsible for ___________ to the Finance department.

Internal auditors. Employees of a company who are responsible _________________.

External auditors. People employed by an outside firm of accountants and hired by a company _______________.

Практическое занятие № 10

Выбор профессии

Тема 3.2. Профессия – бухгалтер, экономист. Карьерный рост

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Работа бухгалтерии»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Лексический материал:

Transaction – операция

Double-entry bookkeeping – двойная бухгалтерия

Stock – запасы

Debtor – дебитор

Creditor – кредитор

Nominal ledger – гроссбух

Day book – журнал

Accounting period – отчётный период

Trial balance – пробный бухгалтерский баланс

Career – карьера

Account – счёт

To sell – продавать

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в PastSimpleActive или PastSimplePassive.

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте и переведите текст.

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 соотнесите слова с определениями. Переведите предложения.

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 10

Карточка № 1

Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в PastSimpleActive или PastSimplePassive

Вариант 1

Я посоветовал другу заниматься в спортивном зале.

Мне посоветовали заниматься в спортивном зале.

Меня показали доктору.

Я дал своей собаке кусок сахара.

Вчера я попросил учителя помочь мне.

Вариант 2

Мне дали на обед суп.

Вчера нам задавали много вопросов на уроке.

Учитель поставил мне хорошую оценку.

Эти письма принесли утром.

Прошлым летом меня научили плавать.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайтеипереведитетекст

Zaheer Younis works in the accounting department of a trading company:

‘I began my career as a bookkeeper. Bookkeepers record the company’s daily transactions: sales, purchases, debts, expenses, and so on. Each type of transaction is recorded in a separate account – the cash account, the liabilities account, and so on. Double-entry bookkeeping is a system that records two aspects of every transaction. Every transaction is both a debit – a deduction – in one account and a corresponding credit – an addition – in another. For example, if a company buys some raw materials – the substances and components used to make products – that it will pay for a month later, it debits its purchases account and credits the supplier’s account. If the company sells an item on credit, it credits the sales account, and debits the customer’s account. As this means the level of the company’s stock – goods ready for sale – is reduced, it debits the stock account. There is a corresponding increase in its debtors – customers who owe money for goods or services purchased – and the debtors or accounts payable account is credited. Each account records debits on the left and credits on the right. If the bookkeepers do their work correctly, the total debits always equal the total credits.’

Карточка № 3

Соотнесите слова с определениями. Переведитепредложения

credit, creditors, ledger, stock, debit, debtors

An amount entered on the left-hand side of an account, recording money paid out.

A book of accounts.

Customers who owe money for goods or services not paid yet for.

An amount entered on the right-hand side of an account, recording a payment received.

Goods stored ready for sale.

Suppliers who are owed money for purchases not yet paid for.

Практическое занятие № 11

Факторы производства

Тема 3.2. Профессия – бухгалтер, экономист. Карьерный рост

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Факторы производства»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Лексический материал:

Maintenance – техническое обслуживание

Replacement – замена

Apparatus — аппарат

Packaging – упаковка

Illogical – алогичный, нелогичный

Mental – умственный, ментальный

Factor – фактор

Labour – труд

Storage – хранение

Capital – капитал

Labour intensive industry – трудоемкая промышленность

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present,Past,FutureSimplePassive.

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст. Отметьте утверждения True (T) или False (F)

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Запишите и переведите предложения.

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 11

Карточка № 1

Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present,Past,FutureSimplePassive

Вариант 1

Ее часто посылают на почту.

В прошлом году ее послали в Кембридж.

Его пошлют в Гарвард.

В музее нам показали много прекрасных картин.

Мою идею не поняли.

Вариант 2

За ней всегда посылают.

Их всегда приглашают на день рождения Ани.

Об этом фильме много говорили.

Эту книгу очень часто спрашивают.

Летом нас отвезут отдыхать в Крым.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст. Отметьте утверждения True (T) или False (F)

Factors of production

One morning you wake up with a great idea. You’ve thought of a product that no one else has and you are certain there’s demand for it. But how will you turn your idea into reality? First of all, you will need raw materials to manufacture from, probably oil and metal, but also paper for packaging. You can’t produce it by yourself, so you’ll need people to help you make it, package it and market it. Finally, your staff will need a factory and machines to produce with. In short, you need the factors of production: land, labour and capital.

The factors of production are the starting point for all economies. No economy can exist without them. The most basic of the factors is land. When economists talk about land, however, they don’t just mean space to build on or fields to grow crops. Land means everything that nature provides and we can use for production. The land factor includes raw materials like coal, metals, oil and timber. It also includes things like water, fish and salt. So, although it seems illogical, land also means the sea!

The second factor is labour. Raw materials will just stay in the ground unless people dig them out and do something with them. Similarly, factory machines will sit doing nothing without people to operate them. Labour can mean the physical effort such as lifting, digging and building. This is called manual work. Labour also includes mental work like thinking, writing, communicating and designing. Industries that need many workers working long hours are called labour intensive industries. However, the quality of labour is as important as the quantity. An educated, skilled and fit workforce is more productive than and uneducated, unskilled and unhealthy one. This characteristic of the labour factor is called human capital. Some countries have large labour forces, but are poor in human capital because the economy lacks education and health care.

The third factor is capital. Capital includes buildings such as factories for production and warehouses for storage. It also includes the tools and equipment that workers use in the manufacturing process. In heavy industries such as shipbuilding or steel making, capital usually involves big machinery and mechanical equipment. In high-tech industries, on the other hand, capital generally means computers and complex laboratory apparatus. These days, industry tends to be more capital intensive than labour intensive.

When companies make investments, they buy new capital. There are two types of investment that companies need to make. The first is to buy new equipment so that they can expand their production. This is called net investment. Net investment is essential for economic growth. However, equipment gets old and needs repairing or replacing. The money spent on this kind of maintenance is called replacement investment.

Отметьте утверждения True (T) или False (F)

Raw materials are the most important factor of production.

The land factor includes all the raw materials that come from the land and the sea.

The most important thing about the labour factor is the size of the labour force.

In modern economies, more labour is used than capital.

Net investment allows companies to increase their production.

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Запишите и переведите предложения

Вариант 1

All machines need _____(maintenance/replacement) so that they keep working well.

Scientists’ laboratories are usually full of _______(packaging/apparatus) for experiments.

When a machine gets very old you need to buy a ______________(maintenance/replacement).

It’s _______(illogical/mental) to take an umbrella out on a sunny day.

Plastic and cardboard are used a lot of the __________(packaging/apparatus).

Вариант 2

Some people enjoy doing _____ (illogical/mental) activities like crosswords and board games.

A _____ (storage/warehouse) is a large building for storing things.

An industry that needs many workers is known as a _________ (factor/labour) intensive industry.

If you don’t need furniture or equipment for some time, you can put it into ___________ (storage/warehouse).

The price of a product is a ________(factor/labour) which influences our decision to buy it.

Практическое занятие № 12

Рынок труда

Тема 3.2. Профессия – бухгалтер, экономист. Карьерный рост

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; закрепление грамматических навыков использования условных предложений; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Рынок труда»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Лексический материал:

Takeon – брать, принимать на работу

Obey – подчиняться

Utility — полезность

Output – продукция, выработка, выпуск

Compromise – компромисс

Productivity – производительность, продуктивность

Afford – позволить себе

Producer – производитель

To employ – нанимать

Staff – штат служащих

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 образуйте условные предложения.

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте и переведите текст.

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 соотнесите слова с определениями. Запишите и переведите предложения.

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 12

Карточка № 1

Образуйте условные предложения

Вариант 1

He is busy and does not come to see us. If …

The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If …

He broke his bicycle and so he did not go to the country. If …

He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If …

I had a bad headache yesterday, that’s why I did not come to see you. If …

Вариант 2

The ship was sailing near the coast, that’s why it struck a rock. If …

He was not in town; therefore, he was not present at out meeting. If …

The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If …

The sea is rough, and we cannot sail to the island. If …

They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If …

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте и переведите текст

The labour market

Вариант 1

In many ways the relationship between employers and workers is similar to the relationship between consumers and producers: workers offer a service (the labour they provide), employers buy that service at a price they can afford (the wages they pay). As you can see, it’s a kind of market. In economics, it’s called the labour market,

In any market for products and services, consumers try to get the maximum utility, or satisfaction, from their purchase. This is the same in the labour market. What do companies want from their purchase of labour? What utility do they get? The answer is increased output. Output is how much of the product or service the company produces. If there is an increase in demand for their product, they will need to increase output. One way to do this (but not the only way) is to take on more staff. Another is to ask staff they already have to work more hours. In both cases, the company is buying more labour.

Just like any other market, the labour market obeys the laws of supply and demand. The demand is the employers’ need for labour. Just like any other commodity, there is a relationship between price and demand. As the price of labour increases, the demand decreases.

Вариант 2

The suppliers in the labour market are workers. higher price for greater supply. In other words, as supply of labour increases, they want higher wages. The wage that workers get for their labour is a compromise between what they want and what companies will pay.

However, there can be shifts in demand. These shifts can cause the overall demand for labour to increase or decrease at any wage rate. For example, if there is an increase in the demand for the end product or service, there will be an overall increase in demand for labour. However, if new technology can replace workers, then there will be an overall decrease in demand for labour.

One more thing which affects demand for labour is workers’ productivity. The productivity of a worker is how much they produce in a certain time. For example, imagine that a worker makes ten pencils an hour one day, and only eight pencils an hour the next day. This is a fall in productivity. When worker productivity falls, companies will pay less for labour. They are also less likely to employ new workers.

Карточка № 3

Соотнесите слова с определениями. Запишите и переведите предложения

1 take one	A employees
2 obey	B satisfaction or usefulness
3 utility	C be able to buy
4 output	D follow
5 compromise	E amount produced in a certain time

6 productivity	F employ more staff
7 afford	G both sides give up something in order to agree
8 staff	H what a company produces

Практическое занятие № 13

Бухгалтерский баланс

Тема 3.3. Бухгалтерский учет. Виды счетов

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; формирование грамматических навыков использования сложного подлежащего; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Капитал, активы и пассивы»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Сложное подлежащее

Сложное подлежащее, представляет собой сочетание существительного или личного местоимения с инфинитивом. Например, MisterPickerisknowntobeagoodwriter. – Мистер Пикер известен, тем как хороший автор. Сложное подлежащее выглядит следующим образом, Noun/personalpronoun – verbinpassivevoice +infinitive.

Лексический материал:

Balance sheet – бухгалтерский баланс

Asset – актив

Liability – пассив

Shareholder – владелец акций, акционер

Equity – часть заложенного имущества

Cash flow – поток наличных денег

To distribute – распределять

To grant – даровать, предоставлять

Toowe – быть должным, быть в долгу

To pay – платить

To retain – удерживать, сохранять

Profit – выгода

Earnings – заработанные деньги, заработок

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст. Отметьте предложения True (T) или False (F)

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 Составьте словосочетания из предложенных слов, заполните пропуски в предложениях

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 13

Карточка № 1

Переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее

Вариант 1

He is said to know all about it.

He was said to have known the whole truth about it.

He is supposed to be a very good film actor.

He is believed to be innocent of the crime.

Innocent people were announced to have been murdered by terrorists.

Вариант 2

The exhibition of 19^th century French painting is expected to open by the end of next week.

The president of Russia was reported to speak to the nation on television tonight.

The American astronaut Neil Armstrong is known to be the first man to walk on the moon in 1969.

True friends are known to be like diamonds, precious but rare.

He was expected to pass the mathematics exam.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст. Отметьте предложения True (T) или False (F)

Company law in Britain, and the Securities and Exchange Commission in the US, require companies to publish annual balance sheets: statements for shareholders and creditors. The balance sheet is a document which has two halves. The totals of both halves are always the same, so they balance. One half shows a business’s assets, which are things owned by the company, such as factories and machines, etc., that will bring future economic benefits. The other half shows the company’s liabilities, and it’s capital or shareholders’ equity. Liabilities are obligations to pay other organizations or people: money that the company owes, or will owe at a future date. These often include loans, taxes that will soon have to be paid, future pensions payments to employees, and bills from suppliers: companies which provide raw materials or parts. If the suppliers have given the buyer a period of time before they have to pay for the goods, this is known as granting credit. Since assets are shown as debits (as the cash or capital account was debited to purchase them), and the total must correspond with the total sum of the credits — that is the liabilities and capital —assets equal liabilities plus capital (or A = L + C).American and continental European companies usually put assets on the left and capital and liabilities on the right. In Britain, this was traditionally the other way round, but now most British companies use a vertical format, with assets at the top, and liabilities and capital below.

Shareholders’ equity consists of all the money belonging to shareholders. Part of this is share capital — the money the company raised by selling its shares. But shareholders’ equity also includes retained earnings: profits from previous years that have not been distributed — paid out to shareholders — as dividends. Shareholders’ equity is the same as the company’s net assets, or assets minus liabilitiesA balance sheet does not show much money a company has spent or received during a year. This information is given in other financial statements: the profit and loss account and the cash flow statement.

Отметьте предложения True (T) или False (F)

British and American balance sheets show the same information, but arranged differently.

The revenue of the company in the past year is shown on the balance sheet.

The two sides or halves of a balance sheet always have the same total.

The assets total is always the same as the liabilities total.

The balance sheet tells you how much money the company owes.

Карточка № 3

Составьте словосочетания из предложенных слов, заполните пропуски в предложениях

distribute

grant

owe

pay

retain

liabilities

money

profits

earnings

credit

We _____________ a lot of our ________ because we don’t ________any of our __________to the shareholders.

Most businesses have customers who _________ _________, because they _________them 30 or 60 days’ ________.

We have a lot of _______________that we’ll have to _________later this year.

Практическое занятие № 14

Инфляция

Тема 3.3. Бухгалтерский учет. Виды счетов

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; закрепление грамматических навыков использования сложного подлежащего; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Инфляция»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Сложное подлежащее

Лексический материал:

Headline – заголовок

Article –статья

Tomakeendsmeet – сводить концы с концами

Cost – стоимость

Price – цена

Range – спектр, ассортимент

Amount – сумма, количество

Retail – розничная торговля

To value – оценивать

To weight – нагружать, увеличивать вес

Culprit – причина

Victim – жертва

To manage – руководить, управлять

To cope with – преодолевать, справляться

Equation –уравнение

Formula – формула

Velocity – скорость, быстрота

Capacity – объем, вместимость

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя сложное подлежащее

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст и озаглавьте параграфы

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Переведите предложения

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 14

Карточка № 1

Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя сложное подлежащее

Например, We heard that a car stopped outside the door. –A carwas heard to stop outside.

Вариант 1

People consider the climate there to be very healthy.

It was announced that the Chinese dancers were arriving next week.

It is expected that the performance will be a success.

It is said that the book is popular with both old and young.

It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown.

Вариант 2

It is supposed that the playwright is playing at a new comedy.

It is reported that the flood has caused much damage to the crops.

It was supposed that the crops would be rich that year.

Scientists consider that electricity exists throughout space.

It was reported that five ships were missing after the battle.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте параграфы

Inflation

Inflation is an overall increase in prices over a certain period of time. It’s also a worry for anybody who’s trying to make ends meet, and a headache for many governments. The rate of inflation is often in the headlines. However, inflation isn’t really news. In most of Europe, for example, prices have risen year after year for at least the last 50 years. Deflation (overall decrease in prices) does happen occasionally, but the trend is mostly for the cost of living to increase.

There are lots of ways to measure inflation. One of the most popular ways is the retail price index. This is calculated by recording increases in price for a range of goods and services. This is sometimes called a basket of goods, some of the goods are weighted more heavily than others because they are more important. For example, food will be weighted more than the cost of a cinema ticket, because a 5% increase in food is more important than a 10% increase in the cost of seeing a film. Inflation is worked out from an average of all the price increases in the basket.

Inflation can happen for a number of reasons, but economists say there are two main culprits. These are demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation. Demand-pull inflation can happen when the economy is growing fast. Aggregate demand begins to grow faster than suppliers can cope with. This causes a shortage, and prices rise. At first, customers may be able to pay the higher prices, and demand grows again. This forces prices up even more, and the cycle continues.

One of the characteristics of demand-pull inflation is that there is often too much money going round the economy. This is explained by the quantity theory of money. This theory uses the following equation: money supply x velocity = average price x transactions Velocity is the speed that money is passed on from one person to another. Some economists say that velocity and the number of transactions don’t really change. The only things that change in this equation are the money supply and average prices. This means that when the money supply increases, prices will increase too. For this reason, printing money is rarely a solution for economic crises.

Cost-push inflation, on the other hand, occurs when prices rise without an increase in demand. This happens when suppliers’ variable costs increase sharply. For example, workers may demand higher wages or raw materials may become more expensive. Producers then pass these increases on to consumers by raising prices. so, as usual, we are the ones who pay!

Озаглавьтепараграфы

Paragraph 1______________________________________________________

Paragraph 2______________________________________________________

Paragraph 3______________________________________________________

Paragraph 4______________________________________________________

Paragraph 5______________________________________________________

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

When something is in the ______________(headlines/articles), it is an important story in the news.

When parents are unemployed it is difficult for a family to make ends _______(touch/meet).

The _______(cost/price) of living in cities like London and Tokyo is very high.

People prefer to shop in supermarkets because they find a wide ________(range/amount) of goods there.

The ___________(retail/shopping) industry includes shops, supermarkets and department stores.

Вариант 2

In statistics, when a number is _____________(valued/weighted) it is multiplied by another number to show its importance.

The ____________(victim/culprit) is the person or thing that is responsible for doing something bad.

It is difficult for old people to __________(manage/cope) with living on a small pension.

In maths, a/an ________(equation/formula) is a sum which is equal on both sides.

The speed that something travels at is called _______(velocity/capacity).

Практическое занятие № 15

Виды активов

Тема 3.3. Бухгалтерский учет. Виды счетов

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Активы»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Сложное подлежащее

Лексический материал:

Fixed asset – основной актив

Current asset – оборотный актив

To write off – списывать

To make provision – предусматривать, постановлять

Work-in-progress – незавершенное производство

Tangible asset – материальный актив

Netbookvalue – чистая балансовая стоимость

Intangible value – нематериальный актив

Net worth – собственный капитал

Trade mark – торговая марка

Goodwill – гудвилл

To put on – включать, поставить

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя сложное подлежащее

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте и переведите текст

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 соедините разные части предложений. Распределите слова по видам активов

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 15

Карточка № 1

Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя сложное подлежащее

Например, It appeared that they had lost the way. They appeared to have lost the way.

Вариант 1

It seems they know all about it.

It seems they have heard all about it.

It seemed that the discussion was coming to an end.

It seems that you don’t approve of the idea.

It seemed that the house had not been lived in for a long time.

Вариант 2

It appeared that he was losing patience.

It happened that I was present at the opening session.

It so happened that overheard their conversation.

It turned out that my prediction was correct.

It turned out that the language of the article was quite easy.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте и переведите текст

Assets

Вариант 1

In accounting, assets are generally divided into fixed and current assets. Fixed assets (or non-current assets) and investments, such as buildings and equipment, will continue to be used by the business for a long time. Current assets are things that will probably be used by the business in the near future. They include cash -money available to spend immediately,debtors – companies or people who owe money they will have to pay in the near future, and stock.If a company thinks a debt will not be paid, it has to anticipate the loss – take action in preparation for the loss happening, according to the conservatism principle. It will write off, or abandon, the sum as a bad debt, and make provisions by charging a corresponding amount against profits: that is, deducting the amount of the debt from the year’s profits.

Manufacturing companies generally have a stock of raw materials, work-in-progress – partially manufactured products — and products ready for sale. There are various ways of valuing stock or inventory, but generally they are valued at the lower of cost or market, which means whichever figure is lower: their cost — the purchase price plus the value of any work done on the items — or the current market price.

Вариант 2

This is another example of conservatism: even if the stock is expected to be sold at a profit, you should not anticipate profits.Assets can also be classified as tangible and intangible. Tangible assets are assets with a physical existence — things you can touch — such as property, plant and equipment. Tangible assets are generally recorded at their historical cost less accumulated depreciation charges — the amount of their cost that has already been deducted from profits.

This gives their net book value.Intangible assets include brand names — legally protected names for a company’s products, patents – exclusive rights to produce a particular new product for a fixed period, and trade marks — names or symbols that are put on products and cannot be used by other companies. Networks of contacts, loyal customers, reputation, trained staff or “human capital”, and skilled management can also be considered as intangible assets. Because it is difficult to give an accurate value for any of these things, companies normally only record tangible assets.

For this reason, a going concern should be worth more on the stock exchange than simply its net worth or net assets: assets minus liabilities. If a company buys another one at above its net worth — because of its intangible assets — the difference in price is recorded under assets in the balance sheet as goodwill.

Карточка № 3

Соедините разные части предложений

A company’s value on the stock exchange is nearly always

Brand names, trade marks, patents, customers, and qualified staff

Cash, money owed by customers, and inventory

Companies record inventory at the cost of buying or making the items,

Companies write off bad debts, and make provisions

Land, building, factories and equipment

are current assets.

are examples of intangible assets.

are examples of tangible, fixed assets.

by deducting the amount from profits.

higher than the value of its net asset.

or the current market price, whichever is lower.

Распределитесловаповидамактивов

buildings, goodwill, stock, cash in the bank,

human capital, land, debtors, investments, reputation

Current assets	Fixed assets	Intangible assets
_____________________	________________________	______________________
_____________________	________________________	_______________________
_____________________	________________________	_______________________

Практическое занятие № 16

Цикл деловой активности

Тема 3.3. Бухгалтерский учет. Виды счетов

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; закрепление навыков выполнения грамматического анализа текста; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Цикл деловой активности»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Лексический материал:

Bankrupt – банкрот

Current – ход, поток

Debt – долг

Inevitable – неминуемый, неизбежный

To put up – поднимать

To lay off – увольнять

To pay off – расплачиваться, рассчитываться

Reasonable – разумный

Secure – надежный, безопасный

To shrink – сокращать (ся)

Turnover – оборот

Stages – этапы, ступени

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 прочитайте текст (см. Карточка № 2). Выпишите предложения со сложным подлежащим и дополнением. Проанализируйте их

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 16

Карточка № 1

Прочитайте текст (см. Карточка № 2). Выпишите предложения со сложным подлежащим и дополнением. Проанализируйтеих

Карточка № 2

Прочитайтетекст,ответьтенавопросы

In the long term, over many years, an economy will grow at a steady rate. However, the climb up the hillside of economic growth is actually quite rocky. Long-term growth is made up of many short-term steps. Each short-term step may last for five or ten years. Over this short-term period the economy goes through a cycle of growth and recession. This is called the trade or business cycle, and it has four stages: boom, slump, recession and recovery.

During a boom, everything is good. Demand for goods and services is high and business is going well. To meet demand, companies need to take on more staff, so unemployment is low. Confidence is in the air! Consumers feel confident about spending because their jobs seem secure. What is more, interest rates are reasonable, so people take out loans and use their credit cards. Low interest rates also encourage companies to invest in new capital, and businesses grow. Governments are happy too, because tax revenues are increasing. However, the government has to be careful. Boom economies are always in danger of overheating. Demand-pull or cost-push inflation will eventually bring the good times to an end.

When the slump comes, the economy continues to grow, but not so fast. Once inflation starts to rise, confidence falls. The government have probably put up interest rates to slow down borrowing. People with mortgages have to spend more money to pay off their debt, so they have less to spend on other things. Higher interest rates discourage business investment. Things are moving slowly, and people just hope that the economy will improve again. But will it?

If the government have not acted quickly enough, its fiscal and monetary policy changes may be too late. In this case, recession is inevitable. Some economists say a recession exists when the current rate of growth falls below the long-term rate of growth. Others say a recession is when there is no growth at all, and the economy actually shrinks. Whatever it is, a recession is bad news. Companies have to reduce costs because turnover is so low. They first thing they do is to lay off staff. If the recession is very bad, some companies may even go bankrupt and close. When this happens, thousands of workers may lose their jobs. As unemployment rises, the government needs to spend more on providing unemployment benefit for those who are out of work. In the worst recessions, these conditions can last for a number of years.

Eventually, with good government policy and a demand for goods or services from healthier economies abroad recovery will come. Slowly, confidence returns, investment grows and the cycle begins again.

Ответьте на вопросы

What is economic growth like in the long run?

What is economic growth like in the short run?

Why are businesses and consumers confident during a boom?

Why are mortgage repayments often higher during a slump?

How do companies try to save money during a recession?

What can help an economy recover?

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь. Переведитепредложения

bankrupt, current, debt, inevitable, lay off, pay off,

put up, reasonable, secure, shrink, stages, turnover

Вариант 1

Each month I put 100 dollars into the bank to _______ my loan.

If you feel ________about your job, you don’t think there is a danger of losing it.

In Britain if it’s sunny in the morning, rain is _____________later!

A company’s ____________is how much money it spends and earns each year.

The ________________ price of oil is unbelievable.

Вариант 2

_________prices are prices you think are fair.

If you wash some clothes in very hot water, they _______________.

The opposite of taking on staff is to ________________staff.

If a company goes ____________, it cannot pay back money it owes and must close down.

I have a large _____________and I have to pay back a lot of money every month.

Практическое занятие № 17

История происхождения денег

Тема 3.3. Макроэкономика

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; формирование грамматических навыков использования согласования времен; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Деньги»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Согласование времен

Правило согласования времен состоит: если глагол в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени, то глагол в придаточном должен стоять в одном из прошедших времен.PresentSimple – PastSimple

PresentContinuous – PastContinuous действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного

PresentPerfect – PastPerfect

PastSimple – PastPerfectдействие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного

Future – Future—in—the—Past – действие придаточного предложения совершается позже действия главного

Лексический материал:

To swap – менять, обменивать

Rare – редкий

To represent – представлять

Cash – наличные деньги

Barter – бартер

Intrinsic – присущий, свойственный

Currency – валюта

Guarantee – гарантия

To guarantee – гарантировать

Liquidity – ликвидность

Commodity money – товарные деньги

Fiat money – бумажные деньги

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 раскройте скобки, выбирая требующееся время глагола.

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст, заполните таблицу

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 17

Карточка № 1

Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующееся время глагола

Вариант 1

My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting room.

He said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off.

I was sure he (posted, had posted) the letter.

I think the weather (will be, would be) fine next week.

I knew that he (is, was) a very clever man.

Вариант 2

I want to know what he (has bought, had bought) for her birthday.

I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen, had seen) at the museum.

They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark.

He says he (works, worked) at school two years ago.

Steven said he (is, was) very busy.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст, заполните таблицу

Money

The cash we use every day is something we take for granted, but for thousands of years’ people traded without it. Before money was invented, people used a system called bartering. Bartering is simply swapping one good for another. Imagine that you have milk, for example, and you want eggs. You simply find someone who has eggs and wants milk – and you swap! However, you can see that this isn’t a very convenient way to trade. First of all, you can’t be sure that anyone will want what you’ve got to offer. You have to hope that you’ll be lucky and find someone who has what you want and that he or she wants what you’ve got. The second problem with bartering is that many goods don’t hold their value. For example, you can’t keep your milk for a few months and then barter it. Nobody will want it!

After some time, people realised that some goods held their value and were easy to carry around and to trade with. Examples were metals like copper, bronze and gold and other useful goods like salt. These are examples of commodity money.

With commodity money, the thing used for buying goods has inherent value. For example, gold has inherent value because it is rare, beautiful and useful. Salt has inherent value because it makes food tasty. If you could buy things with a bag of salt, it meant you could keep a store of salt and buy things anytime you needed them. In other words, commodity money can store value.

Using commodity money was much more convenient than ordinary bartering, but it still had drawbacks. One of these drawbacks is that commodity money often lacks liquidity.

Liquidity refers to how easily money can circulate. There is obviously a limit to how much salt you can carry around! There’s another problem with commodity money: not everyone may agree on the value of the commodity which is used as money. If you live by the sea, salt may not be so valuable to you. Money needs to be a good unit of account. In other words, everyone should know and agree on the value of a unit. This way, money can be used to measure the value of other things.

The solution is to create a kind of money that does not have any real intrinsic value, but that represents value. This is called fiat money. The coins and notes that we use today are an example of fiat money. Notes don’t have any inherent value — they are just paper. However, everyone agrees that they are worth something. More importantly, their value is guaranteed by the government. This is the reason why pounds and dollars and the world’s other currencies have value.

Заполните таблицу, используя информацию из текста

	Examples	Advantages	Disadvantages
Bartering
Commodity money
Fiat money

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь. Переведите предложения

Вариант 1

One reason why people buy gold is because it ________ (holds its value/is taken for granted).

When we buy things, we ______(swap/represent) money for goods.

Diamonds are valuable because they are so ___________(intrinsic/rare).

Centuries ago people paid using _______ (commodity money/fiat money), such as gold and silver.

If money can easily be moved around and used, we say it has ________(liquidity/currency).

Вариант 2

The dollar is the ______ (cash/currency) of the USA.

When people ______(barter/guarantee) goods, they simply exchange one good for another.

__________ (Commodity money/Fiat money), like banknotes and coins, has no intrinsic value. It only represents value.

Coins and notes are used to ______(swap/represent) value.

Metals have________ (intrinsic/rare) value because they can be used to make things.

Практическое занятие № 18

Финансовые учреждения

Тема 3.3. Макроэкономика

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; закрепление грамматических навыков использования согласования времен; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Типы финансовых учреждений»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Согласование времен

PresentContinuous – PastContinuous действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного

PresentPerfect – PastPerfect

PastSimple – PastPerfectдействие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного

Future – Future—in—the—Past – действие придаточного предложения совершается позже действия главного

Лексический материал:

Deregulation – отмена государственного контроля

Merger – слияние

Share – акция

Bond – долговое обязательство

Insurance companies – страховые компании

Central bank – центральный банк

Private bank – частный банк

Clearing bank – клиринговыйбанк

Building societies – строительные кооперативы

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте и переведите устно текст

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 18

Карточка № 1

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени

Вариант 1

I knew they (to wait) for me at the railway station and I decided to hurry.

I didn’t know that you already (to wind) up the clock.

I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able to unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her.

He says that he (to know) the laws of the country.

He understood that the soldiers (to arrest) him.

Вариант 2

He said he (to leave) tomorrow morning.

She says she already (to find) the book.

He stopped and listened: the clock (to strike) five.

I asked my neighbor if he ever (to travel) by air before.

The policeman asked George where he (to run) so early.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте и переведите устно текст

Types of financial institution

Central Banks

A central bank is the financial institution responsible for the oversight and management of all other banks. In the United States, the central bank is the Federal Reserve Bank, which is responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervision and regulation of financial institutions. Individual consumers do not have direct contact with a central bank; instead, large financial institutions work directly with the Federal Reserve Bank to provide products and services to the general public.

Retail and Commercial Banks

Traditionally, retail bank offered products to individual consumers while commercial banks worked directly with businesses. Currently, the majority of large banks offer deposit accounts, lending and limited financial advice to both demographics. Products offered at retail and commercial banks include checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit (CDs), personal and mortgage loans, credit cards, and business banking accounts.

Internet Banks

A newer entrant to the financial institution market is the internet bank, which works similarly to a retail bank. Internet banks offer the same products and services as conventional banks, but they do so through online platforms instead of brick and mortar locations

Credit Unions

Credit unions serve a specific demographic per their field of membership, such as teachers or members of the military. While products offered resemble retail bank offerings, credit unions are owned by their members and operate for their benefit.

Savings and Loan Associations

Financial institutions that are mutually held and provide no more than 20% of total lending to businesses fall under the category of savings and loan associations. Individual consumers use savings and loan associations for deposit accounts, personal loans and mortgage lending.

Investment Banks and Companies

Investment banks do not take deposits; instead, they help individuals, businesses and governments raise capital through the issuance of securities. Investment companies, more commonly known as mutual fund companies, pool funds from individual and institutional investors to provide them access to the broader securities market.

Brokerage Firms

A brokerage firm assists individuals and institutions in buying and selling securities among available investors. Customers of brokerage firms can place trades of stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and some alternative investments.

Insurance Companies

Financial institutions that help individuals transfer risk of loss are known as insurance companies. Individuals and businesses use insurance companies to protect against financial loss due to death, disability, accidents, property damage and other misfortunes.

Mortgage Companies

Financial institutions that originate or fund mortgage loans are mortgage companies. While most mortgage companies serve the individual consumer market, some specialize in lending options for commercial real estate only.

Практическое занятие № 19

Кредитно-денежная политика государства

Тема 3.3. Макроэкономика

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Кредитно-денежная политика»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Лексический материал:

Central bank – центральный банк

Commercial bank – коммерческий банк

Confident – уверенный

Credit – кредит

Exchange rate – курс обмена валюты

To expand – расширять

Frequently – часто

Toimpact – прочно укреплять, сталкивать (ся)

Mortgage – ипотека

Proportion – пропорция

Repayments – выплаты

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 переведите на английский язык, соблюдая правила согласования времен

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 19

Карточка № 1

Переведите на английский язык, соблюдая правила согласования времен

Вариант 1

Я знала, что Анна работает на заводе, что у нее есть муж и двое детей.

Он сказал мне вчера, что раньше он учился в университете.

Сестра сказала, что хочет приехать к нам сама.

Я знала, что она очень занята.

Гид предупредил нас, что в этой части города движение довольно сильное.

Вариант 2

Он сказал, что любит эту пьесу.

Я боялся, что заблужусь в лесу.

Ученый был уверен, что найдет решение проблемы.

Мы не думали, что он так рассердится.

Мы боялись, что не купим билеты в театр.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы

Monetary policy

Monetary policy is another tool that governments use to control the economy. Monetary policy mainly involves making changes to the interest rate. It can also involve changing the amount of money that circulates round the economy. However, this second kind of monetary policy isn’t used very often because it can lead to inflation. Changing interest rates, on the other hand, is a method that is used quite frequently for slowing down or speeding up the economy. So how does it work?

Basically, commercial banks — the ones that you and I use to keep our savings in and to borrow from — borrow their money from the country’s central bank. This is the national or government bank, and it has the power to set interest rates. The interest rate of the central bank will influence the rates commercial banks set for their customers. When interest rates go up, borrowing money becomes more expensive. When they go down, it becomes cheaper.

People get loans from banks for all sorts of reasons, but the biggest loan most people take out is to buy a house. This kind of loan is called a mortgage. When interest rates increase, mortgages become more expensive. People who already have a mortgage will need to pay more on their repayments, and will have less money to spend on other things. Fewer people will want to buy new houses and house prices will fall.

In turn, home owners will feel less confident about their own wealth and will spend less. As a result, the economy slows down. A fall in interest rates will have the opposite effect on the house buying chain.

Consumers also buy other things using borrowed money. This is called buying on credit, and interest rates will also affect how much people spend on credit. Purchases made using credit cards are now a huge proportion of total spending in many countries. This means that interest rate changes have a big impact on consumer spending and the economy as a whole.

Companies, too, are affected by interest rate changes. When interest rates are low, they feel more confident about investing in order to expand their business. Low interest rates will encourage them to take out loans in order to build factories, buy machines and increase production. All of this increases the size of national output. Again, higher interest rates will have the opposite effect.

Finally, interest rates can have an effect on the amount of exports a country sells. This is because the value of a currency (the exchange rate) often falls when the interest rate falls. When the value of a currency falls, a nation’s products and services become cheaper for customers from other countries. This increases export sales, and more money comes into the economy. And, of course, a rise in interest rates will mean a rise in the exchange rate. This will reduce export sales, and reduce the total output of the economy.

Ответьте на вопросы

What kind of loan is called a mortgage?

Do the commercial banks set exactly the same interest rate as the central bank?

Is changing interest rates the most common type of monetary policy?

Are high interest rates good for the housing market?

Are businesses investing more when interest rates low?

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь. Переведитепредложения

central banks, commercial banks, confident, credit,

exchange rate, expand, frequently, impact, mortgage, proportion, repayments

Вариант 1

We have to pay our bills too ___________in my opinion.

A country’s _________________ is the government bank.

The _________ are the high street banks that everyone uses.

When a loan is taken out, usually each month ___________have to be made.

A _____________ is a special loan for people who want to buy a house.

Вариант 2

When you feel _____________, you feel sure that what you are doing is safe.

Many people these days buy things on __________instead of buying in cash.

A large _______of people use banks to deposit their savings.

The _________ compares the values of different currencies.

If a company wants to ____________, to move into new markets for example, it will need to borrow money.

Практическое занятие № 20

Бюджетно-налоговая политика государства

Тема 3.3. Макроэкономика

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; формирование грамматических навыков использования косвенной речи; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Бюджетно-налоговая политика»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Косвенная речь

Косвенная речь – тип высказывания, в котором передаются конкретные слова, произнесенные говорящим. Еслиглаголглавногопредложениястоитвпрошедшемвремени,тоуказательныеместоименияинаречияменяются: here – there; this – that; these – those; now – then, at that time; today – that day; yesterday – the day before/on the previous day; ago – before; last – the previous; tomorrow – the next day; last – the ____before.

Если глагол главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то соблюдается правило согласования времен, при этом происходят замены:

Present Simple	Past Simple
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple	Past Perfect
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect	Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Future Simple/Continuous/Perfect	Future-in-the-Past

Например, He said, “We are tired”. – He said they were tired.

Лексический материал:

Transport – транспорт

Policy – политика

Components – запасная часть, компонент

Multiplier effect – эффект мультипликатора

Personal allowance – личная скидка

Progressive taxation – прогрессивный налог

Income tax – подоходный налог

Fiscal policy – бюджетно-налоговая политика

Aggregate demand – совокупный спрос

Pull (in demand) – увеличение (спроса)

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь.

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 20

Карточка № 1

Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи

Вариант 1

The woman said to her son, “I am glad I am here”.

Mike said, “We have bought these books today”.

She said to me, “Now I can read your translation”.

Our teacher said, “Thackeray’s novels are very interesting”.

Nellie said, “I read “Jane Eyre” last year”.

Вариант 2

The poor man said to the rich man, “My horse is wild. It can kill your horse”.

Ann said to us, “They haven’t yet come”.

He said to me, “They are staying at the Grand Hotel Europe”.

The clerk said to them, “You can leave the key with the maid upstairs”.

She said, “I spent my holidays in the Crimea last year”.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы

Fiscal policy

The two main components of fiscal policy are changes to the tax system and changes in government spending. But what changes can governments make in these two areas, and how do changes affect the growth of the economy?

Let’s look first at the tax system, and in particular at income tax. Income tax is one of the biggest sources of income for a government. Many governments operate a system called progressive taxation. This means that the more you earn, the more tax you pay. People are usually allowed to keep some of their income without paying any tax. This is called the personal allowance. The rest of their income is then taxed using the progressive system. For example:

Income Personal Tax to pay

before tax allowance after allowance

£0-£1,999 10%

£2,000 — £29,999 £5,000 22%

£30,000 and over 40%

Governments can decide to change the size of the personal allowance, or change the percentage that each income group has to pay. If the economy is growing too fast, and demand for goods and services is more than the economy can supply, the government will want to slow down spending.

To do this, they can decrease the personal allowance, or they can increase the percentage to pay in tax. This will mean people have less disposable income, and spending will slow down. If the economy is slowing down too much, governments can do the opposite.

What about government spending? How does that affect economic growth? The key to this is something called the multiplier effect. To understand how this works, let’s look at an example. Imagine that the economy is not growing. This will make aggregate demand fall. In turn, productivity falls. This situation means that the nation’s resources are not all being used. In other words, there are surplus raw materials, machines are not being used and workers are unemployed. What the economy needs is a pull in demand for goods and services.

The government can provide this pull by spending a large amount of money on public projects. For example, imagine that the transport department decides to spend £200 million on building a new motorway. This will give work to building companies and jobs to unemployed workers. In other words, more resources are being used and the nation’s productivity is increased.

Companies and workers on the motorway project will save some of the money they earn, but also spend some. The money they spend will be income for others in the economy. If half of the £200 million is spent, then the total national income has grown by this much:

£200 million + (0.5 x £200 million)

Each time a proportion of the income is passed on, the economy grows again:

£200 million + (0.5 x £200 million) + (0.5 x £100 million), etc.

In theory, the multiplier effect will continue until there is full employment and the nation’s resources are being used to their fullest extent.

Ответьте на вопросы

What are the two tools of fiscal policy?

What is someone’s personal allowance.

What will the government do to taxes if the economy is slowing down?

How can the government create more demand in the economy?

When does the multiplier effect stop working?

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь.

Вариант 1

The _______(transport/education) department of the government looks after roads, railways and airports.

The government hopes its ________(allowance/policy) will help reduce unemployment.

The parts that something is made of are sometimes called __________(income/components).

_________(Full/Absolute) employment is when everyone who can work has a job.

The money that you have after you have paid taxes is called your _______(spending/disposable) income.

Вариант 2

The part of a person’s salary that is not taxed is called their personal ____________(allowance/discount).

Another word for extra goods that are not needed is _______(shortage/surplus).

When the economy is working at full ______ (capacity/motorway), it’s using all its resources for production.

A ______ (project/scheme) is a plan for achieving something.

In a _______(public/progressive) tax system, people who earn more pay more tax than people who earn less.

Практическое занятие № 21

Ценовая дискриминация

Тема 3.3. Макроэкономика

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; закрепление грамматических навыков использования косвенной речи; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Ценовая дискриминация»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Лексический материал:

Accordingly – соответственно

Auction – аукцион

Degree – степень

Discount – скидка

Discrimination – дискриминация

Guesswork – догадки, предположения

Inbulk – оптом, в большом количестве

Markup price – цена с издержками

Pensioners – пенсионеры

Retailer – розничная фирма, розничный торговец

Risk-taking –рискованный

Wholesaler – оптовая компания, оптовый продавец

Price discrimination – ценовая дискриминация

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 восстановите прямую речь в следующих предложениях

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь.

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 21

Карточка № 1

Восстановите прямую речь в следующих предложениях

Вариант 1

I asked if they had taken the sick man to hospital.

I asked my friend if he had a headache.

I wanted to know when he had fallen ill.

I wondered if he had taken his temperature.

I asked him if he was feeling better now.

Вариант 2

I asked him if the doctor had given him some medicine.

I asked the man how long he had been in Paris.

I asked him if he was going to a health resort.

We asked the girl if her father was still in Moscow.

I asked the girl what sort of work her father did.

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы

Price discrimination

The market price for a product is like a signpost for companies. It shows them more or less what people are prepared to pay. Nevertheless, companies can set their prices just above or just below the market price if they want. They can even choose to ignore the market price completely. In the real world of business, setting prices involves skill, guesswork and task — taking. Companies have lots of pricing tricks which help to increase profits. One of these tricks is price discrimination.

Price discrimination means charging a different price for the same product to different customers. For example, you walk into a shop and buy a CD for 15. A few minutes later, I walk into the same shop and buy another copy of exactly the same CD. This time, the shopkeeper charges me 20! That is price discrimination.

There are different types, or degrees, of price discrimination. First degree price discrimination is when almost every consumer pays a different price for the same product. How can this happen? Remember that the demand curve slopes downward. In theory, every consumer has their own point on the curve. In other words, each person values the product differently. You may think that an Elton John CD is worth 20, whereas I think is it only worth 50 cents! We are on different points on the demand curve. With first degree discrimination, each consumer will pay what he or she thinks the product is worth, and sellers charge each person accordingly.

This all sounds great, but it is not usually practical in the real market place. Nevertheless, it is sometimes possible. An auction, for example, works in this way. In an auction, each consumer makes a bid for the product, and the highest bid wins. In this way, the product is sold at a price that the buyer thinks is right. Auctioning is becoming more and more common on World Wide Web, and auctioning websites have become very big business.

Second degree price discrimination is more common than first degree discrimination. It involves changing price according to how much of the product is sold. For example, if a customer buys three pencils, they pay one euro per pencil. If they buy 300 pencils, they pay only 75 cents per pencil. This is a kind of reward for reward for buying large amounts. This kind of discrimination is important for retailers. It allows shopkeepers to buy goods in bulk from wholesalers at lower prices. Shopkeepers then add a markup price when they sell the goods on to ordinary customers.

What about third degree price discrimination? This is when certain types of customer are charged different prices. For example, pensioners and students often get discounts on public transport or for arts events. These people cannot afford the normal market price. By offering discounts, companies widen their market share but still make a profit.

Ответьте на вопросы

Is price discrimination fair?

Would you ever buy something at an auction or on the Internet?

What is the price discrimination and why do producers use it?

What are the stages of price discrimination?

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь

accordingly, auction, degree, discount, discrimination, guesswork, in bulk, markup price, pensioners, retailers, risk-taking, wholesaler

Вариант 1

Some people like dangerous sports because enjoy _______.

In an ___________, the item for sale is sold to the customer who offers the highest price.

The ___________is the extra money shops add to the value of something in order to make a profit.

In the past, forecasting the weather was just _________________.

When you are in a formal situation, you have to dress and behave____________.

Вариант 2

In the winter sales shops often give a __________of up to 50 %.

When you buy __________, you buy very large quantities of something.

___________is when you treat some people differently.

__________ are people who sell things.

Because retired people usually receive a pension, they are often called _____________.

Практическое занятие № 22

Богатство, доход и неравенство

Тема 3.3. Макроэкономика

Цель занятия: развитие умений работать с новым лексическим материалом; закрепление навыков грамматического анализа текста; формирование умений работать с профессионально-ориентированным текстом

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Богатство, доход и неравенство»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Лексический материал:

Valuable – ценный

To invest – инвестировать

Pension scheme – пенсионная схема

Static – статический, неподвижный

Belongings – принадлежности, вещи, пожитки

Flow – поток

Distribution – распределение

Interest – процент

Savings – сбережения

Inequality – неравенство

Extent – протяжение, пространство, степень, мера

Stocks and shares – акциииоблигации

To store – хранить

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 1. С карточки № 1 выполните грамматический анализ текста (см. Карточка № 2): выпишите предложения с глаголами в пассивном залоге. Проанализируйте их

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте и устно переведите текст

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 соотнесите слова с определениями. Переведите предложения

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 22

Карточка № 1

Выполните грамматический анализ текста (см. Карточка № 2): выпишите предложения с глаголами в пассивном залоге. Проанализируйте их

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте и устно переведите текст

Wealth,incomeandinequality

Вариант 1

What does it mean to be wealthy? The answer to this question varies from culture to culture. In the modernized, industrial world that we live in, wealth generally means all the collected store of valuable things that belong to a person (or family, company or country). Wealth can include money saved in bank accounts, or invested in pension schemes. It can include land, houses or other property and valuable belongings such as works of art or precious jewels. Many people also own stocks and shares in companies. The various things that make up a person’s wealth are often called assets.

So wealth is a static thing. The term income, on the other hand, suggests flow of money. Income is the amount of money that a person (or family or company) receives over a period of time. For most people, this means the salary they get for the work they do. However, there are other sources of income. One source is government benefits, such as unemployment benefit or family support. Another source is rent from property and another is interest from savings.

Вариант 2

Huge inequalities in wealth owned by individuals exist in many countries. Take the United Kingdom, for example. A fifth of all the marketable wealth is owned by just one per cent of the UK’s population. That one per cent own over £355 billion of assets. Figure 1 on page 56 shows how the rest of the United Kingdom’s wealth is distributed. As you can see, the richest 50 per cent of the population own over 93 per cent of the wealth. In other words, half the population own nearly all the wealth and the other half own only a tiny percentage. The chart also shows the the richest one per cent of the population own over a fifth of all the country’s wealth.

Large inequalities also exist in the distribution of income. The extent of these inequalities can be shown with something called the Lorens curve. You can see an example in figure 2 below. The straight blue line shows perfectly equal distribution of income. For example, the bottom 20 per cent earn 20 per cent of the total income. The bottom 40 per cent earn 40 per cent and so on. This is the ideal situation. The red curve, however, shows the real situation for the United Kingdom. You can see immediately how far from perfect the distribution is. Half of the population, for example, earn just under a third of the total income. Move horizontally along the population line and you can see that 90 per cent of the population take only 70 per cent of the total income. This means that the top ten per cent of the population earn nearly 30 per cent of the country’s total income.

Карточка № 3

Соотнесите слова с определениями. Переведите предложения

1 valuable	To lend money to a company or bank in order to earn more money
2 invest	How large or important something is
3 pension scheme	The way in which a supply of something, like money, is shared among people
4 static	Money put somewhere for later use, for example in the bank
5 belongings	Unfairness
6 flow	Immobile, not moving
7 distribution	A way of saving money for when you get old and stop working
8 interest	Things someone owns, but usually things that can be moved
9 savings	If you save money in a bank, you get this extra money for keeping it there
10 inequality	Movement like a river
11 extent	Important or worth money
12 stocks and shares	A collection or supply of things kept for later use
13 store	Part of the value of a company – people buy and sell these

Практическое занятие № 23

Бедность

Тема 3.3. Макроэкономика

Методическое обеспечение (дидактическое обеспечение для практических работ): раздаточные дидактический материал (карточки с упражнениями, текст «Бедность»). Методическое пособие по проведению практических занятий

Теоретический материал

Лексический материал:

Absolute – полный, неограниченный

Associate – товарищ, коллега, партнер

Average – среднее число, средняя величина

Corruption – коррупция

Cycle — цикл

To define – определять, давать определение

Generation – поколение

Natural disaster – природный катаклизм

Shelter – убежище

Trap — ловушка

Порядок выполнения заданий

Задание 2. С карточки № 2 прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы

Задание 3. С карточки № 3 заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь.

Содержание отчёта

Дата, тема

Цель

Выполненные в полном объёме задания

Дидактический материал к практическому занятию № 23

Карточка № 1

Карточка № 2

Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы

Poverty

Вариант 1

Without a doubt poverty is a huge problem in the world today. Figures suggest that three billion people or half the world is population live. However, although we associate poverty with developing countries, poverty of some kind also exists in industrialized nations. For example, it is now thought that quite possibly one in every ten Americans lives in poverty. However, poverty means different things to different people. How do economists define poverty?

One measure of poverty is absolute poverty. People live in absolute poverty when they live on or below the poverty line. This is level of the basic necessities to live, such as food, clothing and shelter. According to the World Bank, these are people who are living on two dollars a day. However, there are one billion people in the world who live in less than one dollar a day. The World Bank defines this as extreme poverty.

Few people in industrialized countries live in absolute poverty, but many live in relative poverty. This measure of poverty takes into account the differences that exist in a population between the rich and the poor.

Вариант 2

For example, some economists say that people who earn less than half the average income live in relative poverty. In Britain, this means 14 million people.

Why does poverty still exist? There is no single answer to this question. In developing countries, causes of absolutely poverty include natural disasters like droughts and floods, political corruption and war. However, in many cases people — and whole populations — are caught in a trap: the poverty trap.

People on a law income spend everything they have on daily necessities. They save almost nothing. In order to raise themselves out of property, they need education. This costs money. Even when governments provide free schooling. The poor may not send their children because they need them to work. These families cannot afford the cost of sending a child to school. Without education, the children cannot find better paid work. In this way, generations of the same family remain poor.

The same cycle that traps individuals can trap a whole population. Economic growth depends on investment. Investment money comes from savings. A nation that has almost no savings cannot grow economically. This keeps wages low, so again people cannot save and the cycle continues.

Ответьте на вопросы

What number of people live in extreme poverty?

How can relative poverty be explained?

What can’t people escape from the poverty trap?

According to the text, why are countries often trapped in a poverty cycle?

Карточка № 3

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, запишите предложения в тетрадь

absolute, associate, average, corruption, cycle,

define, generation, natural disasters, shelter, trap

Вариант 1

We _______high crime rates with poverty and unemployment.

Having a ______, a roof over your head, is a basic need of humankind.

How does the dictionary ____________this word?

Floods, droughts, hurricanes and other ______________are happening more frequently.

Giving money secretly to judged or politicians so that they help you is an example of _____________.

Вариант 2

Hunters will sometimes set a _______instead of using a gun.

Let’s hope the next _______finally put an end to hunger and poverty.

The world’s water supply is a _______which involves the sea, rainfall and rivers.

If somebody lives in _______poverty, that means they are completely without money to buy basic necessities.

The _______salary at that company is very high.

Рекомендуемая литература

Основная учебная литература:

Гальчук Л. М. Грамматика английского языка: коммуникативный курс. 5DEnglishGrammarinCharts,Exercises,Film—basedTasks,TextsandTests [Электронный ресурс]: учеб. пособие. – М.: Вузовский учебник: ИНФРА-М, 2016. – 439 с. — Режим доступа: http://znanium.com.

Радовель В. А. Английский язык для технических вузов: учебное пособие. – М.: ИЦ РИОР, НИЦ ИНФРА-М, 2016. – 284 с. Режим доступа:http://znanium.com.

Дополнительная учебная литература:

КарповаТ.А. English for Colleges. Английский язык для колледжей: учебное пособие. — 14-е изд., стереотип. — Москва: КНОРУС, 2016. — 286 с.

Professional English in Use Finance/ Ian MacKenzie//Cambridge University Press, 2009 – 141.

English for Accounting/Evan Frendo, Sean Mahoney//Oxford Business English, 2011 – 64.

Guide to Economics/Lilia Raitskaya, Stuart Cochrane//Macmillan Education, 2011 – 134.

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/326587-metodicheskoe-posobie-po-provedeniju-praktich

Источник