Another way to write the word and - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

Learning how to write in short form is a skill. It takes time, but it’s certainly doable. This article will look at some good choices for writing “and” in short form. It’s a common word, so the more options we can provide to avoid repeating it, the better!

How Can I Write “And” In Short Form?

There are a few great examples of “and” in the short form. Some of them, you might even be familiar with. Why not check out some of the best ones here:

&
N
‘N’
+
/
Et
Whatever you want

The preferred version is “&” (ampersand). It works well because everyone recognizes the ampersand symbol and knows how to interpret it. Therefore, it’s a really easy one to remember to use correctly when writing in short form, and anyone will understand what you mean.

&

“&” is the most universally recognized symbol for “and.” It works well when we want to write in the short form because everyone will be able to make sense of it. If you are planning on sharing your notes with others, this is your best bet to help them understand it.

It’s not always common for short-form notes to be shared. Usually, we are the only people who read them after we’ve taken the notes. However, if you are likely to share your notes, we recommend the ampersand because everyone knows that it means “and.”

Also, it’s a fairly quick symbol to create with a pen. While it might look a little wavy and difficult to create at first, it’s really simple to create it with one brush stroke.

You should test it by first doodling an ampersand and then writing “and” on a piece of paper. You will notice that the ampersand is a lot quicker to complete than “and,” which is what also makes it such a powerful choice for writing in the short form.

Jack & Joseph will be arriving at 6 later tonight or tomorrow, depending on event finish time.
Boss & supervisor want meeting at 3. Will attend office ready for that time.
Friday & Saturday have booked time off. Will enjoy that time away from work.

N

“N” is a one-letter option we can use to replace “and.” We use “N” because it closely resembles the sound that you make when saying “and” (since the “N” is an important letter when pronouncing it).

Using one letter instead of three is a great way to shorten your writing. Since “N” and “and” are so similar, many short-form writers like to stick to this letter usage whenever they’re showing that multiple things should be put into the same group.

Remember, the whole point of the short form is to save you time when taking notes. It’s also to help you look back on your notes and remember what you were writing at the time.

Since “N” is already recognized as an “and” form, we can always rely on remembering what we meant. It’s a great short-form choice for this reason.

Also, it’s entirely up to the writer whether they want to capitalize the letter or not. Some people like to capitalize it to make it stand out, while others like to write it in the lower case because it’s quicker to write.

Michelle N Rodrigo are up to no good again.
Tom N Jenkins need to go to the store later tonight
Cat n dog both out of food, so should get some later.

‘N’

“‘N’” is an extension of the one we explained previously. You might notice that the letter “N” is still used here. However, we’ve also included apostrophes on either side to really highlight that “N” is different from the rest of the sentence.

For some people, this inclusion of extra apostrophes is unnecessary. After all, the whole point of writing in the short form is that it should be quicker and easier to write.

‘N’ and “and” have the same amount of characters (three), so there isn’t anything that shows that ‘N’ will be quicker. However, it’s a stylistic choice. If you like to include the apostrophes to get it to stand out, there should be no reason why you can’t.

Rock ‘n’ roll date underway.
Friday ‘n’ Tuesday booked in for spa day.
Football ‘n’ hockey nights have been set to record.

+

“+” is one of the most popular short-form choices for replacing “and.” Many people use the plus sign whenever they can because it’s one of the more obvious ways to show that two or more things should be grouped together.

The symbol originates from mathematical equations. You are probably already familiar with using plus signs to add things up. Well, the same idea applies when you write plus signs in the short form.

However, this time, instead of adding numbers together, you’re adding words, people, or things. The plus sign helps to group those things up into values that matter and allows you to refer back to your short-form when needed.

The best part about writing in the short form is that you are typically the only person who needs to read it. As we’ve already stated, as long as you know what you’re using the symbols for, there’s no reason why you can’t choose whatever one you want.

Company director + chair want meeting with big boss on Friday.
Friday + Monday need to be in office to make sure ready for the presentation.
Interview + date on same day, so can recycle the clothes you wear for both occasions.

/

Next, we want to go over the slash. It’s not one of the most common options, but we think it’s still beneficial. Some short-form writers swear by the slash, which is why we included it.

“/” allows us to break up two different objects in a sentence. While some people might think the “/” means “or,” others like to use it as both “and” and “or,” depending on the context.

If you’re writing short form that you know other people will be reading, perhaps it’s best to avoid using the forward-slash symbol. However, if you are the only person reading your short form and you know what the slash is for, you can use it to replace “and.”

Since many people only write in the short form for their own sakes (i.e. to help them take notes of a class or presentation), they are the only people who need to understand what they’ve written. That’s why slashes work well, so long as you’re the audience.

If you ever show your short-form notes to other people, you might cause a bit of confusion.

Steve / Marcus wanted to have a holiday in the Spring.
Pythag / Newton both have designed something I’m supposed to know about in school today.
Teachers / students want to gather in the playground to have a soccer match for lunchtime.

Et

We want to touch on “et.” It’s not the best option, which is why we put it last. However, some people like to use it.

“Et” is the Latin form of “and.” It’s commonly seen in other Latin phrases like “et al.,” but we rarely use it as the short form of “and.” However, some people like to use Latin forms like this (and it is still one letter shorter than “and”).

The idea of writing in short form is to make it quicker to write. “Et” is a much quicker word to write down than “and.” In fact, you should give it a try on a piece of paper in front of you.

Since short form developed from notepads, it is much more common to write with a pen, and “et” is much quicker to complete than “and.”

While some people might find “et” to be pretentious because of its Latin roots, there’s nothing wrong with using it if you like it. Some people simply do not like to use symbols.

Tom et Callie will be coming to party tonight at 3.
He et she will be there. Make sure there is room for both to arrive.
They et co. have decided to make it a gathering for the masses.

Whatever You Want

Okay, this last one is a bit outlandish, but stick with us. Since most people write in short form to help them take notes, they tend to be the only people who will read it.

Therefore, you can technically use whatever symbol, letter, or word you want to replace “and.” As long as it’s shorter than “and,” and you know what it means when you read it back, you can use anything.

The whole point of the short form is to allow you to look back on your notes and decipher them when it matters. It’s wise to keep the same letter, symbol, or word throughout your short-form writing if you’re going to make up your own.

You might end up confusing yourself more if you have multiple different symbols that all mean the same thing. So, if you’re going to use whatever you want to use, make sure it stays consistent at the very least!

You may also like: When Should I Use “&” vs. “And”? Easy Ampersand Guide

Martin holds a Master’s degree in Finance and International Business. He has six years of experience in professional communication with clients, executives, and colleagues. Furthermore, he has teaching experience from Aarhus University. Martin has been featured as an expert in communication and teaching on Forbes and Shopify. Read more about Martin here.

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What is the correct to write and/or? I have seen it written «and or» as two separate words and I think it looks odd.

asked Oct 28, 2014 at 16:50

You’d be hard pressed to find a style guide that doesn’t admonish you to drop “and/or” and choose either “and” or “or.”

In writing either and or or is usually adequate.

If a greater distinction is needed, another phrasing is available
         : X or Y, or both.

References:

And/or

ELU: The difference between «and» and «and/or»

It is more common in technical,business,and legal writing.

answered Oct 28, 2014 at 17:45

MistiMisti

13.7k4 gold badges29 silver badges64 bronze badges

There is no correct way; it depends on what style guide you are using.

However, at least in AmE, and/or is the vastly more common construction. If in doubt, I would choose and/or.

For more information, I’ll point you to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And/or

answered Oct 28, 2014 at 16:54

Nick2253Nick2253

4,4961 gold badge15 silver badges31 bronze badges

This has been a debate for a long time at my work. I thought it was and, or. I was informed that a slash should be kept for forms. I will/will not attend.

answered Apr 28, 2017 at 13:55

«and/or» has the same logical value as «or», I always use «or» which is simpler and better looking. In fact, the slash sign «/» is not even part of the standard punctuation and looks terrible when replacing the comma in normal text. Another reason for discouraging «/» is its ambiguous interpretation: «A/B» could mean «A or B», but also «either A or B» (what logicians call an «exclusive or», sometimes encoded as «xor» as in the Latin «aut» as opposed to «vel», which is the usual inclusive «or»).

answered Sep 21, 2017 at 17:23

In writing the phrase and/or, for example in a sentence as: I need to purchase a new item and/or return this one. the sentence would literally translate to: I need to purchase a new item and and or or return this one.

To properly designate the intention of «and/or» it would be written: I need to purchase a new item/return this one.

Nonetheless, the usage of the phrase is highly regarded as inappropriate/poor writing.

answered Sep 6, 2016 at 0:12

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You should never start a sentence with the words “and” or “but”—never.

If that was drilled into your head at some point during your elementary school English lessons, then you’re not alone. Most of us were taught this rule in school—and we followed it with every writing assessment, research paper, and book report we ever wrote.

So, if it’s improper to start a sentence with the words “and” or “but” then why do so many prolific, notable writers do it? As do bloggers, journalists, and copywriters. It might seem like a rebellious move—but the truth is, it’s not really “against the rules” at all.

Telling It Straight

The truth is, it’s okay to start a sentence with the words “and” or “but”—if you do it correctly. After all, there is a time and place for everything, right?

First, let’s take a quick jump down memory lane to those Schoolhouse Rock! tapes you watched when the substitute teacher didn’t know the subject. Ever had the tune to “Conjunction Junction” stuck in your head for no apparent reason? You’re not alone.

However, after so many years, do you remember what the function of a conjunction really is? It might seem obvious—a conjunction connects two thoughts or ideas. “And” and “but” are called coordinating conjunctions and are a part of a much longer list of words.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions:

However, the ones we were specifically taught to avoid starting a sentence with are “and” and “but.” The good news is, you can rest easy knowing that there is no true grammar rule that says you can’t ever start a sentence with one of these conjunctions.

“Contrary to what your high school English teacher told you, there’s no reason not to begin a sentence with but or and; in fact, these words often make a sentence more forceful and graceful. They are almost always better than beginning with however or additionally.” — Professor Jack Lynch, Associate Professor of English, Rutgers University, New Jersey

Why Were We All Taught a Rule that Doesn’t Exist?

Realizing now, ten, twenty, or even thirty years or more later that you were lied to might be frustrating—but your teachers really did have your best interests in mind. While there is no definitive answer as to why we were taught this “rule,” the explanation that makes the most sense was that it was meant to prevent kids from writing the way they talk.

Think about it—have you listened to a child or teenager talk for any extended amount of time? If you have, then you can understand exactly what these teachers were trying to avoid.

If you haven’t—well, these two examples will help provide some insight…

“We wanted to go to get burgers and they weren’t open. But we still got burgers. But we had to go somewhere else to get them. But they weren’t as good as the ones we were going to get.”

“My friend and I went to the beach yesterday. And while we were on the beach, we saw lots of seagulls and other birds. And this one seagull stole some guy’s fries while he was trying to eat them! And it scared the guy so much, he jumped nearly ten feet in the air!”

It’s one thing to verbally hear a story told in this fashion. But reading it is an entirely different experience. No matter what the word is, you never want to start too many consecutive sentences with the same word. The overuse of “and” and “but” in spoken English is likely the main reason our teachers forbid us from starting a sentence with them in our writing!

When Is It Okay to Start a Sentence with “And” or “But”?

So, if there is a time and place for everything—where is the proper time and place to use “and” or “but” at the beginning of your sentence?

The first thing you want to remember is that you’re using this word to connect two thoughts—so your phrase should be able to stand on its own. This means it has a clearly defined subject and verb.

If you remove your conjunction and you suddenly have a sentence fragment that doesn’t seem to make sense, then you need to rework your wording. Perhaps this means making your two sentences one—using “and” or “but” with a comma, rather than a period.

You should also take into consideration what you are writing. Different types of writing call for different approaches. The use of “and” or “but” at the start of a sentence sometimes brings a sense of informality. It might be right for your blog posts, whereas more formal coordinating conjunctions like “additionally” or “however” might read better in a white paper.

The bottom line is though, it’s never truly off limits. Sometimes it’s more impactful to be so precise and direct.

When Should You Follow the Old “English Class Rule”?

In most business writing—especially digital marketing copy like blog posts, emails, and social media posts—you shouldn’t stress using “and” or “but” to start your sentence. No one is going to point it out. No one is going to laugh at you. In fact, someone else who doesn’t already know the truth might think you’re the rebel for being so daring in the first place!

But there are times when you’ll want to follow this mock rule. Data-driven content—case studies, statistic focused white papers, text book content, these are places where you might not only see less opportunity to start a sentence with a conjunction, but also where it could be beneficial to avoid doing so.

If you’ve already got years of practice avoiding starting your sentence with one of these words, then it might take some retraining to find yourself starting a sentence this way. On the other hand, following this rule helps you to expand your vocabulary and use other words and phrases to get your points across. (I could have used “but” to start that last sentence; «on the other hand» adds variety while also giving a stronger sense of weighing up options.)

Breathe Easy Knowing You’re Not the Only Misled Student

It’s been years now since teachers started drumming into students that they should never—ever—start their sentence with the words “and” or “but.” If you’re one of likely millions who was taught this lie during your schooldays, don’t feel bad. This is just another case of a few people creating a problem for the rest of us.

Since teachers didn’t think they could trust some students to be more creative in telling their stories, they restricted everyone. Sure, it worked—you’ll hardly come across something written on the internet with repetitive starts, especially not “and” or “but”—but at what cost? Many of us were following a grammar rule that doesn’t exist—and probably got irrationally mad that editors missed such a common mistake again and again.

Can you already feel the weight lifted? If you’re one of many who has been avoiding using “and” or “but” to start a sentence, don’t hold back! It’s the freedom that comes with finding out a constraint you’ve worked around for years is no longer an issue.

Try using this new technique in your writing to create more direct and powerful statements.

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	Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Новосибирской области

	Новосибирский химико-технологический колледж им. Д.И. Менделеева	630102 г. Новосибирск, ул. Садовая, 26, Тел./факс: (383) 266-00-44, тел.: (383) 266-00-54, info@nhtk—edu.ru

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ
ПОСОБИЕ

Английский
язык

для
студентов специальности 09.02.07

«Информационные
системы и программирование»

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

1.	Tomorrow’s Robotics Today……………………………………	4
2.	Top 10 greatest programmers in the world of all time…………	8
3.	Programming facts………………………………………………	11
4.	English verbs of movement on computers………………………	13
5.	The names of keys on a keyboard……………………………….	15
6.	Technical problems before a meeting……………………………	16
7.	WEB page………………………………………………………..	18
8.	Using computers at work…………………………………………	20
9.	How a computer network works………………………………….	22
10.	Code sign/symbol names………………………………………….	24
11.	Best NoSQL Databases……………………………………………	27
12.	Top 10 programming languages………………………………….	34
13.	Solving a Customer’s Server Problem……………………………	39
14.	A Controversial IT Purchase………………………………………	40
15.	Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics…………………………	41
16.	Top 15 American IT Companies………………………………….	42
17.	Реферирование и аннотирование……………………………….	44
18.	Тексты для реферирования……………………………………..	51
19.	Упражнения по темам……………………………………………	54
20.	Список источников………………………………………………	58
	Приложение

«Tomorrow’s Robotics Today»

A robot is a machine—especially one
programmable by a computer— capable of carrying out a complex series of actions
automatically. Robots can be guided by an external control device or the
control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed on the lines of human
form, but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to
their aesthetics.

The branch of technology that deals with
the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as
computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information
processing is robotics. These technologies deal with automated machines that
can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing
processes, or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, or cognition. Many of
today’s robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired
robotics. These robots have also created a newer branch of robotics: soft
robotics.

Androids

An android is a robot or
other artificial being designed to resemble a human, and often made from a
flesh-like material. Historically, androids were completely within the domain
of science fiction and frequently seen in film and television, but recent
advances in robot technology now allow the design of functional and realistic
humanoid robots.

Sophia is a social humanoid robot
developed by Hong Kong based company Hanson Robotics. Sophia was activated on
February 14, 2016, and made her first public appearance at South by Southwest
Festival (SXSW) in mid-March 2016 in Austin, Texas, United States. She is able
to display more than 60 facial expressions.

Sophia has been covered by media around
the globe and has participated in many high-profile interviews. In October
2017, Sophia became a Saudi Arabian citizen, the first robot to receive
citizenship of any country. In November 2017, Sophia was named the United
Nations Development Programmer’s first ever Innovation Champion, and is the
first non-human to be given any United Nation title.

Cameras within Sophia’s eyes combined with
computer algorithms allow her to see. She can follow faces, sustain eye
contact, and recognize individuals. She is able to process speech and have
conversations using a natural language subsystem. Around January 2018 Sophia
was upgraded with functional legs and the ability to walk.

Hiroshi Ishiguro is director of the
Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, part of the Department of Systems Innovation
in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan. A
notable development of the laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with
lifelike appearance and visible behavior such as facial movements.

Ishiguro has made an android that
resembles him, called the Geminoid. The Geminoid was among the robots featured
by James May in his 5 October 2008 BBC2 documentary on robots Man-Machine in
May’s series Big Ideas. He also introduced a telecommunication robot called the
Telenoid R1. Hiroshi also uses the android to teach his classes at Osaka
University of Japan and likes to scare his students by making Geminoid do
human-like movements like blinking, «breathing» and fidgeting with
his hands. Ishiguro has been listed, in 2011, as one of the 15 Asian Scientists
to Watch by Asian Scientist Magazine. In 2018, Ishiguro was interviewed
interacting with one of his robots for the documentary on artificial
intelligence.

Whether each of us will have a geminoid in
the future remains to be seen. But lifelike androids are already helping
Ishiguro and others explore some of the pressing questions in human-robot
interaction. What do people expect from robots? What social behaviors should
they exhibit? And how do we get their look right? In the coming years,
researchers will have to answer these questions to come up with design
principles for building the next generation of social robots.

Ishiguro, for his part, believes that
robotic telepresence will become a major communication medium over the next
decade. Eventually, he speculates, humanlike robots will become truly
integrated into society—not just for factory automation or as labor-saving
devices but as replacements for someone’s physical presence. A future where androids
may become so advanced that we’re unable to distinguish them from ourselves
doesn’t frighten Ishiguro.

“Humankind is always trying to replace
human abilities with machines. That’s our history,” he says. “I’m doing the
same thing. Nothing special”.

Industrial robots

Electronics evolved into the driving force
of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots
created by William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and
Frank L. Stulen. The first commercial, digital and programmable robot was built
by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate. It was sold to General
Motors in 1961 where it was used to lift pieces of hot metal from die casting
machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing
Township, New Jersey.

Robots have replaced humans] in performing
repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do, or are unable to
do because of size limitations, or which take place in extreme environments
such as outer space or the bottom of the sea. Industrial robots usually consist
of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and an end effector that is
attached to a fixed surface. One of the most common type of end effector is a
gripper assembly.

The International Organization for
Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot in ISO
8373: «an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose,
manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in
place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.» This
definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, the European
Robotics Research Network (EURON) and many national standards committees.

Most commonly industrial robots are fixed
robotic arms and manipulators used primarily for production and distribution of
goods. The term «service robot» is less well-defined. The
International Federation of Robotics has proposed a tentative definition,
«A service robot is a robot which operates semi- or fully autonomously to
perform services useful to the well-being of humans and equipment, excluding
manufacturing operations

Mining robots

Mining robots are designed to solve a
number of problems currently facing the mining industry, including skills
shortages, improving productivity from declining ore grades, and achieving
environmental targets. Due to the hazardous nature of mining, in particular
underground mining, the prevalence of autonomous, semi-autonomous, and
tele-operated robots has greatly increased in recent times. A number of vehicle
manufacturers provide autonomous trains, trucks and loaders that will load
material, transport it on the mine site to its destination, and unload without
requiring human intervention. One of the world’s largest mining corporations,
Rio Tinto, has recently expanded its autonomous truck fleet to the world’s
largest, consisting of 150 autonomous Komatsu trucks, operating in Western
Australia. Similarly, BHP has announced the expansion of its autonomous drill
fleet to the world’s largest, 21 autonomous Atlas Copco drills.

Drilling, longwall and rockbreaking
machines are now also available as autonomous robots.[168] The Atlas Copco Rig
Control System can autonomously execute a drilling plan on a drilling rig,
moving the rig into position using GPS, set up the drill rig and drill down to
specified depths. Similarly, the Transmin Rocklogic system can automatically
plan a path to position a rockbreaker at a selected destination. These systems
greatly enhance the safety and efficiency of mining operations.

Swarm robots

Inspired by colonies of insects such as
ants and bees, researchers are modeling the behavior of swarms of thousands of
tiny robots which together perform a useful task, such as finding something
hidden, cleaning, or spying. Each robot is quite simple, but the emergent
behavior of the swarm is more complex. The whole set of robots can be
considered as one single distributed system, in the same way an ant colony can
be considered a superorganism, exhibiting swarm intelligence. The largest
swarms so far created include the iRobot swarm, the SRI/Mobile Robots CentiBots
project and the Open-source Micro-robotic Project swarm, which are being used
to research collective behaviors. Swarms are also more resistant to failure.
Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission, a swarm can continue even
if several robots fail. This could make them attractive for space exploration
missions, where failure is normally extremely costly.

A collaborative robot or cobot is a robot
that can safely and effectively interact with human workers while performing
simple industrial tasks. However, end-effectors and other environmental
conditions may create hazards, and as such risk assessments should be done
before using any industrial motion-control application. The collaborative
robots most widely used in industries today are manufactured by Universal Robots
in Denmark.

Rethink Robotics—founded by Rodney Brooks,
previously with iRobot—introduced Baxter in September 2012; as an industrial
robot designed to safely interact with neighboring human workers, and be
programmable for performing simple tasks. Baxters stop if they detect a human
in the way of their robotic arms and have prominent off switches. Intended for
sale to small businesses, they are promoted as the robotic analogue of the
personal computer As of May 2014, 190 companies in the US have bought Baxters
and they are being used commercially in the UK.

TOP 10 GREATEST PROGRAMMERS IN THE WORLD OF ALL TIME

These programmers are the explorer in the
IT world and have each contributed something that has completely changed the
way human’s access to information and mass media. Let’s start with the lords of
the IT world.

Dennis Ritchie Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie was an American computer scientist who “helped shape the digital era”. He created the C programming language and with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system. Ritchie and Thompson received the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Clinton in 1999. Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007.
Bjarne Stroustrup Bjarne Stroustrup is a Danish computer scientist, who is most notable for the creation and development of the C++ programming language. . He is a Distinguished Research Professor and holds the College of Engineering Chair in Computer Science at Texas A&M University, a visiting professor at Columbia University, and works at Morgan Stanley.
James Gosling James Arthur Gosling, OC is a Canadian computer scientist, best known as the founder and lead designer behind the Java programming language. James has also made major contributions to several other software systems, such as NeWS and Gosling Emacs. Due to his extraordinary achievements, Gosling was elected to Foreign Associate member of the United States National Academy of Engineering.
Linus Torvalds Linus Benedict Torvalds is a Finnish–American software engineer who is the creator and, historically, the principal developer of the Linux kernel. He later became the chief architect of the Linux kernel, and now acts as the project’s coordinator. He also created the revision control system Git as well as the diving log software Subsurface. He was honored, along with Shinya Yamanaka, with the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize by the Technology Academy Finland in recognition of his creation of a new open source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel.
Anders Hejlsberg Anders Hejlsberg is a prominent Danish software engineer who co-designed several popular and commercially successful programming languages and development tools. He is the creator of popular programming language C#. He was the original author of Turbo Pascal and the chief architect of Delphi. He currently works for Microsoft as the lead architect of C# and core developers on TypeScript.
Tim Berners-Lee Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA FBCS, also known as TimBL, is an English engineer and computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989 and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web’s continued development.
Brian Kernighan Brian Wilson Kernighan is a Canadian computer scientist who worked at Bell Labs alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie and contributed to the development of Unix. He is also coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages. Kernighan’s name became widely known through co-authorship of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie.
Ken Thompson Kenneth Thompson commonly referred to as ken in hacker circles is an American pioneer of computer science. Having worked at Bell Labs for most of his career, Thompson designed and implemented the original Unix operating system. He also invented the B programming language, the direct predecessor to the C programming language, and was one of the creators and early developers of the Plan 9 operating systems. Since 2006, Thompson works at Google, where he co-invented the Go programming language.
Guido van Rossum Guido van Rossum is a Dutch computer programmer who is best known as the author of the Python programming language. In the Python community, Van Rossum is known as a “Benevolent Dictator For Life” (BDFL), meaning that he continues to oversee the Python development process, making decisions where necessary. He was employed by Google from 2005 until December 7th, 2012. Where he spent half his time developing the Python language. In January 2013, Van Rossum started working for Dropbox.
Donald Knuth Donald Ervin Knuth is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and Professor Emeritus at Stanford University. He is the author of the multi-volume work The Art of Computer Programming. Knuth has been called the “father” of the analysis of algorithms. Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system and the Computer Modern family of typefaces.

PROGRAMMING FACTS

Here are some very interesting
programming facts about computer field and programming languages.
Share with your friends for more fun. Let’s see the top 10 coding facts!

· The first
computer programmer was a female, named Ada Lovelace.

· The first
game was created in 1961. Fun facts are that it didn’t earn any money.

· The first
virus was created in 1983.

· The first
computer “bug” was identified in1947 as
a dead moth.

· The first
computer was actually a loom called the Jacquard loom, an automated,
mechanical loom, which didn’t use any electricity.

· The first
high-level (very close to real English that we use to
communicate) programming language was FORTRAN.
invented in 1954 by IBM’s John Backus.

· Computer
programming is one of the fastest growing occupations currently.

· The language name
C because it succeeds another language called B.

· Java
was called as Oak from the name of that tree that grew outside the window of
James Gosling.

· Guido
van Rossum was also reading the published scripts from Monty Python’s Flying
Circus”, a BBC comedy series from the 1970s. Van Rossum thought he needed
a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious, so he
decided to call the language Python.

·
JavaScript is not compiled.

· Majors
related to computer programming are among the highest paying in colleges and
universities A programming language is basically a language that
allows a human being to communicate with a computer The lifestyle we live today
with our tablets, and mobile phones wouldn’t be possible without computer
programming.

· Did
you know how many total programming languages? – it’s 698.

· Most
people are intimidated by the thought of learning how to program, however as
with anything, the more you practice and repeatedly do that task, the easier it
gets.

· The
Java mascot, ‘The Duke’ was created by Joe Palrang. Palrang is the same guy who
has worked on the Hollywood blockbuster, Shrek. Duke
is celebrated at Oracle.

· Four
states of programmer progress:

a) Complex Programming
b) Making Progress
c) Slow Progress
d) Stuck

· It
is not a tool or magic it is the power to create your Imagination in reality.

· Programming
can learn you a new way of thinking.

· Perl
is sometimes known as the “Swiss-Army knife” of programming languages.

· APIs
are like stars, once a class is there everybody will assume it will always be
there.

· Did
you know first computer bug was named due to a real bug as shown in below
pic? Grace Hopper recorded the first computer ‘bug’ in the book as
she was working for the MARK II computer.

Programmers funny facts are

o Programmers
will start the count from zero, not one.

o The
root is at the top of the tree.

o Programming
and coding are not the same.

o Programmer
says ‘=’ != ‘==’

o The
value of a ‘;’

o Ctrl
+ C and Ctrl + V have saved more lives than Batman and Robin.

o The Ctrl-Z is
better than a time machine.

o That
there is one thing called “Constant Variable”.

o Programmers
always looking for a girl who can code.

o A
parent may kill its children if the task assigned to them is no longer needed.

o Writing
cryptic code is deep joy in the soul of a programmer.

o When
you format your hard drive, the files are not deleted.

o A
coder is a person who transforms cola & pizza to code.

o “Refresh
button” of the windows desktop is not some magical tool which keeps your
computer healthy.

o The
programmers are the main source of income for eye doctors.

o If
any programmer orders three beers with his fingers, he normally only gets two.

o Programmers
love to code day and night.

o Sleeping
with a problem can actually solve it.

o When
you format your hard drive, the files are not deleted.

o 1
Mbps and 1 MBps internet connection don’t mean the same thing.

o A
programmer is similar to a game of golf. The point is not getting the ball in
the hole but how many strokes it takes.

o A
programmer is not a PC repairman.

ENGLISH VERBS OF MOVEMENT ON COMPUTERS

Read
the following conversation between Peter and Juan about how to add the details
from a CV/resume on to a database for candidates applying for job vacancies in
their company.From the context, try to guess what the meaning of the
words/phrases in bold are. Then do the quiz at the
end to check if you are right.

Juan: For the vacancy in our department we have to enter all the CV
details for the candidates on to the candidates database. Do you know how to do
that?

Peter: No, I’ve never done it before.

Juan: No problem, I’ll show you how to complete the form in the
database with the details. First of all, you’ll need to have both the database
and a copy of the CV open on the screen. Now, in the database click on the button that says ‘new entry’ using the mouse. This
takes you to a new screen where you can enter the details.

Peter: Ok.

Juan: Now, at the top you’ll see a section called ‘candidate details’.
You have to enter the candidate’s name, date of birth, address etc… here. So,
to enter the name, click on the text box next to name, then type in the name using the keyboard. When you have done that, tab down to the next text box for date of birth using the tab key on
the keyboard. And type in the date of birth. To move down to the next text box
you need to press the tab key again. Continue doing that until you’ve filled
all the text boxes in this section.’

Peter: What next?

Juan: To the right of the ‘candidate details’ section, there’s a box
called ‘photo’. Go back to the copy of the CV and find the candidate’s photo.
Click on the photo and then drag or move the photo from the CV onto the candidate database
and put it over the photo box and then drop it by taking your finger off the click button on the mouse.
Now, the photo has been entered onto the database.

Peter: Is that it?

Juan: No, you have to enter the candidate’s job history details. But
you don’t have to type it in. You can copy and paste it from the CV. But before
you do that, you have to go to the ‘job history’ section on the database. You can’t
see this section on the screen, because it’s at the bottom of the database
form. So, you have to scroll down the form until this section is on the screen. Here it
is. Now, go back to the CV and highlight using the mouse all the text from the candidate’s job
history that you want to copy. You highlight or select the text by clicking on
the mouse button and with the mouse button still pressed move the cursor to the
end of the text that you want copied. Then release the mouse button. To copy the highlighted or selected text,
you can either press the right mouse button and click copy in the menu that
appears or with the keyboard, hold down the control/Ctrl key and press the key ‘C’. Then go back to
the ‘job history’ section on the database and paste it into the text box there.
After that, save the form and all the information is on the database.

Peter: It seems simple. But how
can I access the information on the database when I’m in an interview?

Juan: Well, you can access all
the information on the database on an iPad. To open the database on the iPad,
you need to tap on this icon on the
screen using your finger. Then, when the database opens, tap on the text box
next to name and type in the candidate’s full name and press or tap the enter
icon and all the candidate’s details will appear on the screen. To move or
scroll up and down the details in the database, you just need to slide your finger up or down the screen.

Peter:
Perfect, thanks.

1.
When you press a key or a mouse button for more than 1 second, you
_____________.

2.
To move your finger while still touching the glass on a touch screen
tablet/phone, is_________.

3.
To move through/down text boxes on an online form by the keyboard, you
_________.

4.
A more common way to say ‘press’ a button on a mouse, is _____________.

5.
When you select/click on an image or photo and then physically move it on the
screen, you ____________.

6.
When you stop holding down a key or mouse button, you _____________.

7.
A different way to say ‘click’ or ‘press’ on a touch screen device (e.g. iPad),
is _______.

8.
A verb that means to move up or down a web page or document, is __________.

9.
After moving/dragging a photo on the screen, to put or place it in its new
position, you ____________.

10.
Another way to say ‘enter’ or ‘write’ words or numbers with a computer, is
_________.

11.
To copy some of the text from a document, you first have to ______________.

12.
To make the keys on a keyboard write letters, numbers etc., you have to
__________.

THE NAMES OF KEYS ON A KEYBOARD

1
= Delete Key

2
= Backspace Key

3
= Tab Key

4
= Return Key

5
= Caps Lock Key

6
= Shift Key

7
= Control Key

8
= Function Key

9
= Alt Key

10
= Space Bar

11
= Arrow Keys

1.
The long key on a keyboard which is used when you want to separate one word
from another when writing, is called the __________________.

2.
The key you press once to write in UPPER-CASE/CAPITAL letters, is called the
___________________.

3.
A key that begins with ‘C’ that is used for shortcuts (like quickly copying
some text) in applications, is called the __________________.

4.
A key that is used to make multiple spaces/indent in a text document, is called
the ___________________.

5.
A key that is used to remove a letter/space which is in front of the cursor on
the screen, is called the _____________.

6.
A group of keys which are used to move (up or down, left or right) on a web
page or an app, are called the _________________.

7.
A key on a laptop/notebook that when pressed with other keys changes the audio
volume, is called the ___________________.

8.
A key that when pressed and held down will write letters in UPPER-CASE/ CAPITALS,
is called the ________________.

9.
A key that begins with ‘A’ that is used for shortcuts (to do things quickly) in
applications, is called the __________________.

10.
A key that is used to move to a new line when writing in a document, is called
the _____________________.

11.
A key that is used to remove a letter/space which is behind the cursor on the
screen, is called the ________________.

TECHNICAL PROBLEMS BEFORE A MEETING

Read
the following conversation between Juan and Peter. Peter is having problems
with his laptop before giving a short Power Point presentation in a meeting. From
the context, try to guess what the meaning of the words/phrases in bold are.
Then do the quiz at the end to check if you are right.

Juan:
‘What’s
happening Peter, you look frustrated?’

Peter:
‘My
laptop won’t turn on. It was working before, I don’t know what’s
wrong!’

Juan:
‘Is
it plugged in?’

Peter
:‘Yeah,
I have connected it to the mains electricity, but that shouldn’t be important
because the laptop’s battery still has charge or power.’

Juan:
‘Are
you sure that the socket in the wall has power? Try to plug it
into another socket.’

Peter:
‘I’ve
tried that already and the socket has power. I thought that there may be a
problem with the power cable, but it’s working fine with the other
laptop here.’

Juan:
‘I
had a problem with my desktop computer last year where the wires had
come loose in the power cable. So I had to replace the power cable.
You can use my laptop to show it.’

Peter:
‘Thanks
Juan, but I only saved the presentation to my hard drive. So I
can’t show the presentation on your laptop.’

Juan:
‘Can
you remember when I had that problem with my laptop in July. When suddenly the
screen froze and the laptop wouldn’t respond when I pressed any
of the keys on the keyboard or when I moved my finger on
the touch pad. Sometimes it recovered and I could continue to use
the application, but other times it crashed and stopped
working completely. So, I had to reboot the laptop. It was so
frustrating, because I sometimes lost all of the work I’d been doing. Then the
application didn’t load at all, so I couldn’t even use it
then. The IT Engineer told me it was a software fault with the
application. So she just reinstalled the application and it’s
been working fine.’

Peter:
‘I’m
happy for you, but I don’t have any power to the laptop, so it’s not a software
fault. It seems like a hardware fault.’

1.
Another way to say ‘touch’ or ‘push’ a button or a key, is ___________________.

2.
The name of the part of a computer where you save/store your applications and
documents, is the ___________________.

3.
When talking about computers, people call an electrical, software or hardware
‘problem’ a __________________.

4.
Another way to say ‘switch on’ or ‘start’ a computer, is _______________________.

5.
The part of a laptop where you move the cursor on the screen with a finger, is
called the _________________.

6.
A ‘lead’ or ‘wire’ which connects a computer to a printer or a power supply, is
called a

7.
A different way to say ‘restart’ a computer, is ___________________.

8.
A two word verb that means to connect a ‘cable’ to a computer or to an
electrical power supply, is ___________________.

9.
When you can’t move the cursor on the screen, the screen is __________________.

10.
A possible reason why a cable isn’t working, is _______________________.

11.
Another way to say that an application ‘doesn’t start’, is ___________________.

12.
The hole/holes where a cable is connected to , is called a ____________________.

13.
The buttons on a keyboard that have letters or numbers on them, are called

14.
When an application/program on a computer is damaged/not working correctly, it
normally has to be ______________________.

15.
The name of the power supply for a laptop or a mobile phone, is called the
_________________.

16.
When a computer or application fails or stops working, it ____________________.

WEB PAGE

The web or internet is now used by the majority
of people in the world (both at home and at work). There are now over two
trillion individual web pages on 500 million different websites (e.g
www.blairenglish.com etc…) on the internet. So, it’s important to know the
English vocabulary of both web pages and how to use web pages when looking at
them on a computer.

Looking at a web page

In the below photo of a web page, you will
find that different parts are surrounded/enclosed by a red line with a number
in red. These red numbers are used below the photo to confirm the name of each
part (e.g. 1 = Web Browser).

Focus on the names of these different
parts and then do the quiz at the end to check that you both understand their
meaning and remember them.

1 = Web
Browser
2 = Minimize/Maximize
Buttons
3 = Menu
Bar
4 = Tab
5 = Back/Forward
Buttons
6 = Web
Address
7 = Refresh
Button
8 = Scroll
Bar
9 = Navigation
Bar
10 = Site
Search Box
11 = Icons
12 = Link

1.
A part of the web browser where you can move up and down the web page, is the
_________________.

2.
The buttons on a web browser which takes you to previous web pages that you
have looked at, are ________________.

3.
A word or sentence on a web page that takes you to a different web page when
‘clicked on’ or ‘pressed’, is a _________________.

4.
A list of the different sections/parts of a website, is called a _________________.

5.
The location or ‘url’ of a web page on the web, is called the _________________.

6.
The place where you can quickly look for content on a website, is called the _______________________.

7.
When you have multiple web pages open on a web browser, the name of each web
page is written in a __________________.

8.
The two buttons that are used to make a web browser window disappear or make it
cover the full screen, are called the ____________________.

9.
Small images on a web page, are called __________________.

10.
The name of the application used to view/see web pages on a computer, is called
a _______________________.

11.
When you want to see the up-to-date content on a web page, you press the _________________.

12.
To print or change the view in a web browser, you go to the ___________________.

USING COMPUTERS AT WORK

Information Technology (IT) dominates both
how we live and work. In most countries, it is impossible to find an office or
business that doesn’t have any computers. So, it is important to know how to
talk about basic office/work IT in English.

Read
the following conversation between Jonathan (an operations manager) and Geoff
(an external contractor who will be working for two months at the company).
Jonathan is explaining to Geoff how to use the computer system in the company. From
the context, try to guess what the meaning of the words/phrases in bold are.
Then do the quiz at the end to check if you are right.

Jonathan: ‘This is your first day here. You already know what you have to do
with the project. But to do that, you need to have the information that we have
on our computer network. So, I’ll show how to
use your network account on the computer, so
you can do your work.’

Geoff: ‘Perfect.’

Jonathan: ‘The IT department set up your network account last week, so it’s ready to use. Here’s
your user name and password. The first thing that you need to do, is to log in to your network account on the computer. So can you type in
the user name and password.’

Geoff: ‘Ok, done that.’

Jonathan: ‘You’re logged in ok. After you’ve logged in, you will always go
to this screen where there are icons of all the applications you have. For example, there are icons for Chrome, Word,
email etc… You also have access to the Operations Department Database, which contains data
on all the staff and equipment in the company. You don’t have access to the
Customer Database, but you won’t need that to do your job. You also have access
to the company’s procedures folder. It’s the icon at the top right. If you click on it, it will take
you to a folder containing lots of Word documents about the different
procedures we have in the company. If you click on the file called ‘disaster procedures’, you can read the procedures we
have in place if there is a fire or explosion in one of our factories.’

Geoff: ‘Where should I save
files like Word documents or Excel spreadsheets?’

Jonathan: ‘It’s your choice. You
can save them to your hard drive on your computer. But you won’t be able to access the files
from another computer. So it’s better to save it to a network drive. Your network account has a drive on the network to save files
to. It’s the L: drive. If you save files there, you can access them from any
computer on the company’s network. Also, there’s a shared folder on the network
for our team. It’s called ‘Operations Shared Folder’ and it’s this icon on the
screen. You should save any file or document here which other people in the
team need to have access to. Some of the files here are password protected. So you can’t open them without a password. If you need to access
a file that is password protected, tell me and I’ll give you the password. Do
you have any questions?’

Geoff: ‘Yes, I do. Because I’ll be visiting lots of factories to do my
job, I’m not sure having a desktop computer is the best idea. I can’t carry it with me, it’s
too heavy to move. Would it be possible to have laptop instead? They are designed so you can travel with them.’

Jonathan: ‘It was stupid of me not to think about that before. I’ll request a laptop for you from the IT department. It’ll take 5 days
to come, so you’ll have to work on the desktop for now. I’ll also request
a docking station for the laptop, so
you can use a normal keyboard and a normal screen when you’re using the laptop
here at your desk. I forgot to mention that this computer is connected to
the printer in front of us. So
when you print any document, it will go there.’

1.
A type of computer that is designed so it can be easily moved, is called a ___________.

2.
A ‘document’ on a computer like ‘report.doc’, is also called a
___________________.

3.
A group of computers connected together, is called a ________________________.

4.
A file/document that needs a password to be opened, is

5.
The name of the place where a group of files/documents are stored/saved on a computer
is a ______________________________.

6.
A machine that makes paper copies of files/ documents, is called a _______________.

7.
To use a company’s computer system, you need to have a ______________________.

8.
The name of the part of a computer where all programs, folders and files are
stored, is the ________________.

9.
A two word verb that means ‘to create’ and is used with network accounts, is ___________________.

10.
A formal way to say ‘to ask for’ something new, is ___________________.

11.
Computer ‘programs’ like Word or Excel, are commonly called ________________.

12.
A piece of equipment that you enter a laptop into, so you can use the laptop
with a normal keyboard and screen, is a _____________________.

13.
A word that means ‘the ability to open or read’ a file or document, is ___________________.

14.
A computer that is designed to only be used on a desk, is called a _____________.

15.
To use your network account, you first have to __________________________.

16.
When a person’s files and applications are stored on the computer network and
not on their local drive/computer, they are on a __________________________-.

How a computer network works.

Information Technology (IT) is an
important part of any business. Companies normally have a lot of computers that
are able to communicate between each other. These computers are able to
communicate because they are on a ‘computer network’. Although most people have
heard about computers networks, they don’t know or maybe even don’t care what
they are and what they actually do. But it is good to have a basic knowledge of
what a computer network is, especially when there are problems with it.

Read the following conversation between
Juan and Peter. Peter is explaining to Juan how the computer network at their
office works.From the context, try to guess what the meaning of the
words/phrases in bold are. Then do the quiz.

Juan:
‘I
know that it sounds stupid, but how is it possible that I can open the same
word document on any of the workstations in the office. It
doesn’t matter which computer I’m on here, I can still open it.’

Peter:
‘That’s
because all the computers or workstations in the office are connected to each
other in a network. For our office, this network is called a LAN which
is an abbreviation of ‘Local Area Network’.’

Juan:
‘So
every computer I use in the office can access or open any file or document on
my computer?’

Peter:
‘No,
they can’t. You can only open files and documents from any computer/workstation
you use here, when the file or document is saved on a server and
not on your computer. A server is basically a powerful computer on the network
which is dedicated to doing one thing, like storing files, or connecting to the
internet or running an application etc… All the computers or workstations
that people use at their desks can connect to these servers. Any application or
file which people want to be shared or used by multiple computers are stored or
put on to a server.

If you don’t want to share a file with
anybody, you can save or store it to the local drive of your
computer or laptop. A local drive is the hard drive on your computer. Keeping a
file on only your computer’s local drive means that you can’t open the file
from another computer and if the computer breaks, the file is lost. So it’s
better to save it to your own personal folders on a network drive.
This is like a local personal drive for each user of a network, but all files
are stored on a file server, a server dedicated to saving/storing files.

In addition, they are all backed
up regularly. So even if the file server breaks down, there will
always be a copy of all the files or documents stored on a different file
server.’

Juan:
‘So
how does my computer access and open the word document on the file server?’

Peter:
‘Well,
your computer is connected to the LAN or office’s computer network by an ethernet
cable at the back of the computer. The ethernet cable is used to send
and receive all the data from the computer to the server, other computers, the
internet etc.’

Juan:
‘Like
emails or web pages?’

Peter:
‘Yes,
when you open a document on a server, the ethernet cable sends the request to
the file server and the file server sends the data in the file to your computer
through the ethernet cable to your computer. This data comes to your computer in
what is called packets. For example, when a file server sends a
word document that is on a network drive to your computer, the document is not
sent all together, but is divided into small parts which are then sent one by
one. When these small parts or packets reach your computer they are reassembled
or joined back together and make the document. Data is sent on computer network
in packets to make the network run quicker.’

Juan:
‘It
sounds complicated. But how does the file server know where to send the document
or any type of data?’

Peter:
‘Well,
every computer, server, printer etc… has its own unique address. This is
called an IP address. So, that’s how a file server knows where to
send a word document.’

Juan:
‘So,
there’s a direct ethernet cable from all the computers on the LAN network in
the office to the file server?’

Peter:
‘No.
In most offices, schools etc…, there are too many computers or servers to
connect an ethernet cable directly between each one. In our office there are
213 workstations/computers and 13 servers. It would be impossible for each
computer to have 225 different ethernet cable. Each computer or server only has
one ethernet cable. Those cables connects directly to a device called a switch.
A switch is an electronic box that is used to direct the data traffic on the
network to the correct IP address. All data is sent from a computer or server
to it first. It’s like a postman, when it receives the data (like an email,
file, update) it reads the IP address of where it wants to go to (which is
contained in the data) and sends it to the computer, server, printer on the
network with that IP address.’

Juan:
‘Makes
sense. But what happens if I want to send an email to somebody outside the
company?’

Peter:
‘Well,
the email is divided into packets and these packets are sent from your computer
through the ethernet cable to the switch. When the switch reads the IP address
in the packets of data and knows that it’s not for a computer or server on the
LAN network, it sends the packets to the router on the LAN
network. A router is another piece of hardware or device on
the network that is used to send or receive data traffic from a LAN network
(like in our office) to or from computers or servers which are outside the LAN
network (like the internet, other companies or other offices).’

Juan:
‘So
if I open a web page from the internet on my computer here, the data of the web
page comes to my computer from the internet through the router, then the
switch, then the ethernet cable and finally to my computer?’

Peter:
‘Basically,
yes. The router is the first place on the LAN network that receives data from
outside of the LAN network. The router often has a firewall on
it to make sure that any data it receives doesn’t contain a virus or words or
material which have been banned or prohibited by the company. Some companies
ban their staff from accessing some websites and it’s this software or
program on the router that stops the web page.’

Juan:
‘Thanks
Peter for explaining it.’

1.
Computers, mobile phone, servers, cables and switches are all types of
____________.

2.
When a copy of all the data and files of a computer is saved/stored on a
different computer, it is _______________.

3.
A powerful computer that is used on a computer network to store/save other
computers’ data and files, is called a _______________.

4.
A device/machine on a computer network that is used to move data between the
different computers and servers, is a _______________.

5.
A type of computer network that is normally used in an office or school, is
called a ___________________.

6.
A cable that is used to transport data from one computer to another on a
computer network, is called a ________________.

7.
Computer applications and programs are both types of _________________.

8.
A ‘hard drive’ or place on a computer where applications or files are
stored/saved, is also called a _________________.

9.
The ‘small parts’ which an email is divided into to be transported on the
network, are called _______________.

10.
When a person’s files and applications are stored on the computer network and
not on their local drive/computer, they are on a _________________.

11.
The name of the software that stops viruses from entering into a computer
network, is called a ___________________.

12.
The ‘computers’ on computer network are often called ________________.

13.
A device/machine where all the data entering and leaving a computer network
goes through, is called a __________________.

14.
The unique name/address that every computer in the world has, is called an ________________.

Code sign/symbol names.

If you work in any type of Information
Technology job (designer/developer/support etc…) you will have to understand
how to write or read some type of computer code. In computer code, a lot of
different signs and symbols are used. For example, ‘ ? ‘ or ‘ . ‘ .

People are so used to only having to write
these code signs/symbols that they don’t actually know what the names of many
of these signs/symbols are. For example ‘ ? ‘ is called a ‘question mark’ and ‘
. ‘ is called a ‘point’ or ‘dot’ with numbers and ‘full stop/period’ with
words. Not knowing these names can be a problem if you are speaking to somebody
about computer code.

In the following conversation between two
work colleagues, Juan asks Peter what the names are of different signs and
symbols used in computer code. The names of the signs and symbols are in bold.
Focus on the names of these different signs and symbols and then do the quiz at
the end to check that you both understand their meaning and remember them.

Juan: «Do
you know what one of the biggest problems is with computer code?»

Peter:
«No,
what?»

Juan:
«I
can never remember the names in English of some of the signs or symbols that
are used in computer code. It’s not a problem when writing the symbol, but you
look stupid when you have to write or type the symbol when talking to someone,
because you don’t know its name. For example, what do you call this symbol
‘ — ‘? Is it called a dash?»

Peter:
«Yes,
the ‘ — ‘ is commonly called a dash in
computer code, but it is also called a hyphen when writing in both English and
in computer code. And you call this symbol ‘ _ ‘, an underscore.»

Juan:
«I
knew that. What’s the name for the little star symbol?»

Peter:
«Do
you mean ‘ * ‘ this?»

Juan:
«Yes.»

Peter:
«The
‘ * ‘ symbol is called an asterisk.»

Juan:
«And
the ‘ @ ‘ symbol which you use in email addresses?»

Peter:
«The
‘ @ ‘ symbol is called an at sign.»

Juan:
«Another
symbol I have seen, is this ‘ / ‘.»

Peter:
«The
‘ / ‘ symbol is called forward slash, because its
top part is leaning forward.»

Juan:
«So
I suppose the ‘ ‘ symbol is called backslash because
the top part is leaning back?»

Peter:
«That’s
right. It’s called backslash.»

Juan:
«And
what do you call this symbol ‘ # ‘?»

Peter:
«It
has many names, it’s often called the pound sign in America, but everywhere
else, ‘ # ‘ is called hash.»

Juan:
«And
the ‘ ( ‘ and ‘ ) ‘ symbols?»

Peter:
«They
are called parentheses, although they are sometimes called brackets
(but not in America). The ‘ ( ‘ symbol is normally called open
parenthesis and the ‘ ) ‘ symbol, close parenthesis.’

Juan:
‘I
am confused. I thought that the brackets symbols were ‘ [ ‘
and ‘ ] ‘?»

Peter:
«They
are type of brackets, and although they are sometimes called brackets in America,
the ‘ [ ‘ and ‘ ] ‘ symbols are normally
called square brackets. There are another two types of brackets
that are used. ‘ < ‘ and ‘ > ‘ are
called angle brackets and ‘ { ‘ and ‘ } ‘
are normally called curly brackets. With all types of brackets, the
first bracket is called ‘open’ and the second bracket is called ‘close’. So,
for example, ‘ < ‘ is called ‘open angle bracket’ and
‘ ] ‘ is called ‘close square bracket’. Does that make
sense?»

Juan:
«I
think so.»

1.
The sign/symbol that is called a Forward Slash, is ______________________.

2.
The signs/symbols that are called Curly Brackets, are ___________________.

3.
The sign/symbol that is called an Asterisk, is _________________________.

4.
The sign/symbol that is called a Hash, is _____________________________.

5.
The signs/symbols that are called Square Brackets, are __________________.

6.
The sign/symbol that is called an Underscore, is ______________________.

7.
The sign/symbol that is called a Dash, is _____________________________.

8.
The signs/symbols that are called Parentheses, are _____________________.

9.
The sign/symbol that is called an At Sign, is _________________________.

10.
The signs/symbols that are called Angle Brackets, are _________________.

11.
The sign/symbol that is called a Backslash, is ________________________.

More
code signs/symbols names

In the following conversation between two
work colleagues, Juan continues to ask Peter what the names are of different
signs and symbols used in computer code. The names of the signs and symbols are
in bold.

Focus on the names of these different
signs and symbols and then do the quiz at the end to check that you both
understand their meaning and remember them.

Juan: ‘There’s
another symbol that I use all the time, but I don’t know what it’s called. It’s
written like this ‘ ! ‘.’

Peter:
‘The
sign ‘ ! ‘ is called an exclamation mark.’

Juan:
‘Also,
is this ‘ « ‘ called a speech mark?’

Peter:
‘Yes,
it can be. ‘ « ‘ is more commonly called a quotation
mark. There are two types of quotation marks. ‘ « ‘
is called a double quotation mark because it has two lines. Where a quotation
mark has one line, like this ‘ ‘ ‘, it is called a single
quotation mark.’

Juan:
‘I
thought that ‘ ‘ ‘ was called an apostrophe?’

Peter:
‘It
is also called an apostrophe. When the symbol is used in writing to show
possession of something (e.g. ‘this is John’s car’) or a contraction of two words
into one (e.g. it is, is normally contracted into it’s), it is called an
apostrophe. But when there are two of them and they are used to close a
selection of text or calculation (e.g. ‘I like cheese’), then they are called
single quotation marks.’

Juan:
‘That
makes sense. Is this ‘ , ‘ called a comma?’

Peter:
‘That’s
right.’

Juan:
‘And
this symbol ‘ & ‘. I have heard people call it ‘and’. Is
that its name?’

Peter:
‘People
often call it the ‘and symbol/sign’, but the actual name for ‘ & ‘
is an ampersand.’

Juan:
‘And
what about this ‘ : ‘?’

Peter:
‘The
‘ : ‘ symbol is called a colon. There is also a
similar symbol that instead of having two dots has one dot and a comma below
it. It is called a semicolon.’

Juan:
‘So,
a semicolon is written like this ‘ ; ‘?’

Peter:
‘That’s
right. Another symbol that is sometimes used in computer code, is called
the pipe or vertical bar. It is a vertical line and is written
like this ‘ | ‘.’

Juan:
‘There
are two other symbols which I’d just like to check if I am calling them the
right names. This ‘ $ ‘ is called the dollar sign,
isn’t it?’

Peter
:‘Yes,
it is.’

Juan:
‘And
this ‘ % ‘ is called percent?’

Peter:
‘It
can be, but ‘ % ‘ is normally called the percent sign.’

Juan:
‘I
know that this isn’t a sign or symbol, but when there is a gap between two
words or numbers with nothing in it, like ‘ ‘. What is it called?’

Peter:
‘Where
there is a blank space between words or numbers like this ‘ ‘, it
is called a space.’

1.
The sign/symbol that is called a Colon, is ___________________________.

2.
The sign/symbol that is called a Space, is ___________________________.

3.
The sign/symbol that is called a Quotation mark, is ____________________.

4.
The sign/symbol that is called a Percent sign, is _____________________.

5.
The sign/symbol that is called an Exclamation mark, is _________________.

6.
The sign/symbol that is called a Dollar sign, is ______________________.

7.
The sign/symbol that is called a Comma, is _________________________.

8.
The sign/symbol that is called an Apostrophe, is _____________________.

9.
The sign/symbol that is called an Pipe, is ___________________________.

10.
The sign/symbol that is called a Semicolon, is ______________________.

11.
The sign/symbol that is called an Ampersand, is _____________________.

BEST NOSQL DATABASES 2020 – MOST POPULAR
AMONG PROGRAMMERS

A database is a collection of information
that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated.
Before starting with the most popular NoSQL databases. You must have to know
about NoSQL databases. Most of the programmer doesn’t know what it stands for.
It’s Not Only SQL.

What is NoSQL database?

NoSQL databases (additionally called Not
Only SQL Databases) are non-relational database
systems used for storing and retrieving data. In today’s world, we should not
store all the data in table format only which has not predefined fixed schemas(
fix no of columns). Like User-generated data, GEO location data, IoT generated
data, social graphs are examples of real-world data which has been increasing
exponentially. These huge amounts of data required lots of processing also.
Here, the NoSQL database comes into the picture. Using NoSQL database we can
store and retire document, key-value, graph-based data easily & faster. We
can easily avoid complex SQL joins operations. Easy to scale horizontally
for real-world problems(web and enterprise business applications) using NoSQL
DBs. Carlo Strozzi came with NoSQL term in the 1998 year. The motivation
of using NoSQL – the simplicity of design, horizontal scaling to clusters of
machines which is difficult to achieve in RDMS databases.

NoSQL Database
types

·
Document Databases – These Db
usually pair each key with a complex data structure which is called a document.
Documents can contain key-array pairs or key-value pairs or even nested
documents. Examples of document NoSQL: MongoDB, Apache CouchDB, ArangoDB,
Couchbase, Cosmos DB, IBM Domino, MarkLogic, OrientDB.

·
Key-value stores – Every
single item is stored as a Key-value pair. Key-value stores are the
most simple database among all NoSQL Databases. Examples
of Key-value NoSQL – Redis, Memcached, Apache Ignite, Riak.

·
Wide-column stores – These
types of Databases are optimized for queries over large datasets, and instead
of rows, they store columns of data together. Examples
of Wide column NoSQL – Cassandra, Hbase, Scylla.

·
Graph stores – These store
information about graphs, networks, such as social connections, road maps,
transport links. Examples of Graph NoSQL – Neo4j,
AllegroGraph.

Best NoSQL Databases
2020

MongoDB

It
is an open-source NoSQL database that is document-oriented. MongoDB uses JSON
like documents to store any data. It is written in C++.

Cassandra

It
was developed at Facebook for an inbox search. Cassandra is a distributed data
storage system for handling very large amounts of structured data.

Redis

Redis
is the most famous key-value store. Redis is composed in C language. It is
authorized under BSD.

HBase

It
is a distributed and non-relational database that is designed for the BigTable
database by Google.

Neo4j

Neo4j
is referred to as a native graph database because it effectively implements the
property graph model down to the storage level.

Oracle NoSQL

Oracle
NoSQL Database implements a map from user-defined keys to opaque data items.

Amazon DynamoDB

DynamoDB
uses a NoSQL database model, which is nonrelational, allowing documents, graphs
and columnar among its data models.

Couchbase

Couchbase
Server is a NoSQL document database for interactive web applications. It has a
flexible data model, is easily scalable, provides consistently high
performance.

Memcached

It
is an open-source, high-performance, distributed memory caching system intended
to speed up dynamic web applications by reducing the database load.

CouchDB

It
is an Open Source NoSQL Database which utilizes JSON to store information and
JavaScript as its query language.

1. MONGODB

MongoDB is the most well-known among NoSQL
Databases. It is an Open-Source database which is Document-oriented.
MongoDB is a scalable and accessible database. It is in C++. MongoDB
can likewise be utilized as the file system. In MongoDB, JavaScript can be utilized
as the query language. By utilizing sharding MongoDB scales horizontally. It is
very useful in Popular JavaScript Frameworks. People really enjoying
sharding, advanced text searching, gridFS, map-reduce features for the 2020
year. Amazing performance and new features promoted this NoSQL database to 1st
place in our list.

2. CASSANDRA

Cassandra was developed at Facebook for
inbox search. Cassandra is a distributed data storage system for
handling very large amounts of structured data. Generally, these data
are spread out across many commodity servers. You can also add
storage capacity of your data keeping your service online and you can do this
task easily. As all the nodes in a cluster are same, there is no
complex configuration to deal with. Cassandra is written in Java.
Cassandra Query Language (CQL) is a SQL-like language for querying Cassandra
Database. As a result, Cassandra stands 2nd in best open source
databases. Cassandra is being used by some of the biggest companies such
as Facebook, Twitter, Cisco, Rackspace, eBay, Twitter, Netflix, and more.

3. REDIS

Redis(Remote Dictionary Server)
is a key-value store. Furthermore, it is the most famous key-value store. Redis
has support for some C++, PHP, Ruby, Python, Perl, Scala and so forth. Redis is
composed in C language. Furthermore, it is authorized under BSD.
Some fun facts about Redis NoSQL Database – It can handle up to 2 ³² keys and
was tested in practice to handle at least 250 million keys per instance. It is
an in-memory but persistent on-disk database. It means it will
store all data in RAM only for backup only use disk(HDD or SSD).

4. HBASE

HBase is a distributed and non-relational
database which is designed for the BigTable database by Google. One of the
main goals of HBase is to host Billions of rows X millions
of columns. You can add servers anytime to increase capacity. And multiple
master nodes will ensure high availability of your data. HBase is
composed in Java 8. It’s authorized under Apache.
Hbase accompanies simple to utilize Java API for customer access also.

5. NEO4J

neo4j

Neo4j is referred to as a native graph
database because it effectively implements the property graph model down to the
storage level. This means that the data is stored exactly as you whiteboard it,
and the database uses pointers to navigate and traverse the graph. Neo4j has
both a Community Edition and Enterprise Edition of the database. The Enterprise
Edition includes all that Community Edition has to offer, plus extra enterprise
requirements such as backups, clustering, and failover abilities.

6. ORACLE NOSQL

Oracle just started NoSQL database with
Oracle NoSQL. It’s becoming popular in the year 2018. It less popular compare
to MongoDB and Casandra databases. Oracle NoSQL Database implements a map from
user-defined keys to opaque data items. Although it records internal version
numbers for key/value pairs, it only maintains the single latest version in the
store. The version of Oracle, 12c, is designed for the cloud and can be hosted
on a single server or multiple servers, and it enables the management of databases
holding billions of records. Some of the features of the latest version of
Oracle include a grid framework and the use of both physical and
logical structures. Oracle Database 18c now provides customers with a
high-performance, reliable and secure platform to easily and cost-effectively
modernize their transactional and analytical workloads either in the Cloud, or
on-premises or in a Hybrid Cloud configuration.

7. AMAZON DYNAMODB

DynamoDB uses a NoSQL database model,
which is nonrelational, allowing documents, graphs and columnar among its data
models. Each DynamoDB query is executed by a primary key identified by the
user, which uniquely identifies each item. It also relieves the customers from
the burden of operating and scaling a distributed database. Hence, hardware
provisioning, setup, configuration, replication, software patching, cluster
scaling, etc. is managed by Amazon.

8.COUCHBASE

The focus is on the ease of use, embracing
the web. It is a NoSQL document store database. Couchbase Server is a
NoSQL document database for interactive web applications. It has a flexible
data model, is easily scalable, provides consistently high
performance. Couchbase Server, JSON documents are used to represent
application objects and the relationships between objects.

9.MEMCACHED

Memcached is an open source,
high-performance, distributed memory caching system intended to speed up
dynamic web applications by reducing the database load. It is a key-value
dictionary of strings, objects, etc., stored in the memory, resulting from
database calls, API calls, or page rendering. It is now being used by Netlog,
Facebook, Flickr, Wikipedia, Twitter, and YouTube among others.

10.COUCHDB

CouchDB is an Open Source NoSQL Database
which utilizes JSON to store information and JavaScript as its query
language. It applies a type of Multi-Version Controlling system for avoiding
the blockage of the DB file during writing. It is Erlang. It’s
authorized under Apache. It is ranked 1st for Best NoSQL Database
2016 list for popularity.

Before we summarize the article we compare the three databases:

Parameter	Cassandra	MongoDB	HBase
Description	High scalability, strong security by lowering overall cost of ownership	Traded in JSON format, Schema-less database	Key-value stores which run on top of HDFS
Data Model	Key Spaces	Flexible Schema	Column-Oriented DB
Implementation Language	Java	C++	Java
Query Language	CQL-Cassandra Query Language	Dynamic Object-Based Language and JavaScript	MapReduce
Performance	More Durable and Slight better among the three of them	Less durable compared to Cassandra	Less durable compared to Cassandra
Security	TLS/SSL Encryption Client Authentication Authorization	Encryption Authentication Auditing Governance	Thrift Server role Authentication Authorization
Replication Methods	Selective Replication Factor	Master Salve Replication	Selective Replication Factor
Competitive Advantage	No chance of Failure and it ensures 100% availability, High-Scalability	Best of Traditional Database, Giant-Ideas	Store Large dataset on top of HDFS, Aggregate and analyze billions of rows in HBase table for online analytics
Application Areas	Used in fraud detection applications. Twitter and Netflix used Cassandra.	Used in a mobile single view, real-time analytics	Used in medical to store the genome sequence, sports, storing match histories for better analytics, Web use Hbase for better customer targetting
Market Metrics	40% of the Fortune Hundred Companies	40 million downloads	7% of the companies in the world

Google search trends worldwide from
January 2019— December 2019.

Google is the best friend of every
developer on the planet. So it is fair to analyse the search trends and find
the programming languages developers were the most interested in this year. So
based on the following parameters, the top programming languages 2020 for
businesses came to be these:

·
JavaScript

·
Python

·
Java

·
Go

·
Elixir

·
Ruby

·
Kotlin

·
TypeScript

·
Scala

·
Clojure

1. JavaScript

·
Average
JavaScript Developer Salary in the US as per Indeed: $109,462 per year.

·
Recognized
as the most popular top programming language in the Stack Overflow Developer
Survey 2019.

·
Most
popular programming language on GitHub.

·
It
seems that JavaScript has gone down in popularity since the past year as per
data from Google trends. The language was almost at the peak score with a
rating of 91 in January 2019. In December 2019, we saw a dip in popularity and
JavaScript scored only 62 out of 100.

2. Python

Average Python
Developer Salary in the US as per Indeed: $117,503 per year.
Python
is one of the top object-oriented programming languages and 2nd
in the list of Most loved top programming languages as per Stack Overflow
developer survey 2019.
Also
recognized as the most wanted programming language in the StackOverflow
Developer survey.
Second
most active programming language on GitHub.
Python’s
popularity has significantly dipped since the beginning of 2019. As of
December 2019, the language had a rating of 62/100 in Google trends, while
it had reached a score of 75 in January.

3. Java

Average
Java Developer salary in the US as per Indeed: $101,929 per year.
Java
happens to be at the 10th place as one of the most dreaded programming
languages in 2019.
Third-most
active top programming language on GitHub.
Java
scored a rating of 89 out of 100 in Google trends as of January 2019. In
December 2019, the number dropped down to 59. This decrease could be
attributed to widespread use of Python as an alternative and the intense
competition between Python Vs Java.

4.
C

As
per Indeed, the average salary for a C Programmer in the US is $104,905
per year.
As
per StackOverflow survey 2019, C happens to be the 4th most dreaded
programming language.
The
C programming language is the 8th most active on GitHub, a position it has
maintained for two years straight.
C’s
popularity reached great heights in 2019, and it maintained a consistently
high user interest throughout the year. In fact, the TIOBE Index awardrd C
as the most popular programming language for 2019.

5. Go

Average
Go developer salary globally: $109,483 per year. The average salary in the
US for this top programming language is $136K per year.
Go
is the third-most highly paid language globally in the Stack Overflow
developer survey 2019.
The
Go programming language is the fourth most active on GitHub.
The
google search popularity for Go has remained constant in 2019.

6. Swift

The
Global average salary for a Swift (iOS) developer is $59k. As per Indeed,
the average salary for the same profile in the US is $125,252 per year.
Swift
is the 6th most loved programming language as per Stack Overflow developer
Survey 2019.
Swift
was 10th most active programming language on GitHub for the year 2019.
The
google search popularity of Swift peaked to a score of 100 in June this
year. But it maintained an otherwise consistent search volume throughout
the year.

7. Ruby

Average
global salary for development on Ruby: $76k. The average salary for Ruby
developers in the US is $123k.
Ruby
is the sixth most highly paid language globally as per Stack Overflow
developer survey 2019.
Ruby
has maintained the 12th position throughout the year in the list of most
active top programming languages in Github.
The
Ruby programming language maintained its peak popularity between January-
April 2019. But it started going down since May and its user interest
dropped to 57 by December.

8. Kotlin

· Average
global salary for development on Kotlin: $57k. The average salary for Kotlin
developers in the US is $125k.

· Although
Kotlin isn’t one of the most highly paid languages as of right now, its demand
as soaring thanks to Google declaring it as the official language for
android app development.

· Kotlin
is the 15th most active top programming language on GitHub, having risen by one
rank since the last year.

· Kotlin’s
popularity has mostly remained consistent this year. The user interest on this
language peak during the month of May. This was possibly due to the I/O 2019
and Google’s declaration of Kotlin being used as a primary language for android
app development.

9. TypeScript

Average
global salary for development on TypeScript: $60k. The average salary for TypeScript
developers in the US is $115k.
TypeScript
is the 10th most popular top programming language as per Stack Overflow
developer survey.
The
Microsoft-nurtured programming language is now the 7th most active on
GitHub.
The
popularity of TypeScript as per Google search peaked for some time in
June, July, October and the entire month of November in 2019. TypeScript
has witnessed a remarkable rise in user interest this year.

10. Scala

Average
global salary for development on Scala: $78k. The average salary for Scala
developers in the US is $143k.
As
per Stack Overflow annual developer survey 2019, Scala is the highest-paid
programming language in the US, and the 4th most highly paid programming
language globally.
Scala’s
popularity on GitHub has gone down in 2019. It went from being the 12th
most active programming language on GitHub in 2018 to the 17th position in
the past year.
Scala’s
popularity in Google search trends peaked for some time in the months of
March and August. However, the user interest on Scala started going down
since November 2019.

Solving a Customer’s Server
Problem

People often use funny slang
and abbreviations in chats and other social situations. Typically, there is
also a more relaxed attitude towards grammar as well. The following is a chat
transcript between an account manager and a software engineer working at a web
hosting company. They are troubleshooting a server problem that affects one of
their customers. Please note that you should not use slang with unfamiliar
people. Using slang is not professional and can be taken badly by some people. You
have been warned!

Account Manager: TIL that
certain web page requests are taking forever to load on some of our servers.
One client in particular is really pissed off.

Sysadmin: what is the name of
the client?

Account Manager: Svensson
Trucking Supply

Sysadmin: brb i
need to be afk for
30 minutes

Account Manager: 30
minutes? this guy is a major client and management says we need to fix this
issue asap. they told me you were the 1337 alpha geek who
could resolve this issue right away.

Sysadmin: lol… 1337
alpha geeks need to eat lunch too

Account Manager: LMAO that
you would eat lunch right now. Please look into the problem BEFORE lunch!

Sysadmin: okay gimme 5 minutes

Time passes…

Account Manager: Did you
find the problem?

Sysadmin: wow did i… imho the
site was set up by a total n00b. there is
a major security hole in their iis web server. someone set up a warez site on a
subdomain and there are 100 leeches sucking up all the bandwidth.

Account Manager: WTF. No wonder
their site is so slow

Sysadmin: they are using a
really old version of iis server. let me upgrade and patch it for them.

Account Manager: Okay. I
will call the client and update them on the status.

Time passes…

Sysadmin: okay the server is
patched and running normally. now im gonna go eat… 1337 alpha geek ftw!

Account Manager: Nice
work! Thanks a million!!!!

Sysadmin: how about telling
management to give me a raise since im the only one who knows how to solve
client problems?

Account Manager: Wow
that’s funny. I’m literally ROTFL

Sysadmin: FU

Account Manager: Hahahaha!
I’ll pretend I didn’t hear that. L8R skater.

A Controversial IT Purchase

People often use funny slang
and abbreviations in chats and other social situations. Typically, there is a
relaxed attitude towards the rules of grammar. The following is a chat
transcript between an older grumpy senior developer and a younger intermediate
developer. They are discussing a recent hardware acquisition.

Please note that you should
not use slang with unfamiliar people. Using slang is not professional and can
be taken badly by some people. You have been warned!

*— The Bunion —*: Did you
hear what happened? We had to buy some new hardware last month to run that new killer app that
management thought was so important.

Deadly Avenger: Really?
What was wrong with the old hardware?

*— The Bunion —*: It was
too old to be used anymore, apparently. I told them the hardware requirements
for the new CRM system BEFORE they bought it. Now they need to upgrade the
whole internal network as well.

DeadlyAvenger: What are
they gonna upgrade to?

*— The Bunion —*: You won’t
believe it. A whole truckload of brand new Dell PowerEdge servers with Intel
Xeon processors. And a 10 gbps ethernet connection hooking everything together.

DeadlyAvenger: Cool.
That sounds like some real leading edge stuff.

*— The Bunion —*: Whatever. We could
have saved a lot of money by staying on the old software platform. It was good
enough to make any CRM geek happy.

DeadlyAvenger: Let me
get this straight. You’re complaining about management buying new hardware? The
old hardware was totally EOL.

*— The Bunion —*: It’s such
a PHB move
to spend so much on replacing a perfectly functioning CRM platform. The CTO
probably read a shiny pamphlet at a trade show in San Francisco, had a few
drinks over dinner, and then immediately signed the contract.

DeadlyAvenger: You might
be stuck in the past, but the code monkeys in
the developer room will be salivating over the new equipment. Now they can rewrite
their spaghetti code into
more object-oriented goodness.

*— The Bunion —*: I don’t
mean to be a pita, but I
checked out the user reviews of that new release and people say it’s
fundamentally horked. Newer
does not always mean better. It doesn’t pay to be an early adopter.

DeadlyAvenger: That may
well be true. I thought maybe we should have hosted the new application in the
cloud. That’s what all the trendsetters are
doing nowadays. And people from remote offices would like that because they
would get quicker load times.

*— The Bunion —*: The
cloud? Are you serious? What about security? You are such a fanboy of
every new IT fad that comes along.

DeadlyAvenger: At least
I am not a troll. You are
trying to start a flame war
on the company intranet discussion forum in order to show upper management how
much you are trying to save money.

*— The Bunion —*: Well, we
didn’t exactly have a great financial year so far. Now the whole IT department
will be busy upgrading instead of solving our customers’ true needs.

DeadlyAvenger: Admit it.
If it were up to you, we’d all still be on mainframes programming COBOL.

*— The Bunion —*: Hahahaha.
Yeah I guess you’re right. But saving the company money is the only effective
way I know of proving I deserve a raise every year.

DeadlyAvenger: Or you
could end up proving that you are a cranky old man and get yourself relocated
to the Accounting department

*— The Bunion —*: Whatever. You guys
wouldn’t last two weeks without me here!

DeadlyAvenger: Maybe
you’re right. I gotta go now. Bye.

*— The Bunion —*: Howdy.

Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

Created
by the Computer Ethics Institute

1.
Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Harm Other People.

2.
Thou Shalt Not Interfere With Other People’s Computer Work.

3.
Thou Shalt Not Snoop Around In Other People’s Computer Files.

4.
Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Steal.

5.
Thou Shalt Not Use A Computer To Bear False Witness.

6.
Thou Shalt Not Copy Or Use Proprietary Software For Which You have Not Paid.

7.
Thou Shalt Not Use Other People’s Computer Resources Without Authorization Or
Proper Compensation.

8.
Thou Shalt Not Appropriate Other People’s Intellectual Output.

9.
Thou Shalt Think About The Social Consequences Of The Program You Are Writing
Or The System You Are Designing.

10.
Thou Shalt Always Use A Computer In Ways That Insure Consideration And Respect
For Your Fellow Humans.

Top 15 American IT Companies

For some reason, most of the
large IT companies in the world are American. For instance Google, Apple,
Microsoft, Facebook, etc. As an IT professional, you are expected to know
about big IT corporations, revenue, profits, budgets, and other economic matters.
Why?

Because these things affect
your capacity to perform your tasks. The economy tends to go in cycles. In an
up cycle, you will get resources to build or improve systems. In a cycle you
will be pressured to cut spending and possibly even lay off staff. This is
business as usual» and nothing to get excited about. Over the span of your
career you will experience many up and down economic cycles.

Studying what the big IT
companies do right and wrong will help you think of ideas how to improve your
own IT department. No matter if you work for a small company, non-profit organization,
or a government institution, you will learn quickly that most decisions are
based on money. The best way to implement your «great idea» is to
argue that it will save time or increase profits. Trying to argue a point
without keeping efficiency, profits and budgets in mind will be difficult.

Below is a chart of 15
American IT companies I think are important to know about. The more you know
about the business of IT, the better IT professional you will become.

Company	Rank	Revenue	Profit	Products
Adobe	443	5,854	871	Graphic Design Software / Flash Media
Advanced Micro Devices	565	4,272	471	CPU / GPU
Apple	3	215,639	14,013	Computer Hardware / Software
Cisco Systems	60	49,247	7,767	Networking Equipment
Dell	41	64,806	2,635	Computer Hardware
Google	27	90,272	8,505	Search / Software
HP	61	48,238	8,761	Computer Hardware / Services
IBM	32	79,919	14,833	Computer Services / Software / Hardware
Intel	47	59,387	11,464	Microprocessors, Components
Microsoft	28	85,320	18,760	Computer Software
Oracle	81	37,047	6,135	Database Software / Services
NVIDIA	387	6,910	-30	GPU / CPU / chipsets
Western Digital	217	12,994	1,382	Hard Disk Drives / Computer Hardware

РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЕ и
АННОТИРОВАНИЕ

Аннотирование и реферирование, или
процессы информационной обработки текстов, являются одной из самых широко
распространенных письменных форм быстрого извлечения информации и ее смысловой
обработки. Основой таких видов деятельности является понимание иностранного
текста и навыки перевода научно-технической литературы.

Нужно уметь отделять главное от
второстепенного, анализировать и обобщать обрабатываемый материал.

Сущность информационной обработки
текстов состоит в кратком и обобщенном изложении содержания первоисточника.
Целью информационной обработки текста является извлечение полезной и ценной
информации по конкретной проблематике.

Термины «первичные» и «вторичные»
тексты появились из теории научно-технической информации. Понятие «первичный»,
«вторичный» используются как основание классификации информационных документов.
Вторичные тексты создаются в результате преобразования исходного, первичного,
базового текста. Вторичные тексты – это библиографическое описание, аннотация,
реферат, конспект, перевод, рецензия.

Библиографическое описание может быть
самостоятельным информационным вторичным документом (используется в
библиотечных каталогах и библиографических указателях) или частью другого
вторичного документа (используется как вводная часть в аннотациях и рефератах).
Библиографическое описание дает все необходимые данные о первичном документе и
состоит из следующих элементов в определенной последовательности:

Аннотирование
– информационный процесс составления кратких сведений о первоисточнике, первое
с ним знакомство, которое позволяет судить о целесообразности его более
детального изучения в дальнейшем. Аннотация (от лат. annotatio
– замечание) предельно краткое изложение того, о чем можно прочитать в
данном первоисточнике. В аннотации (как вторичный текст) перечисляются главные
вопросы, проблемы, изложенные в первичном тексте, а также может
характеризоваться его структура.

В отличие от реферата, который дает
возможность читателю познакомиться с сутью излагаемого в первоисточнике
содержания, аннотация не раскрывает содержание документа, в ней не приводятся
конкретные данные, описание оборудования, характеристики, методики и т.д., а
она дает лишь самое общие представление о его содержании. Аннотация помогает
найти необходимую информацию по интересующему вопросу.

АЛГОРИТМЫ В ОБУЧЕНИИ АННОТИРОВАНИЮ

И РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЮ

Алгоритм
– совокупность автоматических действий для решения данной задачи. При
аннотировании и реферировании можно рекомендовать следующие алгоритмы:

а)
Прочтите заголовок текста, определите, дает ли он представление о содержании
текста.

б)
Просмотрите, делится ли статья на разделы (есть ли подзаголовки).

в)
Если «да», прочтите подзаголовки, определите, о чем они.

г)
Обратите внимание, есть ли рисунки, схемы, таблицы.

д)
Если «да», прочтите подписи под ними.

е)
Если есть аннотация к тексту, то прочтите ее.

ж)
Если «нет», то прочтите первый и последний абзацы текста и по ключевым словам
определите о чем текст.

Или,
например:

а)
Просмотрите текст с целью получения общего представления о тексте в целом.

б)
Выделите абзацы, содержащие конкретную информацию по теме статьи, методу
проведения работы, результатом работы, применению в конкретной области.

в)
Сократите малосущественную информацию в этих абзацах по каждому пункту.

г)
Напишите обобщенную основную в форме реферата в соответствии с планом его
написания: тема, метод, результаты, выводы, применения.

III.
Или при оформлении библиографического описания аннотации и реферата:

а)
Укажите заглавие реферируемой статьи на русском языке и языке оригинала.

б)
Если есть автор или авторы, напишите их на языке оригинала (помните, что если
авторов больше двух, указывается только первый и затем пишется «и др.»).

в)
Затем напишите название источника информации на языке оригинала, год, номер,
обязательно страницы.

г)
Только затем пишется текст аннотации или реферата.

Phrases to be used
in an annotation

ü The passage is an
extract from…

ü The extract I am
dealing with is taken from…

ü The text under
consideration is taken from…

ü The text I am
going to comment on is a story by…

ü This extract
presents an act from the play…by the English playwright W.

o Shakespeare.

ü The given passage
is an extract from…

ü The plot of the
story is concerned with (the upbringing of children…)

ü The subject-matter
of the passage is (a description of a certain Mrs. General, a snobbish and
pretentious lady…)

ü The story tells of
(the tragic fate of a young poet…)

ü The write unfolds
the sad story of (a boy who was brought up by distant relatives, cruel and
hard-hearted people…)

ü The story gives a
deep insight into (the life of the common people, «the little man’s»
existence…)

ü This play sums up
many burning problems of the time, such as…

ü The story shows
the drama of (the character s inner world…)

ü The chapter gives
a true picture of (contemporary social and family relations in bourgeois
society…)

ü The story depicts
(the plight of the city poor, and the striking contrast between their miserable
existence and the life of the privileged few…)

ü The action takes
place in (an old English estate…)

ü The setting for
the play is (a lodging house owned by…)

ü The main
characters are…

ü The plot is very
simple…

ü The plot, as such,
is practically eventless…

ü The story is full
of events…

ü These are the main
facts that make up the plot of the story.

ü This is the gist
of the extract.

ü Such is the plot
of the extract.

Phrases to bu used
while working with the text

ü The story is told
in the third person narration (this is third person narration; the narrative is
the first person).

ü The story is told
from the point of one the characters, namely…

ü The narrator (an
onlooker who does not take part in the events but whose keen interest in
them is quite obvious).

ü The narrator
focuses his attention on…

ü The character s
perception of the events permeates the whole story and makes it dramatic
(appealing, humorous…)

ü In this story we
can observe the conventional sequence of compositional elements: an exposition,
a gradual mounting of tension, with final climax and denouement.

ü The opening
paragraph presents (an exposition to the story…)

ü It is description
of…, an account of…, etc.

ü The story opens
with a description of…

ü The opening
paragraph introduces (the main characters and gives some details of their
life…)

ü The first part of
the text which presents an exposition to the events is written in the form of
the description blended with a dialogue.

ü The atmosphere and
details of living are described convincingly (perfectly, exactly as in life).

ü The landscape is
not simply the background (it plays a definite role in the development of the
plot; highlights certain features of a character…)

ü The description of
(the place of action…) gives a deeper insight into the situation. From this
description we understand that (the imaginary state of Winnemac is an artistic
incarnation of the exacting American states, with their landscape, customs and
history).

ü The basic
compositional feature of this story is suspense. It is created by a number of
relevant details which intensify the tension of the situation. These details
include…

ü This part of the text
is written in the form of a narration which conveys the dynamic development of
the plot.

ü The tense rhythm
of the narration is interrupted by / accentuated by (dialogues in which the
reader s attention is drawn to a new topic…)

ü The narration is
closely interwoven and interlaced with the monologue of the character which
gives an insight into (the character s state of mind…)

ü The next paragraph
adds some more details to the reader s knowledge of the situation.

ü The episode of the
argument (the character s meeting…) is the climax of the story. This scene is
(dramatic; solemnly impressive;
humorous…)

ü The episode
presents the crucial point of the story. The reader understands that…

ü The concluding
paragraph presents the denouement. Everything is more clear…

ü The story ends
with…

ü Two characters are
presented in this extract…

ü The personages are
given a profound and true-to life psychological characterization.

ü The character is
presented as (weak-willed; passive, a man lacking in firmness, helpless,
gentle, intelligent, cheerful, tactful, honest in dealing with other people, a
person with a clear conscience…).

ü The description
brings out (the characteristic features of Mr. X s personality, such as his
dignity; his yearning for a new life; his splendid calm..).

ü All the details of
his appearance (the full ruddy face, the keen look, the mockingly condensing
smile…) speak of man s (sanguine temperament, intelligence, confident dignity,
composure, devotion to his convictions, remarkable will-power…)

ü Mr. X s personality
is revealed to the full through his own words and the remarks of other
personages. He is described as a (cruel, hard-hearted, haughty, greedy,
tactless, hypocritical, dishonest, narrow-minded, rude, irritable, ill-bred,
fussy…) man.

ü His actions enumerated
in the narration characterize him as a (good-natured, sensible, stubborn,
reliable, resourceful, persistent, shrewd) person.

ü She is
characterized by (reserve, reluctance to allow anybody to get an insight into
her inner state…)

ü There were certain
traits in her character that were alien to her husband such as…

ü All these details
underline (the character s social position, her absolute lack of breeding…)

ü The characters are
convincing and well-drawn…

ü The characters are
typical and authentic and their psychology is well rendered.

ü The mood prevalent
in the extract is (cheerfulness, humour, irony, gloom, nervousness, bleakness,
melancholy, happiness…).

ü The tone of the
extract is tensely dramatic. The author lays bare the spiritual drama of…

ü The story is full
of jokes, witticism, and light-hearted jest.

ü The story is
distinguished by its cheerful tone.

ü The extract has a
tragic ring.

ü The mood of
wretchedness, anxiety permeates the text (The story is permeated with…).

ü The story reflects
life, and in life everything is mixed up together: the profound with the
trivial, the great with pretty, the tragic with the comic.

ü Minute details add
to the matter-of-fact and logical tone of the narration.

ü The author clearly
displays his sympathy for the character. With anger and acrimony he shows the
triumph of philistines and brutality.

ü The story is
filled with deep sympathy for the poor and a bitter harted for the rich.

ü The author’s
message is expressed very clearly. The writer raises his voice in defense of
(human dignity…).

Cliches for working with newspaper
articles

ü The
newspaper under review is…№…1999

ü The
article headline reads as follows…

ü The
article is published under the rubric…

ü The
author of the article is…

ü The
subject of the article is…

ü The
main idea of the article is…

ü The
main idea of the article is in the very headline.

ü The
main idea of the article is in the following lines…(words).

ü It’s
a political commentary.

ü It’s
an editorial article.

ü The
main idea of the article is in the last paragraph.

ü The
material is topical.

ü The
material of the article is devoted to…

ü The
material attracts the reader.

ü The
article gives very full attention to this event.

ü The
article deals with the problem of…

ü The
article carries material on (about)…

ü The
opening paragraph conveys the principal item of the article.

ü The
1st paragraph introduces the main idea of the editorial.

ü The
next part of the article is devoted to (deals with)…

ü Paragraph
3 discusses…

ü Further,
the author dwells on…

ü According
to the author…

ü The
author speaks in details about…

ü In
compressed form…

ü The
paper gives figures illustrating…

ü In
conclusion the author adds (I should add)…

ü In
conclusion I should mention that…

The
author:

—
remarks

—
points
out that

—
stresses

—
underlines

—
speaks
about … in details

—
also
explains that

—
describes

—
states

—
declares

INTRODUCTION

ü The
news… provides a front-page story in the paper.

ü The
stories… dominate the front page.

ü The
main front-page news in the paper is…

ü The
paper carries a long/short editorial about…

ü The
news…caused a lot of editorial about…

ü The
news…gets the attention on the front page.

ü …provides
the leading domestic ( international, foreign) news

ü The
leading item of foreign news…

ü The
editorial is concerned with…

ü The
paper comments on…

ü Another
big front-page item concerns…

NEUTRAL

ü The
article draws attention to the fact…

ü The
paper finds a good deal to say…

ü In
the paper’s views…

ü The
author brings out the problem…

ü The
article describes…

ü The
author outlines/points out…

ü The
paper cites as proof of…

ü The
paper addresses its editorial on the problem…to…

ü The
paper comments…

ü The
editorial is mainly concerned with domestic affairs…

ü The
article ends with the comment…

ü The
editorial concludes…

ü The
paper focuses its attention on…

ü The
article highlights the consequences of…

ü As
the paper puts it…

ü In
its comment the paper reviews…

ü A
four-column article on the inside page sums up…

ü A
detailed front-page article summarizes…

FOR

ü The
paper finds a good deal to say in support of…

ü The
paper finds it significant that…

ü The
paper calls for more pressure…

ü The
newspaper is confident that…

ü The
paper aggress that…

ü The
paper strongly believes that…

ü The
paper makes a vigorous call for…

ü The
paper declares its support for…

ü The
paper concludes with a strong appeal for…

ü The
paper expresses approval of / support of…

ü The
editorial expresses the belief (the conviction, the opinion, the view) that…

AGAINST

ü The
author argues that…

ü The
author fails to answer the question…

ü The
paper accuses…

ü The
editorial bitterly attacks…

ü The
paper condemns…

ü The
editorial is sharply critical of…

ü The
article strongly denounced…

ü The
editorial disagrees with…

ü The
paper expresses alarm (concern, disappointment) at…

ü The
paper strongly protects against…

ü Summing
up the… the author regrets that…

ü The
newspaper strongly rejects the idea of…

ü The
paper briefly touches upon…

ü The
paper deals with the problem…

TEXTS

Cryptocurrency

Digital currency is a type of currency
available in digital form. It exhibits properties similar to physical currencies,
but can allow for instantaneous transactions and borderless
transfer-of-ownership.

Examples include virtual currencies and
cryptocurrencies and central bank issued money accounted for in a computer
database. Like traditional money, these currencies may be used to buy physical
goods and services, but may also be restricted to certain communities such as
for use inside an online game or social network.

In early 2009, an anonymous programmer or
a group of programmers under an alias Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin.
Satoshi described it as a ‘peer-to-peer electronic cash system.’ It is
completely decentralized, meaning there are no servers involved and no central
controlling authority. The concept closely resembles peer-to-peer networks for file
sharing.

One of the most important problems that
any payment network has to solve is double-spending. It is a fraudulent
technique of spending the same amount twice. The traditional solution was a
trusted third party — a central server — that kept records of the balances and
transactions. However, this method always entailed an authority basically in
control of your funds and with all your personal details on hand.

In a decentralized network like Bitcoin,
every single participant needs to do this job. This is done via the Blockchain
— a public ledger of all transaction that ever happened within the network,
available to everyone. Therefore, everyone in the network can see every
account’s balance. Every transaction is a file that consists of the sender’s
and recipient’s public keys (wallet addresses) and the amount of coins
transferred. The transaction also needs to be signed off by the sender with
their private key. All of this is just basic cryptography. Eventually, the
transaction is broadcasted in the network, but it needs to be confirmed first.

Within a cryptocurrency network, only
miners can confirm transactions by solving a cryptographic puzzle. They take
transactions, mark them as legitimate and spread them across the network.
Afterwards, every node of the network adds it to its database. Once the
transaction is confirmed it becomes unforgeable and irreversible and a miner
receives a reward, plus the transaction fees.

Cryptocurrencies are so called because the
consensus-keeping process is ensured with strong cryptography. This, along with
aforementioned factors, makes third parties and blind trust as a concept
completely redundant. Many existing digital currencies have not yet seen
widespread usage, and may not be easily used or exchanged. Banks generally do
not accept or offer services for them.

There are concerns that cryptocurrencies
are extremely risky due to their very high volatility and potential for pump
and dump schemes. Regulators in several countries have warned against their use
and some have taken concrete regulatory measures to dissuade users. The
non-cryptocurrencies are all centralized. As such, they may be shut down or
seized by a government at any time. The more anonymous a currency is, the more
attractive it is to criminals, regardless of the intentions of its creators.

Elon Reeve Musk

Elon Reeve Musk — American engineer,
inventor and investor. Co-founder of PayPal;founder, co-owner, Chief Executive
Officer and chief engineer of SpaceX; Chief Executive Officer and chief
inspirer of Tesla; was also a member of the Board of Directors of Solar City. Born
and raised in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk moved to Canada when he was 17 to attend
Queen’s University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years
later, where he received an economics degree from the Wharton School and a degree
in physics from the College of Arts and Sciences.

At the age of ten, Elon received as a gift
his first Commodore VIC-20 computer and learned to program on it. At the age of
twelve, he sold for $ 500 his first program – a video game called Blastar. In
1995, Musk and his brother founded Zip2, a company that specialized in software
for news companies. In 1999, Zip2 was purchased by Compaq for $ 308 million. Musk
received $22 million.

In March 1999, Musk was one of the
founders X.com. In 2000 X.com has merged with PayPal. Both systems were engaged
in providing personal electronic money transfers via e-mail, and the purpose of
the transaction was the merger of both payment systems. This impressive success
allowed the company to place its shares on the stock exchange in February 2002
In October 2002 PayPal was bought by eBay for 1.5 billion dollars. At the time
of sale Mask owned 12 % of the company, which allowed him to gain $ 180
million.

In
May 2002, Musk founded his third company — SpaceX, investing in it 100 million
dollars. Elon Musk set a goal — to reduce the cost of space flights by 10 times.
In January 2016 at the investment forum in Hong Kong, Musk announced that his
company hopes to fly to Mars in 2020-2025.

In 2006, he inspired the creation of
SolarCity, a solar energy services company. In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a
nonprofit research company that aims to promote friendly artificial
intelligence. In July 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company
focused on developing implantable brain–computer interfaces.

Tesla — American company, based in Palo
Alto, California. The company specializes in electric car and solar panel
manufacturing. Musk has envisioned a high-speed transportation system known as
the Hyperloop, and has proposed a vertical take-off and landing supersonic jet
electric aircraft, known as the Musk electric jet.

Rewards. 2007 American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low award for the most outstanding
contribution in the field of space transportation. Musk was recognized for his
design of the Falcon 1, the first privately developed liquid-fuel rocket to
reach orbit.

In 2008, Esquire magazine included the
Mask in the list of 75 most influential people of the XXI century. The world
governing body for aerospace records, presented Musk in 2010 with the highest
award in air and space, the FAI Gold Space Medal, for designing the first privately
developed rocket to reach orbit. In June 2011, he was awarded the Heinlein
prize for his achievements in space commercialization of 500 thousand us
dollars. In February of the same year, Forbes magazine included the Mask In the
list of 20 most influential American CEOS under the age of forty.

In 2012, Musk was awarded the Royal
Aeronautical Society’s highest award: a Gold Medal. In November 2013, Fortune
magazine named him entrepreneur of the year and the Wall Street Journal named
Mask CEO of the year. In 2015, he was awarded IEEE (Ай трипли) Honorary
Membership. In June 2016, Business Insider named Musk one of the «Top 10
Business Visionaries Creating Value for the World» along with Mark
Zuckerberg and Sal Khan.

In December 2016, Musk was ranked 21st on
Forbes list of The World’s Most Powerful People. In May 2017, Musk was awarded
the Oslo Business for Peace Award. For outstanding services to science on May
9, 2018, Elon Reeve Musk was awarded the membership of the Royal society of
London.

According to Elon himself, he was greatly
influenced by the cycle of science fiction novels «the Foundation»
and the views of Isaac Asimov on the development of outer space as the
development and preservation of human existence. Musk has stated that the goals
of SpaceX, Tesla, and SolarCity revolve around his vision to change the world
and humanity. His goals include reducing global warming through sustainable
energy production and consumption, and reducing the risk of human extinction by
establishing a human colony on Mars.

EXERCISES

Match
the verbs with the nouns.

1.
recharge

2.
click on

3.
dial

4.
give

5. move

6.
print out

7.
send and receive

8.
take some

a.
digital photos

b.
faxes

c.
a number on your mobile phone

d.
a presentation

e.
something with the mouse

f.
the battery

g.
the mouse

h.
twenty pages

Choose
the best verb.

1. To turn on the computer, __________ the «Start» button.
a. touch	b. press	c. switch
2. The printer has __________ of ink.
a. finished	b. ended	c. run out
3. Unfortunately, my scanner isn’t __________ at the moment.
a. working	b. going	c. doing
4. Please __________ the CD ROM.
a. insert	b. introduce	c. inject
5. The projector isn’t working because it isn’t __________.
a. plugged	b. plugged in	c. plugged into
6. The batteries in my digital camera are nearly dead. They need __________.
a. to change b. exchanging c. changing
7. I have to __________ a computer screen for eight hours a day.
a. see	b. look at	c. watch
8. Switch off your computer, and __________ it from the wall socket.
a. de-plug	b. unplug	c. non-plug
9. I turned off the photocopier and ___________ the plug.
a. pulled out	b. extracted	c. took away
10. __________ any key to continue.
a. Kick	b. Smash	c. Hit

Rearrange
the letters to make things which can be part of a workstation.

TUCMEPOR	COMPUTER
TRIRPEN
NASECNR
KESD
HACIR
NOPELETHE

Choose
the best word.

1. The mouse moves on a __________.
a. mouse mat	b. mouse carpet	c. mouse table
2. TV and computer screens are usually measured in __________.
a. feet	b. miles	c. inches
3. Before you start work, __________ the height of your chair
a. adjust	b. change	c. rearrange
4. To get sound from your computer, plug in a pair of __________.
a. loudhailers	b. loudspeakers	c. loud voices
22. The computer is connected to the telephone line via a __________.
a. module	b. modem	c. mod
23. You can increase the functions or performance of a computer with an __________.
a. extension card	b. exploding card	c. expansion card
24. Mobile phones and PDAs can communicate with computers via __________.
a. Bluebeard ®	b. Blueberry ®	c. Bluetooth ®
25. There’s a spare __________ in the workstation…
a. electric hole	b. power point	c. electrical opening
26. …so you can plug in your mobile phone __________.
a. charger	b. power	c. electrification
27. SD cards can be read in a computer’s __________.
a. storage reader	b. memory reader	c. card reader

How
to scan an image

at	connected	file format	handheld
dpi	original	image editing	high
text	low	brightness	contrast
click	adjust	preview (or prescan)	flatbed
OCR software	all-in-one

1. Make sure the scanner is _____________
to the computer.

2. Lift the lid and put the _____________
on the scanner glass.

3. For high image quality, scan
_____________ 300 _____________ or higher.

4. The scanning software will automatically
do a _____________.

5. If the image is too dark or too light,
you can __________ the _____________ and _____________.

6. _____________ «scan».

7. If you scanned _____________, it can be
«read» by _____________.

8. If you want to save the image, choose a
_____________. JPEG is a good choice for photos.

9.
The scanned image can be manipulated using _____________ software.

10.
An _____________ printer/scanner can print, scan and copy.

11. Picture A is a _____________ scanner.

12. Picture B is a _____________ scanner.

13. Picture C is a _____________
resolution photograph.

14. Picture D is a _____________
resolution photograph.

dpi stands for dots per inch
(1 inch = 2.4cm)

OCR stands for Optical
Character Recognition

JPEG is pronounced «jay-peg»

Список литературы
1.	K. Boeckner, P. Charles Brown. Oxford English for Computing. Oxford University Press, 2019.
2.	Jon Marks. Computers and IT. A & C Black _ London. Third edition. – 2017.
3.	Santiago Esteras and Elena Marco Fabré. Professional English in Use ICT. Cambridge University – 2018. Режим доступа: https://www.cambridge.es/en/
4.	Duffy, Vincent G. Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering. CRC Press. – 2016. ISBN 9781420063523
Интернет — ресурсы:
1.	http://techliter.ru/
2.	https://codeburst.io/
3.	https://lingualeo.com/
4.	https://cyberleninka.ru/
5.	https://www.multitran.ru
6.	https://www.techterms.com
7.	https://www.english4it.com/
8.	http://www.blairenglish.com/
9.	https://www.improgrammer.net/

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

Слово	Перевод
to back up	выполнять резервное копирование
to boot	загружать, загружаться
to burn	записывать на оптический диск
to create	создавать
to compile	компилировать
to compress	сжимать (например, архиватором)
to connect	соединять, подключаться
to cut	вырезать в буфер обмена
to debug	отлаживать
to decrypt	расшифровывать
to delete	удалять
to deploy	развертывать (например, приложение на сервере)
to develop	разрабатывать
to disable	отключать, деактивировать
to disconnect	разъединять, отключаться
to display	отображать
to download	загружать, скачивать
to eject	извлекать (устройство)
to enable	включать, активировать
to encrypt	шифровать, зашифровывать
to execute	исполнять
to format	форматировать
to implement	внедрять, реализовывать
to initialize	приводить в исходное состояние, инициализировать
to install	инсталлировать, устанавливать
to integrate	интегрировать, объединять в одну систему
to link to	ссылаться на что-либо
to load	загружать
to paste	вставлять из буфера обмена
to plug in	подключать
to press (a button)	нажимать (кнопку)
to read	считывать
to reboot	перезагружать, перезагружаться
to restore	восстанавливать
to save	сохранять
to scroll up/down	прокручивать вверх/вниз (например, веб-страницу)
to switch on/off	включать/выключать
to uninstall	деинсталлировать, удалять
to update	обновлять
to upgrade	улучшать, модернизировать
to upload	загружать, закачивать
to verify	проверять

Hardware — аппаратное
обеспечение

Слово/Словосочетание	Перевод
a bus	шина
a cable	кабель
a central processing unit (CPU)	центральный процессор
a computer case	корпус системного блока
a device	устройство
a fan	вентилятор охлаждения, кулер
a graphics card (display card, display adapter, graphics adapter)	видеокарта (графический адаптер)
a graphics processing unit (GPU)	графический процессор
a hard disk drive (HDD)	жесткий диск
a laptop	ноутбук, портативный компьютер
a light-emitting diode (LED)	светодиод
a motherboard (mainboard)	материнская плата
a network card	сетевой адаптер (сетевая карта, сетевая плата)
a port	разъем, порт
a power supply unit (PSU)	блок питания
a solid-state drive (SSD)	твердотельный накопитель
a sound card (audio card)	звуковая карта
a storage device	запоминающее устройство, накопитель
a touch screen	сенсорный экран
air cooling	воздушное охлаждение
an expansion card	карта (плата) расширения
an optical disk drive	оптический привод
an uninterruptible power source (UPS)	источник бесперебойного питания
random-access memory (RAM)	оперативная память (ОЗУ)
read-only memory (ROM)	постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ)
removable media	съемные носители информации
water cooling	водяное охлаждение
output devices: a monitor a printer a speaker headphones	устройства вывода: монитор принтер колонка (акустическая) наушники
input devices: a keyboard a mouse a scanner a digital camera a joystick	устройства ввода: клавиатура мышь сканер цифровая камера джойстик

Software — программное обеспечение

Слово/Словосочетание	Перевод
a compiler	компилятор
a database	база данных
a debugger	отладчик
a desktop application/app	приложение для настольного компьютера
a device driver	драйвер устройства
a graphical user interface (GUI)	графический пользовательский интерфейс
a kernel	ядро (например, операционной системы)
a mobile application/app	мобильное приложение
a plug-in (plugin)	плагин, расширение, дополнительный программный модуль
a programming language	язык программирования
a query	запрос
a scroll bar	полоса прокрутки
a snapshot	снимок состояния системы
a spreadsheet	электронная таблица
a status bar	строка состояния
a template	шаблон
a version control system (VCS)	система контроля версий
a web application/app	веб-приложение
a word processor	текстовый процессор
a text editor	текстовый редактор
a utility	утилита (служебная программа)
acceptance testing	приемочное тестирование
agile methodology	гибкая методология разработки
an algorithm	алгоритм
an array	массив
an encoding	кодировка
an enterprise application	корпоративное приложение
an executable (file)	исполняемый файл
an interpreter	интерпретатор
an operating system (OS)	операционная система
application software	прикладное программное обеспечение
aspect-oriented programming (AOP)	аспектно-ориентированное программирование
binary data	двоичные данные
commercial software	платное программное обеспечение
data	данные, информация
data processing	обработка данных
extreme programming	экстремальное программирование
firmware	прошивка, микропрограмма
freeware	бесплатное программное обеспечение
incremental development	инкрементная модель разработки
integrated development environment (IDE)	интегрированная среда разработки
iterative development	итеративная модель разработки
malicious software (malware)	вредоносное программное обеспечение
object-oriented programming (OOP)	объектно-ориентированное программирование
open source software	программное обеспечение с открытым исходным кодом
prototyping	создание прототипа, прототипирование
rapid application development (RAD)	быстрая разработка приложений (методология)
regression testing	регрессионное тестирование
runtime (runtime environment)	среда выполнения кода
server software	серверное программное обеспечение
spiral development	спиральная модель разработки
spyware	программа-шпион, шпионское программное обеспечение
system software	системное программное обеспечение
unit testing	модульное (блочное, компонентное) тестирование
waterfall model	каскадная модель разработки

Internet — Интернет

Слово/Словосочетание	Перевод
a bookmark	закладка (в браузере)
a bridge	мост
a browser	браузер, обозреватель
a domain	домен
a firewall	брандмауэр, межсетевой экран
a gateway	шлюз
a hyperlink	гиперссылка
a node	узел сети
a packet	пакет
a patch cord	коммутационный кабель, патч-корд
a router	маршрутизатор, роутер
a search engine	поисковая система
a subdomain	поддомен, субдомен
a switch	коммутатор, свитч
a website	веб-сайт, веб-узел
a wireless network	беспроводная сеть
bandwidth	пропускная способность (канала передачи данных)
broadband	широкополосный доступ в Интернет
client-server architecture	клиент-серверная архитектура
cloud computing	облачные вычисления
cloud storage	облачное хранилище данных
dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)	протокол динамической настройки узла
domain name system (DNS)	система доменных имен
instant messaging (IM)	обмен мгновенными сообщениями
Internet service provider (ISP)	интернет-провайдер
local area network (LAN)	локальная сеть
latency	задержка, период ожидания
media access control (MAC) address	аппаратный адрес, MAC-адрес
peer-to-peer (P2P)	одноранговая сеть, пиринговая сеть
twisted pair	витая пара
voice over IP (VoIP)	голосовая связь через Интернет, IP-телефония
wide area network (WAN)	глобальная сеть, широкомасштабная сеть

Источник

1.
It is _expected_ that the strike will end soon. The strike _is
expected to end soon._

2.
It is _expected_ that the weather will be good tomorrow. The weather
is —

3.
It is _believed_ that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
The thieves —

4.
It is _reported_ that many people are homeless after the floods. Many
people —

5.
It is _thought_ that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall.
The prisoner —

6.
It is _alleged_ that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an
hour. The man is —

7.
It is _reported_ that the building has been badly damaged by fire.
The building —

8.
a: It is _said_ that the company is losing a lot of money. The
company —

b:
It is _believed_ that the company lost a lot of money last year. The
company —

c:
It is _expected_ that the company will lose money this year. The
company —

44.2 People say a lot of things about Arthur. For example:

1
Arthur cats spiders.

2
He is very rich.

3.
(He writes poetry.

4.
(He has 12 children.)

5.
(He robbed a bank a long time ago.

Nobody
knows for sure whether these things are true or not. Write sentences
about Arthur using (be) supposed to.

1.
Arthur is supposed to eat spiders.

2.
He —

3.
—

4.
—

5.
—

44.3
Now you have to use (be) supposed to with its other meaning. In each
example what happens is different from what is supposed to happen.
Use (be) supposed to + one of these verbs:

arrive
be block come park phone start

Some
of the sentences are negative (like the first example).

1.
You_’re not suppose to park_ here. It’s private parking only.

2.
The train _was supposed to arrive_ at 11.30, but it was an hour late.

3.
What are the children doing at home? They — at school at this time.

4.
We — work at 8.15, but we rarely do anything before 8.30.

5.
This door is a fire exit. You — it.

6.
Oh dear! I — Ann but I completely forgot.

7.
They arrived very early—at 2 o’clock. They — until 3.30.

UNIT
45. Have something done

A.
Study this example situation:

The
roof of Jill’s house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for
somebody to repair it. Yesterday a workman came and did the job.

Jill
had the roof repaired yesterday.

This
means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn’t
repair it herself.

We
use have something done to say that we arrange for somebody else to
do something for us.

Compare:

*
Jill repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself)

*
Jill had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to
repair it)

Study
these sentences:

*
Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?

*
‘Are you going to repair the car yourself?’ ‘No, I’m going to have it
repaired.’

Be
careful with word order. The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is
after the object (the roof your hair etc.):

have
+ object + past participle

Jill
had the roof repaired yesterday.

Where
did you have your hair cut?

Your
hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?

Julia
has just had central heating installed in her house.

We
are having the house painted at the moment.

How
often do you have your car serviced?

I
think you should have that coat cleaned soon.

I
don’t like having my photograph taken.

B.
You can also say ‘get something done’ instead of ‘have something
done’ (mainly in informal spoken English):

*
When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof
repaired)

*
I think you should get your hair cut.

C.
Sometimes have something done has a different meaning. For example:

*
Jill and Eric had all their money stolen while they were on holiday.

Of
course this does not mean that they arranged for somebody to steal
their money. ‘They had all their money stolen’ means only: ‘All their
money was stolen from them.’

With
this meaning, we use have something done to say that something
happens to somebody or their belongings. Usually what happens is not
nice:

*
George had his nose broken in a fight.

*
Have you ever had your passport stolen?

EXERCISES

45.1
Tick (V) the correct sentence, (a) or (b), for each picture.

1.
SARAH

a
Sarah is cutting her hair.

b
Sarah is having her hair cut.

2.
BILL

a
Bill is cutting his hair.

b
Bill is having his hair cut.

3.
JOHN

a
John is cleaning his shoes.

b
John is having his shoes cleaned.

4.
SUE

a
Sue is taking a photograph.

b
Sue is having her photograph taken.

45.2
Why did you do these things? Answer using ‘have something done’. Use
one of these verbs:

clean
cut repair service

1.
Why did you take your car to the garage? _To have it serviced._

2.
Why did you take your jacket to the cleaner’s? To —

3.
Why did you take your watch to the jeweller’s? —

4.
Why did you go to the hairdresser? —

45.3
Write sentences in the way shown.

1.
Jill didn’t repair the roof herself. She _had it repaired._

2.
I didn’t cut my hair myself. I —

3.
They didn’t paint the house themselves. They —

4.
Sue didn’t make the curtains herself. —

45.4
Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use the
structure ‘have something done’.

1.
We _are having the house painted_ (the house/paint) at the moment.

2.
I lost my key. I’ll have to — (another key/make).

3.
When was the last time you — (your hair/cut)?

4.
You look different — (you/your hair/cut)?

5.
— (you/a newspaper/deliver) to your house or do you go to the shop
to buy one?

6.
A: What are those workmen doing in your garden?

B:
Oh, we — (a swimming pool/build).

7.
A: Can I see the photographs you took when you were on holiday?

B:
I’m afraid I — (not/the film/develop) yet.

8.
This coat is dirty. I must — (it/clean).

9.
If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you — (your ears/pierce)?

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