And operator in word

Логические операторы это специальные символы (или сочетания символов), которые изменяют или комбинируют логические значения типа Boolean — true и false. Их используют чтобы создавать сложные условия, например в циклах.

Логические операторы

Оператор НЕ (!, not)

Выражение вида !true равно false и наоборот. ! — унарный оператор (применяется к одному операнду), он помещается перед операндом.

Оператор И (&&, and)

Выражение вида a && b будет равно true только тогда, когда и а и b равны true.

Оператор ИЛИ (||, or)

Выражение a || b будет равно true, когда или a, или b (или оба) равен true.

Оператор исключающее ИЛИ (^, xor)

Выражение a ^ b будет равно true, когда только один из операндов имеет значение true. Подробно о применении xor рассказывается в статье «Практика применения XOR в программировании»

Оператор эквивалентности ==

Выражение a == b будет равно true, когда a и b имеют одинаковые значения.

Оператор неравенства !=

Выражение a != b будет равно true, когда a и b имеют разные значения.

Приоритет логических операторов

1. Оператор эквивалентности — ==, оператор неравенства — !=.
2. Оператор отрицания — !.
3. Оператор И — &&.
4. Оператор исключающее ИЛИ — ^.
5. Оператор ИЛИ — ||.

Предлагаем вам пройти тест и узнать, насколько хорошо вы разобрались с логическими операторами:

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Published on
May 2, 2022
by

Eoghan Ryan.

Revised on
November 4, 2022.

Boolean operators are words and symbols, such as AND or NOT, that let you expand or narrow your search parameters when using a database or search engine. When you search using these operators, it is known as a Boolean search.

You can use Boolean operators such as AND, OR, and NOT alongside keywords to create a Boolean string that will refine your search to find the most relevant results and sources.

How to use Boolean operators

Knowing how to use Boolean operators effectively can save you a lot of time and help you to find useful sources, determine the relevance of your research topic, and create strong research questions. It’s also very helpful when you’re working on a literature review or systematic review.

Useful Boolean operators

Boolean operator	Function	Example
AND	Provides results that contain both or all keywords	paradigm AND syntagm
OR	Provides results that contain either keyword	meteor OR meteorite
NOT or AND NOT	Provides results that contain the first keyword but not the second	football NOT soccer
Quotation marks “”	Provides results with the exact phrase	“Newtonian mechanics”
Parentheses ()	Allows you to group together keywords and control the order in which the terms will be searched	(rural OR urban) AND sociology
Asterisk *	Provides results that contain a variation of the keyword	Develop* This will return results containing words such as “development,” “developer,” and “developing.”

AND

AND will provide search results containing both or all of your keywords.

Use this when you want results that contain two or more specific keywords.

Anthropocene AND climate change AND ecosystem

OR

OR will provide search results containing at least one of your keywords.

Use this when you want results that contain at least one (though not necessarily both) of your chosen keywords.

horticultural OR agricultural

NOT

NOT will provide search results containing the first of your keywords but not the second. Make sure to put your keywords in the correct order when using NOT, as the search results provided will exclude the latter keyword.

Use this when you want results that contain one specific keyword but not another.

centrifugal NOT centripetal

Parentheses: ()

Parentheses allow you to group together keywords and control the order in which the terms will be searched, just like in a mathematical statement. Keywords and Boolean operators within parentheses will be searched first, followed by keywords outside parentheses.

For example, the combination shown below will provide results that are initially filtered to contain at least one of “id” or “ego,” and then further refined to also include “developmental.”

(id OR ego) AND developmental

You can also use more than one pair of parentheses. The search will filter results based on the innermost parenthetical keywords first, followed by the keywords in outer parentheses, and finally the keyword(s) outside parentheses.

((id OR ego) AND Lacan) AND developmental

Quotation marks: “”

Quotation marks will provide search results containing the exact keyword(s) contained within.

Use this when you want results that contain a precise keyword or keywords.

“Holocene epoch”

Asterisk: *

An asterisk will provide search results containing variations of a root word.

Use this when you want results that contain the keyword that you entered or other words that begin with those letters.

form*

This will provide results including variations of the chosen word such as “formal” and “formation.”

Each database or search engine may use Boolean operators in slightly different ways. Therefore, it is important to check how Boolean operators work in the particular database or search engine you’re using.

Note: Many databases and search engines also offer an “advanced search” option that lets you choose the most relevant Boolean operators from a drop-down list, like in the example from JSTOR below.

Proximity operators

Proximity operators are similar to Boolean operators. They let you filter results based on the proximity of one keyword to another.

Proximity operators include NEAR (Nx), WITHIN (Wx), and SENTENCE.

Useful proximity operators

Proximity operator	Function	Example
NEAR (Nx)	Provides results that contain your chosen keywords within x words of each other, regardless of the order they occur in	Solar N5 energy will provide results in which “energy” appears within five words of the word “solar.” This will include results such as “solar energy,” and “energy produced by solar panels.”
WITHIN (Wx)	Provides results that contain your chosen keywords within x words of each other in the order you entered them	Solar W5 energy will provide results in which “energy” appears within five words of the word “solar” but will exclude results in which the order is reversed, such as “energy produced by solar panels.”
SENTENCE	Provides results in which two or more keywords occur in the same sentence	Learning SENTENCE environment will provide results in which “learning” and “environment” appear in the same sentence, such as “a supportive environment is essential to the learning process.”

Note: Not all databases use proximity operators. Be sure to check the search operations of the database you are using.

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Frequently asked questions about Boolean operators

What is a Boolean search?

A Boolean search uses specific words and symbols known as Boolean operators (e.g., AND, OR) alongside keywords to limit or expand search results. Boolean searches allow you to:

• Prioritize keywords
• Exclude keywords
• Search exact keywords
• Search variations of your keywords

What are Boolean operators and how do I use them?

Boolean operators are specific words and symbols that you can use to expand or narrow your search parameters when using a database or search engine.

The most common Boolean operators are AND, OR, NOT or AND NOT, quotation marks “”, parentheses (), and asterisks *.

Each Boolean operator has a unique function. For example, the Boolean operator AND will provide search results containing both/all of your keywords.

What are proximity operators and how do I use them?

Proximity operators are specific words used alongside your chosen keywords that let you specify the proximity of one keyword in relation to another.

The most common proximity operators include NEAR (Nx), WITHIN (Wx), and SENTENCE.

Each proximity operator has a unique function. For example, Nx allows you to find sources that contain the specified keywords within a set number of words (x) of each other.

How do I search research databases efficiently?

When searching for sources in databases, think of specific keywords that are relevant to your topic, and consider variations on them or synonyms that might be relevant.

Once you have a clear idea of your research parameters and key terms, choose a database that is relevant to your research (e.g., Medline, JSTOR, Project MUSE).

Find out if the database has a “subject search” option. This can help to refine your search. Use Boolean operators to combine your keywords, exclude specific search terms, and search exact phrases to find the most relevant sources.

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Is there a way to create a rule that looks for certain words in the message body and only if it finds all these words in the message it will apply a certain action?

Right now, when using the «with specific words» condition it behaves like an OR operatator.

If these words are always next to each other, then you can simply add that single phrase to the “specific words” list.

If these words are not always next to each other, then there is no way in Outlook to do this with a single rule but you can achieve this by creating 2 (or more, depending on the amount of words that you want to check on) rules.

Workaround via Categories

The workaround makes use of assigning a category if the first word is found and have a second rule look for another word and the category assigned by the first rule. The second rule can then perform the action if both words are found or add yet another category if you want to check for a 3rd word.

First rule

This example will look for the words “food” and “evening” and only when it finds both words will the message be moved to the “dinner” folder.

1. Open the Rules and Alerts dialog;
   • Outlook 2003 and Outlook 2007
     Tools-> Rules and Alerts…
   • Outlook 2010
     File-> Manage Rules & Alerts
2. Press the New Rule… button.
3. Start with a blank rule;
   • Outlook 2003
     Select the option “Start from a blank rule” and then select “Check messages when they arrive” and press the Next button.
   • Outlook 2007 and Outlook 2010
     Select: “Check messages when they arrive” and press the Next button.
4. Select “with specific words in the body”.
5. Click the “specific words” link at the bottom to open the “Search Text” dialog.
6. Here type; food
7. Press the Add button and OK.
8. Click Next.
9. Select: “assign it to the category category”.
10. Click the “category” link at the bottom to open the Categories dialog.
11. Here we will create a unique category for the rule to be used. I recommend that you name it something that starts with “Rule” to indicate where you used it for and then add the name of the rule such as “Dinner — search word food” so the entire category would be named;
    Rule — Dinner — search word food
    • Outlook 2007 and Outlook 2010
      Click New… to name the category and assign it a different color if you want.
    • Outlook 2003
      Type the category name and press the Add to List button.
12. Click OK to close the Categories dialog.
13. Click Next and then Next again to go to the dialog where you can name the rule.
14. Name the rule “Dinner – search word food” as indicated above and click Finish.

The entire rule will read like this;

Apply this rule after the message arrives
   with food in the body
   assign it to the Rule — Dinner — search word food category

Second rule

Now we have created the rule that looks for the first word. You can create additional rules if you are looking for more than 3 words. Make sure you add the condition “assigned to the category category” after step 6 as well and set it to look for any previous categories assigned by the rules. In our example that would be;
“Rule — Dinner — search word food”

When you only have 1 search word left, then create the following rule;

1. Repeat steps 1 to 6 as indicated above and specify your last search word.
   In our example that would be “evening”.
   You are now still in the “Select condition(s)” part of the rule creation wizard.
2. Select the condition “assigned to the category category”.
3. Click the “category” link at the bottom to open the Categories dialog.
4. Here select all the categories that you have previously assigned by the rules looking for words.
   In our example we have them prefixed with “Rule — Dinner” so the selection process should be easy.
5. Click Next.
6. Select: “move it to the specified folder”.
7. Click the “specified” link at the bottom to select the “Dinner” folder.
8. Click Next and then Next again to go to the dialog where you can name the rule.
9. Name the rule “Dinner — search word evening (last)” and click Finish.

The entire rule will read like this;

Apply this rule after the message arrives
   with evening in the body
      and assigned to the Rule — Dinner — search word food category
   move it to the Dinner folder

Note: The “specific words” condition looks for text strings. This means that if your search word is part of another word then it will see it as a match as well. In our example, the word “evenings” would also be seen as a match as it contains the word “evening”.

Use «BH93RF24» to get a discount when ordering!

While doing any data analysis, you often encounter situations wherein you need to make use of Boolean logic. Now, Boolean logic involves operations on Truth values TRUE (1) and FALSE values (0) .

In simple words, you would be interested, at times, in knowing the output when one expression is true and(/or) second expression is also true. You can think of Boolean logic as a  simple way of comparing individual inputs and expressions. In order to make those comparisons, it uses what are called as operators aka “Logical Operators”.  Note that Boolean logic is a form of logic that reduces all values to either TRUE or FALSE.

In this post, you are going to learn about Logical Operators in MS Access. You will make use of logical operators to combine two expressions and return a value of “TRUE”, “FALSE”, or “NULL” depending on the Boolean value of the expression on which logical operation is being done.

Scenario

You and your manager are busy analysing the company’s sales order data and you want to analyse quite a few scenarios on the data as mentioned below:

1. From the orders data, you want to extract only those transactions that took place  in New York that were paid  through check as well as all transactions that took place in Illinois and were paid through all except Credit card.

2. You want  all data from Los Angeles except Cash payments as well as all cash payments transactions except those in Los Angeles. In other words, you want all Los Angeles Cash transactions to be ignored as well as all non-cash transactions from non-Los Angeles city (sic).

3. As per the  business rule set by the company, once the order is closed, it means that there are no payments pending and that the payments have been done either by cash, check or credit cards. You want a report indicating that this rule is being followed.

Concept: AND, OR, EQV, NOR, XOR, IMP Operations

Before we start creating queries, Let us first understand the concept of logical operators and the kind of operations they perform on the inputs.

In all there are total 6 logical operators in MS Access as follows:

1. AND OperatorOperation involving AND operator is known as ‘Logical Conjunction’. When you use AND operator between two inputs or operands, the final output will be TRUE (i.e. 1) only if both the inputs/operands are TRUE.
2. OR Operator Operation involving OR operator is known as ‘ Logical Disjunction’. When you use OR operator between two inputs or operands, the final output will be TRUE (i.e. 1) only if either or both the inputs/operands are TRUE.
3. XOR Operator– eXclusive OROperation involving XOR operator is known as ‘Exclusive Disjunction’. When you use XOR operator between two inputs or operands, the final output will be TRUE (i.e. 1) if and only if either of the inputs/operands are TRUE but not both. i.e. if both inputs are true or both inputs are false, the output will be false.
4. Eqv OperatorOperation involving Eqv operator is known as ‘Logical Equality’. As the name suggests, when you use EQv operator between two inputs or operands, the final output will be TRUE (i.e. 1), if and only if both inputs are equal.
5. NOT OperatorOperation involving NOT  operator is known as ‘Logical Negation’. This operation is performed on only one input or operand. It returns the value of TRUE if the input is FALSE and vice-versa.
6. IMP OperatorNow, this is a bit tricky one! Atleast I found it so. Nevertheless, pay attention.Operation involving  IMP  operator is known as ‘Logical Implication’.Lets take an example : A IMP B.
   It means that A implies B but B does not necessarily implies A.  In other words, it means if A is true then B has to be true.If B is not true, then the output will be false. It also means if A is false then B may or may not be true. Hence the output will be TRUE in that case.

Now, the following table shows the output when all the 6 logical operations are performed on two inputs A and B:

A	B	AND	OR	EQV.	XOR	IMP
1	1	1	1	1	0	1
1	0	0	1	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0
0	0	0	0	1	0	1

NOT (1) = 0 ; NOT (0) = 1

It is worth noting the outputs of the logical operations if any one or both the inputs are NULL.

A	B	AND	OR	EQV.	XOR	IMP	NOT (A)
0	NULL	0	NULL	NULL	NULL	1	1
1	NULL	NULL	1	NULL	NULL	NULL	0
NULL	0	0	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL
NULL	1	NULL	1	NULL	NULL	1	NULL
NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL	NULL

Note: In order to understand more about NULL Value, please read the post :What is a NULL Value?

Having learnt the basics of all the 6 logical operators, let us now use these operators to solve the manager’s query mentioned earlier in the scenario:

Using AND, OR, NOT operators

Consider point 1 in the above scenario. It has two parts :

Part 1: You want all the transactions for the sales in New York that were paid in Check.

(City Name = “New York” ANDPayment Type = “Check”)

Part 2: You want all the transactions for the sales in Illinois wherein the payment was made via all payment types except credit cards

(City Name = “Illinois” AND (NOT(Payment Type = “Check”)))

Since you want all the transactions that satisfy either part 1 or part 2, your final criteria statement would look as follows:

Part 1 ORPart 2

Let us see how we can achieve the above result in MS Access:

Based on the screenshot above,

1. First Select the columns that you want to see in the final output. In this case, since you want all the columns form the table, you specify Orders.* in the query grid. It extracts all the columns for you – no need to select individual columns.

2. In the second column, specify the criteria and name the column as “Expr”. What it really means is that you are creating a new calculated column with the expression shown above in the screen shot. As you can see,

   • there is an AND operator between Payment Type= “Check” and Ship State/Province =  “NY” . When this part of query is executed, it will return a value of 0 for the transactions that do not satisfy this condition whereas  it will return –1   for those that satisfy this condition.  It should be noted that a new column named “Expr” is being created and across each row in that column a value of 0 or –1 is being calculated. In MS Access, 0 = False and –1 = True.

   • Similarly, there’s  an AND operator between “IL” and NOT (Credit Card). The presence of NOT makes the NOT (credit card)=0, thereby excluding all the transactions with payment type = credit card. Again, based on the calculation, you will get –1 and 0 depending on whether it satisfies the condition.

   • Finally you are adding “OR” operator between the above 2 parts thereby indicating that the transactions satisfying either of the above two conditions, will be returned as TRUE i.e. –1.

3. Uncheck the checkbox so that, you wont see the column “Expr”. This columns just holds the Boolean values and has no business value to you.

4. So far, you are getting all the records such that the transactions that satisfy the condition have –1 (TRUE) value across them while others have 0 (FALSE). Since you are interested only in the TRUE values, you’ll specify <> FALSE in the criteria.

Thus, The final output is as follows:

Using XOR (eXclusive OR), Eqv.

On going through the point 2 in the scenario at the beginning, you’ll observe that the result can be achieved using either XOR statement or Eqv statement.

Lets see how,

From the screenshot, you can see that we have selected the columns Order ID, Ship City and Payment Type.

In the next Column, you have XOR operation which would return TRUE (-1), if either the city is Los Angeles or the payment type is cash. It will return FALSE (0) otherwise.

Similarly, in the next column you have a EQV operation. It will return TRUE & FALSE values as discussed in the concept above.

(I have written both the expression side-by-side for you to understand and compare their results. In reality, you’ll actually just use one of them.)

Note – The spelling of ‘Los Angeles’ in the Northwind Database is Los Angelas. This reminds that a wrong spelling in the query will not give any error message. It will simply run the query treating it as FALSE, thereby giving you the wrong output.

On running the query, you get the following output:

But that is not what you are interested in. You want only those transactions that satisfy the condition mentioned in the scenario whereas the above output gives us all the transactions with corresponding Boolean values.

Hence we can make any one of the following two changes.

• In case you want to use XOR operation , you provide the criteria as TRUE under the XOR column in the query grid.

• In case you want to use Eqv operation , you provide the criteria as FALSE under the Eqv column in the query grid.

The expected output is as follows:

This shows that the same result can be obtained by any one of the operator but with a slight difference in the way you write the query.

Using IMP Operator

Referring to the point 3 of the scenario, the report can be generated as follows:

As indicated in the screenshot,

1. First you select the column ‘Status Name’ (from table: Order Status) and column ‘Payment Type’ (from table: Orders). Since you are interested only in the closed orders, specify the criteria “Closed” under the column “Status Name” .

2. In the last column of the query grid, you’ll provide the expression with IMP operator. This expression will return FALSE ‘0” if the payment type is NULL (i.e pending payment) for a closed order.

On running this query, the output will look as:

Summary

In this post, you have learnt the following logical operators and their impact on inputs such as NULL Values.

1. AND
2. OR
3. XOR
4. EQV
5. NOT
6. IMP

With a bit of logic and creativity, you can use these logical operators to create more complex queries.

Next Steps

Having finished reading this article, you might want to check the following:

• 7 Useful  Arithmetic Operators in MS Access that you should know [Operator Types 1 of 5]
• 6 Comparison Operators in MS Access that you need to know about [Operator Types 2 of 5]
• 2 Handy Concatenate Operators worth knowing  [Operator Types 4 of 5] 
• 4 Additional Operators in MS Access that you can use  [Operator Types 5 of 5]

The question mark matches any single character; the asterisk matches any group of characters (commonly
called a text string). Word looks past the asterisk to see whether any other characters limit
the search.

For example, searching for wo*d finds text such as word, world, and
worshipped.

Press Ctrl+H to open Find and Replace dialog box:

To use wildcard characters, click the More > > button, and select the
Use wildcards checkbox in the Find and Replace dialog box:

These wildcards are handy for finding words that you don’t know how to spell.

For example, if you are not sure how to spell receive, you can type rec??ve. Word then locates
any word that begins with rec, followed by any two characters followed by ve.

Search Operators

• ? — Any single character.

  For example, d?g finds dig, dog, and dug, but not
  drug and ridge.

• * — Zero or more characters: finds a word with the specified characters and zero or more
  characters in place of *.

  For example, des*t finds descent, desert, destiny,
  dessert, and destruct and even excludes the, codes — to.

• < — Beginning of the word.

  For example, <tel finds telemarketing, telephone, and
  television, but not hotel and retell.

• > — End of the word.

  For example, ion> finds aggravation, inspiration, and
  institution, but not ionic and bionomics.

• @ — Preceding one or more: finds one or more of the characters immediately preceding the @
  sign.

  For example, ^[email protected]^t finds one or more paragraph break marks followed by a tab mark.

• [] — One of the specified characters.

  For example, b[aeiu]t finds bat, bet, bit, and but,
  but not debt and boot.

• [-] — Any character from the range.

  For example, [a-m]end finds bend, fend, lend, and
  mend (the first character in this case is a, m, or any letter between
  them),
  but not rend and end.

• [!] — Not: finds the text but excludes the characters inside the brackets.

  For example, t[!ae]ll finds till and toll but not tall and
  tell.

• [!a-z] — Any single character except the ones in the range inside the bracket.

  For example, m[!o-z]st finds mast and mist, but not most or
  must.

• {n} — Exact number of occurrences: finds the specified number of occurrences of the letter
  immediately before the {.

  For example, to{2} finds too and tool but not to.

• {n,} — Minimum number of occurrences: adding a comma after the number tells Word to look for
  at least that number of occurrences.

  For example, a{4,} finds four or more of the letter a in a row.

  Note: In this example, commas work as a list separator. If you see the Word message
  that an invalid character has been used, your configurations use another symbol as a list
  separator, usually, a semi-colon. Consequently, all list-delimiting commas need to be replaced
  (e.g., for {n, m} you would need to use {n; m}). See also
  how to change the list separator in Windows 10.

• {n,n} — Minimum and maximum number of occurrences.

  For example, 10{2,3} finds 100 and 1000, but not 10.

• () — Expression: lets you «nest» search expressions within a search term.

  For example, <(pre)*(ed)> finds presorted and prevented,
  but not repressed and precedent.

See also this tip in French:
Utilisation de caractères génériques pour rechercher.