And first word in sentence - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

I see people give a picture in some web album the title which starts with «and» or «…and» (lowercase a). Do they assume people would know some story behind it that can be indicated in the picture? Or is there some meaning else?

Hi,

I would assume the web albums have a rather casual setting and that’s probably not a rule you should adopt for more formal writing. However, it might help if you could give us some examples of this usage of «and» you’re talking about.

Cheers!

Sometimes people (like me for example) use the titles to tell a story. So the title of photo #3 could be a continuation of the sentence that began with photo #1. I would normally use ellipses … to indicate that kind of continuation.

As a general guideline, students of English are advised not to start sentences with and, or even And. That helps to encourage good sentence structure. But you will find that experienced writers often begin sentences with conjunctions — it has always been so. For more, see these threads:

But at the start of sentence

«yet» at the beginning of a sentence

The Irish language often uses its ‘and’ at the start of a sentence. Some people with an Irish background can unconsciously use this formation when constructing a sentence in English — even though they might not know enough Irish to express the same thoughts in Irish .
A lot of the ungrammatical English spoken in Ireland can be traced to Irish language constructions.
Perhaps other languages have similar influences on how some people compose their English sentences.

Thank you, panjandrum.

Your comment is very educational to me.
I will remember «donate to you».

And I now find my error. «in a certain circumstances» is worng.
«in certain circumstances» or «in a certain circumstance» should be right.

Hello teachers.
This is from another thread posted by myself.

If I remember correctly, my English teacher used to say that «And» at the top of a sentence is not good.
Is it right?
If so, what is better instead of «And»?
«By the way,» or «Well«?

I think I often write a sentence starting with «And».
And I think it seems childish because my 8 year old daughter often uses and-equivalent-Japanese-word at the begining of her Japanese sentences, which seems very childish to me. So I am correcting her now.
So am I.

And I wonder if there were more proper and lofty conjunctions.
Please help me.

Last edited: Dec 31, 2008

You remember correctly- it is not proper to begin sentences with the word «and» or «but». Omit the «and» from the front of the sentence altogether. Other conjunctions depend on the topic.. you could use «also» or «for instance» if appropriate. I hope this helps..

«And» is a joining word so its use at the beginning of a sentence is not correct because you’re not «joining» anything when you start a new sentence.

I cannot tell you what is «better». There are many, many ways to do this but I would not use «By the way» or «Well». I’ll use the sentences that you provided in your post:

«I think I often write a sentence starting with «And». I think it seems childish because my 8—year—old daughter often uses and-equivalent-Japanese-word at the begining of her Japanese sentences, which seems very childish to me~~. So~~ and I am correcting her now.

I wonder if there ~~were~~ are more proper and lofty conjunctions.»

I’ve simply deleted the «And»s.

I’ve also deleted the «So» at the beginning of your second-last sentence. Some would argue that it’s acceptable at the beginning of a sentence but I’m one of those who would not.

Using or not using and at the beginning of a sentence is a matter of style and not grammar. And, but, and numerous other conjunctions are perfectly normal and acceptable at the beginning of an English sentence as far as English grammar is concerned and are frequently found in corpora of natural English conversation.

In formal writing, though, you might opt for a more formal discourse marker, such as «moreover», «as well», «furthermore», «additionally» etc. In informal speech and writing, though, «And…» is just another perfectly ordinary discourse organizer.

Thank you, ValeLaPena, Dimcl and Transatlantic.

Using or not using and at the beginning of a sentence is a matter of style and not grammar. And, but, and numerous other conjunctions are perfectly normal and acceptable at the beginning of an English sentence as far as English grammar is concerned and are frequently found in corpora of natural English conversation.

In formal writing, though, you might opt for a more formal discourse marker, such as «moreover», «as well», «furthermore», «additionally» etc. In informal speech and writing, though, «And…» is just another perfectly ordinary discourse organizer.

Very well stated!

«And what of the things beneath its crust? And of the great spaces with no world
at all?» C.S. Lewis

You remember correctly- it is not proper to begin sentences with the word «and» or «but». Omit the «and» from the front of the sentence altogether. Other conjunctions depend on the topic.. you could use «also» or «for instance» if appropriate. I hope this helps..

Please remember to tell that ruffian W. Shakespeare.

As You Like It

Silvius. It is to be all made of faith and service; And so am I for Phebe.
Phebe. And I for Ganymede.
Orlando. And I for Rosalind.
Rosalind. And I for no woman.

I agree that «and» is often used at the start of sentences in literary contexts and in informal writing that is perhaps intended to reflect common speech patterns.

I do however think it is important (I almost started with «But» there) to confirm the general rule for the benefit of those learning English, which is that, as a matter of good style, they are best to avoid starting a sentence with «and» or «but» (or indeed «so»).

Please remember to tell that ruffian W. Shakespeare.

As You Like It

:

Silvius. It is to be all made of faith and service; And so am I for Phebe.
Phebe. And I for Ganymede.
Orlando. And I for Rosalind.
Rosalind. And I for no woman.

Oh- I only meant that my textbooks say one should avoid it in formal writings. They (usually) don’t put conditions on writing as an art form… thank you for the perspective!

I’m not incorrigible.

Last edited: Dec 31, 2008

In spoken English, I see no problem with beginning a sentence with «and», especially if you, or your daughter, or the Bard are adding to a previous thought.

In formal English it’s usually unnecessary.

If you insist, you could try:
I often think …
I also wonder …

Students of English should be aware that starting a sentence with a co-ordinating conjunction (such as and) is frowned upon by many people. Some of those people could be marking your English exams, so be careful.

The reason for their frowning is not that this is a grammatical error. To quote Fowler’s New Modern English Usage:
«There is a persistent belief that it is improper to begin a sentence with And, but this prohibition has been cheerfully ignored by standard authors from Anglo-Saxon times onwards. An initial And is a useful aid to writers as the narrative continues.»

It is frowned upon because it is a typical symptom of inadequate thought or a hacked-up run-on sentence.

«Do not start a sentence with a conjunction.» is a very useful guideline. Using a conjunction to start a sentence is generally a bad thing, but sometimes it is exactly right.
Hence this modified version of the «rule».
Do not start a sentence with a conjunction without being aware that you are doing it, and being confident that it is stylistically acceptable.

(There is an alternative version: Do not start a sentence with a conjunction until you have been writing English every day for at least 45 years )

I think that last rule is a bit harsh, Panj. but I take the point about learners not trying it in the first few years, and about people correcting English exams not always being broadminded about such things.

I hate to see such blanket rules laid down for beginners when they aren’t a matter of grammar at all. I know that teachers sometimes lay down rules which aren’t sound in themselves but maybe will elicit the right response from the pupil: my grandmother’s Lancashire driving instructor, Mr Grimes, told her sagely: ‘When ye get ter cross-roawds, git over before trouble develops’.

Are we necessarily to assume that nothing has gone before? You take away a wonderful resource of the language by making such assumptions. Here’s a great Elizabethan poet, one of the most elaborate anti-heroes of English literature, making fun this time of his incompetence as a lover by use of the device.

I fully agree with the fine advice given by panj, el escoces, and Transatlantic. Learners, both native and non-native speakers of English, should use great care, or be prudent and avoid an initial ‘and’. I maintain my sense of mirth toward those who confuse such advice with a «rule».

I second Panj’s approach. It’s asking for chaos, in my view, to attempt to teach a language on the basis of what some writers successfully do. One needs to learn to walk first, so to speak. Anything more advanced can wait.

As a general guideline for beginners, I see no harm in a rule that indicates that sentences shouldn’t be started with «and» or «but».

EDIT: and by rule I don’t mean absolute rule, clearly, but generally applicable rule (capable of being broken, like all good rules)

Just to confuse students further, it is fine to write

«‘And’ and ‘but’ are two common conjunctions,» and

«But for my timely advice, he would be in prison now.»

Rover

I think while technically the rule is that you can’t use «And» at the beginning of the sentence, it’s not a very important rule, so lots of people ignore it. It’s quite common to see, and I wouldn’t think anything of it if I saw it.

Technically the «rule» is due to and being a co-ordinating conjunction; in other words, it co-ordinates what is said before it in a sentence with what is said after it. It follows from this that it should be in the middle of a sentence because if it is the first word in a sentence, there is nothing before it in that sentence. Yet skilful writers and journalists use and in initial position. In those cases, and co-ordinates what has been said in the previous sentence with what follows it:

He sat down on a bench. And he wasn’t even tired.

Technically, this is of course wrong but it is commonly used for emphasis or as a stylistic device. The same applies to other co-ordinating conjunctions like but, for example.

Loob

I often start sentences with And or But.

I like Grumpy Old Man’s comment:

it is commonly used for emphasis or as a stylistic device.

I was schooled to never start a sentence with «and», and for many years I hewed to that rule. More recently I’ve found that starting a sentence with «and» can be just fine. And that’s just the way it is.

I remember to read somewhere in this forum that we should not start a sentence with and. Here is one reference below.
http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=64399 #4

The Wordreference contributor in #4 did not specify
— which grammarian he was citing, or
— why he thought that grammarian was authoritative, or
— what kind of English the «rules» were meant to apply to, or
— why the grammarian thought those were useful «rules».
In these circumstances, the «rules» must be taken with a big pinch of salt.

Last edited: May 12, 2009

Don’t start a sentence with «And».

That is a very useful rule/instruction/guideline for beginners in English. The thread that veracity linked in post #1 includes this incredibly wise statement:

panj said:

That «rule» is another of the «Guidelines for learners of English, native and non-native» that are very helpful, but should not be revered as solemn and binding commitments on everyone for ever.

See And at the head of a sentence.

ewie

I was taught (circa 1970) never to start a sentence with an and or a but.
I’ve always been pleased to ignore that particular meaningless rule.

Is it right to start a sentence with the word ‘AND’? I happened to see such usages many times in websites. But once my teacher said it is not a right usage. Actually I’m confused.

There are actually two types of usage that seem to get lumped together. There’s when a sentence starts with the word «and», and when a sentence fragment starts with «and». Examples:

We went to the store. And we bought some milk. And bread.

The first «and» starts off a sentence. The second «and» starts off a sentence fragment. I think that the prohibition against «and» originated in trying to discourage sentence fragments, but now many teachers simply state that sentences shouldn’t start with «and» even if it’s not a sentence fragment.

If you start a sentence with and, you suggest that something has gone before. Clearly the writer may have been unspecific about what the something may be. This is a device commonly used by writers to intrigue their readers and to raise questions in their minds.

It’s not something I’d recommend to learners in the language, but the suggestion that it should be solemnified into a rule of some kind is absurd.

PaulQ

Perhaps the commonest use of And starting a sentence is where the theme, rather than the preceding subject, is continued:

Newscaster: “Today, the president opened the new science block at the university.” [There is a videoed report, at the end of which…] “And, in other news, a bear was stuck up a tree in Washington.” [Another video is shown.]

The theme of “news” was continued, but the subject was changed.

Also
“So this concludes my lecture on the life of the squirrel.

And on another matter, I see that we have Professor Black in the audience, who has studied fruit trees for 20 years.”

The theme of a talk from someone continues, but his topic has changed.

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It’s perfectly acceptable to begin a sentence with and (as well as doing so with words such as but or or). Using and at the beginning of a sentence has been a practice for over a thousand years.

Whether or not one should avoid using certain words at the very beginning of a sentence is one of those tidbits of grammatical information that nestles in some corner of our brains, dimly but persistently reminding us that we are probably doing something wrong. (The truly painstaking nitpicker will point out that the opening line of this piece begins with one of those words, whether, that has been declared unfit to begin a sentence.)

fanboys

The mnemonic ‘FANBOYS’ (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) is a useful way to remember the coordinating conjunctions. But it’s not a guide to words that don’t belong at the beginning of a sentence.

Many people content themselves with the trusted maxim «do not begin sentences with and or but.» If you are interested in learning whether or not this is a sensible rule, well, it is not. And if you don’t much care whether the rule is sensible or not, and just want to keep telling people that they are wrong when they use certain words to begin their sentences, well, you are in luck, since there have been many more prohibitions against sentence-initial words than just and and but.

The Beginning of And/But in the Beginning

Firstly, has it ever been wrong to begin a sentence with and or but? No, it has not. We have been breaking this rule all the way from the 9th century Old English Chronicle through the current day. Many translations of the Bible are filled with sentence-initial ands and buts, and they even may be found in some of our more beloved—and prescriptive—usage guides. The 1959 edition of Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style begins two sentences in a row with these prohibited words, and does so with nary a trace of self-consciousness.

But since writing is communication, clarity can only be a virtue. And although there is no substitute for merit in writing, clarity comes closest to being one.
—William Strunk Jr. & E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 1959

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage begins its entry on and with this statement: «Everybody agrees that it’s all right to begin a sentence with and, and nearly everybody admits to having been taught at some past time that the practice was wrong.» The entry notes that there has been speculation that sentence-initial ands were discouraged to prevent children from stringing together interminable lists of clauses or sentences. While it makes sense to avoid an enormous pile of independent clauses in one’s writing, it seems unlikely that trying to change the way people naturally use the language will solve this problem. There are times when it would be ill-advised to begin a sentence with and or but, and there are times when it works just fine.

Can You Begin a Sentence with These Words?

If you are one of those people who prefers to avoid people who begin their sentences with these words, and if you would like to further curtail your sentence-initial word choices, there have been a large number of other words that we have previously been told not to use in that position. Here is a smattering:

Do not begin a sentence with however or a similar unimportant word.
—Jacob Cloyd Tressler, English in Action, 1929

Do not begin a sentence with “also” or “likewise.”
—George Hitchcock, Sermon Composition, 1908

Or never begins a sentence, paragraph, or chapter.
—James Brown, The American System of English Grammar, 1826

Never begin a sentence—or a clause—with also.
—J. M. D. Meiklejohn, The Art of Writing English, 1899

Teach the elimination of but, so, and, because, at the beginning of a sentence.
—Documents of the School Committee of the City of Boston, 1916

A sentence should not commence with the conjunctions and, for, or however….
—George Payn Quackenbos, An Advanced Course of Composition and Rhetoric, 1854

FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)

Some people may remember learning the mnemonic FANBOYS when studying the coordinating conjunctions for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. And some instructors also still use this as means of explaining which words should not be given the chance to lead the parade. But it’s
slightly ridiculous to insist that these words should never be used to begin a sentence, when a thousand years of English writing has shown this to be a fine way to start off.

If you’re going to create a silly-sounding acronym to list these words, then go whole-hog and list all of the words that schoolchildren have been told not to put at the beginnings of sentences over the past 200 years. We crafted one for you that helpfully looks like a web address: WWWFLASHYBONNBAN, which stands, obviously, for whether, well, why, for, likewise, and, so, however, yet, but, or, nor, now, because, also, nevertheless.

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Heres the question I have to answer for school

For the purposes of this question, we will define a word as ending a sentence if that word is immediately followed by a period. For example, in the text “This is a sentence. The last sentence had four words.”, the ending words are ‘sentence’ and ‘words’. In a similar fashion, we will define the starting word of a sentence as any word that is preceded by the end of a sentence. The starting words from the previous example text would be “The”. You do not need to consider the first word of the text as a starting word. Write a program that has:

An endwords function that takes a single string argument. This functioin must return a list of all sentence ending words that appear in the given string. There should be no duplicate entries in the returned list and the periods should not be included in the ending words.

The code I have so far is:

def startwords(astring):
    mylist = astring.split()
    if mylist.endswith('.') == True:
        return my list

but I don’t know if I’m using the right approach. I need some help

martineau

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asked Jun 4, 2017 at 19:56

Several issues with your code. The following would be a simple approach. Create a list of bigrams and pick the second token of each bigram where the first token ends with a period:

def startwords(astring):
    mylist = astring.split()  # a list! Has no 'endswith' method
    bigrams = zip(mylist, mylist[1:])
    return [b[1] for b in bigrams if b[0].endswith('.')]

zip and list comprehenion are two things worth reading up on.

answered Jun 4, 2017 at 20:00

user2390182user2390182

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mylist = astring.split()
if mylist.endswith('.')

that cannot work, one of the reasons being that mylist is a list, and doesn’t have endswith as a method.

Another answer fixed your approach so let me propose a regular expression solution:

import re

print(re.findall(r".s*(w+)","This is a sentence. The last sentence had four words."))

match all words following a dot and optional spaces

result: ['The']

answered Jun 4, 2017 at 20:05

def endwords(astring):
    mylist = astring.split('.')
    temp_words = [x.rpartition(" ")[-1] for x in mylist if len(x) > 1]
    return list(set(temp_words))

answered Jun 4, 2017 at 20:05

PyManiacPyManiac

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This creates a set so there are no duplicates. Then goes on a for loop in a list of sentences (split by «.») then for each sentence, splits it in words then using [:-1] makes a list of the last word only and gets [0] item in that list.

print (set([ x.split()[:-1][0] for x in s.split(".") if len(x.split())>0]))

The if in theory is not needed but i couldn’t make it work without it.

This works as well:

 print (set([ x.split() [len(x.split())-1] for x in s.split(".") if len(x.split())>0]))

answered Jun 4, 2017 at 20:44

This is one way to do it ->

#!/bin/env/ python

from sets import Set

sentence = 'This is a sentence. The last sentence had four words.'
uniq_end_words = Set()

for word in sentence.split():
    if '.' in word:
        # check if period (.) is at the end
        if '.' == word[len(word) -1]:
            uniq_end_words.add(word.rstrip('.'))

print list(uniq_end_words)

Output (list of all the end words in a given sentence) ->

['words', 'sentence']

If your input string has a period in one of its word (lets say the last word), something like this ->
‘I like the documentation of numpy.random.rand.’

The output would be — ['numpy.random.rand']

And for input string ‘I like the documentation of numpy.random.rand a lot.’

The output would be — ['lot']

answered Jun 4, 2017 at 20:22

RishiRishi

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Источник

Introduction

When we think of functions, we automatically assume math and numbers. In fact, in Racket and any other functional programming language, we can have functions that manipulate non-numerical values.

Words

Let’s say you defined a procedure called square:

(define (square x) (* x x))

But later wanted to access the actual word 'square instead of the procedure, we would simply type 'square (single quotation mark followed by the word square) to get the literal word. Notice how you do not need parentheses around the expression if you working with just a single word.

Sentences

Sentences are just a collection of words grouped together with parentheses. To create a sentence, you need need one quotation outside the parentheses, like this '(hi hey hello). Try practicing a bit by writing one or two words and sentences.

Test Your Understanding

Try each of the following in the Racket interpreter.

'61AS

'(I love 61AS!)

('I 'love '61AS!)

`quote`

The ' you saw in the above sections is actually an abbreviation for a function called quote. This means that:

'x is equivalent to (quote x)
'(hi hey hello) is equivalent to (quote (hi hey hello))

quote is different from most other procedures in that it does not evaluate its argument. Functions that exhibit this type of behavior are special forms. You do not need to understand special forms for now; we will go more in depth on this topic in a later subsection. For now, it will suffice to know that quote is a function that takes in one argument and returns it as a word or sentence. Take the following example:

-> (define x 4)
x
-> x
4
-> (quote x)
x
-> 'x
x

Since quote is used quite often, it is given the abbreviation ', a single quotation mark. Remember that, although it may seem this way in its abbreviated form, quote is simply a function that can be called like any other function in Racket.

Word and Sentence Selectors

When working with words and sentences, it would help to have procedures that manipulate them. The procedures themselves are simple. Combining them correctly to accomplish your goal is going to the hard part. For now, here is a list of procedures you can use to select data from words or sentences.

`first`

first takes in a word and returns the first letter of the word, or takes in a sentence and returns the first word of the sentence.

-> (first 'hello)
'h
-> (first '(hi hey hello))
'hi

`last`

last takes in a word and returns the last letter of the word, or takes in a sentence and returns the last word of the sentence.

-> (last 'hello)
'o
-> (last '(hi hey hello))
'hello

`butfirst` or `bf`

butfirst, or its abbreviated version bf, takes in a word and returns all but the first letter of the word, or takes in a sentence and returns all but the first word of the sentence.

-> (butfirst 'hello)
'ello
-> (bf 'hello)
'ello
-> (butfirst '(hi hey hello))
'(hey hello)
-> (bf '(hi hey hello))
'(hey hello)

`butlast` or `bl`

butlast, or its abbreviated version bl, takes in a word and returns all but the last letter of the word, or takes in a sentence and returns all but the last word of the sentence.

-> (butlast 'hello)
'hell
-> (bl 'hello)
'hell
-> (butlast '(hi hey hello))
'(hi hey)
-> (bl '(hi hey hello))
'(hi hey)

`item`

item takes in a number n and a word and returns the nth letter in the word. Or, it takes in a number n and a sentence and returns the nth word in the sentence.

-> (item 2 'hello)
'e
-> (item 2 '(hi hey hello))
'hey

Test Your Understanding

Try and guess what Racket will output for the following expressions, then check your answers with the Racket interpreter.

(first '(foo foo))

(bf '(foo foo))

(equal? (first '(foo foo)) (bf '(foo foo)))

equal? is a function that checks if two elements are the same.

Word and Sentence Constructors

Now that we can take apart a word or sentence, lets learn how to put them
together.

`word`

word takes in any number of words as arguments concatenates them into one big word.

-> (word 'play 'ground)
'playground
-> (word 'fo 'o 'b 'ar)
'foobar
-> (word 'cs '61 'as)
'cs61as

`sentence` or `se`

sentence, or its abbreviated version se, takes in any number of words or sentences as arguments and creates one sentence of all of its arguments.

-> (sentence 'I 'love 'cs '61as!)
'(I love cs 61as!)
-> (se 'foo 'bar)
'(foo bar)
-> (se 'foo '(foo bar) 'bar)
'(foo foo bar bar)

The Empty Word

There is an empty word that you can combine with other words which will have no effect when used. This is represented by "".

-> (word 'foo "")
'foo
-> (word "" 'foo)
'foo
-> (word "" "")
""

The Empty Sentence

There is also an empty sentence that you can combine with other sentences which will have no effect when used. This is represented by '().

-> (se 'hi 'there '())
(hi there)
-> (se '() 'hi 'there)
(hi there)
-> (se 'hi '() 'there)
(hi there)
-> (se '() '() '())
'()

At the moment it may not be clear as to why need these empty words and sentences. Keep these in mind for now, as they will be very useful when we learn recursion in Lesson 0-3.

Test Your Understanding

Note: This is Exercise 1 on your Homework.

Let’s build some functions to deal with words and sentences. We’ll define the second procedure for you — this procedure returns the second letter in a word, or the second word in a sentence.

(define (second item)
    (first (bf item)))

Write a procedure `first-two` that takes a word as its argument, returning a two-letter word containing the first two letters of the argument.
Write a procedure `two-first` that takes two words as arguments, returning a two-letter word containing the first letters of the two arguments.
Now write a procedure `two-first-sent` that takes a two-word sentence as argument, returning a two-letter word containing the first letters of the two words.

Pitfalls

Basically the only punctuation you can use when working with words and sentences are ! and ?. You have already seen that the quote ' has a special meaning in Racket. The period and comma also have special meaning, so you cannot use those, either.

As you saw in an earlier exercise, there’s a difference between a word and a sentence containing one word. For example, people often mistakenly assume that the butfirst of a two-word sentence such as (computer science) is 'science. In actuality, it is a sentence with one word: (science). Another way of proving the difference between a word and a one-word sentence is by count-ing both of them:

-> (bf '(computer science))
'(science)  

-> (count (bf '(computer science)))  
1 ;; because there is ONE word in the sentence.

-> (first (bf '(computer science)))
'science

> (count (first (bf '(computer science))))  
7 ;; because there are SEVEN letters in the word 'science

Takeaways

We can build words and sentences using word and sentence, respectively.
We can also make words and sentences using a quote.
We can retrieve parts of a word or parts of a sentence by using procedures like first, butfirst, last and butlast.

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На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

A mixed-case style in which the first word of the sentence is capitalised, as well as proper nouns and other words as required by a more specific rule.

Верхний регистр в предложениях — это смешанный стиль, в котором первое слово предложения капитализируется, а также собственные существительные и другие слова, как того требует более конкретное правило.

De the first word of the sentence was on the first crown of the triple arrangement, the second word on the second part of the crown, while the word Dei was on the lower division of the triple crown.

Брат Де Латти однажды заметил мою ошибку и сказал, что первое слово этой фразы находилось на первой из трех корон, второе располагалось на второй, а слово Dei было написано на нижней части этой тройной короны.

What is the first word of the sentence?

The word «also» should be inserted after the first word of the third sentence of operative paragraph 2, which would then read «We also encourage».

После слова «мы» в третьем предложении пункта 2 постановляющей части следует включить слово «также», с тем чтобы текст гласил следующее: «Мы также призываем».

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To understand the order of words in a sentence, let us consider two sentences, “Basic mathematics is easy to solve” and “Basic mathematics to solve is easy”. Both the sentences convey the same message, but when we follow the grammar, the first sentence will be the correct one. The mistake in the second sentence is the order in which it is constructed, thus following the correct order of words is important while constructing the sentence.

The study of the order of constituents of a language is word order typology. Some languages use a fixed order to convey the message whereas some languages are very flexible to use, this helps to change the order of the sentence depending on the usage of the words that is depending on the way of conveying the grammatical information. Let us learn more about word order in English sentences.

Sentence Order

The correlation between the orders is found in the different sub-domains. The primary orders include:

Constituent Order of Clause: It is defined in terms of the verb and it contains two arguments such as subject and object. Here the subject and object represent the nouns. We have probably six basic word orders, they are:

SOV Form: Subject-Object-Verb, half of the languages situated in the world follow this pattern.
SVO Form: Subject-Verb-Object, one-third of the languages situated in the world follow this pattern.
VSO Form: Verb-Subject-Object, only a small number of languages follow this pattern.
VOS Form: Verb-Object-Subject, is rarely used but more common than the OVS and OSV from.
OVS Form: Object-Verb-Subject.
OSV Form: Object-Subject-Verb, is the rarest one.

Order of Modifiers: These include adjectives, demonstratives, etc.
Order of adverbs

Types of the Order of Word in a Sentence

While speaking normally we do follow a certain pattern and while asking questions or while enquiring we follow another pattern:

Standard Word Order: The standard word order is related to the constituent order of clause, thus the main word orders will be, SVO, SOV, and VSO.

SVO Order Sentence Examples

SOV Example

VSO Example

Questions: We follow a Different Order while asking the Question.

Auxiliary verb or modal auxiliaries + Subject + Verb (ASV)

Can she sing?

If the ASV includes an object then the pattern will be

Auxiliary verb or modal auxiliaries +Subject +Verb + Object (ASVO)

Does she eat chicken?

Some of the Auxiliary verb or modal auxiliaries include:

Auxiliary Verbs

Be	Do	Have
Is	do	have
am	did	had
been	does	has
was		having
being
are

Modal Auxiliaries are Never changing Form

Can	Could	Should
Will	must	would
Ought to	may	shall
might

10 Examples of Order Sentences

He is cleaning the house.
She loves the cool breeze.
Every day she visits the temple.
She gave a presentation to her father.
She was watching a movie when I called.
The dog is eating the bones.
I like it a lot when it rains in the evening.
The teacher punished me.
The Indian students are smart and naughty.
Suddenly, it started to rain.

By following the above 10 examples of order sentences the importance of the order of words should be clear by now.

Parts of the Sentence Order in English

The majority of the sentence follows the SVO pattern, but still, we add some of the words such as indirect objections, prepositions, modifiers, and adverbs.

Indirect Objects: These indirect objects are always added in between the verb and object thus the new pattern will be, SVIO.

Example: I fed the birds some seeds.

I	fed	birds	seeds
subject	verb	Indirect object	Direct object

Prepositional Phrases: They have a special position in sentences if we use the prepositions such as ‘to or for’ then the indirect objects act as a part of prepositional phrases.

Example: I fed some seeds to the birds.

Adverbs: These are used to modify adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. It adds things like degree, time, and manner and these words end with ‘ly’. These are special because they can be used in more than one spot in the same sentence. Thus to have the correct sentence we should follow some rules such as:

While modifying an adverb or adjective, the adverb is placed before the word that should be modified.

Example: I was extremely hungry.

While modifying a verb, an adverb should be added to the right side of the verb.

Example: She ran quickly to the bus.

When the adverbs in the sentence are expressing the frequency of it, then the adverb is placed after the subject.

Example: He always speaks fastly.

The adverbs that express the time are always added either at the beginning or end of the sentence.

Example: She wants to go to the movie right now.

Conclusion

Thus we got to know that it is important to follow the pattern or order to have a meaningful sentence. To avoid mistakes while using the order of the sentences, we should follow some tricks or rules. While following the pattern we should write or speak the sentence in such a way that there should not be any confusion and the sentence should provide complete thought. Always place the subject first, a modifier such as an adverb should be present as close to the one that is getting modified. A simple trick to follow is always after completing the sentence, reread it to get the proper flow of the sentence.

A sentence can be defined in terms of a word or group of words that makes complete sense.

It always begins with a Capital letter and ends with a full stop, the note of interrogation(?) or a note of exclamation(!). It can be never without a Finite Verb.

Examples —

One word sentence —

Go.

A group of words with a complete sense —

I eat rice.

Begins with a Capital letter —

She was talking.

Ends with a —

Full stop:

I eat rice.

Note of interrogation:

Do you eat rice?

Note of exclamation:

How beautifully the baby smiles!

Never without a Finite Verb —

Being a doctor, (this is incomplete and has a Non-finite Verb being)

Being a doctor, he knew the medicines. (This is complete and has a Finite Verb knew which changes with Tense, Number and Person)

Источник

Normally, sentences in the English language take a simple form. However, there are times it would be a little complex. In these cases, the basic rules for how words appear in a sentence can help you.

Word order typically refers to the way the words in a sentence are arranged. In the English language, the order of words is important if you wish to accurately and effectively communicate your thoughts and ideas.

Although there are some exceptions to these rules, this article aims to outline some basic sentence structures that can be used as templates. Also, the article provides the rules for the ordering of adverbs and adjectives in English sentences.

Basic Sentence Structure and word order rules in English

For English sentences, the simple rule of thumb is that the subject should always come before the verb followed by the object. This rule is usually referred to as the SVO word order, and then most sentences must conform to this. However, it is essential to know that this rule only applies to sentences that have a subject, verb, and object.

For example

Subject + Verb + Object

He loves food

She killed the rat

Sentences are usually made of at least one clause. A clause is a string of words with a subject(noun) and a predicate (verb). A sentence with just one clause is referred to as a simple sentence, while those with more than one clause are referred to as compound sentences, complex sentences, or compound-complex sentences.

The following is an explanation and example of the most commonly used clause patterns in the English language.

Inversion

The English word order is inverted in questions. The subject changes its place in a question. Also, English questions usually begin with a verb or a helping verb if the verb is complex.

For example

Verb + Subject + object

Can you finish the assignment?

Did you go to work?

SVOMPT word order

Intransitive Verbs

Some sentences use verbs that require no object or nothing else to follow them. These verbs are generally referred to as intransitive verbs. With intransitive verbs, you can form the most basic sentences since all that is required is a subject (made of one noun) and a predicate (made of one verb).

For example

Subject + verb

John eats

Christine fights

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs are verbs that connect a subject to the quality of the subject. Sentences that use linking verbs usually contain a subject, the linking verb and a subject complement or predicate adjective in this order.

For example

Subject + verb + Subject complement/Predicate adjective

The dress was beautiful

Her voice was amazing

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are verbs that tell what the subject did to something else. Sentences that use transitive verbs usually contain a subject, the transitive verb, and a direct object, usually in this order.

For example

Subject + Verb + Direct object

The father slapped his son

The teacher questioned his students

Indirect Objects

Sentences with transitive verbs can have a mixture of direct and indirect objects. Indirect objects are usually the receiver of the action or the audience of the direct object.

For example

Subject + Verb + IndirectObject + DirectObject

He gave the man a good job.

The singer gave the crowd a spectacular concert.

The order of direct and indirect objects can also be reversed. However, for the reversal of the order, there needs to be the inclusion of the preposition “to” before the indirect object. The addition of the preposition transforms the indirect object into what is called a prepositional phrase.

For example

Subject + Verb + DirectObject + Preposition + IndirectObject

He gave a lot of money to the man

The singer gave a spectacular concert to the crowd.

Adverbials

Adverbs are phrases or words that modify or qualify a verb, adjective, or other adverbs. They typically provide information on the when, where, how, and why of an action. Adverbs are usually very difficult to place as they can be in different positions in a sentence. Changing the placement of an adverb in a sentence can change the meaning or emphasis of that sentence.

Therefore, adverbials should be placed as close as possible to the things they modify, generally before the verbs.

For example

He hastily went to work.

He hurriedly ate his food.

However, if the verb is transitive, then the adverb should come after the transitive verb.

For example

John sat uncomfortably in the examination exam.

She spoke quietly in the class

The adverb of place is usually placed before the adverb of time

For example

John goes to work every morning

They arrived at school very late

The adverb of time can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence

For example

On Sunday he is traveling home

Every evening James jogs around the block

When there is more than one verb in the sentence, the adverb should be placed after the first verb.

For example

Peter will never forget his first dog

She has always loved eating rice.

Adjectives

Adjectives commonly refer to words that are used to describe someone or something. Adjectives can appear almost anywhere in the sentence.

Adjectives can sometimes appear after the verb to be

For example

He is fat

She is big

Adjectives can also appear before a noun.

For example

A big house

A fat boy

However, some sentences can contain more than one adjective to describe something or someone. These adjectives have an order in which they can appear before a now. The order is

Opinion – size – physical quality – shape – condition – age – color – pattern – origin – material – type – purpose

If more than one adjective is expected to come before a noun in a sentence, then it should follow this order. This order feels intuitive for native English speakers. However, it can be a little difficult to unpack for non-native English speakers.

For example

The ugly old woman is back

The dirty red car parked outside your house

When more than one adjective comes after a verb, it is usually connected by and

For example

The room is dark and cold

Having said that, Susan is tall and big

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Источник

The Beginning of And/But in the Beginning

Can You Begin a Sentence with These Words?

FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)

Introduction

Words

Sentences

quote

Word and Sentence Selectors

first

last

butfirst or bf

butlast or bl

item

Word and Sentence Constructors

word

sentence or se

The Empty Word

The Empty Sentence

Pitfalls

Takeaways

Sentence Order

Types of the Order of Word in a Sentence

SVO Order Sentence Examples

SOV Example

VSO Example

Questions: We follow a Different Order while asking the Question.

Auxiliary Verbs

Modal Auxiliaries are Never changing Form

10 Examples of Order Sentences

Parts of the Sentence Order in English

Conclusion

Basic Sentence Structure and word order rules in English

`quote`

`first`

`last`

`butfirst` or `bf`

`butlast` or `bl`

`item`

`word`

`sentence` or `se`