African word for music

Afrobeat
A term used by Fela Anikulapo Kuti to describe his fusion of West African with black American music.

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Apala
Yoruba style of talking drum percussion from Nigeria.

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Axe
Yoruba word meaning “life force”, is used to describe the Bahian style of Brazilian pop music popular in that country.

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Benga
Originating from the Luo people of from Western Kenya, this style is widely popular throughout the country.

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Chimurenga
A popular style of music from the Shona people of Zimbabwe. Also called mbira-based music, one of the best examples of this sound is the music of Thomas Mapfumo.

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Fuji
Nigerian Yoruba voice and percussion style using original African percussion instruments popularized by Kollington, Barrister, and Adewale Ayuba. A percussion conversation.

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Gnawa
Morrocan music of people descended from the slaves brought from Mali in the 16th century. This music features the stringed instruments sintir or gimbri, singing in unison, and hand clapping. Most often played at healing ceremonies.

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Griot
Generic term for a West African oral historian-cum-minstrel; a storyteller.

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Highlife
Dance music from Ghana and Eastern Nigeria, originating from the popular kpanlogo rhythm developed in Ghana in the 60s.

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Isicathamiya
Traditional Zulu call-and-response a cappella choral music sung by men from South Africa. Ladysmith Black Mambazo is the premier example of this style of music.

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Jali
Manding word for a West African oral historian-cum-minstrel; a storyteller.

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Jit
Hard, fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music, influenced by mbira-based guitar styles.

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Jive
Generic South African term for popular music.

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Juju
I.K. Dairo was credited with being the first modern Juju star. This popular style from Nigeria relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms, but instead of being played on all percussive instruments as tradition demands the instruments in Juju are more Western in origin. Drum kits, guitars, keyboards, often pedal steel guitars and sometimes accordions (squeeze box) are used along with the traditional dun-dun (talking drum, or squeeze drum). King Sunny Adeis the most well-known of all Juju performers.

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Kwassa Kwassa
Shake-your-booty dance style began in Zaire in the late ’80s popularized by Kanda Bongo Man.

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Kwela
South African pennywhistle (tin flute) music.

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Makossa
Cameroonian dance rhythm from the Douala region, is also the name of the country’s most popular pop style typified by Manu Dibango.

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Marabi
South African three-chord township music of the 1930s-1960s, which evolved into “African Jazz”.

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Marrabenta
Mozambique’s popular roots-based urban rhythm, a distinctive dance sound.

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Mbalax
(pronounced M’balah) Senegalese (Wolof) percussion music was modernized by Youssou N’Dour, characterized by a sweet, funky combination of Afro-Cuban rhythms, Wolof drumming, and American pop.

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Mbaqanga
Also sometimes called “Township Jive”, this South African township music was first popularized in the 60’s. Johnny Clegg and the Mahatolla Queens are good examples of this sound.

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Morna
from Cape Verde is a soulful genre often sung in Creole-Portuguese and played in a minor key emotional tone, mixing sentimental folk tunes filled with longing and sadness with the acoustic sounds of guitar, cavaquinho, violin, accordian, and clarinet.

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Palm Wine
music originates in the tropical Sierra Leone located on the the far West coast of Africa. Typical to the Palm Wine sound is the light and airy guitar riffs originally played on acoustic guitar accompanied by traditional percussion instruments. Palm Wine is the sweet milky sap extracted from the palm tree. It ferments quickly and is a popular drink at bars and dance halls, as well as at social occasions where the music originated.

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Rai
Youthful pop music from Algeria. Rai’s typical themes of love and drinking have brought Rai singers in conflict with Islamic militants.

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Reggae
Originally from Jamaica, this internationally played sound dominated by bass, drums (or often drum machine), and guitar chops is associated with the Rastsafarian religion, liberation politics, and ganga.

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Salsa
New York Puerto Rican adaption of Afro-Cuban music.

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Samba
The basic underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music.

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Samba Reggae
(pronounced sam-ba heg-gay), grew out of the blocos afros(Black carnival associations) a tradition begun in 1974 in Bahia, Salvador. The Bahian Carnival Associations with their afoxe (pronounced ah-fo-shay) drum sections are similiar to Rio’s samba schools, with many surdos (big bass drums of varying sizes) and repineques (smaller, high pitched drums) comprising the bulk of the rhythm section. Olodum is one of the first groups to popularize the sound.

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SOCA
comes from combining the words “soul” and “calypso”, is modern Trinidadian pop music.

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Soukous
is a musical style that grew out of ’50s Cuban rhumba music mixing the kwassa kwassa dance rhythm with zouk and rhumba. Many African artists, originally from the Congo (or Zaire), relocated to Paris, which became a popular expatriate community for them, and where they are mostly still based.

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Wassoulou
a musical style from Mali typified by a strong Arabic feel along with the sound of the scraping karinyang, women play the fle, a calabash strung with cowrie shells, which they spin and throw into the air in time to the music.

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Were
A Muslim style of music performed most often as a wake-up call for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan celebrations.

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Zouk
Creole slang word for “party.” Modern hi-tech Antillean music produced mostly in Paris.

How to say Music in different languages in the world | words for Music in other languages | Music translated in other languages | Music in all languages | different ways to say Music? | Music said in different languages | Music in other words | How to Say Music in Many Languages

Know several ways to say Music in other languages

कैसे कहें दुनिया में विभिन्न भाषाओं में संगीत | अन्य भाषाओं में संगीत के लिए शब्द | अन्य भाषाओं में अनुवादित संगीत | सभी भाषाओं में संगीत | संगीत कहने के अलग-अलग तरीके? | संगीत ने कहा अलग-अलग भाषाओं में | दूसरे शब्दों में संगीत | कई भाषाओं में संगीत कैसे कहें

How to say Music in foreign languages | Ways to say Music in foreign languages?

How to say Music in Latin language | Latin word for Music | what is the word Music in Latin?

S.No	say Music In Latin language
1	musicorum

How to say Music in Haitian Creole language?

S.No	Say Music In Haitian Creole language
2	mizik

How to say Music in Esperanto language?

S.No	say Music In Esperanto language
3	muziko

How to say Music in Asian languages | Ways to say Music in Asian languages

How to say Music in Nepali language?

S.No	say Music In Nepali language
1	संगीत

How to say Music in Vietnamese language?

S.No	say Music In Vietnamese                language
2	Âm nhạc

How to say Music in Tajik language?

S.No	say Music In Tajik language
3	мусиқӣ

How to say Music in Mongolian language?

S.No	say Music In Mongolian language
4	дуу хөгжим

How to say Music in Uzbek language?

S.No	say Music In Uzbek language
5	musiqa

How to say Music in Tamil language?

S.No	say Music in Tamil language
6	இசை

How to say Music in Telugu language?

S.No	say Music in Telugu language
7	సంగీతం

How to say Music in Malayalam language?

S.No	say Music in Malayalam language
8	സംഗീതം

How to say Music in Urdu language?

S.No	say Music In Urdu language
9	موسیقی

How to say Music in Turkish language?

S.No	say Music in Turkish language
10	müzik

How to say Music in Sinhala language?

S.No	say Music In Sinhala language
11	සංගීත

How to say Music in Thai language?

S.No	say Music in Thai language
13	เพลง

How to say Music in Kazakh language?

S.No	say Music in Kazakh language
14	музыка

How to say Music in Korean language | Korean word for Music

S.No	say Music In Korean language
15	음악 [eum-ag]

How to say Music in Marathi language?

S.No	say Music in Marathi language
16	संगीत

How to say Music in Lao language?

S.No	say Music In Lao language
17	ດົນຕີ

How to say Music in Japanese language | how do you say Music in Japanese | Japanese word for Music | what is the Japanese word for Music | the word Music in Japanese

S.No	say Music In Japanese language
18	音楽

How to say Music in Hindi language | Hindi word for Music| Music के लिए हिंदी शब्द

S.No	say Music in Hindi language
19	संगीत

How to say Music in Khmer language?

S.No	say Music in Khmer language
21	តន្ត្រី

How to say Music in Kannada language?

S.No	say Music In Kannada language
22	ಸಂಗೀತ

How to say Music in Georgian language?

S.No	say Music in Georgian language
23	მუსიკა

How to say Music in Hmong language?

S.No	say Musicin Hmong language
24	music

How to say Music in Bengali language?

S.No	say Music in Bengali language
25	সঙ্গীত

How to say Music in Gujarati language?

S.No	say Music In Gujarati  language
26	સંગીત

How to say Music in Chinese Traditional xìnyòngkǎ fùkuǎn) language

S.No	say Music In Chinese Traditional xìnyòngkǎ fùkuǎn) language
27	音樂 [yīnyuè]

How to say Music in Chinese Simplified xìnyòngkǎ fùkuǎn) language

S.No	say Music in Chinese Simplified xìnyòngkǎ fùkuǎn) language
28	音乐 [yīnyuè]

How to say Music in Azerbaijani language?

S.No	say Music in Azerbaijani language
29	musiqi

How to Say Music in Armenian language?

S.No	say Music in Armenian language
30	երաժշտություն

How to Say Music in Middle Eastern languages | Ways to say in Music Middle Eastern languages

How to say Music in Persian language?

S.No	say Music In Persian language
1	موسیقی

How to say Music in Hebrew language?

S.No	say Music in Hebrew language
2	מוּסִיקָה

How to say Music in Arabic language | Arabic word for Music

S.No	say Music In Arabic language
3	موسيقى [musiqaa]

How to Say Music in European languages | Ways to say Music in European languages

How to say Music in Basque language?

S.No	say Music in Basque language
1	musika

How to say Music in Albanian language?

S.No	say Music in Albanian language
2	muzikë

How to say Music in Bosnian language?

S.No	say Music in Bosnian language
3	muzika

How to say Music in Belarusian language?

S.No	say Music In Belarusian language
4	музыка

How to say Music in Bulgarian language?

S.No	say Music In Bulgarian language
5	музика

How to say Music in Croatian language?

S.No	say Music In Croatian language
6	glazba

How to say Music in Catalan language?

S.No	say Music In Catalan language
7	música

How to say Music in Czech language?

S.No	say Music In Czech language
8	hudba

How to say Music in Danish language?

S.No	say Music In Danish language
9	musik

How to say Music in Estonian language?

S.No	say Music in Estonian language
10	muusika

How to say Music in Dutch language?

S.No	say Music In Dutch language
11	muziek-

How to say Music in Finnish language?

S.No	say Music in Finnish language
12	musiikki

How to say Music in Galician language?

S.No	say Music In Galician language
13	música

How to say Music in French language?

S.No	Say Music In French language
14	la musique

How to say Music in Greek language |Greek words for Music| Music के लिए ग्रीक शब्द | Greek word for Music| what is the Greek word for Music

S.No	Say Music In Greek language
15	ΜΟΥΣΙΚΗ [MOUSIKI]

How to say Music in Icelandic language | Icelandic word for Music

S.No	say Music in Icelandic language
16	tónlist

How to say Music in German language | German word for Music

S.No	say Music in German language
17	Musik-

How to say Music in Irish language?

S.No	say Music In Irish language
18	Ceol

How to say Music in Hungarian language?

S.No	say Music In Hungarian language
19	zene

How to say Music in Italian language?

S.No	say Music In Italian language
20	musica

How to say Music in Romanian language?

S.No	Say Music In Romanian language
21	muzică

How to say Music in Latvian language?

S.No	say Music In Latvian language
22	mūzika

How to say Music in Lithuanian language?

S.No	say Music in  Lithuanian language
23	muzika

How to say Music in Macedonian language?

S.No	say Music In Macedonian language
24	музика

How to say Music in Norwegian language | Norwegian word for Music | Music in Norwegian

S.No	say Music In Norwegian language
25	musikk

How to say Music in Portuguese language?

S.No	Say Music In Portuguese language
26	música

How to say Music in Polish language?

S.No	say Music In Polish language
27	muzyka

How to say Music in Maltese language?

S.No	Say Music In Maltese language
28	mużika

How to say Music in Yiddish language?

S.No	say Music In Yiddish language
29	מוזיק

How to say Music in Welsh language?

S.No	say Music In Welsh language
30	cerddoriaeth

How to say Music in Ukrainian language?

S.No	say Music In Ukrainian language
31	музика [muzyka]

How to say Music in Serbian language?

S.No	say Music In Serbian language
32	музика [muzika]

How to say Music in Swedish language?

S.No	say Music In Swedish language
33	musik

How to say Music in Slovak language?

S.No	Say Music  In  Slovak language
34	hudba

How to say Music in Slovenian language?

S.No	say Music In Slovenian language
35	glasba

How to say Music in Spanish language | Spanish word for Music

S.No	say Music In Spanish language
36	música

How to say Music in Russian language | Russian word for Music | Music रूसी भाषा में

S.No	say Music In Russian language
37	Музыка [Muzyka]

How to say Music in Austronesian languages | ways to say Music in Austronesian languages

How to say Music in Filipino language?

S.No	say Music In Filipino language
1	musika

How to say Music in Cebuano language?

S.No	Say Music In Cebuano language
2	musika

How to say Music in Indonesian language?

S.No	say Music In Indonesian language
3	musik

How to say Music in Malagasy language?

S.No	say Music In Malagasy language
4	mozika

How to say Music in Maori language?

S.No	say Music In Maori language
5	waiata

How to say Music in Malay language?

S.No	say Music in Malay language
6	muzik

How to say Music in Javanese language?

S.No	say Music In Javanese language
7	music

How to say Music in African languages | Ways to say Music in African languages

How to say Music in Somali language?

S.No	say Music In Somali language
1	music

How to say Music in Swahili language | Music in Swahili language

S.No	say Music In Swahili language
2	muziki

How to say Music in Yoruba language?

S.No	say Music In Yoruba language
3	music

How to say Music in Sesotho language?

S.No	say Music In Sesotho language
4	mino

How to say Music in Igbo language?

S.No	say Music In Igbo language
5	music

How to say Music in Hausa language?

S.No	say Music In Hausa language
6	music

How to say Music in Chichewa language?

S.No	say Music In Chichewa language
7	nyimbo

How to say Music in Afrikaans language | African word for Music

S.No	say Music In Afrikaans language
8	musiek

How to say Music in Zulu language?

S.No	say Music In Zulu language
9	umculo

FAQ

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Traditional African music is a vague term for the music played in black African countries that is considered to have little or no influence on musical styles outside the region. The word “traditional” constructs a contrast to acculturated music and presupposes a more or less historically constant African music, which is distinguishable from the influences since the European colonial times . In fact, the music of Africa has always been subject to change through regional cultural exchange and further development and often cannot be assigned to individual ethnic groups . On the other hand, such a distinction neglects the strong influence of Arabic music , while Western cultural imports are overemphasized from a Eurocentric point of view. The colonial music of the Cape Verde Islands was shaped by South American, Caribbean, Portuguese and West African influences, and the older music of Madagascar was first influenced by Southeast Asia.

A division into classical music and light music is a European categorization and not applicable to Africa. There is the courtly music of the royalty, ritual music and popular music, which is differentiated according to its intended use, which Africans do not necessarily associate with a valuation. Complex rhythms played with drums are just one aspect of African music, just as important is an oral tradition of singing. Individual style regions can be defined according to the occurrence of certain musical instruments and playing styles.

characterization

Many African languages are tonal languages in which pitch is used to distinguish meaning, and so pitch sequences in vocal music can be subject to the spoken tone . In addition, listeners can hear meaningful texts from instrumental tone sequences. African music and African dance are inseparable; many African languages ​​use the same word for music and dance. A word that exactly corresponds to the meaning of the term “music” does not exist in the traditional vocabulary of African languages. In a broader context, Swahili ngoma refers to any type of communal dance and music as well as regionally specific drum types. Community action is essential to the ngoma concept . Together with certain elements from European music theory, the term “music” was introduced into some African languages ​​- sometimes with a different meaning — in Swahili as muziki .

Storytelling , masks , music and dance are always associated with a social event in sub-Saharan Africa. The music to be heard cannot simply be changed, because it is causally part of the respective celebration or ritual . The shapes that are defined and known to everyone are correspondingly diverse. An improvisation by a drummer, for example, would meet with incomprehension. Variants, however, are by no means prohibited, they are even required to a certain extent, especially in order to be able to respond to certain reactions of those involved in the performance situation. However, these variations must be kept within limits, otherwise the language of the instruments becomes incomprehensible.

An important part of African music is repetition. Musicians and those involved can thus «immerse themselves» deeply in the music while listening and sometimes achieve trance-like states. Only in this way — by maintaining the pattern for a long time — can the music be understood in its entirety.

Music plays a central role in all events of importance and even in everyday activities. A festival must be canceled if the musician in question is away or ill.

African drums can literally sing and speak. The musical patterns often emerged from language. The individual drum hits of a rhythm pattern must clearly differ in their pitch or timbre , otherwise they remain incomprehensible and meaningless . With the so-called talking drums , which often require years of training, whole words and sentences can be communicated.

Historical research has shown that African musical cultures develop dynamically across the board. The term “original African music” therefore only reflects a romantic notion of the West and is used today to increase the market value of African music in the West, but has no objective basis.

Style areas

Common to all African musical styles is the direct expression and communication of emotions between singers and dancers. Beyond that, however , Africa’s cultures are too diverse to name similarities for the entire continent. Various sound systems , music linked to cult, representation, village festivals, urban entertainment, and a commercial music industry ( shellac records) since the beginning of the 20th century , each exist under different local conditions.

African music is seldom «ethnic» in a strict sense, i.e. rigidly tied to a certain ethnic group, but rather regionally determinable. A rough division into style areas distinguishes the Khoisan in southern Africa from the Bantu- speaking Central and South Africa and the more or less Islamic- Arabic influenced regions of North Africa including parts of East and West Africa. The music of the Khoisan in turn influenced that of the Xhosa , especially their overtone singing ( unngqokolo ), which also imitates natural sounds.

Alan Lomax has developed a finer classification with the help of statistical evaluations of sound recordings, but he points out that the singing style in particular has numerous transcultural similarities, which, however , are not to be found in the Khoisan and Pygmies . The development and use of the instruments was more shaped by natural conditions; For example, in the case of wooden drums it was tied to the presence of large trees, or in the case of the tense fur drummers of the Xhosa, to the availability of large cattle hides.

Trade and Islamization resulted in a strong influence of Arabic music in large parts of the Sahel and East Africa. One of the elements adopted from the Arab world is the one-sided fiddle. In East Africa the Arab-Islamic influence extends to Lake Malawi and the coast of Mozambique and Katanga . Conversely, the music of Black Africa had an impact far into Morocco and Sudan.

In West Africa one can distinguish the strongly rhythmic, danceable music of the coast and the rainforest (e.g. the drum music of the Malinke in Guinea and Gambia ) from the music of the Mande- speaking population of the savannah region (e.g. Malis ). The Hausa , Bambara , Mossi , Kanuri , Fulani and Songhai peoples who live there have known the art of free rhythmic improvisation and the pentatonic scale since the 14th century. Her music is slower, more complex and characterized by cascading solo lines.

Spiritual character of the music

Traditional African religions are often animistic . Everything is considered to be animated: animals, plants and inanimate nature. The supernatural, invisible world of the spirits is closely connected to the natural world and the two worlds communicate with each other primarily through music (the sound is «immaterial»). The spirits to be questioned do not understand the verbal language, but the musical language, which is closely related to it. At all significant events of social life (birth, initiation , circumcision , healing, marriage, harvest, hunt, sacrifice, inauguration of spiritual and secular rulers, funeral, etc.) the spirits and ancestors are questioned, conjured up and graced.

In Islamic regions, too, the use of music as a spiritual force is strongly influenced by traditional animistic practices.

Social functions

Music can be used for a wide variety of purposes in African cultures. Examples of social functions of music are:

• Learning in the initiation school: The initiators learn cognitive contents of their culture with the help of music
• Representation of secular rulers: Royal drums and trumpets (like the long kakaki trumpet among the Hausa ) embody social prestige and political authority.
• Performing rituals for the dead (e.g. the Bira by Stella Chiweshe )
• Accompaniment of the myths , legends and chronicles of the award singers
• Music for dance — up to “ secularized ” forms of African rock music , especially in cities
• Music for relaxation , recreation, entertainment, as lullabies
• Music for messaging by message drums

Some musical instruments

Some musical instruments are characteristic of a certain ethnic group or a certain cultural tradition. So z. B. the mbira dza vadzimu used by the Shona for making contact with the ancestors and for entertainment, other lamellophones are used exclusively for ancestor worship . The beaker drum djembé , on the other hand, is a non-specific musical instrument that is widespread in the young popular music of West Africa and has the reputation of being typically African in international pop music.

String instruments:

• 
  Harps : bridge harp kora , bow harps ardin , ennanga
• Spit reads : endingidi , goge , ngoni , masinko , zeze
• Neck sounds: ramkie
• Lyres : krar , litungu
• Zithern : rod Zither isankuni , Platt rod Zither zeze , tube Zither Valiha , half tube Zither segankuru , tshidzholo (obsolete), Brett Zither Bangwe , shell Zither inanga , ligombo
• Mouth arches : umrhubhe ( bowed string), mtyangala (plucked), umqangala (plucked or struck), xizambi (rubbed bow stick )




• 
  Music bows with undivided string: gora (string blown), pluriarc ; with tuning loop : dende
  

Drums:

• Cup drums: djembé ( jembe )
• Frame drums : sicco ( sikko, siko, square frame drum from Guinea)
• Hourglass drums : dundun (Yoruba), tama (Wolof)
• Tube drums : sabar (Wolof), ghoema (South Africa)
• Friction drums : ingungu (South Africa)

Idiophones:

• Lamellophones : mbira , including mbira dza vadzimu , also kalimba, likembe, kadongo, nsansi
• Xylophones : amadinda , balafon , mbila , mendzan , valimba
• Handbells: gankogui
• Slotted drums
• Rattles : raft rattle kayamba

Wind instruments:

• Double reed instrument : algaita
  
• Flutes in East Africa: ibirongwe , chivoti , ludaya
• Longitudinal flutes without finger holes: igemfe , hindewhu ( one-tone flute )
• Natural trumpets or natural horns blown lengthways: kakaki , waza ; transversely blown: Kuduhorn , phalaphala
  
• Double reed instruments : nzumari
  

Clay scales

Mostly pentatonic or heptatonic ; the size of the interval varies from region to region and in some cases deviates strongly from the European tempered scale. The melos is predominantly narrow and descending; smaller intervals prevail. Short motifs are often repeated, varied or sequenced. The ideal voice when singing is predominantly hoarse and rough guttural, up to shrill screams.

The tonalities of the respective African languages ​​can be imitated with various instruments.

rhythm

The traditional music of West Africa in particular has a multitude of complex percussion rhythms with syncope and cross-beats . So z. B. an identical rhythmic pattern can be played and shifted against itself so that the accents do not coincide. In extreme cases, four rhythms are combined with one another ( polyrhythmics ). In many African languages ​​there is no word for rhythm; the rhythm is an elementary expression of life and body expression. Many regional dances are characterized by specific rhythms. The Wolof’s music has its own rhythm that goes back to the music of the Serer , where the smiths were also drum masters. The word sabar also denotes single-headed drums of different sizes, a dance rhythm, a form of music and a traditional Wolof festival. Usually the dance is accompanied by a griot , a storyteller.

The Yoruba percussion music uses the hourglass drum dundun , which is widely used in West Africa . With it, the tonality of the Yoruba language can be imitated (“talking drum”). The dance rhythms of the Yoruba gained considerable influence on Cuban and Brazilian music due to the abduction of many members of this nation as slaves and flowed into African popular music, especially highlife and the Jùjú .

Neo-traditional African music

The term neo-traditional is used to describe forms of music that have continuously emerged from older forms and are only subject to a few Western influences, but have nevertheless undergone greater changes than ritual or ceremonial forms because they serve purely entertainment purposes.

Under the influence of American gospel and European church music, the music of the Zulu migrant workers emerged as early as 1900, combining rhythm, harmony and melody in a balanced form. It was long forgotten and was rediscovered around 1980. The polyphonic a cappella singing of the men is called Isicathamiya («creeping up»). Since this music is deeply anchored in the social organization and belief system of the Zulu, and its social function — strengthening the sense of community and the expression of power and masculinity — is more important than its entertainment function, it can be seen as another variety of neo-traditional African music.

The neo-traditional choral music of the Tswana and Sotho is also linked to both traditional-religious and Christian traditions. Traditional as well as modern instruments are used, such as the three-sided katara (guitar), the accordion and the oil barrel drum.

In a certain way, globalization is a protective factor for the preservation of acoustic African music. The European demand for the “old” sounds without electrical amplification also offers traditionalists a chance. This is especially true of West African music.

See also

• Sound systems in sub-Saharan Africa
• African popular music

literature

• Wolfgang Bender: Sweet Mother: Modern African Music . Trickster-Verlag, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-923804-10-5
• Paul F. Berliner The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe . The University of Chicago Press, 1978
• John Miller Chernoff: Rhythms of Community: Music and Sensitivity in African Life . Peter Hammer Verlag, Wuppertal 1999, ISBN 3872948385
• Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje (Ed.): Turn up the volume! A celebration of African music . UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, Los Angeles 1999. ISBN 0-930741-76-5 and ISBN 0-930741-77-3
• Gerhard Kubik : To understand African music . 2nd Edition. Lit Verlag, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3825878007
• Erich Stockmann : Music cultures in Africa . Verlag Neue Musik, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3733300092
• Joseph H. Kwabena Nketia : The Music of Africa . Otto Heinrich Noetzel Verlag, Wilhelmshaven 1991 (3rd edition) ISBN 379590255X
• Volker Schütz: Music in Black Africa. Workbook for music lessons in secondary schools. With double CD. Oldershausen Institute for Didactics of Popular Music, Oldershausen 1992
• Ulrich Wegner: African string instruments (with music cassette), Staatliche Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-88609-117-1

Discography

• Anthology of Music of Black Africa in three CDs. 1: Sonar Senghor & his troupe: Lost Africa . Tradition 1997 (recordings from the early 1950s)

Web links

• African Music Encyclopedia
• Drum Museum Siebenborn, pictures of ancient African drums

Individual evidence

1. ^ Gerhard Kubik : Music history in pictures : East Africa. (Volume 1: Musikethnologie. Delivery 10) VEB Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Leipzig 1982, p. 5f
2. ↑ Gerhard Kubik: Some basic terms and concepts of African music research. In other words: To understand African music. Lit, Vienna 2004, p. 61.
3. ^ David Dargie: Xhosa music: its techniques and instruments, with a collection of songs. Vol. 1, (main volume), Cape Town a. a. 1988.
4. ↑ Gerhard Kubik: To understand African music: essays. 2nd edition, Münster 2004, p. 10.
5. ↑ Gerhard Kubik: To understand African music: essays. 2nd edition, Münster 2004, p. 17.
6. ↑ Gerd Grupe: Signs of belonging and means of demarcation. Processes of identity creation from an ethnomusicological point of view . In: Wolfgang Auhagen, Claudia Bullerjahn, Holger Höge (Eds.): Music Psychology — Music Selection for Identity Creation and Emotion Modulation. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2011, p. 16
7. ↑ 126 West African percussion rhythms
8. ↑ Arthur Morris Jones: African Rhythm. International African Institute, London 1954.
9. ^ Sabar on www.youtube.com
10. ↑ Dundun on www.youtube.com
11. ↑ Cf. for Ghana: Urban Bareis: Forms of neo-traditional music in Kpando, Ghana. In: Veit Erlemann (ed.): Popular music in Africa. Publications of the Museum für Völkerkunde Berlin, New Series 53, 1991, pp. 59–108.