Adjective form of the word grammar

• visible (visible) — invisible (invisible)
• correct (correct, correct, exact) — incorrect (incorrect, incorrect, inaccurate)
• dead (dead) — undead (raised from the dead)
• reasonable (reasonable, reasonable, reasonable) — unreasonable (unreasonable, unreasonable, unreasonable)
• legal (lawful, legal, legal) — illegal (illegal, illegal, illegal)
• local (local, local) — illocal (non-local, non-local)
• practical — impractical (impractical, unrealistic, practically impractical, unusable

Source: https://online-teacher.ru/blog/obrazovanie-prilagatelnyx-english

English Adjectives — Sentence Order and Comparison

An adjective in English is a part of speech that answers the questions: «what?», «What?», «What?», «What?» and denoting a sign of an object. An adjective describes an object or object in terms of color, shape, quality, size, character, origin, and properties.

The main difference between adjectives in the English language is that they do not change forms and endings in different cases, numbers, do not differ when describing nouns of different kinds. Coordination with other words occurs without changing the word form.

Qualitive and relative adjectives

There are two types of adjectives in English:

Qualitative — describe the color, shape, size, taste of the object: beautiful, weak, green, powerful, square, happy;

Relative — describe the origin of the object, what it is made of: wooden, stone, clay, cherry, grape, glass (wooden, stone, clay, cherry, grape, glass). Such adjectives do not have degrees of comparison.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive (initial), comparative, and excellent. The comparative and superlative degrees of quality English adjectives are formed according to special rules, among which there are exceptions that must be remembered.

Comparative degree

The comparative degree of short adjectives consisting of two or fewer syllables is formed by adding the suffix «-er» to the end of the word:

If a short English adjective ends in a closed syllable (from the end — a consonant, vowel, consonant), the last letter is doubled, and only then the suffix «-er» is added:

If a short adjective ends in a consonant + «y», the last letter «y» is changed to «i» and «-er» is added:

If the short word ends in «-e», add «-r»:

The comparative degree of long adjectives consisting of 3 or more syllables is formed using the word «more»:

Superlative degree

To form the superlative of a short adjective, it is necessary to put the definite article and add the suffix «-est»:

The superlong adjective is formed by adding «the most»:

Comparative and superlative exceptions

These English adjectives form a comparative and superlative degree not according to the rules, completely or partially changing the basis of the word.

• good — better — the best (good — better — best);
• bad — worse — the worst (bad — worse — the worst);
• little — less — the least;
• much (with uncountable) / many (with countable) — more — the most (many — more — most);
• far — farther / further — the farthest / the furthest
• old — older / elder — the oldest / the eldest.

“Father” and “further” differ in that the first word implies distances (go farther — go further), the second — has a figurative meaning (watch the film further — see the film further).

«Older» and «elder» differ in meaning: the first word describes age in the literal sense (the piece of furniture is older), the second is used for age relations in the family (my elder brother is my older brother).

There are words, the comparative and superlative degrees of which can be formed in both ways:

clever (smart) — cleverer (smarter) — the cleverest (the smartest)

clever — cleverer — the most clever

polite (polite) — politer — the politest

polite — politer — the most polite

friendly — friendlier — the friendliest

friendly — more friendly — the most friendly

They also include:

common, cruel, gentle, narrow, pleasant, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet.

Comparative expressions using adjectives in sentences

• twice as as — twice as;
• three times as as — three times than;
• half as as — half of something (twice)
• the same as — the same as;
• less than — less than;
• the least / most of all — least / most of all;
• the, the — what, so;
• than — what.

Your bag is twice as heavy as mine. “Your bag is twice the size of mine.

Mary’s copybook costs half as little as ours. — Mary’s notebook costs half ours.

Your dream is the same as important as theirs. “Your dream is as important as theirs.

This flower is less beautiful than that one growing in the garden. “This flower is less beautiful than the one that grows in the garden.

The more careful you are, the easier it is. “The more careful you are, the easier it will be to deal with it.

This exercise is the least difficult of all. — This exercise is the least difficult of all.

Source: https://englishbro.ru/grammar/adjectives-common-rules

Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives in English

Comparison of adjectives in English is one of the simplest grammatical topics. The reason is that the existing degrees of comparison and methods of their formation largely coincide with those in the Russian language. As in Russian, there are two degrees of comparison in English: comparative и excellent… According to another classification, there is also a positive one — this is the usual form of adjectives.

Comparative forms in English

How the degrees of comparison are formed

There are two ways to form the degrees of comparison: analytical (adding words) and synthetic (adding suffixes). The choice of the desired method of formation depends on the adjectives themselves:

• for monosyllabic (simple) — we use the synthetic method of education
• for the polysyllabic — the analytical method.

Let’s consider all this in detail, giving examples.

Monosyllabic adjectives and the synthetic method for comparing them

Almost all simple adjectives in English form comparative degrees using suffixes:

table of adjectives

There are several cases where adding suffixes requires minor changes to the word itself:

1. If in a monosyllabic adjective there is a short vowel before the final consonant, then we double it:
   • Big — bigger — the biggest
2. The final dumb -e goes off before -er, -est:
   • Nice — nicer — the nicest
3. The final –y is replaced with –i, provided that there is a consonant before –y:

If there is a vowel before -y in a word, there will be no substitutions:

• Gray — greyer — the greyest

Let’s sum up.
In the following picture, you will see an extremely simple diagram of the formation of the degrees of comparison of simple adjectives in English.

the degree of comparison of simple adjectives in English

There are no rules that have no exceptions

There is a small list of exceptions to the general rule: these words completely change their roots:

exclusion list

There is another type of exception, which is a small list of words that have two possible options for the formation of degrees, each of which has its own semantic characteristics. You need to know them in order to use them correctly in the context:

Adjectives with two possible options for the formation of degrees

As for two-syllable adjectives, some of them form their comparative forms as monosyllabic — by adding —er and —is… These include those who

1. Ends in:

   narrow — narrower — the narrowest

Source: https://englishfull.ru/grammatika/sravnenie-prilagatelnih.html

10 ways to tell an adjective from an adverb in English

An adjective is easy to recognize in a sentence by how it affects the noun, changing its properties. For example:

«He bought a shirt.» The word shirt is a noun, but it is not clear what kind of shirt it is. All we know is that someone bought a shirt.

«He bought a beautiful shirt.» In this example, the adjective beautiful appears, which changes the noun shirt, which makes it clear which shirt the person bought.

It is not difficult to recognize an adjective in a sentence — it, as a rule, answers the questions “Which one?”, “Which one?”, “Which one?”.

For example:

“The kind woman gave us a tasty cake.” What woman? Kind (kind). What kind of cake? Tasty

«The small boy is playing with a new toy.» The adjectives small (small) and new (new) tell us which boy and what kind of toy we are talking about.

So, the main thing to remember is the questions that the adjective answers in English:

• What is it?
• Which the?
• Which one?

Adverb

If adjectives affect nouns, changing their properties, then the adverb affects verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. You can easily find an adverb in a sentence with the -ly suffix, because most adverbs in English are formed just by adding it to an adjective. It is important to remember that the adverb answers the question «how?» or «how much?» Let’s look at some examples:

«The pair danced gracefully.» (The couple danced gracefully.) The adverb gracefully influences the verb to dance, making it clear exactly how the couple danced.

«That man is very strong.» (That man is very strong.) In this sentence, the adverb very affects the adjective strong and shows how and how strong the man is. Let’s check by asking the question “how much?”: “How strong is he? He is very strong. » (How strong is he? He is very strong.)

«It was an extremely important meeting.» (This was an extremely important meeting.) The adverb extremely changes the adjective important. We ask the question “how much”: “How important was it? Extremely important. » (How important was it? Extremely important.) It is now clear that the meeting was extremely important.

«She smiled amazingly.» (She smiled an amazing smile.) Here the adverb amazingly affects the verb smile, and tells us how the girl smiled.

So, remember the main rule — the adverb most often answers the question «how?» At the same time, it can also answer the questions «when?», «Where?» and why?».

Additional rules

In English, adjectives usually precede the nouns they refer to. However, if the sentence contains one of the following verbs, the adjective will appear after its noun.

• to be
• to feel
• great taste
• to smell
• to sound
• to look
• to appear
• to seem

Consider the following examples:

«The sky is blue.» (The sky is blue.) The adjective blue refers to the noun sky, but follows the verb is in the sentence, which is the form of the verb be.

«Diana looks happy.» (Diana looks happy.) The adjective happy also follows the noun Diana.

«The music sounds loud.» (Music sounds loud.) The adjective loud follows the noun music in the sentence.

«The juice smells great.» (The juice smells great.) Again, we see the noun juice first, followed by the dependent adjective great.

Avoiding common mistakes

There are adjectives and adverbs in English that are difficult to distinguish by spelling. It is even more difficult to understand the difference in their use. Let’s clarify these situations.

1. Is the adjective bad or the adverb badly?

When you want to talk about your feelings or feelings, you should use the adjective bad. So when you feel bad or unwell, you say “I feel bad”. However, if you say “I feel badly,” it means that you feel dull, as if your hands are numb. Compare these examples:

«The horse smells badly.» Here the adverb badly means that the horse has a bad scent, a poor ability to smell in principle.

«The cat smells bad.» Thanks to the adjective bad, the sentence is no longer about scent, but about the fact that the cat is dirty, smells bad and needs bathing.

Note: In English there is also an expression “I feel badly”. It is used when you need to apologize, express regret. Imagine visiting a friend and accidentally breaking his favorite vase. Then you say, “I feel really badly about the vase”. 

2. Is the adjective good or the adverb well?

It is easy to remember a simple rule that works in the grammar of the English language — the adjective good should be used with the following verbs denoting feelings and states: feel, look, smell, be. While the adverb well combines with live, do. Compare:

«I do well.» Use the adverb well to say that you are doing well and that you are doing well.

«My grandmother looks good.» The adjective good says that the grandmother looks good, not that the grandmother has good eyesight.

«My cat smells pretty good now.» Again, the adjective good does not mean that the cat has a good scent, but that the cat itself smells good, like after bathing.

Note: In English colloquial speech with verbs of feelings and states, it is allowed to use the adverb well in expressions such as “I feel well”. This is due to the fact that many people confuse the adjective good and the adverb well in conversation. However, when talking about action verbs, you should only use the adverb well. For example:

«He plays football well.» (He plays football well.)

«The whole class did well on the exam.» (The whole class did well on the exam.)

3. Adjective sure or adverb surely?

Source: https://skyeng.ru/articles/10-sposobov-otlichit-prilagatelnoe-ot-narechiya-v-anglijskom

Examples of polysyllabic adjectives in English

Each person or object has distinctive characteristics, properties, signs. And in order to tell the interlocutor about them, you need to be able to use the appropriate adjectives correctly.

Today we will study this grammatical category, as well as learn its laws of composing and using the degree of comparison.

In addition, they will help us quickly understand and remember the rules about simple and polysyllabic adjectives in the English language examples, given in the final section.

Grammatical meaning

The role of English adjectives is no different from the role of Russians — to characterize people and describe objects, emphasizing their qualities, signs, properties. Despite the fact that there is always a noun in conjunction with this part of speech, it does not change either the number, gender or case.

• I see a gray bird — I see gray the bird.
• Gray birds are sitting on the branch of the tree — Grey birds sit on a tree branch.
• I gave some bread to the gray bird — I gave some bread to this gray bird.

The only case of changing the form of adjectives in an English sentence is when they are used to compare objects and express superiority.

Comparison forms

Before mastering the methods of comparison, it is necessary to understand that the composition of adjectives is very important for English grammar. They are of three types: simple, complex, and compound.

Compound adjectives are a combination of two words and are written with a hyphen (sometimes together). These combinations consist of adjectives and other parts of speech: numerals, nouns, participles, etc.

• A one-eyed young man lives in this flat — A young one-eyed boy lives in this apartment.
• Mother bought a dark blue suit for my brother — Mom bought my brother a navy blue suit.
• He didn’t want to take a low-paid job — He didn’t want to take a low-paying job.

The composite view is rarely used. Monosyllabic and disyllabic adjectives and words with a large number of syllables are much more common. For the first two groups, comparative forms are formed by changing the stem, and the last category requires additional words. Therefore, we will separately analyze polysyllabic adjectives in English, giving examples of compiling their comparative degrees. Let’s dwell on the first group for now.

Definitions consisting of one syllable, as well as adjectives of two syllables with the endings le, er, ow, y form the degrees of comparison in a suffix way. For the comparative degree it is the suffix -er, and for the superlative one it is est. Since only one person or object can surpass everyone, the article the is put before such adjectives.

• I had done my task by 3 o’clock because it was easy — I completed my task by three o’clock, because she was easy.
• You had done your task faster than I did because your task was cutting easier — You completed your task faster than me, because your task was easier.
• He had done his task earlier than others did because his task was the easy — He completed his task before anyone else, because his task was the lightest.

When changing the degree for monosyllabic adjectives, several nuances related to spelling are characteristic. When the definition ends with one consonant, preceded by a short vowel, it is doubled in the comparative construction. Here we note that the final unreadable vowel e is never doubled.

• It was hot yesterday — It was hot yesterday.
• The weather is getting hotter and hotter — The weather is getting hotter and hotter.

Words ending in -y with a preceding consonant change that letter to i.

• My sister is lazy — My sister is lazy.
• He is the laziest pupil in his class — He is the laziest student in his class.

Note that this group contains special cases that are studied separately.

Polysyllabic adjectives in English construction examples

For definitions that include three or more syllables, no changes occur to the word itself. In drawing up comparative degrees, they are helped by special additional designations: more / less (more / less) and the most / the least (most / least).

Original form	Comparison	Superiority
comfortable room	more comfortable room	the most comfortable room
beautiful butterfly	more beautiful butterfly	the most beautiful butterfly
expensive present	less expensive present	the least expensive present

This method is often used to form comparisons of adjectives in –ed and –ing, which many equate with participles.

• He was more surprised than his brother — He was more surprised than his brother.
• It was the most interesting day of my trip — It was the most interesting day of my trip.

Disyllabic adjectives are often used this way, especially if they end in -ful, -less, -ous.

• Your husband is more careful than my — Your husband is more caring than mine.
• It is the most useless thing in the world — This is the most useless thing in the world.
• Palahniuk is more famous writer than Frei — Palahniuk is a better known writer than Fry.

To the words that are always used for education degrees of comparison additional constructs also include: frequent, careless, modern, normal, certain, foolish, correct, etc.

Some adjectives may even use both methods of constructing comparisons.

Original form	Comparison	Superiority
angry	angrier / more angry	the angriest / the most angry
quiet	quitter / more quitter	the quietest / the most quit
handsome	handsomer / more handsome	the handsomest / the most handsome

This type of word includes common, clever, simple, gentle, stupid, narrow, cruel, pleasant, friendly.

Source: https://speakenglishwell.ru/mnogoslozhnye-prilagatelnye-v-anglijskom-yazyke-primery/

Enjoy learning English online with Puzzle English for free

For knowledge of a foreign language, a wealth of vocabulary is no less important than an understanding of grammar. The more words a person speaks, the freer he feels in a foreign language environment.

The variety of vocabulary is largely determined by the richness of word formation in the English language. The construction of new words is based on general principles. And the one who knows these principles feels much more confident among unfamiliar vocabulary.

The structure of the word and its change

New words are learned gradually. Most often, at first we only understand them in texts or someone else’s speech, and only then we begin to actively use them in ours. Therefore, mastering new vocabulary is a long process and requires patience from the student, active practice of reading, listening and working with a dictionary.

One of the methods to quickly expand your vocabulary is to master the ways of word formation in English. Having understood the principles by which words are built, it is possible to derive the meanings of its cognate words from an already known word.

The building blocks for every word are the root, prefixes and suffixes. The root is the part of the word that carries the main meaning. A word cannot exist without a root. Whereas prefixes and suffixes are an optional part, however, when added to the root, it is they that help form new words. Therefore, when describing word formation in English, we will separate prefix and suffix methods.

All prefixes and suffixes have their own meaning. It is usually quite blurry and serves to change the basic meaning of the word. When a prefix or suffix (or both) is added to the root, their value is added to the root value. This is how a new word turns out.

The formation of new words can lead not only to a change in meaning, but also to change parts of speech. Suffixes are more common in this function. By adding to the root, they translate a word from one part of speech to another, for example, they make an adjective from a verb or a verb from a noun.

So, from one root a whole group can be formed, all the elements of which are interconnected. Therefore, word formation helps learners of English to see the semantic relationships between words and better navigate the variety of vocabulary.

You can get a new word not only through prefixes and suffixes. Another way is compounding, in which two roots are combined into one word, forming a new meaning. In addition, word formation includes the reduction of words and the creation of abbreviations.

Prefixes as a way of word formation in English

A prefix (the term «prefix» is also used) is an element of a word that is placed before the root. Prefix word formation is rarely used by the English language to change parts of speech (as an exception, the prefix «en-» / «em-» for the formation of verbs can be called). But prefixes are actively used to change the meaning of a word. The prefixes themselves can have different meanings, but among them there is a large group of prefixes with a similar function: to change the meaning of a word to the opposite.

1. Prefixes with negative values:

• un-: unpredictable (unpredictable), unable (unable)
• dis-: disapproval, disconnection

Source: https://puzzle-english.com/directory/wordbuilding

Difference between an adverb and an adjective in English: how to distinguish them?

Good or well? Slow or slowly? Hard or hardly? High or highly highly?

Today you will learn the difference between an adverb and an adjective in English and quickly learn how to distinguish them.

These parts of speech very often cause confusion among those who are learning English not only at the beginner level.

That is why it is worthwhile to understand once and for all what adverbs and adjectives are in English, as well as when they are used.

Features of the adjective in English

First, an adjective in English always describes a noun or pronoun, just like in Russian.

That is, if you see an adjective in a sentence, somewhere nearby there will be either a noun or a pronoun (he, she, it, etc.).

For example: Mark’s new bike is RED and yellow… It is very solid as well.

The highlighted words are adjectives.

Second, remember that adjectives never describe other adjectives or verbs.

Adverb and its main properties

With an adverb, the situation is very simple — it always defines a verb, less often an adjective or another adverb.

Very often, adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding a suffix — ly.

For example: slow — slowly, quick — quickly, careful — carefully, nice — nicely, happy — happily etc.

Also, adverbs can be formed from nouns by adding only — Y: wind — windy, sun — sunny, rain — rainy.

But in the English language there are «special» adverbs that are formed in their own way.

For example: good — well. Don’t confuse them!

«Good job «, BUT»Well done «! One cannot say “very well weather «, it is correct to say -» Very good weather «.

There are also such adverbs that seem to be formed from an adjective, only they mean something completely different.

For example: hard — hardly, close — closely, late — lately, near — nearly.

To distinguish an adverb from an adjective, it is worth looking at the context and role of the word in the sentence, that is, what exactly it describes: an object, a person, a phenomenon or an action.

As for adjectives like high, deep, cool, warm, cold, hot, present, shorts etc. when adding a suffix — ly from them an adverb is formed, which is used not literally, but in a figurative sense.

By the way, these adjectives are also used as adverbs without adding a suffix.

Let’s see examples:

• He talked about Alice very highly… — He spoke very highly of Alice.
• Mrs. Tess welcomed us warmly… “Mrs. Tess greeted us warmly.

That’s all.

Enjoy learning English! Subscribe to the newsletter and share useful information with your friends in social networks.

Good Luck!

Source: https://preply.com/blog/2015/06/11/raznitsa-mezhdu-narechiem-i-prilagatelnym-v-anglijskom-kak-ih-otlichat/

Nationalities in English: basic rules

Countries and Nationalities is taught at the very beginning of the elementary level. If you open any textbook of this level, then one of the first lessons will certainly touch upon the topic of countries and nationalities. This is because using the names of different nationalities, it is convenient to practice the use of the verb to be.

From the very first lessons, students will learn how to form the names of nationalities from the names of countries, but the list of words considered is usually small: a maximum of twenty of the most popular countries and nationalities. This is enough for a start, but you will need more knowledge to study further.

In this article, we will explain the basic rules by which the names of nationalities are formed, as well as talk about the various features of using these words.

First of all, please remember that the names of countries, languages, nationalities in English are written with a capital letter.

An adjective can be formed from the name of any country using a certain suffix. For example:

Italy — Italy; Italian — Italian, Italian — Italian.

Do you speak Italian? — Do you speak Italian?
I Italian food. — I love Italian food.
He is from Italy. He is Italian… — He’s from Italy. He is Italian.

As you can see, the same word derived from the name of the country can be used in different ways. This adjective is the name of the language of this country and the name of nationality. Many students, for example, forget about these derivative words and just use the name of the country (Japan food, Spain singer, and so on). The name of the country cannot be an adjective, it cannot describe the nationality or language of the country, so do not make such mistakes.
 

It should be noted that the name of the nationality and the language of the country do not always coincide. For example, in Brazil (Brazil), although there are Brazilians (Brazilian), they speak Portuguese (Portugese). It is the same with Arab countries, where the nationality of the country does not coincide with the language (Arabic).

So, back to suffixes. Some authors try to classify suffixes by geography, making maps like this:

Nevertheless, it is impossible to classify all suffixes according to any one criterion, there are always exceptions. Take the -ESE suffix for example: it would seem to combine with the names of countries in Asia and Africa, but it also forms adjectives from the names of some countries in Europe and South America.

Let’s look at the main suffixes that form adjectives from country names:

-IAN	Adjectives are formed using this suffix, regardless of which letter ends in the name of the country and where it is located. If the country name ends in -IA, then only -N is added:	Argentina — Argentinian Egypt — Egyptian Norway — Norwegian Ukraine — UkrainianBrazil — BrazilianRussia — Russian Australia — AustralianIndonesia — Indonesian
-AN	If the country name ends in -A, then only -N is added, if the name ends in another vowel, -AN is added:	Korea — Korean Venezuela — Venezuelan Chile — Chilean Mexico — Mexican
-ESE	Basically — the countries of Asia, some countries in Africa, other countries in Europe and South America:	China — Chinese Vietnam — Vietnamese Japan — Japanese Lebanon — Lebanese Sudan — Sudanese Taiwan — Taiwanese Portugal — Portuguese
-ISH	Some adjectives are formed with the –ISH suffix:	Britain — British Scotland — Scottish Ireland — IrishWales — Welsh Poland — Polish Turkey — Turkish
-I	Almost all countries that combine with this suffix are Islamic countries, or countries that speak Arabic.	Iraq — Iraqi Pakistan — Pakistani Thailand — ThaiKuwait — Kuwaiti
Other suffixes	Other suffixes can also be called exceptions, since some of them are single, used to form one nationality.	France — French Greece — Greek Switzerland — Swissthe Netherlands — Dutch

As mentioned earlier, many adjectives that can be formed using suffixes are the names of the languages ​​spoken in a particular country. In addition, these adjectives, when combined with nouns, describe something specific to this country:

French literature — French literature Japanese food — Japanese food Mexican traditions — Mexican traditions

Egyptian culture — Egyptian history

In order to talk about nationalities in general, there are several ways in English that we will now get to know.

1. The + ADJECTIVE

You know from the article on the definite article the that the can be combined with adjectives when the adjective refers to a group of people:

The Chinese are very traditional. — The Chinese are very traditional.
The Americans fast food. — Americans love fast food.

Have you noticed that in the above examples the word Americans is used with the ending -S, Chinese — without the ending? There are a few rules to remember about this:

If nationality adjectives have endings –SH, –CH, –SS, –ESE, -I then they are not plural (no -S is added to them):

the French the Swiss the Japanese the Scottish the Iraqi the Iraqi

the Israeli — Israelis

Endings –AN and some others are plural. These adjectives (unlike the above) can also be nouns:

the Ukrainians the Brazilians the Greeks the Greeks

the Thais — residents of Thailand

2. ADJECTIVE + PEOPLE

Any nationality can be designated using the word people in combination with an adjective. The article is not needed:

Chinese people — Chinese people Italian people — Italians

English people — English

3. Nouns

Some nationalities have special nouns that do not match adjectives… These nouns can be used when referring to all representatives of nationality:

Denmark — the Danes Finland — the Finns Great Britain — the British Poland — the Poles Scotland — the Scots Spain — the Spaniards Sweden — the Swedes the Netherlands — the Dutch

Turkey — the Turks

If you are talking about one person, then if this nationality has a noun, then you can use it:

an American — American an Italian — Italian a Pole — Pole a Turk — Turk a Spaniard — Spanish a Briton — British

a Swede — Swede

 If there is no noun, or if you want to clarify the gender of a person, then use the ADJECTIVE + MAN / WOMAN / BOY / GIRL formula:

an English boy a Chinese woman

a French man

(can be written together: a Frenchman)
an English man (can be written together: an Englishman)

There is a term in English demonym (from the Greek demos — people and onym — name). This term is intended to describe people living in a particular area. These are the names of nationalities, ethnic groups, residents of a particular area or a particular city. All of the above adjectives and nouns derived from country names are demonyms. Demonyms are formed mainly by suffixing:

London — Londoner — resident of London Kiev — Kievan — resident of Kiev

Rome — Roman — a resident of Rome

In this article, we will not list all nationalities and other demonyms. To begin with, you just need to know the names of the nationalities of large and frequently mentioned countries. If the need arises, you can easily find lists of all nationalities without exception on the Internet. The main thing is to remember the general rules and constantly supplement your knowledge. And don’t forget to subscribe to our updates! I wish you success! 

Source: https://enginform.com/article/nationalities

The Adjective

§ 29. Adjectives denote signs, qualities or properties of objects.

In English, as in Russian, there are simple, derivatives и complex (compound) adjectives.

Simpleadjectives (Simple adjectives):

nice, green, small, right, good.

Derivativesadjectives (Derived Adjectives)adjectives with suffixes or prefixes):

dirty, childish, friendly, unknown, useful.

Complex (compound) adjectives (compound adjectives):

light-blue, red-hot, good-looking, well-known.

Among the English Complexadjectives there is a special group adjectives with the -ed suffix (complex derivativesadjectives), for example: blue-eyed (blue-eyed), long-legged (leggy), absent-minded (scattered).

§ 30. By value adjectives are divided into two groups — Qualityadjectives (Qualitative Adjectives) and the relativeadjectives (relative adjectives).

Qualitativeadjectives directly indicate the signs and qualities of objects (size, color, weight, etc.):

big, red, difficult, important, heavy.

For qualityadjectives the following properties are characteristic:

1) They have degrees of comparison (see § 34):

big — bigger — (the) biggest

2) They can be defined by adverbs of the degree very, quite, so, too, rather, fairly and others:

very big, quite red, too difficult, rather heavy, fairly interesting.

§ 31. Relativeadjectives denote the signs and qualities of objects through their relationship to other objects, for example: a wooden house (a house made of wood), an American boy (a boy from America), a grammatical exercise (an exercise on grammar), etc.

Relativeadjectives do not have degrees of comparison.

A feature of the English language is that in the meaning relativeadjectives very often there are determinants-nouns (nouns used as prepositive definitions for other nouns). Therefore, in many cases, the Russian relative adjective does not correspond in English adjective, and the determinant is a noun. Compare:

a school library — school library
a football match — football match
London streets — London streets
a pioneer camp — pioneer camp
gold watch — gold watch
winter sports — winter sports

Missing in English possessiveadjectiveslike Russians Petin, Zhenin, daddy, mother’s etc. Their role in English is played by the corresponding nouns in the possessive case.

Tomorrow is mother’s birthday. Tomorrow mother’s birthday.
This is Nick’s book. it Colin book.

§ 32. The main grammatical feature adjectives in English is their immutability in numbers, gender and cases. In this respect, they differ from adjectives in Russian, which are declined, vary in numbers and gender, and can have short and full forms.

Compare:

a gray cat — gray cat
two gray cats — two gray cats
a clever boy — smart boy; a clever girl — a clever girl, etc.

This is a good house. This is a nice home.
This house is good. This house is good.
We live in a good house. We live in a nice house.

As adjectives in English they do not incline, then there is no grammatical agreement between them and the nouns being defined, which is available in Russian.

Functions of adjectives in a sentence

§ 33. In the sentence adjectives perform the following functions:

1) definitions to a noun; adjective-definition in English, it is placed before the noun being defined:

I hope you had a good holiday.
Happy Birthday to you!

Note. Unlike the Russian language adjective-definition not used in English (except excellent degree) without the word being defined. When the noun being defined is omitted, the pronoun one is used instead.

I don’t need the red pencil; give me the black one, please.

Compare: I don’t need a red pencil, give me a black one, please.

2) predicative (the nominal part of the predicate):

Are you hungry?
I’m more thirsty than hungry.
Are you sure the shop is still open?

There is a group in English adjectives, which are used only in the function predicative… This includes adjectives: afraid, a, alive, asleep, awake, glad, ill, sorry.

I’m very glad to see you.I’m so sorry to be late.When I came home my brother was already asleep.Mike’s sisters are very much a.

He’s been ill for two days.

Degrees of Comparisons of Adjectives

§ 34. In English, as in Russian, Qualityadjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive

Source: http://artefact.lib.ru/languages/eng_ebooks_shub_adjective.shtml

Excellent Degree in English

Learning grammar and rules is not enough, it is also important to learn how to communicate in English. Practice and experience show that English for beginners’ children is a topic that causes quite lively disputes and disagreements.

Someone thinks that you should not burden children with learning In order to maintain and improve your speech, you need to communicate with a native English speaker.

Modern technologies do not stand still, Why do we need English? Today this question does not cause any hesitation! Traveling around the world, communicating with foreign citizens, progressing in Basic English Verbs is an item that cannot be ignored when studying a foreign language.

It is not for nothing that this part of speech is called the king.

In English, there are three degrees of comparison for adjectives: comparative, positive, and excellent. The key function of the latter is to demonstrate the strong characteristic of a certain object, in comparison with other nouns. For example, the largest or the smallest. It is important that in order to use a superlative degree, it is necessary that at least three objects or people are involved!

How the degrees of comparison of adjectives in English are formed

Comparative and Superlative Education in English — a topic that needs to be given due attention in the study of the subject. Self-mastering can cause some difficulties, therefore, in order to assimilate the material and learn how to apply it in practice, we strongly recommend not to be lazy and take a few individual lessons! 

First of all, we invite you to find out rule of comparison of adjectives in English… Note that all adjectives can be divided into two groups:

• High quality;
• Relative.

It is noteworthy that not all adjectives lend themselves to comparison. For example, let’s take the word «iron». We cannot say that this chair is more iron than the one that you saw in the previous store. This is lexically incorrect.

Qualitative adjectives can be presented in any form — positive, comparatively excellent.

Formation of the comparative degree of adjectives in English

The comparative degree is used when it comes to 2 or more subjects. We will tell you in detail how to form it.

1. If the adjective consists of 1-2 syllables, then they are considered short. In this case, the ending «er» must be added to the word;
2. If the adjective has an ending «y», then comparatively it simply changes to «i» + «er»;
3. If there is «e» at the end of the adjective, then just add «r»;
4. When there is a combination of a vowel and a consonant at the end of an adjective, the consonant is doubled + «er».
5. If the adjective is long (it includes more than 2 syllables), then here the comparative degree is formed using the words «more» and «less». They just need to be put before the adjective.

How to form a comparative superlative degree in English

To use superlatives, two objects are not enough. Three is the minimum.

1. We add the ending “est” to adjectives with one syllable;
2. An adjective of 3 or more syllables is used together with «most» and «least».

As you can see, this topic seems completely uncomplicated. In reality, there are a lot of nuances and pitfalls, for example — words exclusion of adjectives in English… Once again, we note the fact that if this topic is difficult to learn, then it is better to take a few lessons from a professional teacher!

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st. Victory 22 building 3, Reutov, Moscow region.

Source: https://lhcenter.ru/novosti/polezno-znat/37-prevoskhodnaya-stepen-v-anglijskom-yazyke

Suffixes in English: 40 Most Common

Hey.

Source: https://corp.lingualeo.com/ru/2016/11/16/suffiksyi-v-angliyskom-yazyike/

Formation of adjectives by adding a postfix to the verb

When we use postfixes, we enrich the semantics of the English language, making it diverse. This especially applies to the formation of adjectives. Several types of postfixes can be added to the verb stem. Some of them carry a certain meaning.

-able	The ability of the subject to perform any action matters
-ible
-ant	Indicate that an item has a given characteristic or property
-ent
-ive

It is worth noting that the verb stem does not always remain in its initial form and may change when a postfix is ​​added. So, if a verb ends in -y, then the formation of an adjective, it will change to -i. And the final letter -e, as a rule, is not readable and is simply omitted when adding a postfix.

Considering these exceptions, it is important to remember the postfixes disappear, leaving the root of the word. This also applies to the word appreciate. In this case, to form an adjective, replace -ate with-able. Look closely at the table with examples.

relay	Rely on someone	Reliable Website, Good Products. Customer Testimonial	Reliable, trustworthy
Combine	Combine, combine, combine	Combinable	Connecting, combinable, combinable
reverse	Wrap, turn	Reversible	Reversible
Convert	Convert, modify	Convertible	Changeable, convertible, reversible
resist	Resist, resist	resistant	Provide resistance, hardy
it depends	Depend	Dependent	Conditioned, subordinate, dependent
Progress	Make progress, get ahead	Progressive	Perspective, progressive, progressive
Effect	Influence	Effective	Effective, efficient, efficient
appreciate	appreciate, admit	Appreciable	Significant, tangible, substantial

Consider these adjectives in sentences

I’m sure he is a reliable man, I know him for a long time.	I am sure he is a reliable person, I have known him for a long time.
She says these colors are combinable.	She says these colors are compatible.
She is dependent on her mother’s opinion.	She is dependent on her mother’s opinion.
It is one of the most effective ways to solve the problem.	This is one of the most effective ways to solve the problem.
I worked hard, it was a really progressive month.	I worked hard, it was a really progressive month.
The climate of our planet is changing and it isn’t a reversible process.	The climate on our planet is changing and this is an irreversible process.
His help to the company is very appreciable.	His help to the company has been very significant.

Source: https://englishfun.ru/grammatika/obrazovanie-prilagatelnyh-v-anglijskom-yazyke

Just here for the exercises? Click here.

Forming English adjectives

We can create adjectives from nouns, verbs or even other adjectives by using suffixes (endings) and prefixes (letters placed before the word).

Examples:

child → childish (noun + suffix)

inform → informative (verb + suffix)

possible → impossible (prefix + adjective)

Although there are many common prefixes and suffixes, there are no fixed rules that tell us when to use which one. The best way to learn is through repetition and practice – which is why Lingolia offers plenty of online exercises to help you master English adjectives.

Making adjectives with suffixes

Many adjectives are formed by adding suffixes (endings) to nouns and verbs.

Many suffixes only fulfil a grammatical role and simply indicate that the word is now an adjective, but there are some suffixes that carry their own meaning:

• The suffix -less means without something, whereas the suffix -ful usually means to have something.

Example:

hopeful ≠ hopeless

• However, only few adjectives can be made into opposite pairs like this.

Examples:

homeless

but not: homeful

beautiful

but not: beautiless

• We can add the suffix -ish to nouns and adjectives to change their meaning to like something.

Examples:

Don’t be childish.

= like a child

The jacket is a bluish colour.

= like blue

• For some materials, we can add the suffix -en to create adjectives that mean made of.

Examples:

A wooden chair.

A woollen jumper.

• When added to a verb, the suffix -able creates adjectives that express ability.

Examples:

Is the water drinkable?

= can you drink it?

Spelling rules

Usually, we just add the suffix to the end of the verb or noun.

Examples:

drink → drinkable

success → successful

However, sometimes we must add, remove or change letters before adding a suffix.

• We double the final consonant after a short stressed vowel.

Example:

sun → sunny

• A -y at the end of a word becomes -i.

Example:

beauty → beautiful

• We remove the final -e if the suffix begins with a vowel, but —ee, —oe and —ye stay the same.

Example:

fortune → fortunate

but: agree → agreeable

Table: Adjectives from nouns

The table below shows a list of common suffixes we can add to nouns to form adjectives:

Adjective or Adverb?

As shown in the table, the suffix -ly can be used to make adjectives from nouns.

Example:

friend → friendly

But wait! I hear you ask, I thought -ly is the ending for adverbs and not adjectives?

Actually, it’s both!

• Some words ending in -ly are purely adjectives:

Examples:

That’s a lovely dress.

He’s a friendly guy.

• Some words ending in -ly are solely adverbs:

Examples:

He ran quickly.

The teacher speaks slowly.

• And some words ending in -ly are both:

Example:

A weekly meeting. (adjective)

We update the website weekly. (adverb)

The difference depends on how they are used in a sentence. Head over to our page all about adjectives vs. adverbs in English grammar to learn more!

Table: Adjectives from verbs

The table below shows some of the most common suffixes we can add to verbs to form adjectives:

*-ed or -ing?

Some adjectives formed from verbs can have two possible endings: —ed or -ing.

Examples:

confuse – confused/confusing

bore – bored/boring

The difference between -ed and -ing adjectives is as follows:

• -ed adjectives describe a person’s feelings.

Example:

Erica is bored at work.

= she feels bored

• -ing adjectives describe the effect of a noun. Adjectives ending in -ing describe the thing or person that causes a feeling.

  Example:

  Erica’s job is boring.

  = the job bores Erica

Info

Be careful! Confusing the -ed and -ing endings can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

Example:

I was terrified on Halloween.

I felt scared

I was terrifying on Halloween.

I was scary and caused everyone else to feel scared

See participles and confusing words for more information and exercises on the difference between -ed and -ing.

Country Adjectives

Adjectives that describe nationality are always written with capital letters.

• We usually form country adjectives by adding -n to the end of the word.

  Example:

  America → American

  Russia → Russian

  Australia → Australian

• But we can also use -ese, -i, -ian and -ish to build country adjectives.

  Example:

  Japan → Japanese

  Iraq → Iraqi

  Ukraine → Ukrainian

The table below provides an overview of country adjectives.

• Some countries have irregular forms.

  Example:

  Germany → German

  France → French

  Greece → Greek

  Switzerland → Swiss

  Ireland → Irish

For a detailed list of countries, languages and adjectives see: List of Countries and Nationalities

Adjectives with prefixes

Most adjectives in English have an opposite. Often, these word pairs are completely different to one another:

Examples:

big ≠ small

hot ≠ cold

tall ≠ short

However, we can also use prefixes to form opposite adjectives.

il-, im- and ir-

The prefixes il-, im- and ir- are only used before particular letters:

• il- comes before words that start with an —l

Example:

legal → illegal

• im- comes before words that start with an —m or a —p

Example:

patient → impatient

• ir- comes before words that start with an —r

Example:

responsible → irresponsible

The table below shows the most common adjectives that form their opposites with the prefixes il-, im- and ir-:

dis-, in- and un-

The most common prefixes for forming opposite adjectives are un-, dis-, and in-.

Unlike the prefixes above, there are no fixed rules as to which letters can follow the prefixes un-, dis- and in-. The table below shows some typical examples:

The words that add a description to a sentence and alter nouns are known as Adjectives.

The words that describe a name, place, person, animal, thing or that depicts the number of the noun are known as adjectives which mean added to.

Adjectives are one of the important parts of speech. It could be any single or compound word that modifies the noun.

Let’s see below how adjectives are formed?

Formation of Adjectives

Adjectives can be formed from nouns, verbs, and other adjectives.

1) Formation of Adjectives From Nouns:

We can form adjectives from nouns by adding suffixes to a noun.

The Adjectives that are formed by adding -y or -al or -ial as a suffix are given below in the table. If the noun has an ‘e’ in the ending, it is removed and -y or -al or -ial is added as a suffix to the noun to form an adjective. 

Adjectives formed by adding -lyor -ish or -ic as a suffix to nouns are given below in the table. If the noun has a ‘y’ in the ending, it is removed and the suffix is added to form an adjective.

Adjectives formed by adding -ous or -some or -able or -full as a suffix to nouns are given below in the table.

Examples of some of the adjectives formed from nouns used in the sentences:

•  It was very childish of her to behave like that in front of the audience. 

• My younger brother is the most troublesome of the lot.

2) Formation of Adjectives from Verbs:

Suffixes like ‘-y’ , ‘-able’ , ‘-ous’ , ‘-al’ , ‘-ful’ , ‘-ic’ , ‘-less’ , ‘-ing’ and ‘-ive’ can be added  to verbs to form adjectives.

Some examples of adjectives formed from verbs used in sentences:

• Switzerland is a very scenic place.

• Arvind is a very annoying person.

3) Formation of Adjectives from Other Adjectives:

An adjective is formed from another adjective by adding a suffix like ‘-ly’ , ‘-ive’ , ‘-al’ , ‘-ish’ , ‘-ier’ , ‘-est’.

Some examples of adjectives formed from another adjective are used in the sentences below:

• The sky was reddish in the evening.

• My brother is funnier than I expected him to be.

Formation of Compound Adjectives:

When two or more adjectives join together to modify the same noun they are known as compound adjectives. They are separated with a hyphen.

The two words used to form a compound adjective can be a combination of

• Number + noun

• Adjective + noun

• Noun + adjective 

• Noun + present/past participle

• Adjective + past participle

Below are a few examples of compound adjectives used in sentences:

• Arvind is going on a two-week vacation.

• They stay in a twenty-story building.

• It was a last-minute plan.

• There was a ten-minute delay in the meeting.

Spelling Guidelines

We don’t usually add or remove letters; instead, we simply put the suffix to the end of the word. There are, however, several exceptions:

In words with a short stressed vowel before the last consonant, we double the final consonant.

As an example, consider the phrase «sunny.»

A -y at the end of a word becomes a -i.

Example: abundant bountiful bountiful bountiful bountiful

When a suffix begins with a vowel, the -e at the end of the word is lost, but the -ee, -oe, and -ye remain unaffected.

As an example, consider the phrase «fortune» and «lucky.»

acceptable agreement

To nouns ending in –ll, a -l is omitted before adding the suffix –full.

Skilful is an example of skill.

An adjective (abbreviated adj) is a term in linguistics that modifies a noun or noun phrase or characterizes its referent. Its semantic role is to alter the information provided by the noun.

Adjectives have always been regarded as one of the primary components of speech in the English language, but they were formerly classified with nouns.

Certain words that were formerly categorised as adjectives, like this, my, and so on, are now classified as determiners.

Usage Patterns

Depending on the language, an adjective can either precede or follow a related noun on a prepositive or postpositive basis. The pre- or post-position of an adjective in a specific instance of its occurrence can be influenced by structural, contextual, and stylistic issues. Adjective occurrences in English can be divided into one of three categories:

1. Prepositive adjectives, also known as «attributive adjectives,» appear as an antecedent within a noun phrase. For example, «I put my happy kids in the car,» where happy appears as an antecedent inside the noun phrase «my happy kids» and so works as a prepositive adjective.

2. Postpositive adjectives can appear: (a) immediately following a noun within a noun phrase, such as «I took a short drive around with my happy kids»; (b) as a copula or other linking mechanism following a corresponding noun or pronoun, such as «My kids are happy,» where happiness is a predicate adjective (see also: Predicative expression, Subject complement); or (c) as an appositive adjective within a noun phrase, such as, «My Kids, (who are)happy to go cruising, are in the back seat.»

3. Nominalized adjectives that serve as nouns One method is to remove a noun from an adjective-noun noun phrase, leaving behind a nominalization. Happy is a nominalized adjective, short for «happy one» or «cheerful book,» in the statement «I read two books to them; he chose the sad book, while she loved the happy.» Another example is the phrase «out with the old, in with the new,» where «the old» refers to «that which is old» or «everything that is old,» and «the new» refers to «that which is new.» In such circumstances, the adjective might also serve as a mass noun (as in the preceding example). In English, it may also be used as a plural count noun to refer to a collective group, as in «The meek will inherit the Earth,» where «the meek» refers to «those who are meek» or «those who are meek.»

Distribution 

Adjectives are a component of speech (word class) in the majority of languages. In certain languages, words that perform the semantic role of adjectives are classified alongside other words, such as nouns or verbs. «Ford» is certainly a noun in the phrase «a Ford automobile,» but its function is adjectival: it modifies «car.» Adjectives can act as nouns in some languages, such as the Spanish phrase «uno rojo,» which means «a red (one).»

In terms of «confusion» with verbs, a language may have a verb that means «to be huge,» and then use an attributive verb construction comparable to «big-being house» to convey what English calls a «big home.» 

Another technique to communicate comparison is to use the terms «more» and «most.» However, there are no clear criteria for determining which meaning is accurate for any particular adjective. In general, shorter adjectives and those from Anglo-Saxon accept the suffixes, whereas longer adjectives and those from French, Latin, or Greek do not—but the sound of the word can occasionally be decisive.

Solved Questions 

1) From the following set of nouns, verbs, and adjectives forms of the words, identify the adjective:

• Achieve, achievement, achievable

• Evaporate, evaporating, evaporation

• Glorious, glory, glorify

• Enthuse, enthusiasm, enthusiastic

Answers: The adjectives from the following set of nouns are 

• Achievable

• Evaporating

• Glorious

• Enthusiastic

2) From the set of words below, identify the adjective and the noun it is made from:

• Cease

• Enumerate

• Challenging

Answer: The adjective is challenging formed from the noun challenge.

1.1. Adjectives: General Characteristic

Adjectives
belong to an Open-class system. That is this class is open to new
membership since there are productive word-building affixes.
Adjectives are semantically diversified and can be subgrouped along
different lines of semantic classification.

The
adjective (fr. two Latin words ad
– pertaining to, and
jacia
– throw)
expresses the categorial semantics of property of a substance. Each
adjective used in the text presupposes relation to some noun the
property of whose referent it denotes (material, colour, dimensions,
position, state, and other permanent and temporary characteristics).

Thus
adjectives do not possess a full nominative value. They exist only in
collocations showing for ex. what is long,
who is hospitable,
what is fragrant.

Adjectives
are a well-defined part of speech in Modern English.

If
the adjective is placed in a nominatively self-dependent position,
this leads to its substantivisation
(the
sun tinged the snow with red).

Syntactical
function of adjectives:

1. an
   attribute

2. a
   predicative.

Combinability
of adjectives:

1. with
   nouns (usu in pre-position);

2. with
   link-verbs;

3. with
   modifying adverbs.

4. when
   used as predicatives or post-positional attributes, certain
   adjectives demonstrate complementive combinability with nouns (fond
   of,
   jealous of,
   curious of).
   Such adjectival collocations render:

verbal
meanings (be
fond of – love, like; be envious of – envy; be angry with –
resent).

relations
of addressee (grateful
to, indebted to, partial to, useful for).

The
derivational features of adjectives:

The
adjectival suffixes
are non-productive (-y,
-ish, -ly)
and productive (-ful,
-less, -ish, -ous, -ive, -ic).
Some adjectives exist in two derivative forms, thus differing in
style, or in an implication (comical
– comic; poetic – poetical).

There
are adjectival prefixes proper (un-,
il-, a-)
and other prefixes belonging to a deriving stem of a corresponding
verb or noun (co-operat-ive;
super-natur-al).

Compounding
is also observed in adjectives and it is considered to be a very
productive way of word-building (white-headed,
lilly-white).

The
variable/demutative morphological features of adjectives:

The
English adjective is distinguished by the hybrid category of
comparison and have two types of paradigm – a synthetic and an
analytic ones.

1.2. Subclasses of Adjectives

The
adjectives are traditionally divided into:

1)Qualitative

Qualitative
adjectives denote various qualities of substances which admit of a
quantitative estimation. The measure of a quality can be estimated as
high or low, adequate or inadequate, sufficient or insufficient,
optimal or excessive (an
awkward situation – a very awkward situation; a difficult task –
too difficult a task; an enthusiastic reception – rather an
enthusiastic reception; a hearty welcome — not a very hearty
welcome).

2) Relative.

Relative
adjectives express the properties of a substance determined by the
direct relation of the substance to some other substance (wood
– a wooden hut; mathematics – mathematical precision; history –
a historical event; colour – coloured postcards; the Middle Ages –
mediaeval rites).

The
ability of an adjective to form degrees of comparison is usually
taken as a formal sign of its qualitative character however, in
actual speech the described principle of distinction is not at all
strictly observed.

In
order to overcome the of rigour in the definitions, an additional
linguistic division based on the evaluative function of adjectives
was introduced:

1. evaluative
   (giving some qualitative evaluation to the substance referent)

2. specificative
   (only
   pointing out the corresponding native property of the substance
   referent).

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