Active vocabulary read and learn the following words and word combinations

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and learn the following words and word combinations:

1. cavity           полость              

2. esophagus пищевод

3. swallow        глотать

4. coiled            изогнутый

5. manufacture производить

6. pancreas          поджелудочная железа

7. loop              петля

8. duodenum       двенадцатиперстная кишка

9. rectum         прямая кишка

10. remnants   остатки

               11. orifice         отверстие

               12. anus            анус

               13. alimentary canal пищеварительный тракт

               14. liver             печень

               15. storehouse склад

               16. distribute    распределять

               17. bile                 желчь

               18. gall – bladder  желчный пузырь

 

 ABDOMEN

The abdomen is a cavity containing the main organs of digestion. It is immediately below the chest but separated from it by the diaphragm.

The stomach lies just below the diaphragm and receives all the food which has passed down the oesophagus after being swallowed. Food stays in the stomach for a few hours while the

stomach enzymes begin the first stages of digestion.

After leaving the stomach, the partially digested food enters the small intestine. This is a long coiled tube about six metres long in which digestion is completed. It manufactures its own enzymes for this purpose but also receives some help from the pancreas. This gland lies in the loop of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine after the stomach. The pancreas produces some enzymes which pass into the duodenum.

When the food has been completely digested in the small intestine, the indigestible residue passes into the large intestine. This is a wider tube, nearly two meters long, leading from the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water and minerals from waste food remnants. The rectum carries this waste to the external orifice or anus where it is eliminated from the body. The whole system of tubes through which the food passes on its way from mouth to anus is called the alimentary canal.

After digestion has been completed in the intestines, the digested food, which is now in a state the body can use, passes through the walls of the intestines into capillaries where the blood carries it to the liver.

The liver lies just below the diaphragm to the right of the stomach. It is a storehouse for digested food and distributes it to those parts of the body requiring it. It also produces a digestive juice known as bile. This is stored in the gall – bladder, which lies underneath the liver. Bile passes into the duodenum at the same point as the digestive juice from the pancreas.

The next stage of digestion occurs in the stomach, which produces a mixture of acid and enzymes called gastric juice. The acid kills germs and extracts any iron from the food – for hemoglobin formation. The enzymes initiate digestion of proteins and fat.

Food is churned up in the gastric juice for up to five hours before being released into the duodenum. That is why patients must not eat for at least four hours before receiving a general anesthetic. If such precautions were not taken, the stomach might still contain food which could be vomited during anesthesia and cause blockage of the airway. It must be remembered that the protective mechanism of swallowing,

which prevents food entering the airway, may be paralyzed during general anesthesia.

КРАЕВОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

 «МИНУСИНСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ТЕХНИКУМ»

 ТЕКСТЫ
ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

для студентов медицинских специальностей

МИНУСИНСК, 2014

КРАЕВОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

 «МИНУСИНСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ТЕХНИКУМ»

 ТЕКСТЫ
ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

для студентов медицинских специальностей

МИНУСИНСК, 2014

81.2 Англ.я 723

С 23

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ
ЧТЕНИЯ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

для студентов
медицинских специальностей/Сост.: Краськова И.Р./2014.- 68с.

В
сборнике собраны и систематизированы тексты для чтения по английскомк языку
имеющие медицинскую направленность. Все тексты аутентичны, содержат
дополнительные упражнения для развития основных видов речевой деятельности:
чтения, письма, говорения.

            Сборник
предназначен для преподавателей и студентов медицинских специальностей.

5

ACTIVE VOCABULARY                                                                      

Read and learn the following
words and word combinations:

1. skeletal              скелетный

2. muscular           мышечный

3. digestive            пищеварительный

4. respiratory        дыхательный

5. urinary              мочевой

6. endocrine          эндокринный

7. reproductive     репродуктивный,
половой

8. bone                  кость

9. ligament            связка

10.cartilage           хрящ

11.join                   соединять

12.structural         структурный

13.spinal               спинной, позвоночный

14.cord                  столб

15.vessel                сосуд

16.pump
               насос

17.stream
             ток, поток

18.alimentary
      пищеварительный

19.gland
                железа

20.convey
              передавать, переносить

21. carbon
dioxide двуокись углерода

22. kidney               почка

23.urine
                  моча

24.ureter                  мочеточник

25.urinary
bladder  мочевой пузырь

26.to
be stored         сохраняться,
храниться, скапливаться

27.discharge            удалять, выводить из организма

28.hormone             гормон

6

SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

There are several main systems of the body: the skeletal, the
muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the
endocrine and the reproductive systems.

       The skeletal system consists of
the bones of the body and ligaments and cartilages, which join them. The chief
function of the skeletal system is structural.

        The muscular system consists of
the skeletal muscles and their associated structures. The main function of this
system is to move us about.

        The nervous system consists of
the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. It is a complex
information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing and
communicating information.

         The circulatory system consists
of the heart and blood vessels and the blood, which is pumped through the blood
vessels by the heart. Its function is mainly that of transportation system: the
nutrients, oxygen, special substances which are required by cells are carried
by the blood stream; and the cellular wastes and sometimes other materials
produced by the cells are carried away by the blood stream.

         The digestive system consists
of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.

         The respiratory system consists
of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures. Its
main function is to convey oxygen to the lungs, where it can enter the blood
stream and to remove carbon dioxide, which escapes from the blood into the lung
spaces.

           The urinary system consists
of the kidneys which produce urine by removing nitrogenous and other wastes
from the blood: the two ureters, which convey the urine away from the kidneys;
the urinary bladder, where the urine is stored until it is discharged; and the
urethra through which the urine is discharged.

7

The endocrine system
consists of a number of glands throughout the body, which produce regulatory
substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large
number of activities

NOTES

 1. To move us about – осуществлять наше движение

 2. For receiving, processing and
communicating information – для

      получения обработки и
передачи информации

  3. Which are required by cells – которые необходимы клеткам

  4 .by
removing nitrogenous and other wastes – путем выведения    

      азотосодержащих и
других продуктов отхода

5       
where urine is stored – где накапливается моча

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты
следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
которые их соединяют

2.     
основная функция

3.     
со всеми необходимыми средствами

4.     
несколько основных систем

5.     
переносится кровотоком

6.     
ведущих к ним воздухоносных путей

7.     
где он поступает в кровоток

8.     
выводить мочу из почек

9.     
до тех пор, пока она не выведена

10.  вырабатываются вещества – регуляторы

EXERCISE 2. Найдите в тексте предложения,
которые содержат следующие слова и словосочетания:

1.     
main systems of the body

2.     
the skeletal system

3.     
to move about

4.     
a complex information system

8

5.     
to be pumped through the blood vessels

6.     
transportation system

7.     
a number of associated glands

8.     
to convey oxigen

9.     
until it is discharged

10.  a large number of activities

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.     
What are the functions of the skeletal and muscular system?

2.     
What is carried by the blood stream?

3.     
What is the chief function of the blood?

4.     
What does the nervous system consist of?

5.     
What is the main function of the respiratory system?

6.     
What does the urinary system consist of?

7.     
How do the kidneys produce urine?

8.     
How is the urine discharged from the body?

EXERCISE 4. Составьте предложения из
разбросанных слов:

1.     
The, system, begins, digestive, mouth, the, with.

2.     
Function, to remove, major, the, of, urinary, the, system, urine,
is.

3.     
Is, the, system, of, complex, one, the, nervous, most, systems, all,
of, body, human

4.     
Lymph, are, blood, and, the, tissues, body, of, liquid, the.

5.     
Includes, muscles, the, and, musculoskeletal, system, bones, joints.

EXERCISE 5.Вставьте пропущенные слова:

1.     
Another important function of the kidney is to maintain the …
balance of water, salt and acid in the body fluids.

2.     
The brain is the … center for regulating and coordinating
body activities.

3.     
Respiration is the …  process of breathing.

9

4.     
The blood and lymphatic systems have many … .

5.     
Joints are the places where … come together.

6.     
The endocrine system is composed of … located in different
regions of the body.

EXERCISE  6.  Вставьте артикль там, где
необходимо.

1.     
… main systems of … body have groups of organs working
together to perform complex functions.

2.     
… mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines are
organs which compose … digestive system.

3.     
There are some organs within … each system.

4.     
… circulatory system is also called … cardiovascular
system.

5.     
The main function of …   respiratory system is to convey …
oxygen and to remove … carbon dioxide

EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский язык
следующие предложения:

1.     
Организм человека насчитывает несколько систем.
Это группы органов, совместно функционирующие для выполнения сложных функций
организма человека.

2.     
Пищеварительная система начинается в полости
рта.

3.     
Нервная система – это самая сложная
информационная система.

4.     
Главная функция мышечной системы – это
осуществление движения.

5.     
Суставы – это места соединения костей.

6.     
Эндокринная система состоит из желез,
расположенных в различных частях организма человека.

7.     
Скелетная система состоит из костей, а также
связок и хрящей, соединяющих их.

8.     
Сердечно – сосудистая система выполняет
транспортную функцию в организме

EXERCISE 8.  Перескажите текст, пользуясь
планом на с.65.

10

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

                 Read and learn the following words
and word combinations:

1. immunity  иммунитет
2. resistance   сопротивляемость
3. provide       обеспечивать
4. antibody     антитело
5. antitoxin     антитоксин
6. causative    причинный
7. stimulate    стимулировать
8. foreign body чужеродное тело
9. transplant    трансплантант
10. transfusion   переливание (крови)
11. incompatible
    несоответствующий,  несовместимый
12. antigen           антиген
13. involve          вовлекать
14. overcome      подавлять
15. concerned       имеющий отношение,
    связанный
16. remain          оставаться
17. acquired immunity
    приобретенный иммунитет
18. reproduce     воспроизводить
19. artificially      искусственно
20. vaccination    вакцинация
21. host                хозяин
22. thus               таким образом
23. subsequent     последующий
24. immediately  сразу же
25. exposure       проявление
26. inherit          наследовать

11

IMMUNITY  

Immunity means
resistance to disease. It is provided by certain white blood cells, which
release antibodies and antitoxins into the blood plasma. Many causative factors
can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies antitoxins; for example,
microorganisms; bacterial, plant and animals toxins; foreign bodies;
transplants; transfusion of incompatible blood cells. All such factors are
called antigens.

When infection
occurs, inflammation results, and part of this defensive reaction involves
antibodies and antitoxins. They are present in the blood and help overcome the
microorganisms concerned. Some of these antibodies and antitoxins can remain in
the blood for life and prevent any repetition of the same infection. Such
life-long protection is called acquired immunity; but unfortunately it does not
occur for every type of microorganism.

However, where
immunity is possible it can be reproduced artificially in people who have never
been infected by a particular microorganism. It may be done by giving a
non-immune person a dose of dead microorganisms. This is called vaccination.
Dead microorganisms cannot produce disease but they do stimulate the host’s body
to produce antibodies and antitoxins against the particular microorganisms
concerned. Thus any subsequent infection with these organisms is immediately
overcome by the antibodies and antitoxins already present. If there has been no
vaccination or prior exposure to disease, acquired immunity is not present.
However, all individuals inherit some degree of natural immunity and this helps
explain why some people are more resistant to disease than others.

NOTES

1.      inflammation
results – наступает воспаление

2.     
such life – long
protection – Такая защита, имеющая место на протяжении всей
жизни

3.      dead
microorganisms – ослабленные микроорганизмы

12

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1.Найдите в тексте эквиваленты
следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
Невосприимчивость к заболеванию

2.     
 Вырабатывать антитела

3.     
  Все факторы

4.     
Они присутствуют в крови

5.     
Предупреждать повторное инфицирование

6.     
Приобретенный иммунитет

7.     
искусственно

8.     
Вакцинация

9.     
Они действительно стимулируют

10.  Таким образом

11.  Наследовать

12.  Врожденный иммунитет

13.  Это помогает объяснить

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте
предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:

1.     
to be provided

2.     
Causative factors

3.     
Antigents

4.     
to involve

5.     
to help overcome

6.     
to remain for life

7.     
to occur

8.     
to be reproduced artificially

9.     
a non- immune person

10.  dead microorgamisms

11.  a subsequent infection

12.  prior exposure

13.  more resistant to disease

13

EXERCISE 3.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.      What
is immunity?

2.      What
is it provided by?

3.      What
factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies and antitoxins?

4.      What
happens when infection occurs?

5.      How
long can antibodies and antitoxins remain in the blood?

6.      Does
acquired immunity occur for every type of microorganism?

7.      Can
it be reproduced artificially?

8.      How
may it be done?

9.      What
do dead microorganisms stimulate?

10.  Is acquired immunity
always present?

11.  What is natural
immunity?

EXERCISE 4. Поставьте артикли, где это необходимо:

   Where immunity
to … particular disease is not present, it can be provided by …
vaccination to prevent that disease; but it can also be introduced by injecting
… antibodies or antitoxins to treat or temporarily prevent … disease
concerned. Such protection is called passive immunity and is commonly used
against tetanus. During pregnancy … mother passes on her own antibodies
and antitoxins to her unborn baby and this provides … passive immunity
for … first few months after birth.

EXERCISE 5.  Поставьте предлоги, где это
необходимо:          

Some people have a
defective immune system and are accordingly much more susceptible …
infection. Such individuals are said to be immune – compromised and one …
the most important examples is the destruction … the body’s defense
mechanism by the AIDS virus, resulting … death from an inability to
resist infection.

Other immune –
compromised patients may be those suffering … leukemia, kidney failure
and diabetes; and those taking drugs which suppress immunity; for example,
cytotoxics, used … the treatment of cancer, and drugs used to prevent
rejection … transplants.                 

14

EXERCISE 6. Составьте предложения, используя
следующие слова:

1.      Is,
immunity, by, provided, cells, white.

2.      Can,
many, factors, white, stimulate, to produce, cells, antibodies, antitoxins,
and.

3.      Antibodies,
antitoxins, and, some, remain, of, for, can, in, remain, the, for, blood, life.

4.      Inherit,
natural, individuals, all, degree, immunity, some, of.

EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский язык:

1.     
Иммунитет – это невосприимчивость к
заболеванию.

2.     
В теле человека лейкоциты выполняют функцию
пожирателей болезнетворных бактерий.

3.     
Воспаление – это защитная реакция организма в
борьбе с болезнью.

4.     
Существуют два вида иммунитета: врожденный и
приобретенный.

5.     
И.И.Мечников первым открыл явление иммунитета и
назвал свою теорию фагоцитарной теорией иммунитета.

6.     
Английский врач Эдвард Дженнер открыл способ
искусственно создавать иммунитет к опасной болезни – натуральной оспе.

7.     
Ослабленные микроорганизмы не могут вызвать
заболевание,    но они стимулируют выработку организмом антител и  
антитоксинов против микроорганизмов, вызывающих данное заболевание.

EXERCISE 8. Составьте 10  вопросов к  тексту
“Immunity”.

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 9  Приготовьте пересказ текста “Immunity”.

15

TEXT B

If an infection is
too virulent, or the body resistance too weak, the white cells are unable to contain
the infection and it can spread throughout the body. Before the discovery of
antibiotics, such spread was usually fatal. If the balance between infection
and body resistance us equal, a condition of stalemate may supervene, often
leading to a persistent state of chronic infection.

During the battle
between invading bacteria and white cells in the inflamed area, many casualties
occur. These dead white cells and bacteria form the creamy liquid known as pus.
A localized collection of pus is called an abscess. Abscess of the skin are
called boils. Sometimes pus formation spreads diffusely instead of forming an
abscess. This is called cellulites.

In the absence of
infection, pus formation does not occur and any damage done by the causal
irritant is repaired.

Following
inflammation the damage is repaired by white cells which rebuild the area by
filling the breach with a temporary repair tissue called granulation tissue.
This consists of rapidly growing white cells and new capillaries which form
fibrous scaffolding in which damaged parts are removed and reconstruction take
place. But repair cannot take place in the presence of pus.

16

ACTIVE
VOCABULARY

Read and
learn the following words

1.     
contain                    содержать

2.     
plasma                     плазма

3.     
microscopical         микроскопический

4.     
element                    элемент

5.     
erythrocyte              эритроцит

6.     
leucocyte                 лейкоцит

7.     
thrombocyte            тромбоцит

8.     
bone marrow         костный мозг

9.     
transport                   транспортировать, переносить

10. 
convert                  преобразовывать,превращать

11. 
carry             переносить

12. 
arrive            прибывать

13. 
expel             вытеснять,
выводить

14. 
catabolism    катаболизм

15. 
hemoglobin (haemoglobin)  гемоглобин

16. 
agranulocyte   агранулоцит

17. 
cytoplasm        цитоплазма

18. 
granulocyte      гранулоцит

19. 
eosinophil        эозинофил

20. 
basophil          базофил

21. 
neutrophil      нейтрофил

22. 
node               узел

23. 
spleen              селезенка

24. 
lymphocyte     лимфоцит

25. 
monocyte           моноцит

26. 
platelet               тромбоцит

27. 
tiny                    крошечный

28. 
blood clotting    свертываемость крови

29. 
occur                   происходить,
случаться

30. 
remain                оставаться

31. 
coagulation        коагуляция

32. 
complete            заканчивать

17

BLOOD

Blood contains a fluid called
plasma plus microscopical cellular elements: erythrocytes, leucocytes, and
thrombocytes.

Erythrocytes are red blood
cells of which 4.5 – 5 million are found in each cubic millimeter. These cells
are made in the bone marrow and are important in transporting oxygen from the
lungs through the blood stream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is
then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism).
Hemoglobin, containing iron, is an important protein in erythrocytes, which
helps in carrying the oxygen as it travels through the blood stream.
Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of
catabolism of food in cells, from the body cells to the lungs. On arriving
there it is expelled in the process of breathing.

Leucocytes are white blood
cells from 4.000 to 10.000 per cubic millimeter exiting in several types:
granulocytes and agranulocytes, which are also subdivided into different types.

Granulocytes are cells with
granules in their cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow. There are three types of
granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils.

Agranulocytes are produced in
lymph nodes and spleen. There are two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes and
monocytes.

Thrombocytes or platelets are
tiny cells formed in the bone marrow. They are necessary for blood clotting.
Their number is 400.000 per cubic millimeter. The plasma is the fluid portion
before clotting has occurred. The serum is the fluid portion of blood remaining
after the coagulation process is completed.

 The body contains about five
liters of blood kept at a constant temperature of 37*C. Blood consists of three
different types of cell floating in a liquid called plasma. The blood cells are
known as red cells, white cells and platelets. Red cells and platelets are
unique among body cells in having no nucleus. Blood cells are so small that one
cubic

18

millimeter of blood (the size of a pin head) contains
about five million red cells, 7.000 white cells and 250.000 platelets.

 The red blood cells contain a
pigment called hemoglobin, which gives the blood its red color. The main
function of red cells is to carry oxygen to the body cells.

For its journey from the lungs
to the body cells, oxygen combines with hemoglobin of the red cells. It is then
released from the hemoglobin when the body cells are reached. Some people do
not have enough hemoglobin in their red cells and are consequently short of
oxygen. This condition is called anemia and such people tire easily, become
breathless on exertion and have a pale complexion. They need special care
during general anesthesia.

The white blood cells defend
the body against disease. They do this by attacking germs and repairing damage.

The function of platelets is to
stop bleeding. They do this in two ways: by blocking the cut blood vessels; and
by producing substances, which help the blood to clot.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
микроскопические клеточные элементы

2.     
в каждом кубическом миллиметре

3.     
через кровоток

4.     
по всему организму

5.     
процесс превращения пищи в энергию

6.     
выводить

7.     
продукт отхода

8.     
выталкивать, выбрасывать

9.     
несколько видов

10.  лимфатические узлы

11.  крошечные клетки

12.  свертываемость крови

13.  завершаться

19

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и
словосочетаниями из текста:

1.      to
call

2.      to
be found

3.      bone
marrow

4.      to
be used

5.      to
convert

6.      iron

7.      to
be expelled

8.      spleen

9.      a
fluid portion

10.  coagulation process

EXERCISE 3 Переведите следующие словосочетания:

1.      the
habit of smocking

2.      the
way of producing it

3.      the
hope of seeing you

4.      the
chance of getting the prize

5.      the
method of transporting

6.      the
necessity of knowing

7.      the
importance of carrying away waste products

8.      the
time of arriving

9.      the
fact of existing

EXERCISE4. Составьте предложения, используя следующие модели, переведите на
русский язык:

MODEL: You can learn English.(to work
hard)

                  You can learn English by working
hard.

1. You can improve your health (to walk in the
evening, to have a proper diet, to follow your doctor’s advice).

20

2. You will help me (to take part in the
conference, to deliver a lecture on Monday, to organize a seminar).

3. You can keep up your English (to read books
in the original, to learn grammar, to work with a tape- recorder).

EXERCISE 5.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.      What
does blood contain?

2.      How
many erythrocytes can be found in each cubic millimeter/

3.      Where
are these cells made?

4.      What
is their function?

5.      What
role does hemoglobin play?

6.      What
are the types of leucocytes?

7.      7.Where
are agranulocytes produced?

8.      8.What
types of granulocytes do you know?

9.      9.What
organ forms thrombocytes?

10.  How many platelets are
there in one cubic millimeter?

11.  11.What is the
difference between the plasma and serum?

EXERCISE 6. Вставьте артикли, где это необходимо:

1. Blood contains … fluid called plasma and cellular
elements.

2. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are important in … gas
exchange taking place in … lungs.

3. Leucocytes (white blood cells) are subdivided into …
different types.

4. Granulocytes are
formed in … bone marrow.

5. Agranulocytes are
produced in … lymph nodes and … spleen.

6. Platelets are … tiny cells formed in the bone remaining
after … coagulation process is the serum.

EXERCISE7. Вставьте
предлоги или наречия:

1.      Thrombocytes
are necessary … blood clotting.

2.      The
plasma is the fluid portion … clotting has occurred.

3.      There
are two types … agranulocytes.

4.     
21

5.      Granulocytes
are cells … granules in their cytoplasm.

6.      The
number of leucocytes is … 4.000 … 10.000 per cubic millimeter.

7.      The
oxygen is used … body cells in the process …converting food … energy.

8.      Carbon
dioxide is expelled … the process … breathing.

9.      Erythrocytes
transport oxygen … the lungs … the blood stream … the cells of the body.

10.  They also carry … a
waste product … catabolism.

EXERCISE8. Закончите предложение,  используя окончание ing. Слова из правой колонки вам
помогут:

1.      Do
you mind my…                    to ask you

2.      I
insist on …                              to do it now, not tomorrow

3.      The
lecturer began …                to speak on gas exchange in the lungs

4.      It’s
no use …                             to try it again

5.      He
stopped …                           to do laboratory experiments on blood

6.      Most
of us dislike the idea of …    to be examined

7.      We
had no difficulty in …              to learn the blood formula

8.      Please
go on …                               to speak on the topic

9.      I
can not help …                              to visit my sister, who is ill

10.  The students made much
progress  to learn this material in                Physiology by…

EXERCISE 9.  Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Blood”.

EXERCISE 10. Приготовьте пересказ текста  “Blood”.

22

ACTIVE
VOCABULARY

Read learn
the following words and word combinations:

1.      mean
            означать

2.      invasion        
инвазия, вторжение

3.      saliva
             слюна

4.      contaminated
зараженный

5.      skin
cuts        порезы

6.      abrasion
      абразия

7.      staff 
             персонал

8.      defence
        оборона

9.      intact 
           неповрежденный

10.  surface          поверхность

11.  liquid             жидкость

12.  produce         производить

13.  poison            яд

14.  kill                 убивать

15.  tears              слезы

16.  sweat             пот

17.  similar          
 подобный, схожий  

INFECTION

 Infection means invasion of
the body by microorganisms, which are harmful. The most common sources of
infection in medical practice are direct contact with a patient’s blood and
saliva, consequently instruments and equipment used in the treatment become contaminated.
If no action were taken infection may enter the body through skin cuts or
abrasions or the eyes, it may also be swallowed. Infection from the
contamination would be passed on from patient to patient, from patient to staff
and from staff to patient. This involvement is called cross – infection.

 Even ancient people taught
that body’s first of defense against infection was an intact surface, e.g. the
outer layer of skin and the protective outer layer of

23

mucous membrane. If infection had passed it the second
line of defense started its action. It was the liquid secretion produced by the
protective surfaces. The mucous membrane and the salivary glands had produced
saliva, which neutralized some bacterial poisons and could kill some
microorganisms. Tears and sweat had a similar effect. The acidity of gastric
juice killed many bacteria in food. The third line of defense is discovered
now. It is immunity.

And we also know that if these
defense mechanisms fail to prevent infection, the last line of defense is a
response by the body called inflammation.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты
следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
Означать

2.     
Кровь и слюна пациента

3.     
Через порезы на коже

4.     
Глотать

5.     
Наружный слой слизистой оболочки

6.     
Продуцируемая защитной поверхностью

7.     
Яды, вырабатываемые бактериями

8.     
Желудочный сок

9.     
Пища

10.  Ответная реакция

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из текста  со следующими словами и
словосочетаниями:

1.      Direct

2.      Abrasion

3.      To
teach

4.      To
start

5.      To
produce

6.      To
kill

7.      To
discover

8.      Mechanism

9.      Effect

24

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.      What
are the most common sources of infection?

2.      How
may infection enter the body?

3.      What
did ancient people teach?

4.      When
does the second line of defense start its action?

5.      What
is it produced by?

6.      What
can saliva do?

7.      What
effect do tears and sweat have?

8.      When
was the third line discovered?

9.      What
is the last line of defense?

EXERCISE4. Измените предложения в прошедшее совершенное время:

                MODEL: They have finished the
work (by 5 o’clock                 yesterday).

                                 They had finished
the work by 5 o’clock yesterday.

1.      My
friend has prepared the report (by last Monday).

2.      The
students have done the exercises (by the end of the lesson).

3.      Mother
has cooked supper (by the time I came home).

4.      We
have not seen our teacher (before the bell rang).

5.      Have
you done the work (before I called you up)?

6.      He
has translated the article (by this time yesterday).

7.      She
has not bought a present for him (when we came to her place).

EXERCISE 5. Составьте 12 вопросов к тексту “Infection”.

EXERCISE 6. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Infection”.

25

TEXT B

In order to prevent cross –
infection it is essential to kill all the microorganisms on infected instruments.
This process is known as sterilization and means the killing of all
microorganisms: bacteria, spores, fungi, and viruses. It is carried out
immediately after completion of treatment so that all instruments are sterile
again before use on the next patient.

  Countless number of
microorganisms lives on the skin and in the mouth, nose and throat. Normally
they do no harm to their host as they living on an external surface and not
among delicate internal cells. However, they may become harmful if they are
introduced inside the body tissues, or are transferred from one person to
another. This can occur when the tissues penetrated by contaminated forceps
blade, scalper or syringe needle, and may give rise to harmful reaction. After
each patient has left the surgery, it is the nurse`s duty to see that all
instruments are properly sterilized before being used again for another
patient.

As already mentioned,
sterilization means killing not only bacteria and fungi, but all other
microorganisms, including viruses and bacterial spores. Any method which kills
bacteria and fungi but allows some spores or viruses to survive cannot be
sterilization. The term used for this restricted range of action is
disinfection.

 

 

 

 

 

26

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and learn
the following words:

1.     
crown                коронка

2.      neck
                  шейка

3.      root  
                 корень

4.      visible              
 видимый

5.      hidden
              спрятанный

6.      junction            
место соединения

7.      to
be called        называться

8.      cover
                 покрывать

9.      hard
                 твердый

10.  sensitive           
чувствительный

11.  unlike
               в отличие от

12.  purely               
чисто

13.  insert                
вставлять

14.  alveolar            альвеолярный

15. gum                  десна

STRUCTURE OF TEETH

Every tooth consists of a
crown, a neck and one or more roots. The crown is the part visible in the mouth
and the root is the part hidden inside the jaw. The junction of crown and root
is called the neck and end of the root is called the apex. Every tooth is
composed of enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp.

Enamel is the outer
covering of the crown and is the hardest substance in the body.

Cementum is the outer
covering of the root and is similar in structure to bone. Cementum meets enamel
at the neck of the tooth.

27

Dentine occupies the
interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain.

Pulp. Unlike enamel,
dentine and cementum, the pulp is purely soft tissue. It contains blood vessels
and nerves, and occupies the centre of the dentine.

Supporting Structures.
Every tooth is insert into the jaw by its root. The part of the jaw containing
the teeth is known as the alveolar process and is covered with a soft tissue
called gum. The jaw bones consist of a dense outer layer known as compact
bone and a softer interior called spongy bone.

A tooth is attached to its
socket in the jaw by a soft fibrous tissue called the periodontal membrane.

NOTES

1.      Alveolar
process – альвеолярный отросток

2.      Compact
bone – компактное вещество

3.      Spongy
bone – губчатое вещество

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
Состоять из

2.     
Быть скрытым

3.     
Называться

4.     
Быть нечувствительным к боли

5.     
Содержит кровеносные сосуды и нервные окончания

6.     
Быть покрытым чем – либо

7.     
Наружный слой

8.     
Мягкая фиброзная ткань

28

EXERCISE 2 Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и
словосочетаниями:

1.      Visible

2.      The
function

3.      To
be composed of

4.      The
hardest substance in the body

5.      Very
sensitive to pain

6.      Soft
tissue

7.      Alveolar
process

8.      To
be attached

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.      What
does a tooth consist of?

2.      How
is the junction of crown and root called?

3.      What
is every tooth composed of?

4.      What
do you know about enamel?

5.      Where
does cementum meet enamel?

6.      What
is cementum?

7.      Is
dentine sensitive to pain?

8.      What
does pulp contain?

9.      What
supporting structures can you name?

EXERCISE 4 Вставьте артикли, где это необходимо:

1.      …
tooth consists of a crown and one or more roots. … crown is …visible part, …
root is … hidden part.

2.      …
tooth is composed of enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp.

3.      Enamel
is … hardest substance in the body.

4.      Cementum
is … outer covering of …root.

5.      Dentine
occupies … interior of the crown and root.

6.      …
vessels and … nerves of the pulp enter … root apex through the apical foramen.

7.      …
space occupied by the pulp is called … pulp chamber.

8.     
29

9.      Every
tooth is inserted into … jaw by its roots.

10.  … part of the jaw
containing the teeth is known as the alveolar process.

11.  It is covered with …
soft tissue called gum.

12.  … tooth is attached to
its socket in the jaw by … soft tissue called the periodontal membrane.

EXERCISE 5. Вставьте предлоги или наречия:

1.      Every
tooth consists…a crown and one or more roots.

2.      It
is insensitive … pain.

3.      Any
damage caused … decay or injury is permanent.

4.      Cementum
is similar … structure to bone.

5.      Dentine
occupies the interior … the crown and root.

6.      Vessels
and nerves of the pulp pass … the root canal … the crown dentine.

7.      A
tooth is inserted … the jaw … its root.

8.      Any
tooth is attached … its socket … the jaw … a soft fibrous tissue called the
periodontal membrane.

EXERCISE 6. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам в ответах:

1.      The
root is the part hidden inside the jaw.

2.      The
microscope shows that it consists of long solid rods.

3.      Cementum
is similar in structure to bone.

4.      Cementum
meets enamel at the neck of the tooth.

5.      Dentine
is very sensitive to pain.

6.      The
pulp is purely soft tissue.

7.      The
alveolar process is covered with gum.

8.      Periodontal
membrane acts as a shock absorber.

EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский следующие предложения:

1.     
Коронка, шейка и корни составляют зуб.

30

2.     
Место перехода коронки в корень называется
шейкой.

3.     
Эмаль – самая твердая часть человеческого тела.

4.     
Цемент соединяется с эмалью у шейки зуба.

5.     
Дентин очень чувствителен к боли.

6.     
В отличие от других структур зуба, пульпа – это
рыхлая ткань.

7.     
Зуб удерживается в десне корнем и периодонтом.

8.     
Альвеолярный отросток  покрыт мягкой тканью,
называемой десна.

9.     
Периодонтальная мембрана действует как
амортизатор.

EXERCISE 8. Задайте 10 вопросов к тексту « Structure of teeth».

EXERCISE9. Приготовьте пересказ текста « Structure of teeth».

31

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and
learn the following words:

1.      pathology     
 патология

2.      change          
 изменение

3.      shallow          
неглубокий

4.      breach
           нарушение

5.      mucous
          слизистый

6.      membrane    
мембрана, оболочка

7.      ulcer              
язва

8.      raw
                ссадина

9.      bleeding         
кровоточащий

10.  cyst                
киста

11.  sac                 
мешочек

12.  localized        
локализованный

13.  tumor           опухоль

14.  growth            рост

15.  destruction     разрушение

16.  adjacent          прилегающий

17.  spread             распространяться

18.  severe              сильный, тяжелый (о болезни)

19.  fatal                 фатальный

20.  cancer             
рак

21.  congenital       
врожденный

22.  cleft palate      
волчья пасть

23.  X – ray            
рентген

24.  determine        
определять

25.  confirmation    подтверждение

26.  removal             удаление

       27.  minor               малый

       28. biopsy               биопсия

29. specimen           образец

       30. swab                  мазок

       31. smear                мазок

32

PATHOLOGY

            Pathology is the study of
disease. It covers the changes in normal anatomy and physiology brought about
by disease and the body’s reaction to it.

Any shallow breach of the skin
or mucous membrane is called an ulcer. The raw base of an ulcer often has a
painful bleeding surface. A cyst is an abnormal sac of fluid. Cysts are usually
small and localized and can occur in soft tissues or bone anywhere in the body.

A tumor is a swelling caused by
an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of body cells. It serves no useful purpose
and may cause displacement or destruction of adjacent structures. Some types of
tumor can spread throughout the body causing severe, and often fatal,
destructive effects. This condition is commonly known as cancer.

Congenital defects are defects,
which are present at birth, such as heart and valvular defects, cleft palate or
other deformities.

The cause or nature of an ulcer
or tumor cannot always be determined by physical or X – ray examination.
Confirmation of the diagnosis often necessitates surgical removal of some
diseased tissue for examination under a microscope. This minor operation is
called a biopsy. The biopsy specimen is sent to a hospital pathology
department.

The diagnosis of infections
often requires bacteriological examination of a swab or smear from an infected
surface. Other types of disease are commonly diagnosed by blood and urine
tests.

NOTES

1.      brought
about – вызванные

2.     
It serves no useful purpose – Она (опухоль) не несет ничего хорошего.

3.      commonly
known – широко известно.

4.     
often necessitates – часто несет
за собой.

33

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
Изучение заболевания   

2.     
Реакция организма

3.     
Слизистая оболочка

4.     
Болезненная кровоточащая поверхность

5.     
Локализованный

6.     
Неконтролируемый рост клеток

7.     
Близлежащие структуры

8.     
Значительные и часто фатальные разрешающие
воздействия

9.     
Врожденные отклонения

10.  При рождении

11.  Рентгенологическое исследование

12.  Хирургическое удаление

13.  Под микроскопом

14.  Анализы крови и мочи.

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте следующие предложения из текста:

1.      Pathology

2.      To
cover the changes

3.      Shallow
breach of the skin

4.      The
raw base

5.      An
abdominal sac of fluid

6.      To
occur

7.      A
swelling

8.      Displacement
and destruction

9.      Throughout
the body

10.  Cancer

11.  Deformity

12.  The cause of an ulcer

34

13.  Diseased tissue

14.  Minor operation

15.  The biopsy specimen

16.  To be diagnosed

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.      What
is pathology?

2.      What
does it cover?

3.       Is
any shallow breach of the skin of mucous membrane called an ulcer or a cyst?

4.      What
is a cyst?

5.      When
can cyst occur?

6.      What
is a tumor?

7.      What
may it cause?

8.      What
condition is called cancer?

9.      When
are congenital defects already present?

10.  Can the cause of an ulcer
or tumor be determined by only physical examination?

11.  What is called a biopsy?

12.  How are other types of
disease commonly diagnosed?

EXERCISE 4. Закончите предложения:

1.      Pathology
covers … .

2.      An
ulcer is … .

3.      Cysts
can occur … .

4.      A
tumor is … .

5.      A
cancer is a condition when … .

6.      Congenital
defects can be … .

7.      The
diagnosis of infections often requires … .

35

EXERCISE 5 .Составьте предложения из разбросанных слов:  

1.      Base,
the, an, of, raw, ulcer, surface, other, bleeding, a, has, painful.

2.      Cause,
may, tumor, structures, displacement, adjacent, or, of, destruction, a.

3.      Pathology,
the, specimen, department, biopsy, is to, a, sent, hospital.

4.      Many,
disease, types, are, of, commonly, by, diagnosed, blood, urine, and, tests.

EXERCISE 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.     
Патология рассматривает отклонения,
проявляющиеся в нормальной физиологии и анатомии.

2.     
Язва часто имеет болезненную кровоточащую
поверхность .

3.     
Кисты обычно небольшие по размеру.

4.     
Опухоль может вызвать смещение или разрушение
прилегающих к ней структур.

5.     
Врожденные дефекты часто видны уже при рождении
ребенка.

6.     
Для определения вида опухоли, как правило,
используется биопсия.

7.     
При постановке диагноза чаще всего необходимы
анализы крови и мочи

EXERCISE 7. Диалог. Составьте по 5 вопросительных
предложений по тексту “Pathology”.

EXERCISE  8. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Pathology”.

TEXT B

Sometimes a normal immune
response does not occur. Instead, a violent reaction called allergy is
produced. This can cause sudden death but usually involves

36

consequences of varying degrees of seriousness, ranging
from skin rashes or mouth ulcers to partial obstruction of the airway.
Sensitivity to certain types of pollen, food, stings, latex products and drugs
can produce an allergic reaction.

A much more serious type of
allergy which could be happen in practice is that affecting patients sensitive
to penicillin and its derivatives. If one these drugs were given to such
patients, the above – mentioned reactions could occur – the worst effect of all
being the rapid onset of a severe state of collapse which may be fatal. This is
called anaphylactic shock. The patients most at risk of allergic responses are
those with a history of asthma, eczema and hay fever.

37

ACTIVE
VOCABULARY

Read and
learn the following words:

1.      drug
                 лекарство, наркотик

2.      exclusively        исключительно

3.      prescribe           предписывать

4.      volume               объем

5.      reference
book  справочник

6.      available             доступный

7.     
precaution          осторожность,
противопоказание

8.      data
sheet           вкладыш – инструкция

9.     
administer         назначать,
применять, давать (лекарство)

10.  externally         
наружно

11.  anesthetic        анестетик

12.  abolish              
снимать, устранять

13.  kill                      убивать

14.  derive                 происходить от

15.  derivatives         производные

16.  liable                   подверженный, склонный

        17. beforehand         заранее

        18.
order                  заказывать

DRUGS

The metric system is used
exclusively when ordering and prescribing drugs. The metric unit of weight is
the gram (g) and this is divided into thousandths called milligrams (mg).

The unit of volume is the liter
(l) which is subdivided into thousandths called milliliters (ml).
A liter is equivalent to just under two pints. The standard medicine teaspoon
holds 5 ml.

38

Various reference books are
available to help practitioners keep up to date with new drugs, the trade names
of drugs, dosages and precautions with particular drugs. Manufacturers are also
legally required to provide data sheets for all new drugs, giving full details
of usage.

Drugs may be administered
externally or internally.

Drugs are classified into
groups which have a specific action, such as antibacterial drugs, which are
used for the treatment of infections, or local anesthetics, which abolish pain.
Some drugs belong to more than one group. For example, lignocaine, which is
local and surface anesthetic. Let’s take antibacterial drugs as an example.

They are administered
internally to kill bacteria.

Antibiotics are drugs
originally derived from microorganisms: for example, penicillin, tetracycline,
and erythromycin.  Many people are allergic to penicillin and its derivatives.
If such people are given any of these drugs they are liable to develop a
dangerous reaction. Patients must always be asked beforehand if they are
allergic to penicillin or any other drugs.

There are strict legal
requirements for the purchase, storage, use, identification, dispensing and prescription
of drugs.

Many drugs are poisonous if
taken accidentally or in excess; others caustic and may cause painful burns.
Some common sense precautions in storing drugs are to keep them well away from
food and drinks; keep poisons locked up in a special poisons cabinet; and to
keep caustics on the lowest shelf where accidental spillage cannot affect the
eyes or burn the face.

Stocks of drugs must be stored
in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions and not kept beyond their expiry
date. Records of their purchase, supply and expiry date must be kept for at
least 11 years. Any drugs which have passed their expiry date should be
discarded, together with any solutions which have become discolored or cloudy.

Certain drugs, such as
adrenaline, halothane and hydrogen peroxide must be stored in dark bottles to
prevent premature

39

deterioration, while poisons bottles are ribbed to
indicate by touch that their contents are dangerous.

NOTES

1.     
just under two pints – приблизительно двум пинтам

2.     
various  reference books are available – существуют самые различные справочники

3.      keep
up to date with new drugs – осваивать новые препараты

4.     
trade names – торговые знаки
(зарегистрированные фирменные названия, например, лекарств)

5.     
to provide data sheets – обеспечить вкладышем – инструкцией

6.     
which abolish pain – которые
действуют обезболивающе

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1.Найдите в тексте следующие эквиваленты
слов и словосочетания:

1.     
метрическая система

2.     
деленные на тысячные доли

3.     
стандартная чайная ложка содержит 5 мл

4.     
торговый знак

5.     
в соответствии с законом

6.     
представляя детальное предписание по
употреблению

7.     
внутреннее или наружное применение

8.     
классифицироваться по группам

9.     
местное обезболивающее

10.  получаемые из микроорганизмов

11.  быть аллергенным

12.  опросить заранее

40

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и
словосочетаниями:

1.      exclusively

2.      unit
of weight

3.      to
be subdivided into

4.      to
hold

5.      particular
drugs

6.      to
be required

7.      to
be administered

8.      a
specific action

9.      to
belong to

10.  derived from

11.  a dangerous reaction

12.  to be allergic to

13.   

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What system is used when ordering and prescribing
drugs?

2. What is the metric unit of weight?

3. What units of volume do you know?

4. Why are reference books useful to practitioners?

5. Who are legally required to provide full details of new
drugs usage?

6. How are drugs administered?

7. What groups are drugs classified into?

8. Do drugs belong only to one group?

9. What is the aim of administering antibacterial drugs?

10.What are antibiotics originally derived from?

11. What reaction can develop if the people are allergic
to some drugs?

EXERCISE 4. Вставить артикль, где это необходимо:

When drugs are administered to
some patients … severe adverse reaction, such as collapse, may occur. This may
be caused by … allergy

41

to … drug administered, e.g. penicillin, or interaction
with another drug which … patient is already taking for medical reasons.

To prevent these undesirable
effects … careful study of a case history must always be made before any drugs
are used. If it is found that … drug allergy exists, or … patient is taking
drugs prescribed by … doctor, or taking nonprescription drugs for self –
medication this information must be recorded on … patient’s chart, regularly up
– dated and … appropriate precautions taken.

EXERCISE 5. Вставьте предлоги там, где это необходимо:

Analgesics are drugs administered internally or externally
… the relief of pain. Most pain is caused … inflammation and the most effective
drugs … relief of pain are accordingly those that combine analgesic and anti –
inflammatory effects. However, the anti – inflammatory drugs mentioned above
are all corticosteroids, and these cannot be taken internally … the treatment.
Nonsteroidal anti – inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used instead and those that
have analgesic properties may be taken internally … pain.

EXERCISE 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

1.         
Для взвешивания лекарственных средств
применяется исключительно метрическая система мер.

2.         
Различные справочники помогают врачу
ориентироваться в многочисленных новых препаратах, которые поступают на рынок
лекарственных средств.

3.         
Производители препаратов должны обязательно
указывать срок годности (expiry date) лекарства.

4.         
Существуют различные пути классификации
лекарственных препаратов.

5.         
Ряд лекарств можно отнести к нескольким группам
одновременно.

6.         
Многие люди аллергенны к антибиотикам.

42

7.         
 Пациента обязательно нужно спросить об
аллергической реакции на препарат данной группы.

EXERCISE 7. Работа в парах. Составьте 10 вопросов по тексту “Drugs”.

EXERCISE  8. Приготовьте пересказ текста  “Drugs”.

ACTIVE
VOCABULARY

Read and learn
the following words:

1.      pump           
насос

2.      circulate      
циркулировать

3.      tube             
труба

4.      carry           
переносить

5.      artery
          артерия

6.      vein              
вена

7.      adult    
        взрослый

8.      pulse            
пульс

9.      skin              
кожа

10.  occur            
происходить

11.  wrist             
запястье

12.  chest              грудная клетка

13.  breast            грудь

14.  chamber        камера

15.  valve              клапан

16.  atrium           предсердие

17.  ventricle       желудочек

18.  death             смерть

19.  apply            
применять

20.  pressure        давление

21.  squeeze          сжимать

22.  spine             
позвоночник

23.  relax              расслабиться

43

HEART

The heart is
simply a pump, which circulates blood throughout the body. Tubes called blood
vessels carry it from the heart to all parts of the body and back again. This
round trip is known as the circulation. Vessels carrying blood away from the
heart are known as arteries and those returning blood to the heart are known
are known as veins.

 The heart pumps blood round the
body about 70 times a minute in adults. The heartbeats can be felt as the pulse
where certain arteries lie just beneath the skin, and the most well – known
place where this occurs is at the wrist.

  The heart lies in the chest
immediately behind the breast bone. It consists of two chambers, left and
right, separated from each other by a wall. Each chamber is further divided
into upper and lower compartments, which communicate with each by valves. Each
upper compartment is called an atrium and each lower a ventricle. Note that
there is no communication at all between the left and right sides of the heart.

    Heart failure, or cardiac
arrest, means that the heart has stopped beating. This of course, means that no
blood is being pumped round the body and death occurs in a few minutes. But as
the heart is just a simple pump, it can be made to beat artificially by
rhythmically applying pressure to the chest. This squeezes the heart between
the breast bone and forces blood out the heart into the circulation. When
pressure on the chest has been relaxed, blood returns to the heart again.

NOTES

1.     
can be felt as the pulse – можно определить по пульсу.

44

2.     
immediately behind the breast bone – непосредственно за грудиной.

3.     
is further divided – далее подразделяется

4.     
communicate with each other – сообщаются друг с
другом.

5.     
heart failure – паралич, остановка
сердца; сердечная недостаточность.

6.     
as the heart is just a simple pump – поскольку
сердце всего лишь простой насос.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте следующие эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
Просто насос

2.     
Кровеносные сосуды

3.     
Круговое движение

4.     
Известны как

5.     
У взрослых

6.     
Располагаться непосредственно под кожей

7.     
Где это происходит

8.     
Состоит из двух камер

9.     
Каждый верхний отдел

10.  Вообще нет сообщения

11.  Его можно заставить биться искусственно

12.  Выталкивать кровь из сердца.

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и
словосочетаниями:

1.     
Throughout the body

2.     
Blood vessels

3.     
About 70 times a minute

4.     
Immediately behind the breast bone

5.     
Separated from each other

6.     
Upper and lower compartments

7.     
Communication

8.     
Cardiac arrest

45

9.     
Round the body

10.  To
beat artificially

11.  Pressure
on the chest

EXERCISE 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную форму.

1.     
The heart circulates blood throughout the body.

2.     
The heartbeats can be felt as the pulse.

3.     
Each chamber is divided into upper and lower compartments.

4.     
The heart has stopped beating.

5.     
Death occurs in a few minutes.

6.     
Vessels returning blood to the heart are known as veins.

EXERCISE 4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

1.     
What is heart?

2.     
What are tubes carrying blood called?

3.     
Where can the heartbeats be felt?

4.     
Where does the heart consist of?

5.     
What compartments is each chamber divided into?

6.     
What are the compartments called?

7.     
What does heart failure mean?

8.     
Can the heart be made to beat artificially?

9.     
When does blood return to the heart again?

EXERCISE 5. Переведите на английский следующие предложения:

1.     
Сердце похоже на простой насос.

2.     
У взрослого человека сердце сокращается с
частотой примерно 70 раз в минуту за час оно перекачивает около 300 литров
крови.

46

3.     
Работа сердца очень важна.  Оно непрерывно
движет кровь по кровеносным сосудам.

4.     
Если прижать стенку артерии к кости там, где
она ближе к коже, то можно ощутить пульс.

5.     
Сердце состоит из двух камер, разделенных
перегородкой.

6.     
 Правый и левый отделы сердца не связаны между
собой.

7.     
Паралич означает, что сердце остановилось.

8.     
Когда давление на грудную ослабевает, кровь
вновь возвращается в сердце.

EXERCISE 6.  Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Heart”.

EXERCISE 7.
Перескажите текст “Heart”.

 

 

 

47

ACTIVE
VOCABULARY

Read
and learn the following words and word combinations:

1. cavity              
полость              

2. esophagus     
пищевод

3. swallow           
глотать

4. coiled               
изогнутый

5. manufacture  
производить

6. pancreas    
     поджелудочная железа

7. loop                 
петля

8. duodenum
      двенадцатиперстная кишка

9. rectum           
 прямая кишка

10. remnants      
остатки

                    11. orifice             отверстие

                    12. anus                анус

                    13.alimentary canal
пищеварительный    тракт

                    14. liver                 печень

                    15. storehouse      склад

                    16. distribute        распределять

                    17. bile 
                желчь

                    18. gall – bladder  желчный пузырь

 

 ABDOMEN

The abdomen is a
cavity containing the main organs of digestion. It is immediately below the
chest but separated from it by the diaphragm.

The stomach lies
just below the diaphragm and receives all the food which has passed down the
oesophagus after being swallowed. Food stays in the stomach for a few hours
while the

48

stomach enzymes begin the first
stages of digestion.

After leaving the
stomach, the partially digested food enters the small intestine. This is a long
coiled tube about six metres long in which digestion is completed. It
manufactures its own enzymes for this purpose but also receives some help from
the pancreas. This gland lies in the loop of the duodenum, which is the first
part of the small intestine after the stomach. The pancreas produces some
enzymes which pass into the duodenum.

When the food has
been completely digested in the small intestine, the indigestible residue
passes into the large intestine. This is a wider tube, nearly two meters long,
leading from the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs
water and minerals from waste food remnants. The rectum carries this waste to
the external orifice or anus where it is eliminated from the body. The whole
system of tubes through which the food passes on its way from mouth to anus is
called the alimentary canal.

After digestion
has been completed in the intestines, the digested food, which is now in a
state the body can use, passes through the walls of the intestines into
capillaries where the blood carries it to the liver.

The liver lies just below the
diaphragm to the right of the stomach. It is a storehouse for digested food and
distributes it to those parts of the body requiring it. It also produces a
digestive juice known as bile. This is stored in the gall – bladder, which lies
underneath the liver. Bile passes into the duodenum at the same point as the
digestive juice from the pancreas.

The next stage of
digestion occurs in the stomach, which produces a mixture of acid and enzymes
called gastric juice. The acid kills germs and extracts any iron from the food
– for hemoglobin formation. The enzymes initiate digestion of proteins and fat.

Food is churned
up in the gastric juice for up to five hours before being released into the
duodenum. That is why patients must not eat for at least four hours before
receiving a general anesthetic. If such precautions were not taken, the stomach
might still contain food which could be vomited during anesthesia and cause
blockage of the airway. It must be remembered that the protective mechanism of
swallowing,

49

which prevents food entering the
airway, may be paralyzed during general anesthesia.

NOTES

1.     
immediately below –
непосредственно под

2.     
for this purpose –
для этого

3.     
in a state the body can use – в том виде, который приемлем для организма

4.      to
those parts of the body requiring it – между теми органами,
которым она нужна

5.     
at the same point as – в том же месте, что и …

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте
эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
полость, содержащая основные органы пищеварения

2.     
отделено от грудной клетки

3.     
после проглатывания

4.     
первый этап пищеварения

5.     
попадает в тонкий кишечник

6.     
где завершается пищеварение

7.     
вырабатывает свои ферменты

8.     
первый отдел кишечника

9.     
не переваренные остатки пищи

10.  ведущий от кишечника к прямой кишке

11.  вся система труб

12.  проникать через стенку

13.  она скапливается в желчном пузыре

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения
из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:

1.     
the main organs

50

2.     
below the chest

3.     
to lie below

4.     
the stomach enzymes

5.     
the partially digested food

6.     
digestion is completed

7.     
to manufacture

8.     
to receive some help

9.      in
the loop of the duodenum

10.  to pass into

11.  nearly two metres long

12.  waste food remnants

13.  to be eliminated from
the body

14.  the digested food

15.  known as

16.  underneath the liver

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.     
What is the abdomen?

2.     
Where is it situated?

3.      Where
does the stomach lie?

4.      How
long does food stay in the stomach?

5.      What
does the partially digested food enter?

6.     
Where is digestion completed?

7.      What
does the small intestine manufacture?

8.     
Where does pancreas lie?

9.     
What does it produce?

10.  What is the large
intestine?

11.  How long is it?

12.  What does the large
intestine do?

13.  Can you characterize the
alimentary canal?

14.  What carries the
digested food to the liver?

15.  Where does the liver lie
and what does it do?

16.  How is digestive juice
called?

51

EXERCISE  4. Задайте вопросы к
следующим утверждениям:

                    
MODEL: I have already translated the test. (your friend)

                                      
  Has your friend translated it too?

1.     
The small intestine has manufactured its own enzymes. (pancreas)

2.     
The abdomen has been described in this text. (the stomach)

3.     
Some enzymes have passed into the duodenum. (the
digestive juice)

4.     
The first stage of digestion has taken place in the mouth. (the second stage)

5.     
The blood has carried the digested food to the liver. (pancreatic juice)

EXERCISE  5. Поставьте глаголы в правильную форму.(Present Simple, Past
Simple, Present Progressive and Present Perfect)

1.     
I (to be) a medical student. I (to have) an
English class now. We (to do) just

Exercise 6 and now we (to do) exercise 7.

2.     
“You (to buy) the necessary food already?” “Yes, I have,”

3.     
“He (to come) just to the office. It’s a quarter to
nine.””And he (to come) to the office yesterday?” “He (to
come) at five minutes to nine yesterday.”

4.      I
(to translate) the next an hour ago, but my friend (not to translate)
it yet.

5.     
He (not to go) to college yesterday. He (to
be) ill.

6.      “You
(to be) in the library today?” “No, I (to be) there yesterday.”

52

EXERCISE 6. Переведите на английский
язык следующие предложения:

1.     
Брюшная полость расположена непосредственно под
грудной клеткой.

2.     
Желудок лежит под диафрагмой и получает пищу,
которая уже прошла через пищевод.

3.     
В желудке пища остается несколько часов.

4.     
Из желудка пища попадает в тонкий кишечник,
происходит ее полное переваривание.

5.     
Толстый кишечник имеет длину около двух метров.

6.     
Здесь происходит всасывание воды и минеральных
веществ из не переваренных остатков пищи.

7.     
Вся система, которую проходит пища от полости
рта до ануса, называется пищеварительным трактом.

EXERCISE 7. Работа в парах. Задайте
10 вопросов к тексту “The abdomen”.

EXERCISE 8. Перескажите текст “The abdomen”

 

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and
learn the following words and word combinations:

                      1. breathing             дыхание

                      2. provide                обеспечивать

3. interchange         обмен

4. protective             защитный

5. cage                      клетка

6.
rib                         ребро

7. muscle                  мышца

8. diaphragm           диафрагма

9. abdomen              живот

53

10. throat                 горло

11. larynx                 глотка

12. trachea               трахея

13. bronchi               бронхи

14. huge                    огромный

                      15. air sac                 легочная альвеола

                      16. network               сеть

17. passage                проход, проходить

18. airway                 воздушный путь

19. surround             окружать

20. simultaneously    одновременно

21. replenish              пополнять; снова насыщать

                      22.
eliminate              устранять

RESPIRATION

Respiration
means breathing. Its function is to provide the means whereby oxygen enters the
blood and carbon dioxide leaves. This interchange of gases occurs in the lungs
which are situated in the chest, one on each side of the heart.

The chest
forms a protective cage for the heart and lungs. The bars of the cage are
formed by the ribs – which are joined to the breast bone in front and spine
behind. The spaces between the ribs are filled by the rib muscles. The floor of
the cage is formed by the diaphragm, which is a sheet of muscle separating the
chest from the abdomen.

In order to
reach the lungs, the air we breathe enters the throat through the nose or
mouth and passes into the larynx. Below the larynx the air passes along a tube
called the trachea, which runs down the neck to the chest where it divides into
two. These two branches are known as the right and left bronchi and they enter
their respective lungs. Just as arteries divide up into smaller arteries and
finally into thin –

54

walled capillaries, so do the
bronchi divide inside the lungs. Each bronchus divides into many smaller and
smaller tubes until eventually ends up as a huge number of tiny air sacs, which
comprise each lung. A network of capillaries originating from the pulmonary
artery passes round each air sac.

Air breathed
in through the nose passes via the throat, larynx, trachea and bronchi to the
air sacs of the lungs. This passage from nose to lungs is known as the airway.
In the lungs, oxygen from the air passes through the thin walls of each air sac
and its surrounding capillary to reach the blood. In the same way carbon dioxide
passes simultaneously out of the blood into the air sacs. This gaseous exchange
for replenishing the blood with oxygen and eliminating the waste product,
carbon dioxide, is the sole purpose of respiration.

Oxygen enters
the blood by combining with hemoglobin in the red cells; where as carbon
dioxide is carried by the plasma.

NOTES

1.      the
floor of the cage – основание клетки

2.      in
order to —  для того чтобы.

3.      just
as arteries … so do the bronchi – как артерии…, так и бронхи.

4.      passes
round each air sac – оплетает каждую альвеолу.

5.      breathed
in through the nose – вдыхаемый через нос.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE
 1. Процитируйте предложения со
следующими словами и словосочетаниями из текста.

1.     
to provide the means

2.     
to be situated

3.     
the bars of the cage

4.     
to be joined to the breast bone

5.     
the space between the ribs

6.     
a sheet of muscle

7.     
to pass into larynx

55

8.     
to pass along

9.     
thin – walled capillaries

10.  a
huge number of tiny air sacs

11.  pass
round

12.  to
reach blood

13.  the
sole purpose

14.  to
be carried by

EXERCISE 2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1.     
What is respiration?

2.      How
can you characterize its function?

3.      Where
does the interchange of gases take place?

4.      What
does the chest form?

5.      What
are the spaces between ribs filled by?

6.      What
does the diaphragm separate?

7.      Where
does the air pass below the larynx?

8.      How
do the bronchi divide inside the lungs?

9.      What
passes round each air sac?

10.  How can you describe the
airway?

11.  What is the sole purpose
of respiration?

12.  What takes place in the
red cells during respiration?

EXERCISE 3. Задайте вопросы к выделенным курсивом словам или
словосочетаниям:

1.      The
floor of the cage is formed by the diaphragm.

2.      Below
the larynx the air passes along the trachea.

3.      The
bronchi divide inside lungs.

4.      Air
enters the body through the nasal cavities.

5.      There
are three divisions of the pharynx.

6.      The
larynx contains the vocal cords.

56

EXERCISE 4. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. Легкие
   расположены в грудной клетке.
2. Пространство
   между ребрами занято межреберными мышцами.
3. Диафрагма
   отделяет грудную клетку от брюшной полости.
4. Воздух, который
   мы вдыхаем через нос или рот, проходит  по
5. дыхательному пути
   в легкие.
6. В альвеолах
   происходит обмен газов между организмом и средой.
7. Длина трахеи
   примерно 15 см.
8. Каждый бронх
   входит в легкое, где ветвится на мелкие бронхи и бронхиолы.
9. Всего имеется
   около 300 миллионов альвеол.
10. Альвеолы оплетены
    капиллярами.
11.  Стенки альвеол очень тонкие.
12. Через тонкую
    стенку и происходит газообмен.

EXERCISE 5.. Работа в парах Задайте 10 вопросов к тексту  “Respiration”

 EXERCISE  6. Перескажите текст “Respiration”.

 

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and learn the following words and word
combinations:

1. require           требовать
2. utilize              потреблять  
3. process           процесс
4. enzyme           фермент
5. protein           белок
6. carbohydrate углевод

57

1. fat                   жир
2. amino – acid  аминокислота                 
3. repair            восстановление
4. starchy           содержащий крахмал
5. glucose           глюкоза
6. perform         осуществлять
7. diary          
       молочный     
8. layer             
   слой

15.  beneath          под, ниже

16.  source   
        источник

1. insulation       изоляция
2. juice              
   сок
3. sweat           
    пот

20.  daily             
ежедневно

DIGESTION

For life to
continue, the body requires fuel in the form of oxygen and food.

Respiration
provides the oxygen. Our food, however, cannot be utilized by the body in the
form in which it is eaten. It must be specially processed by the body before it
can be of any use. This special processing is known as digestion. It is brought
about by the action on the food of certain substances called enzymes which are
made by the body and mixed with the food during its passage through the body.

The food we eat
consists of protein, carbohydrate and fat. It also contains small quantities of
vitamins and minerals.

Proteins are
found in meat, fish, eggs, milk and cheese. They are broken down into amino –
acids during digestion. Protein is necessary for cell growth and repair.

Carbohydrates are
found in sweet and starchy foods such as sugar, flour and potatoes.

58

They are broken
down into glucose during digestion. Carbohydrates provide body cells with the
energy required to perform their functions.

Fats are found in
meat, fish, dairy products and vegetable oils. The digestive process breaks
them down to fatty   acids. Fats provide energy and body fat, which is stored
in a layer beneath the skin. It acts as a reserve source of energy when needed,
and also as insulation which helps maintain body temperature in cold weather.

 The body
required water for the production of blood, digestive juices, urine and sweat.
Many foods contain a large quantity of water but it is still necessary to drink
more than a liter of fluid daily.

NOTES

1.  for life to continue – для поддержания жизни

2.  in the form in which it is
eaten – в том виде, котором мы ее потребляем

3.  before it can be of any use
– перед тем как ее использовать

4.  to be broken
down – расщепляться

5.      to
be stored  in a layer beneath the skin – накапливаться в подкожном слое

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1.Найдите в тексте
эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
организму необходимо

2.     
быть специально переработанным

3.     
оно производится

4.     
по мере ее прохождения

5.     
небольшое количество

6.     
можно найти

7.     
для роста и восстановления клетки

8.     
обеспечивать энергией

9.     
для осуществления их функций

59

10.  дополнительный источник энергии

11.  желудочный сок

12.  ежедневно

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из
текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:

1.     
to provide

2.     
utilized

3.     
to be of any use

4.     
to be known as

5.     
certain substances

6.     
vitamins and minerals

7.     
to be found

8.     
body cells

9.     
fatty acid

10.  a layer

11.  insulation

12.  sweat

EXERCISE 
3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

1.      What
does the body require for life?

2.      Can
food be utilized in the form in which it is eaten?

3.      How
is the processing of the food by the body called?

4.     
What are enzymes?

5.      What
does our food consist of?

6.     
Where are proteins found?

7.      What
are proteins necessary for?

8.      What
do carbohydrates provide body cells with?

9.      Where
is body fat stored?

10.  How does body fat act?

11.  How much water is it
necessary to drink daily?

60

EXERCISE  4. Задайте вопросы к выделенным 
словам:

1.      Saliva
is always present in the mouth.

2.      Hunger
and the thought, smell, sight and taste of food all stimulate an increased
flow of saliva from the glands.

3.      Saliva
glands only produce saliva.

4.      They
must not be confused with the glands, which produce hormones.

EXERCISE 5. Переведите на английский
язык предложения:

1.     
Для его функционирования организму необходима
энергия.

2.     
Пища должна быть специально переработана для
потребления организмом.

3.     
Пищеварение осуществляется при помощи
ферментов, вырабатываемых организмом.

4.     
Кроме белков, углеводов и жиров пища содержит
витамины и минеральные вещества.

5.     
Белки необходимы для роста и восстановления
клетки.

6.     
Углеводы превращаются в глюкозу в процессе
пищеварения.

7.     
Жир является дополнительным источником энергии.

8.     
Многие продукты питания содержат в себе большое
количество воды.

EXERCISE 6.   Задайте по 10 вопросов
по тексту”Digestion”.

EXERCISE 
7. Перескажите текст  ”Digestion”.

61

ACTIVE
VOCABULARY

Read and learn
the following words and word combinations:

1.      harmless
               безвредный

2.      dangerous            
опасный

3.      subdivide             
подразделять

4.      shape                    
очертание, форма

5.     
decayed teeth        гнилые (испорченные)
зубы               

6.      chain
                    цепь

7.      cluster
                 гроздь

8.      strain
                   штамм

9.      gumboil
               флюс

10.  acute                    
острый

11.  . gingivitis       
    воспаление десен

12.  exist                
    существовать

13.  survive                выживать

14.  resistant              резистентный, устойчивый

MICROBIOLOGY.

            The body provides a home
for a great number of the smallest organisms – microorganisms. Most of them are
harmless but some take part in dental diseases. There are three different
groups of microorganisms: fungi, bacteria and viruses. They may be of different
kinds, both harmless and more or less dangerous.

Bacteria are
subdivided into groups according to their shape bacilli, cocci, spirochetes,
spores.

Bacilli
are rod – shaped bacteria. For example, lactobacillus is found in decayed
teeth.

Cocci are
round bacteria.

Streptococci
are berry – shaped bacteria which grow in twisted chains. They are associated
with different

62

diseases. Hemolytic streptococci
(called hemolytic because bacteria cause hemolysis) are responsible for
such conditions as “strep” throat, tonsillitis.

Streptococci
viridians (viridians means “green” and these bacteria produce a
green color on the growth medium) are less virulent (poisonous) than the
hemolytic form and cause infections in teeth.

 Staphylococci
are bacteria which grow in small clusters like grapes. One strain of
staphylococcus may be found in gumboils.

There are also spiral
bacteria (spirochetes) found in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.

Some bacteria can
exist in the form of spores. Spores can survive extremes of temperature
and live for years until conditions become more favorable again. They
are highly resistant to destruction.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Укажите русские эквиваленты
следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
to provide a home;  

2.      both
harmless and less or more dangerous;

3.     
to be associated with;

4.     
the growth medium;

5.     
to cause infection,

6.     
gumboils;

7.      to
survive extremes of temperature;

8.      to
be highly resistant to destruction.

EXERCISE 2. Найдите в тексте
эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.     
безвредный

2.     
более или менее опасные

3.     
в соответствии с формой

4.     
ассоциироваться

63

5.     
менее  вирулентный

6.     
острый

7.     
споры

8.     
перепады температуры

9.     
более благоприятные условия

10.  разрушение

EXERCISE 3. Процитируйте предложения
из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:

1.     
to provide a home

2.     
to take part in

3.     
to be subdivided into

4.     
to be found

5.     
to grow in twisted chains

6.     
to initiate

7.     
to cause infection

8.     
to grow in small clusters

9.     
to survive

10.  to be highly resistant.

EXERCISE  4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.      What
does a mouth provide a home for?

2.     
Are all bacteria harmless?

3.      What
groups of bacteria do you know?

4.     
How are bacteria subdivided?

5.      What
are bacilli and where are they found?

6.     
How do streptococci grow?

7.     
What do they initiate?

8.      What
bacteria are called staphylococci?

9.      What
can be found in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis?

10.  Can spores survive
extremes of temperature?

64

EXERCISE  5. Закончите следующие предложения:

1.      Streptococci
are less virulent than …

2.      Viruses
are sometimes more dangerous than …

3.      One
strain of staphylococcus is easier found in gumboils than …

4.      Spores
are more resistant to destruction than …

5.      Bacteria
are often more dangerous than …

6.      Inflammation
may be more protective than …

7.      Infection
may be often the initial cause of the disease than …

EXERCISE 6. Переведите на английский
следующие предложения:

1.     
Большинство бактерий безвредны, но некоторые
вызывают серьезные заболевания.

2.     
Споры гораздо более устойчивы к неблагоприятным
условиям, чем другие бактерии.

3.     
Они более устойчивы к разрушению, чем другие виды
бактерий.

4.     
Этот вид бактерий такой же опасный, как и тот,
который мы изучили на прошлом занятии.

5.     
Иногда воспаление – скорее неблагоприятная реакция,
чем защитная.

EXERCISE  7. Задайте 10 вопросов по
тексту.

EXERCISE
8. Перескажите текст.  

65

PLAN OF THE RETELLING

1.      I
have read the … which is called…

a)     
text

b)    
story

c)     
article

d)    
novel

2.      The
text is written in…

3.     
The article deals with …

The text touches
upon the problem of…

The main
discussing thing is…

4.      In
conclusion I can say that this text is very interesting and instructive.

5.      In
conclusion I must say that this article is very useful because it is very
informative.

66

СПИСОК
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1.     
Аванесьянц Э.М., Кахацкая Н.В., Мифтахова Т.М.
Английский язык для старших курсов медицинских училищ и колледжей. М.: АНМИ,
1999.

2.     
Бонк Н.А. и др. Учебник английского языка в 2
частях. — М.: 2002.

3.     
Грузинская И.А., Черкасская Е.Б., Романович
А.Ю. Просто о главном. Грамматика английского языка. М.: ЮНВЕС, 2000.

4.     
Дроздова Т.Ю., Маилова В.Г. Student’s Grammar Guide: учебное пособие. СПБ, «Химера»,
2000.

5.     
Войтенко В.М., Войтенко А.М. – Разговорный
английский язык. Учебное пособие. – М.:ТОО «Новинка», 1995.– 424с.

6.     
Кирсанов Л.А. Книга для чтения на англ. Языке
для студентов 1-2 курсов мед. вузов. Уч. пособие.– М., Высшая шк., 1997.

7.     
Козырева Л.Г., Шадская Т.В. Английский язык для
медицинских колледжей и училищ. Учебное пособие– Ростов н/Д.: изд-во «Феникс»,
2002.– 320с.

8.     
Кравцова Л.И. Английский язык для средних
профессиональных учебных заведений: Учебник/Л.И.Кравцова.– М.: Высшая школа,
2004.– 463с.: ил.

9.     
Маслова А.М., Вайнштейн З.Н., Плебейская Л.С.
Учебник английского языка для медицинских вузов./ А.М.Маслова, З.И.Вайнштейн,
Л.С.Плебейская.– 4-е изд., испр.– М.: Лист Нью, 2003.– 320с.

10.  Муравейская М.С., Орлова Л.К. Англ. язык для медиков: Учебное пособие
для студентов, аспирантов, врачей и научных сотрудников.– 6-е изд., испр. и
доп.– М.: Флинта: Наука, 2002.– 384с.

67

11.  Мухина В.В., Английский язык для медицинских училищ: Учеб. пособие/
В.В.Мухина, Н.С.Мухина, П.Н.Стрипников.– М.: Высш. шк., 2003.– 141с.

12.  Парахина А.В., Тылкина С.А. Учебник англ. языка. Для средних специальных
учебных заведений.– 2-ое издание исправ. и доп.– М., Высш. шк., 1987.– 384с.

13.  Протопопова Л.И. Учебник английского языка для медиков.– М., Высш. шк.,
1978.

14.  Тылкина С.А., Темчина Н.А. Пособие по английскому языку для мед.
училищ.– М., АНМИ, 1997.– 110с.

15.  Чичерова Л.Г. Читай и говори. Сборник рассказов о здоровье человека.–
СПб: КАРО, 2001,– 176с.

68

Оглавление

SYSTEMS OF THE BODY……………………………………………………………. 6

IMMUNITY……………………………………………………………………………….. 11

BLOOD……………………………………………………………………………………… 17

INFECTION……………………………………………………………………………….. 22

STRUCTURE OF TEETH……………………………………………………………. 26

PATHOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………. 32

DRUGS……………………………………………………………………………………… 37

HEART………………………………………………………………………………………. 43

ABDOMEN………………………………………………………………………………… 47

RESPIRATION…………………………………………………………………………… 53

DIGESTION……………………………………………………………………………….. 57

MICROBIOLOGY………………………………………………………………………. 61

PLAN OF THE RETELLING……………………………………………………….. 65

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ
ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ……………………….. 66

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ………………………………………………………………………….. 68

 

 

 

Read and learn the following words and word combinations:

1. immunity иммунитет
2. resistance сопротивляемость
3. provide обеспечивать
4. antibody антитело
5. antitoxin антитоксин
6. causative причинный
7. stimulate стимулировать
8. foreign body чужеродное тело
9. transplant трансплантант
10. transfusion переливание (крови)
11. incompatible несоответствующий, несовместимый
12. antigen антиген
13. involve вовлекать
14. overcome подавлять
15. concerned имеющий отношение, связанный
16. remain оставаться
17. acquired immunity приобретенный иммунитет
18. reproduce воспроизводить
19. artificially искусственно
20. vaccination вакцинация
21. host хозяин
22. thus таким образом
23. subsequent последующий
24. immediately сразу же
25. exposure проявление
26. inherit наследовать

11

IMMUNITY

Immunity means resistance to disease. It is provided by certain white blood cells, which release antibodies and antitoxins into the blood plasma. Many causative factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies antitoxins; for example, microorganisms; bacterial, plant and animals toxins; foreign bodies; transplants; transfusion of incompatible blood cells. All such factors are called antigens.

When infection occurs, inflammation results, and part of this defensive reaction involves antibodies and antitoxins. They are present in the blood and help overcome the microorganisms concerned. Some of these antibodies and antitoxins can remain in the blood for life and prevent any repetition of the same infection. Such life-long protection is called acquired immunity; but unfortunately it does not occur for every type of microorganism.

However, where immunity is possible it can be reproduced artificially in people who have never been infected by a particular microorganism. It may be done by giving a non-immune person a dose of dead microorganisms. This is called vaccination. Dead microorganisms cannot produce disease but they do stimulate the host’s body to produce antibodies and antitoxins against the particular microorganisms concerned. Thus any subsequent infection with these organisms is immediately overcome by the antibodies and antitoxins already present. If there has been no vaccination or prior exposure to disease, acquired immunity is not present. However, all individuals inherit some degree of natural immunity and this helps explain why some people are more resistant to disease than others.

NOTES

1. inflammation results – наступает воспаление
2. such life – long protection – Такая защита, имеющая место на протяжении всей жизни
3. dead microorganisms – ослабленные микроорганизмы

12EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1.Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1. Невосприимчивость к заболеванию
2. Вырабатывать антитела
3. Все факторы
4. Они присутствуют в крови
5. Предупреждать повторное инфицирование
6. Приобретенный иммунитет
7. искусственно
8. Вакцинация
9. Они действительно стимулируют
10. Таким образом
11. Наследовать
12. Врожденный иммунитет
13. Это помогает объяснить

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:

1. to be provided
2. Causative factors
3. Antigents
4. to involve
5. to help overcome
6. to remain for life
7. to occur
8. to be reproduced artificially
9. a non- immune person
10. dead microorgamisms
11. a subsequent infection
12. prior exposure
13. more resistant to disease

13

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is immunity?
2. What is it provided by?
3. What factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies and antitoxins?
4. What happens when infection occurs?
5. How long can antibodies and antitoxins remain in the blood?
6. Does acquired immunity occur for every type of microorganism?
7. Can it be reproduced artificially?
8. How may it be done?
9. What do dead microorganisms stimulate?
10. Is acquired immunity always present?
11. What is natural immunity?

EXERCISE 4. Поставьте артикли, где это необходимо:

Where immunity to … particular disease is not present, it can be provided by … vaccination to prevent that disease; but it can also be introduced by injecting … antibodies or antitoxins to treat or temporarily prevent … disease concerned. Such protection is called passive immunity and is commonly used against tetanus. During pregnancy … mother passes on her own antibodies and antitoxins to her unborn baby and this provides … passive immunity for … first few months after birth.

EXERCISE 5. Поставьте предлоги, где это необходимо:

Some people have a defective immune system and are accordingly much more susceptible … infection. Such individuals are said to be immune – compromised and one … the most important examples is the destruction … the body’s defense mechanism by the AIDS virus, resulting … death from an inability to resist infection.

Other immune – compromised patients may be those suffering … leukemia, kidney failure and diabetes; and those taking drugs which suppress immunity; for example, cytotoxics, used … the treatment of cancer, and drugs used to prevent rejection … transplants.
14

EXERCISE 6. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:

1. Is, immunity, by, provided, cells, white.
2. Can, many, factors, white, stimulate, to produce, cells, antibodies, antitoxins, and.
3. Antibodies, antitoxins, and, some, remain, of, for, can, in, remain, the, for, blood, life.
4. Inherit, natural, individuals, all, degree, immunity, some, of.

EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Иммунитет – это невосприимчивость к заболеванию.
2. В теле человека лейкоциты выполняют функцию пожирателей болезнетворных бактерий.
3. Воспаление – это защитная реакция организма в борьбе с болезнью.
4. Существуют два вида иммунитета: врожденный и приобретенный.
5. И.И.Мечников первым открыл явление иммунитета и назвал свою теорию фагоцитарной теорией иммунитета.
6. Английский врач Эдвард Дженнер открыл способ искусственно создавать иммунитет к опасной болезни – натуральной оспе.
7. Ослабленные микроорганизмы не могут вызвать заболевание, но они стимулируют выработку организмом антител и антитоксинов против микроорганизмов, вызывающих данное заболевание.

EXERCISE 8. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Immunity”.
УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 9 Приготовьте пересказ текста “Immunity”.

15
TEXT B

If an infection is too virulent, or the body resistance too weak, the white cells are unable to contain the infection and it can spread throughout the body. Before the discovery of antibiotics, such spread was usually fatal. If the balance between infection and body resistance us equal, a condition of stalemate may supervene, often leading to a persistent state of chronic infection.

During the battle between invading bacteria and white cells in the inflamed area, many casualties occur. These dead white cells and bacteria form the creamy liquid known as pus. A localized collection of pus is called an abscess. Abscess of the skin are called boils. Sometimes pus formation spreads diffusely instead of forming an abscess. This is called cellulites.

In the absence of infection, pus formation does not occur and any damage done by the causal irritant is repaired.

Following inflammation the damage is repaired by white cells which rebuild the area by filling the breach with a temporary repair tissue called granulation tissue. This consists of rapidly growing white cells and new capillaries which form fibrous scaffolding in which damaged parts are removed and reconstruction take place. But repair cannot take place in the presence of pus.

16

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and learn the following words

1. contain содержать
2. plasma плазма
3. microscopical микроскопический
4. element элемент
5. erythrocyte эритроцит
6. leucocyte лейкоцит
7. thrombocyte тромбоцит
8. bone marrow костный мозг
9. transport транспортировать, переносить
10. convert преобразовывать,превращать
11. carry переносить
12. arrive прибывать
13. expel вытеснять, выводить
14. catabolism катаболизм
15. hemoglobin (haemoglobin) гемоглобин
16. agranulocyte агранулоцит
17. cytoplasm цитоплазма
18. granulocyte гранулоцит
19. eosinophil иозофил
20. basophil базофил
21. neutrophil нейтрофил
22. node узел
23. spleen селезенка
24. lymphocyte лимфоцит
25. monocyte моноцит
26. platelet тромбоцит
27. tiny крошечный
28. blood clotting свертываемость крови
29. occur происходить, случаться
30. remain оставаться
31. coagulation коагуляция
32. complete заканчивать

17

BLOOD

Blood contains a fluid called plasma plus microscopical cellular elements: erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes.

Erythrocytes are red blood cells of which 4.5 – 5 million are found in each cubic millimeter. These cells are made in the bone marrow and are important in transporting oxygen from the lungs through the blood stream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism). Hemoglobin, containing iron, is an important protein in erythrocytes, which helps in carrying the oxygen as it travels through the blood stream. Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of catabolism of food in cells, from the body cells to the lungs. On arriving there it is expelled in the process of breathing.

Leucocytes are white blood cells from 4.000 to 10.000 per cubic millimeter exiting in several types: granulocytes and agranulocytes, which are also subdivided into different types.

Granulocytes are cells with granules in their cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow. There are three types of granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils.

Agranulocytes are produced in lymph nodes and spleen. There are two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes.

Thrombocytes or platelets are tiny cells formed in the bone marrow. They are necessary for blood clotting. Their number is 400.000 per cubic millimeter. The plasma is the fluid portion before clotting has occurred. The serum is the fluid portion of blood remaining after the coagulation process is completed.

The body contains about five liters of blood kept at a constant temperature of 37*C. Blood consists of three different types of cell floating in a liquid called plasma. The blood cells are known as red cells, white cells and platelets. Red cells and platelets are unique among body cells in having no nucleus. Blood cells are so small that one cubic
18

millimeter of blood (the size of a pin head) contains about five million red cells, 7.000 white cells and 250.000 platelets.

The red blood cells contain a pigment called hemoglobin, which gives the blood its red color. The main function of red cells is to carry oxygen to the body cells.

For its journey from the lungs to the body cells, oxygen combines with hemoglobin of the red cells. It is then released from the hemoglobin when the body cells are reached. Some people do not have enough hemoglobin in their red cells and are consequently short of oxygen. This condition is called anemia and such people tire easily, become breathless on exertion and have a pale complexion. They need special care during general anesthesia.

The white blood cells defend the body against disease. They do this by attacking germs and repairing damage.

The function of platelets is to stop bleeding. They do this in two ways: by blocking the cut blood vessels; and by producing substances, which help the blood to clot.

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1. микроскопические клеточные элементы
2. в каждом кубическом миллиметре
3. через кровоток
4. по всему организму
5. процесс превращения пищи в энергию
6. выводить
7. продукт отхода
8. выталкивать, выбрасывать
9. несколько видов
10. лимфатические узлы
11. крошечные клетки
12. свертываемость крови
13. завершаться

19

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями из текста:

1. to call
2. to be found
3. bone marrow
4. to be used
5. to convert
6. iron
7. to be expelled
8. spleen
9. a fluid portion
10. coagulation process

EXERCISE 3 Переведите следующие словосочетания:

1. the habit of smocking
2. the way of producing it
3. the hope of seeing you
4. the chance of getting the prize
5. the method of transporting
6. the necessity of knowing
7. the importance of carrying away waste products
8. the time of arriving
9. the fact of existing

EXERCISE4. Составьте предложения, используя следующие модели, переведите на русский язык:
MODEL: You can learn English.(to work hard)

You can learn English by working hard.
1. You can improve your health (to walk in the evening, to have a proper diet, to follow your doctor’s advice).

20

2. You will help me (to take part in the conference, to deliver a lecture on Monday, to organize a seminar).

3. You can keep up your English (to read books in the original, to learn grammar, to work with a tape- recorder).

EXERCISE 5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What does blood contain?
2. How many erythrocytes can be found in each cubic millimeter/
3. Where are these cells made?
4. What is their function?
5. What role does hemoglobin play?
6. What are the types of leucocytes?
7. 7.Where are agranulocytes produced?
8. 8.What types of granulocytes do you know?
9. 9.What organ forms thrombocytes?
10. How many platelets are there in one cubic millimeter?
11. 11.What is the difference between the plasma and serum?

EXERCISE 6. Вставьте артикли, где это необходимо:
1. Blood contains … fluid called plasma and cellular elements.

2. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are important in … gas exchange taking place in … lungs.

3. Leucocytes (white blood cells) are subdivided into … different types.

4. Granulocytes are formed in … bone marrow.

5. Agranulocytes are produced in … lymph nodes and … spleen.

6. Platelets are … tiny cells formed in the bone remaining after … coagulation process is the serum.

EXERCISE7. Вставьте предлоги или наречия:

1. Thrombocytes are necessary … blood clotting.
2. The plasma is the fluid portion … clotting has occurred.
3. There are two types … agranulocytes.
4. 21
5. Granulocytes are cells … granules in their cytoplasm.
6. The number of leucocytes is … 4.000 … 10.000 per cubic millimeter.
7. The oxygen is used … body cells in the process …converting food … energy.
8. Carbon dioxide is expelled … the process … breathing.
9. Erythrocytes transport oxygen … the lungs … the blood stream … the cells of the body.
10. They also carry … a waste product … catabolism.

EXERCISE8. Закончите предложение, используя окончание ing. Слова из правой колонки вам помогут:

1. Do you mind my… to ask you
2. I insist on … to do it now, not tomorrow
3. The lecturer began … to speak on gas exchange in the lungs
4. It’s no use … to try it again
5. He stopped … to do laboratory experiments on blood
6. Most of us dislike the idea of … to be examined
7. We had no difficulty in … to learn the blood formula
8. Please go on … to speak on the topic
9. I can not help … to visit my sister, who is ill
10. The students made much progress to learn this material in Physiology by…

EXERCISE 9. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Blood”.
EXERCISE 10. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Blood”.

22

ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Read learn the following words and word combinations:

1. mean означать
2. invasion инвазия, вторжение
3. saliva слюна
4. contaminated зараженный
5. skin cuts порезы
6. abrasion абразия
7. staff персонал
8. defence оборона
9. intact неповрежденный
10. surface поверхность
11. liquid жидкость
12. produce производить
13. poison яд
14. kill убивать
15. tears слезы
16. sweat пот
17. similar подобный, схожий

INFECTION

Infection means invasion of the body by microorganisms, which are harmful. The most common sources of infection in medical practice are direct contact with a patient’s blood and saliva, consequently instruments and equipment used in the treatment become contaminated. If no action were taken infection may enter the body through skin cuts or abrasions or the eyes, it may also be swallowed. Infection from the contamination would be passed on from patient to patient, from patient to staff and from staff to patient. This involvement is called cross – infection.

Even ancient people taught that body’s first of defense against infection was an intact surface, e.g. the outer layer of skin and the protective outer layer of

23

mucous membrane. If infection had passed it the second line of defense started its action. It was the liquid secretion produced by the protective surfaces. The mucous membrane and the salivary glands had produced saliva, which neutralized some bacterial poisons and could kill some microorganisms. Tears and sweat had a similar effect. The acidity of gastric juice killed many bacteria in food. The third line of defense is discovered now. It is immunity.

And we also know that if these defense mechanisms fail to prevent infection, the last line of defense is a response by the body called inflammation.

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1. Означать
2. Кровь и слюна пациента
3. Через порезы на коже
4. Глотать
5. Наружный слой слизистой оболочки
6. Продуцируемая защитной поверхностью
7. Яды, вырабатываемые бактериями
8. Желудочный сок
9. Пища
10. Ответная реакция

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:

1. Direct
2. Abrasion
3. To teach
4. To start
5. To produce
6. To kill
7. To discover
8. Mechanism
9. Effect

24EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What are the most common sources of infection?
2. How may infection enter the body?
3. What did ancient people teach?
4. When does the second line of defense start its action?
5. What is it produced by?
6. What can saliva do?
7. What effect do tears and sweat have?
8. When was the third line discovered?
9. What is the last line of defense?

EXERCISE4. Измените предложения в прошедшее совершенное время:

MODEL: They have finished the work (by 5 o’clock yesterday).

They had finished the work by 5 o’clock yesterday.

1. My friend has prepared the report (by last Monday).
2. The students have done the exercises (by the end of the lesson).
3. Mother has cooked supper (by the time I came home).
4. We have not seen our teacher (before the bell rang).
5. Have you done the work (before I called you up)?
6. He has translated the article (by this time yesterday).
7. She has not bought a present for him (when we came to her place).

EXERCISE 5. Составьте 12 вопросов к тексту “Infection”.
EXERCISE 6. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Infection”.

25

TEXT B
In order to prevent cross – infection it is essential to kill all the microorganisms on infected instruments. This process is known as sterilization and means the killing of all microorganisms: bacteria, spores, fungi, and viruses. It is carried out immediately after completion of treatment so that all instruments are sterile again before use on the next patient.

Countless number of microorganisms lives on the skin and in the mouth, nose and throat. Normally they do no harm to their host as they living on an external surface and not among delicate internal cells. However, they may become harmful if they are introduced inside the body tissues, or are transferred from one person to another. This can occur when the tissues penetrated by contaminated forceps blade, scalper or syringe needle, and may give rise to harmful reaction. After each patient has left the surgery, it is the nurse`s duty to see that all instruments are properly sterilized before being used again for another patient.

As already mentioned, sterilization means killing not only bacteria and fungi, but all other microorganisms, including viruses and bacterial spores. Any method which kills bacteria and fungi but allows some spores or viruses to survive cannot be sterilization. The term used for this restricted range of action is disinfection.

V. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

to
be stated – быть
утвержденным;
to provide – обеспечивать,
предоставлять;
to last – длиться;
compulsory education – обязательное
образование;
stage – ступень,
уровень;
inclusive – включительно;
to receive a Certificate of Secondary (Complete) General Education –
получить
аттестат
о
среднем
(полном)
общем
образовании;
Unified State Exams – ЕГЭ;
Master’s degree – степень
магистра;
to elaborate – тщательно
разрабатывать;
to defend a thesis – защищать
дипломную
работу
(диссертацию);
one can – можно;
competitive exams – конкурсные
экзамены;
applicant – абитуриент;
entrance exams – вступительные
экзамены;
to sit for an examination – готовиться
к
экзамену;
due to – из-за;
vocational school – профессиональное
училище;
a great concern for – большой
интерес
к.

Обратите
внимание
на образование количественных и
порядковых числительных. Количественные
числительные:
1 – zero, 2 – two, 3 – three, 4 – four, 5 – five, 6 –
six, 7 – seven, 8 – eight, 9 – nine, 10 – ten, 11 –
eleven, 12 – twelve. Числительные
от 13 до 19 образуются путем прибавления
суффикса –teen,
например: 13 – thirteen,
15 – fifteen,
18 – eighteen.

Числительные
от 20 до 100 образуются прибавлением
суффикса –ty:
20 – twenty,
30 – thirty,
50 – fifty.
сложные количественные числительные
пишутся через дефис: 45 – fouty-five,
92 – ninety-two
и т.д. 100 – a
(one)
hundred.

Порядковые
числительные образуются прибавлением
суффикса –th
и
всегда употребляются с определенным
артиклем
the:
the
seventh,
the
fifty-sixth
и т.д. Исключение: 1 – the
first,
2 – the
second,
3 – the
third.

VI. Read and translate the following text. Name the main stages of education in Russia. Education in Russia

Russia
has a long-standing tradition in high-quality education for all
citizens. Russians have always shown a great concern for education.
The literacy rate in Russia is approximately 98 %. The right to
education is stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Education in Russia is provided predominantly by the state and is
regulated by the federal Ministry of Education and Science.

Before
children go to school, many of them attend kindergartens until they
are six or seven. Compulsory education in Russia begins at the age
of 7, when children go to primary school. The children learn to read,
to write and to count. This is the first stage of education and lasts
four years. Secondary stage begins from the 5^th
form where pupils have a lot of new subjects, such as Literature,
History, Natural Science, Algebra and Geometry and others. Education
is compulsory up to the 9^th
form inclusive. If a pupil of a secondary school wants to go on with
education, he or she stays at school for two more years. Pupils may
also leave school after the 9^th
form and continue their education at vocational or technical
secondary schools or colleges which offer programmes of academic
subjects and a programme of training in a technical field, or a
profession.

Primary
and secondary schools together comprise 11 years of study. Every
school has a “core curriculum” of academic subjects. State Exams
are passed at the end of 9^th
and 11^th
form. After passing their exams, young people receive a Certificate
of Secondary Complete General Education. After finishing the 11^th
form of a secondary school, a lyceum or gymnasium one can go into
higher education. All applicants must take competitive exams. But
Unified State Exams which were adopted recently allow students of
11^th
form not to pass both their final exams and entrance exams at a
university. The total score of several subjects is the basis of
accepting a student at a university.

Due
to great demands of the international educational organizations, the
system of education in Russia began to change over the past years; it
is similar to that of Britain and the USA: basic higher education (at
least 4 years of full-time university-level study) leading to the
Bachelor degree, the first university level degree, and 2 years of
full-time study for a Master’s degree (postgraduate higher
education).The Bachelor’s degree is awarded after defending a
diploma project and passing the final exams. Holders of the
Bachelor’s degree may enter the Specialist Diploma and Master’s
degree programmes. Access to these programmes is competitive. The
Master’s degree is awarded after successful completion of study.
Student must carry out a research and defend a thesis which
constitutes an original contribution and sit for final examinations.

The
programs are elaborated in accordance with the State Educational
Standards (80% of their content), the other20% are elaborated by the
university itself. The programs include professional and special
courses in Sciences, the Humanities and Social-economic disciplines,
professional training, completion of a research paper / project and
passing of State final exams.

Some
of the universities offer the new system of education while others
still work according to the prior 5-year system. Higher as well as
secondary education in our country is free. Although there are some
schools and universities which charge fees.