Academic word list words

Introduction

The Academic Word List (AWL) was developed by Averil Coxhead at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. The list contains 570 word families which were selected because they appear with great frequency in a broad range of academic texts. The list does not include words that are in the most frequent 2000 words of English (the General Service List), thus making it specific to academic contexts. The AWL was primarily made so that it could be used by teachers as part of a programme preparing learners for tertiary level study or used by students working alone to learn the words most needed to study at colleges and universities.

The 570 words are divided into 10 sublists. The sublists are ordered such that the words in the first sublist are the most frequent words and those in the last sublist are the least frequent.

List

Sublist 1

sector •
available •
financial •
process •
individual •
specific •
principle •
estimate •
variables •
method •
data •
research •
contract •
environment •
export •
source •
assessment •
policy •
identified •
create •
derived •
factors •
procedure •
definition •
assume •
theory •
benefit •
evidence •
established •
authority •
major •
issues •
labour •
occur •
economic •
involved •
percent •
interpretation •
consistent •
income •
structure •
legal •
concept •
formula •
section •
required •
constitutional •
analysis •
distribution •
function •
area •
approach •
role •
legislation •
indicate •
response •
period •
context •
significant •
similar •

Sublist 2

community •
resident •
range •
construction •
strategies •
elements •
previous •
conclusion •
security •
aspects •
acquisition •
features •
text •
commission •
regulations •
computer •
items •
consumer •
achieve •
final •
positive •
evaluation •
assistance •
normal •
relevant •
distinction •
region •
traditional •
impact •
consequences •
chapter •
equation •
appropriate •
resources •
participation •
survey •
potential •
cultural •
transfer •
select •
credit •
affect •
categories •
perceived •
sought •
focus •
purchase •
injury •
site •
journal •
primary •
complex •
institute •
investment •
administration •
maintenance •
design •
obtained •
restricted •
conduct •

Sublist 3

comments •
convention •
published •
framework •
implies •
negative •
dominant •
illustrated •
outcomes •
constant •
shift •
deduction •
ensure •
specified •
justification •
funds •
reliance •
physical •
partnership •
location •
link •
coordination •
alternative •
initial •
validity •
task •
techniques •
excluded •
consent •
proportion •
demonstrate •
reaction •
criteria •
minorities •
technology •
philosophy •
removed •
sex •
compensation •
sequence •
corresponding •
maximum •
circumstances •
instance •
considerable •
sufficient •
corporate •
interaction •
contribution •
immigration •
component •
constraints •
technical •
emphasis •
scheme •
layer •
volume •
document •
registered •
core •

Sublist 4

overall •
emerged •
regime •
implementation •
project •
hence •
occupational •
internal •
goals •
retained •
sum •
integration •
mechanism •
parallel •
imposed •
despite •
job •
parameters •
approximate •
label •
concentration •
principal •
series •
predicted •
summary •
attitudes •
undertaken •
cycle •
communication •
ethnic •
hypothesis •
professional •
status •
conference •
attributed •
annual •
obvious •
error •
implications •
apparent •
commitment •
subsequent •
debate •
dimensions •
promote •
statistics •
option •
domestic •
output •
access •
code •
investigation •
phase •
prior •
granted •
stress •
civil •
contrast •
resolution •
adequate •

Sublist 5

alter •
stability •
energy •
aware •
licence •
enforcement •
draft •
styles •
precise •
medical •
pursue •
symbolic •
marginal •
capacity •
generation •
exposure •
decline •
academic •
modified •
external •
psychology •
fundamental •
adjustment •
ratio •
whereas •
enable •
version •
perspective •
contact •
network •
facilitate •
welfare •
transition •
amendment •
logic •
rejected •
expansion •
clause •
prime •
target •
objective •
sustainable •
equivalent •
liberal •
notion •
substitution •
generated •
trend •
revenue •
compounds •
evolution •
conflict •
image •
discretion •
entities •
orientation •
consultation •
mental •
monitoring •
challenge •

Sublist 6

intelligence •
transformation •
presumption •
acknowledged •
utility •
furthermore •
accurate •
diversity •
attached •
recovery •
assigned •
tapes •
motivation •
bond •
edition •
nevertheless •
transport •
cited •
fees •
scope •
enhanced •
incorporated •
instructions •
subsidiary •
input •
abstract •
ministry •
capable •
expert •
preceding •
display •
incentive •
inhibition •
trace •
ignored •
incidence •
estate •
cooperative •
revealed •
index •
lecture •
discrimination •
overseas •
explicit •
aggregate •
gender •
underlying •
brief •
domain •
rational •
minimum •
interval •
neutral •
migration •
flexibility •
federal •
author •
initiatives •
allocation •
exceed •

Sublist 7

intervention •
confirmed •
definite •
classical •
chemical •
voluntary •
release •
visible •
finite •
publication •
channel •
file •
thesis •
equipment •
disposal •
solely •
deny •
identical •
submitted •
grade •
phenomenon •
paradigm •
ultimately •
extract •
survive •
converted •
transmission •
global •
inferred •
guarantee •
advocate •
dynamic •
simulation •
topic •
insert •
reverse •
decades •
comprise •
hierarchical •
unique •
comprehensive •
couple •
mode •
differentiation •
eliminate •
priority •
empirical •
ideology •
somewhat •
aid •
foundation •
adults •
adaptation •
quotation •
contrary •
media •
successive •
innovation •
prohibited •
isolated •

Sublist 8

highlighted •
eventually •
inspection •
termination •
displacement •
arbitrary •
reinforced •
denote •
offset •
exploitation •
detected •
abandon •
random •
revision •
virtually •
uniform •
predominantly •
thereby •
implicit •
tension •
ambiguous •
vehicle •
clarity •
conformity •
contemporary •
automatically •
accumulation •
appendix •
widespread •
infrastructure •
deviation •
fluctuations •
restore •
guidelines •
commodity •
minimises •
practitioners •
radical •
plus •
visual •
chart •
appreciation •
prospect •
dramatic •
contradiction •
currency •
inevitably •
complement •
accompany •
paragraph •
induced •
schedule •
intensity •
crucial •
via •
exhibit •
bias •
manipulation •
theme •
nuclear •

Sublist 9

bulk •
behalf •
unified •
commenced •
erosion •
anticipated •
minimal •
ceases •
vision •
mutual •
norms •
intermediate •
manual •
supplementary •
incompatible •
concurrent •
ethical •
preliminary •
integral •
conversely •
relaxed •
confined •
accommodation •
temporary •
distorted •
passive •
subordinate •
analogous •
military •
scenario •
revolution •
diminished •
coherence •
suspended •
mature •
assurance •
rigid •
controversy •
sphere •
mediation •
format •
trigger •
qualitative •
portion •
medium •
coincide •
violation •
device •
insights •
refine •
devoted •
team •
overlap •
attained •
restraints •
inherent •
route •
protocol •
founded •
duration •

Sublist 10

whereby •
inclination •
encountered •
convinced •
assembly •
albeit •
enormous •
reluctant •
posed •
persistent •
undergo •
notwithstanding •
straightforward •
panel •
odd •
intrinsic •
compiled •
adjacent •
integrity •
forthcoming •
conceived •
ongoing •
so-called •
likewise •
nonetheless •
levy •
invoked •
colleagues •
depression •
collapse •

Other websites

For more information about the AWL, please see Massey University — New Zealand’s defining university

For more practice with the words from the AWL, please see

• The University of Nottingham
• Using English for Academic Purposes
• Compleat Lexical Tutor
• AWL Exercises Homepage, featuring 170 exercises to learn and review AWL vocabulary in context

Sublist 1

sector • available • financial • process • individual • specific • principle • estimate • variables • method • data • research • contract • environment • export • source • assessment • policy •identified • create • derived • factors • procedure • definition • assume • theory • benefit • evidence • established • authority • major • issues • labour • occur • economic • involved • percent• interpretation • consistent • income • structure • legal • concept • formula • section • required • constitutional • analysis • distribution • function • area • approach • role • legislation •indicate • response • period • context • significant • similar •

Sublist 2

community • resident • range • construction • strategies • elements • previous • conclusion • security • aspects • acquisition • features • text • commission • regulations • computer • items• consumer • achieve • final • positive • evaluation • assistance • normal • relevant • distinction • region • traditional • impact • consequences • chapter • equation • appropriate • resources •participation • survey • potential • cultural • transfer • select •credit • affect • categories • perceived • sought • focus • purchase • injury • site • journal • primary • complex • institute •investment • administration • maintenance • design • obtained • restricted • conduct

Sublist 3

comments • convention • published • framework • implies • negative • dominant • illustrated • outcomes • constant • shift • deduction • ensure • specified • justification • funds • reliance •physical • partnership • location • link • coordination • alternative • initial • validity • task • techniques • excluded • consent • proportion • demonstrate • reaction • criteria • minorities •technology • philosophy • removed • sex • compensation • sequence • corresponding • maximum • circumstances • instance • considerable • sufficient • corporate • interaction •contribution • immigration • component • constraints • technical • emphasis • scheme • layer • volume • document • registered • core •

Sublist 4

overall • emerged • regime • implementation • project • hence • occupational • internal • goals • retained • sum • integration • mechanism • parallel • imposed • despite • job • parameters •approximate • label • concentration • principal • series • predicted • summary • attitudes • undertaken • cycle • communication • ethnic • hypothesis • professional • status • conference •attributed • annual • obvious • error • implications • apparent • commitment • subsequent • debate • dimensions • promote • statistics • option • domestic • output • access • code •investigation • phase • prior • granted • stress • civil • contrast • resolution • adequate •

Sublist 5

alter • stability • energy • aware • licence • enforcement • draft • styles • precise • medical • pursue • symbolic • marginal • capacity • generation • exposure • decline • academic • modified• external • psychology • fundamental • adjustment • ratio • whereas • enable • version • perspective • contact • network • facilitate • welfare • transition • amendment • logic • rejected •expansion • clause • prime • target • objective • sustainable • equivalent • liberal • notion • substitution • generated • trend • revenue • compounds • evolution • conflict • image • discretion •entities • orientation • consultation • mental • monitoring • challenge •

Sublist 6

intelligence • transformation • presumption • acknowledged • utility • furthermore • accurate • diversity • attached • recovery • assigned • tapes • motivation • bond • edition • nevertheless •transport • cited • fees • scope • enhanced • incorporated • instructions • subsidiary • input • abstract • ministry • capable • expert • preceding • display • incentive • inhibition • trace •ignored • incidence • estate • cooperative • revealed • index • lecture • discrimination • overseas • explicit • aggregate • gender • underlying • brief • domain • rational • minimum • interval •neutral • migration • flexibility • federal • author • initiatives • allocation • exceed •

Sublist 7

intervention • confirmed • definite • classical • chemical • voluntary • release • visible • finite • publication • channel • file • thesis • equipment • disposal • solely • deny • identical • submitted • grade • phenomenon • paradigm • ultimately • extract • survive • converted •  transmission • global • inferred • guarantee • advocate • dynamic • simulation • topic • insert •reverse • decades • comprise • hierarchical • unique • comprehensive • couple • mode • differentiation • eliminate • priority • empirical • ideology • somewhat • aid • foundation • adults •adaptation • quotation • contrary • media • successive • innovation • prohibited • isolated •

Sublist 8

highlighted • eventually • inspection • termination • displacement • arbitrary • reinforced • denote • offset • exploitation • detected • abandon • random • revision • virtually • uniform •predominantly • thereby • implicit • tension • ambiguous • vehicle • clarity • conformity • contemporary • automatically • accumulation • appendix • widespread • infrastructure • deviation •fluctuations • restore • guidelines • commodity • minimises •practitioners • radical • plus • visual • chart • appreciation • prospect • dramatic • contradiction • currency • inevitably •complement • accompany • paragraph • induced • schedule • intensity • crucial • via • exhibit • bias • manipulation • theme • nuclear •

Sublist 9

bulk • behalf • unified • commenced • erosion • anticipated • minimal • ceases • vision • mutual • norms • intermediate • manual • supplementary • incompatible • concurrent • ethical •preliminary • integral • conversely • relaxed • confined • accommodation • temporary • distorted • passive • subordinate • analogous • military • scenario • revolution • diminished •coherence • suspended • mature • assurance • rigid • controversy • sphere • mediation • format • trigger • qualitative • portion • medium • coincide • violation • device • insights • refine •devoted • team • overlap • attained • restraints • inherent • route • protocol • founded • duration •

Sublist 10

whereby • inclination • encountered • convinced • assembly • albeit • enormous • reluctant • posed • persistent • undergo • notwithstanding • straightforward • panel • odd • intrinsic •compiled • adjacent • integrity • forthcoming • conceived • ongoing • so-called • likewise • nonetheless • levy • invoked • colleagues • depression • collapse •

This list features academic words that you may see or hear on the reading and/or listening sections of the TOEFL and IELTS tests. Becoming familiar with these and similar words will also help you on the writing and speaking portions of the tests.

*note: this list uses British spelling. (ex. 'maximise' — not 'maximize'.)

v. = verb, n. = noun, adj. = adjective

Academic Word List
access	verb	to be able to enter, reach, approach, etc. something
“He couldn’t access his email account because someone had changed his password.”
access	noun	the ability or right to enter, reach, approach, etc. something
“I don’t have access to those files.”
accurate	adjective	precise or exact; free from error (opposite = inaccurate)
“The victim was unable to provide an accurate description of the criminal.”
achieve	verb	to accomplish; to reach a certain standard
“As a result of her hard work, she achieved an excellent score on her final.”
acquire	verb	to get or come into possession of something; to accumulate or collect
“Over 20 years of collecting stamps, I’ve acquired over 4,000 of them!”
analyse	verb	to look at something closely; to examine in detail
“After analysing the DNA sample, the police were able to identify the killer.”
aspect	noun	a part or an element of something
“Flexibility is just one aspect of being a successful gymnast.”
assist	verb	to help or aid someone (noun = assistance)
“They were assisted by an outside company when designing the program.”
available	adjective	free to help; present or in stock (in regards to inventory)
“We do not have enough resources available to complete the project.”
aware	adjective	having knowledge of something; being conscious or cognizant of something
“I wasn’t aware of the problem. Thank you for informing me.”
benefit (from)	verb	to receive an advantage or make an improvement
“Society has greatly benefited from technological advancements.”
benign	adjective	gentle or kind; favorable; passive or inactive
“ The military cannot afford to be benign in this war.”
comment (on)	verb	to make a statement about something
“First, I would like to comment on the current environmental situation”
compensate (for)	verb	to give an equivalent or a return for something else
“If the government expects citizens to do this, they must compensate their citizens fairly.”
component	noun	a part or element of something (see also: aspect)
“To understand the whole problem, you must look at all of its separate components.”
concentrate (on)	verb	to focus your attention on something
“In order to move forward, we must concentrate on finding realistic solutions to the problem.”
consequence	noun	a result or effect of something
“He was executed as a consequence for his heinous actions.”
consist (of)	verb	to be made of something; to be composed of something
“A healthy relationship must consist of trust and mutual respect.”
constant	adjective	regular and seemingly permanent (adverb = constantly)
“It is difficult to deal with constant disagreement when working in a group.”
construct	verb	to develop or build; to make
“Numerous condos are currently being constructed in the downtown core.”
contribute	verb	to give to a common cause, supply, or fund
“I contributed over $300 to charity last year.”
convert (into)	verb	to change or transform into
“That building was recently converted into a restaurant.”
correspond (with/to)	verb	to be similar to something; to be in agreement with something
“The words of politicians often don’t correspond with their actions.”
crucial	adjective	very important; vital
“The media was crucial to changing public opinion about the Viet Nam war.”
define (as)	verb	to provide a definition; to give clarity or definition to something
“The word ‘crucial’ can be defined as ‘extremely important’ or ‘vital.’”
demonstrate	verb	to provide a demonstration or to show how something functions
“This satellite will demonstrate the technological power of our organization”
design	verb	to create or model
“The factory assembly line was partially designed by Henry Ford.”
disposal	noun	the act of arranging or distributing; getting rid of something
“A general is responsible for the effective disposal of his soldiers.”
distinct	adjective	clear and having easily-identifiable or specific characteristics
“Dark chocolate is known for its distinct smell and taste.”
emphasise	verb	to place emphasis or special focus on something
“The media constantly emphasises the dangers of illegal drugs.”
erode	verb	to destroy slowly over time; to disintegrate
“Many religious leaders feel that secularism has eroded morality.”
error	noun	a mistake
“Despite constant reminders and protests, governments continue to make errors.”
estimate	verb, noun	to make an educated guess; to give a projection
“Scientists have been estimating a massive population explosion over the next two decades.”
exclude	verb	to keep someone/something from entering a group, society, project, etc.
“When I was in high school, I was excluded from many activities due to my disability.”
extract	verb	to get or obtain something from something else
“Physical torture is not an effective means of extracting information from a human being.”
flexible	adjective	not rigid; able to be shaped (opposite = inflexible)
“Employers need to be flexible to the needs of their employees.”
function	noun	the working purpose of something; ability
“Cell phones are useful because they can serve multiple useful functions.”
identical	adjective	the same or alike in appearance and/or character
“The problem I have with suburban neighbourhoods is that all the houses look identical.”
identify	verb	to recognise or verify the identity of someone/something
“Even today, scientists continue to identify new types of plants and animals.”
indicate	verb	to show or give evidence of something
“Research indicates that cell phones can cause cancer.”
indication (of)	noun	a sign or token
“High blood pressure is a clear indication of stress.”
interpretation	noun	an explanation or perception of something
“Religious writings can have multiple interpretations.”
item	noun	a separate piece or article of something
“Anthropologists have recently uncovered 200 physical items pertaining to the Incas.”
legislation	noun	the act or process of making laws; the laws which have been made
“The current health legislation will be difficult for all political parties to accept.”
location	noun	the place of something
“Niagara Falls is a popular location for tourists.”
logical	adjective	able to be explained or understood clearly (opposite = illogical)
“The CEO has promised to take logical steps to ensure the future success of the company.”
majority	noun	the greater part or number; over 50% of the population
“The majority of citizens oppose the government’s proposed budget.”
maximise	verb	to use to maximum effect or potential
“The goal of any business is to maximise its profits.”
minimise	verb	to reduce as much as possible
“In any war, one of the primary objectives should be to minimise civilian casualties.”
monitor	verb	to watch and give attention
“Companies have numerous ways to monitor employee behaviour.”
obtain	verb	to get or receive
“In order to obtain respect, a person has to earn it.”
obvious	adjective	clear and easy to see
“There are some obvious similarities between French and English vocabulary.”
occur	verb	to happen or take place
“An earthquake is expected to occur here in the next 2-3 years.”
option	noun	a choice; one of several possibilities to be chosen
“When our options are limited, we are more likely to act decisively.”
participate	verb	to take part in something
“Thousands of talented athletes participate in the Olympics.”
participation	noun	the act of taking part in something
“Portugal was ridiculed for its participation in slavery.”
period	noun	a portion of time; a significant interval of time in history
“The 1700s were a period of great scientific advance.”
precise	adjective	exact or definite
“It is important for a teacher to give precise instructions.”
predictable	adjective	able to be predicted (opposite = unpredictable)
“The goal of science is to find predictable results.”
prohibited	adjective, verb	not allowed; forbidden
“These days, smoking is prohibited in many public places.”
proportion	noun	a part of a larger whole; the size of something
“A large proportion of modern problems are a result of negligence.”
prospect	noun	a potential candidate; a possibility of success, profit, etc.
“I was excited by the prospect of winning the lottery.”
psychological	adjective	relating to the mind or psychology
“We must pay attention to our psychological health.”
purchase	verb	to buy
“We’re planning to purchase a house next year.”
pursue	verb	to chase or follow
“Acting is a difficult career to pursue.”
relevant	adjective	connected to the current situation; pertinent (opposite = irrelevant)
“In an essay, we must only focus on relevant supporting details.”
reliable	adjective	able to be predicted or trusted; dependable (opposite = unreliable)
“Finding a reliable babysitter is difficult for most parents.”
require	verb	to have need of something; to need
“To take a masters course, one requires an undergraduate degree.”
requirement	noun	something which is obligatory, demanded, or needed
“You do not meet the requirements for this position”
resource	noun	a support, supply, or aid of something that can be used when needed
“If you want me to do this presentation, I will need more resources.”
respond	verb	to reply
“When faced with a bully, it is important not to respond with anger.”
retain	verb	to remember; to continue to use
“The most difficult part of learning is retaining the information”
role	noun	a position or customary function
“The role of a parent is to provide safety for his/her child.”
sector	noun	a part or subdivision
“It is the government’s job to protect all sectors of society.”
secure	adjective	safe; protected from harm (opposite = insecure)
“Everyone wants to live in a secure neighbourhood.”
select	verb	to choose
“We selected the best candidate for the job.”
significant	adjective	important; of consequence (opposite = insignificant)
“Man landing on the moon was a significant achievement for science.”
source	noun	any place, person, or thing from which something else comes or originates
“We can’t seem to locate the source of the problem.”
status	noun	someone’s position in relation to other people; the state or condition
“His status as the top player in the game is unquestionable.”
structure	noun	the organization or arrangement of something
“The structure of the education system needs to change.”
substitute	noun, verb	a replacement for someone/something
“If you want to succeed, there is no substitute for hard work.”
symbolise	verb	to represent or be a symbol for something
“In most cultures, it is understood that the dove symbolises peace.”
task	noun	a job or duty to be performed
“Raising a family is not an easy task.”
technique	noun	a specific way of doing something; a certain skill
“Most people don’t know that cooking requires hundreds of difficult techniques.”
topical	adjective	pertaining to current or local events or interests
“Global warming has been extremely topical in the first half of the 21st century.”
transform	verb	to change into a different form
“The internet has transformed the way we communicate.”
trend	noun	a style that is currently popular; the general course of something
“Fashion trends are always changing.”
vary	verb	to be different; to alternate; to change or alter; to diversify
“To write a good essay, you need to vary your vocabulary.”
veritable	adjective	being truly or very much so
“I felt a veritable pain in my abdomen”
visible	adjective	able to be seen (opposite = invisible)
“There has been a visible shift in public opinion towards the government.”
wane	verb	to decrease in strength, intensity, etc.
“My interest in the movie waned the longer we watched it.”

Full list of words from this list:

1. abandon

   forsake; leave behind

   As people
   abandon desktop computers for mobile ones, existing tech companies’ business models are being upended and new companies are blooming.

   Common academic collocations: abandon a hypothesis, abandon a line of research
   
   COCA (
   www.americancorpus.org) indicates academic collocates include decision, efforts, position, policy…i couldn’t find any examples in mechanical engineering, so this might be a verb used more in policy-related fields?

2. abstract

   existing only in the mind

   The other group wrote in a more
   abstract, evaluative way, prompted by questions such as “Why did the event happen?Scientific American (Dec 28, 2012)

   Also a noun. the abstract of an article is a structured summary of its contents. We need to supply abstracts of conference presentations for the conference program or conference proposals sometimes too.

3. access

   the right to enter

   But one reason may be, paradoxically, greater
   access to health insurance.

   I need to remember to pronounce the /k/ sound in the middle: AEK sess. If not, I sound like I’m saying the verb «assess»

4. accommodate

   have room for; hold without crowding

   City clerks’ offices around Maine scheduled extra office hours to
   accommodate same-sex couples rushing to wed.

   academic collocations: «accommodate needs,» «designed to accommodate [something]» common nouns that collocate with this verb are «learning, changes, differences» (COCA at
   www.americancorpus.org)

5. accompany

   go or travel along with

   Mr. Obama demands that any spending cuts be
   accompanied by revenue increases.
6. accumulate

   get or gather together

   Business would still be left with record reserves, much higher than those
   accumulated in earlier recessions.

7. acknowledge

   declare to be true or admit the existence or reality of

   Acknowledging differences in work style enables leaders to structure interactions better.

8. acquire

   come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

   The design of the product resembles gadgets made by Nest Labs, the connected home company Google
   acquired earlier this year for $3.2 billion.Wall Street Journal (Sep 10, 2014)

   collocations: acquire a house, knowledge, experience
   
   q is /k/
   
   stress on QUIRE
   
   obtain, get, buy
   
   members of the word family: acquisition (mergers and acquisitions)

9. adapt

   make fit for, or change to suit a new purpose

   Japanese officials said
   adapting overseas technologies presented a particular challenge.

10. adequate

    having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task

    Better said it had injected significant funds into the business «without
    adequate returns».

11. adjust

    alter or regulate so as to conform to a standard

12. advocate

    speak, plead, or argue in favor of

    He was probably best known for his work on heart disease,
    advocating prevention through exercise and diet, particularly foods low in animal fat and sodium.

13. affect

    have an influence upon

    Would adding this data to someone’s medical record
    affect health insurance rates?Slate (Jan 7, 2013)

14. aggregate

    a sum total of many heterogeneous things taken together

    Using data from Twitter covering 60,000 trips,
    aggregated within a ten mile radius, Fischer created this map of Europe’s transport network.

15. allocate

    distribute according to a plan or set apart for a purpose

    Existing x86 processor designs
    allocate cache on a first come, first served basis, which allows some workloads to monopolize the shared pool.Forbes (Sep 10, 2014)

    allocate resources

16. alter

    cause to change; make different

17. ambiguous

    having more than one possible meaning

18. analogy

    drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity

19. annual

    occurring every year
20. anticipate

    regard something as probable or likely

    “We
    anticipate some potential short-term disruption,” Mr. Morton said, “but no significant long-term implications.”

21. apparent

    clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

    The report of Rain’s
    apparent romance with popular South Korean actress Kim Tae-hee, 32, broke in local media on Tuesday.

22. append

    fix to; attach

    The hashtag has been
    appended to quite a few approving tweets.

23. appreciate

    be fully aware of; realize fully

    There are, of course, plenty of things to
    appreciate about Downton.

24. approach

    ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem

    He said a better understanding of the links between high blood pressure and dementia could be crucial for developing new treatments or
    approaches to prevention.

25. appropriate

    suitable for a particular person, place, or situation

    Mr. Frederick said “that kind of legal strategy is perfectly
    appropriate.”

26. approximate

    judge tentatively or form an estimate of

    Food technology means they aren’t bad these days, but they’re only going to
    approximate the real thing.

27. arbitrary

    based on or subject to individual discretion or preference

    His works are often intentionally placed in unglamorous,
    arbitrary surroundings like abandoned buildings, far from the sleek world of urban galleries.

28. aspect

    a characteristic to be considered

    He will oversee all
    aspects of marketing for the company, including advertising, brand management, social media, and communications, LivingSocial said on Tuesday.

29. assess

    estimate the nature, quality, ability or significance of

    Another complexity: most studies
    assess maternal drinking through interviews, and pregnant women might lie about or underestimate their consumption out of embarrassment or shame.Scientific American (Jan 4, 2013)
30. assign

    select something or someone for a specific purpose

    A larger staff has been
    assigned to the school, she said, including mental health professionals.

31. assume

    take to be the case or to be true

    The market, it is generally
    assumed, will eventually drive up wages.

32. attach

    be in contact with

    “Indonesians are religious people, they are very much
    attached to their religious teachings, their religious values,” he said.

33. attain

    gain with effort

    He joined the Army near the end of and
    attained the rank of staff sergeant, remaining in the United States.

34. attribute

    a quality belonging to or characteristic of an entity

    Ms. Ora
    attributes much of her fashion education to her surroundings.

35. authority

    the power or right to give orders or make decisions

    Soccer
    authorities have been helping those banned with getting back on their feet and finding a way back into society.

36. behalf

    as the agent of or on someone’s part

    The husband sits in the dominant, protective role, watching his wife’s efforts on
    behalf of the family and taking pride.

37. bias

    a partiality preventing objective consideration of an issue

    More than 300 political parties contested the last general elections, representing various concerns,
    biases, cries for justice and pressure groups.

38. brief

    give essential information to someone

    “Flu vaccines are tough,” Bresee said during a telephone
    briefing with reporters.

39. bulk

    the property possessed by a large mass

    Across Portugal, supermarkets and hypermarkets, with their inexpensive packaged goods and
    bulk items, continued to gain ground.
40. capable

    having ability

    As John Stuart Mill emphasized many years ago, those who are
    capable of supporting themselves should not rely on the habitual aid of others.

41. capacity

    capability to perform or produce

    “The hospitals treating the injured are at maximum
    capacity.

42. cease

    put an end to a state or an activity

    The company said it was also temporarily
    ceasing sales of modern sporting rifles nationwide.

43. channel

    transmit or serve as the medium for transmission

    Options include
    channeling more funds to the banking sector to boost lending, buying government bonds on the secondary market and even reducing foreign currency reserves.

44. chart

    a visual display of data or information

    In some countries, including the largest developing economies in Asia, the G.D.P.
    charts show no indication that bad things ever happened.

45. cite

    make reference to

    The ratings agency
    cited India’s high saving and investment rates, relatively competitive private sector and diverse economy as rationale behind its decision.

46. civil

    of or occurring between or among citizens of the state

    What followed, officials said, was a remarkable show of international cooperation over Syria’s
    civil war.

47. clarify

    make clear and comprehensible

    He later
    clarified his meaning and said the media had his misconstrued his comments.

48. classic

    of recognized authority or excellence

    “The Blue Angel,” adapted from Heinrich Mann’s novel “Small Town Tyrant,” is a cinema
    classic that made Marlene Dietrich a star.

49. code

    a set of rules or principles or laws

    France’s Civil
    Code says one must have another nationality in order to give up French citizenship because it is forbidden to be stateless.New York Times (Jan 3, 2013)
50. coherent

    marked by an orderly and consistent relation of parts

    That leadership vacuum, Mr. Bealefeld and others said, has inevitably depleted morale and kept the agency from developing a
    coherent agenda.

51. coincide

    happen simultaneously

    The cutbacks in education and growing youth unemployment
    coincide with two demographic crises facing European governments.

52. collapse

    break down, literally or metaphorically

    The
    collapse of Latvia’s largest bank in 1995 wiped out many people’s savings.
53. commence

    set in motion, cause to start

54. commission

    a special group delegated to consider some matter

    The
    commission collected evidence that showed the authorities discussed covering up killings, including by quickly burying the bodies of victims.

55. commit

    give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause

    A lawyer for the medical examiner’s office, Mimi Mairs, said the agency had
    committed to “leaving no stone unturned in recalling casework she touched.”

56. communicate

    interchange information or ideas

    By introducing the rating system to games that rely on digital distribution, Vance said, developers will be able to better
    communicate their nature to consumers.

57. community

    group of interdependent organisms living in the same region

    In November, Hurricane Sandy devastated entire
    communities in coastal New York and New Jersey and killed over 100 people.

58. compatible

    able to exist and perform in harmonious combination

59. compensate

    make amends for

    The German government has already
    compensated Jews who were forced to work in the ghettos.

60. compile

    get or gather together

    Mobile video calling has risen so quickly that industry analysts have not yet
    compiled exact numbers.
61. complement

    something added to embellish or make perfect

    Third, in 2008-9, monetary and fiscal policies were
    complemented by government capital injections directly into United States and European banks.New York Times (Aug 11, 2011)

62. component

    one of the individual parts making up a larger entity

    Avoiding turnovers, hitting the offensive boards and getting to the free throw line are all key
    components of an efficient offense.

63. compound

    a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts

    The New England
    Compounding Center was shut down, and inspections found extensive contamination.

64. comprehensive

    including all or everything

    “
    Comprehensive investigative reports for the four equine fatalities from the inner track meet are being completed by board staff.”

65. comprise

    be made of

    Peck, though, was surprised to learn the other team nicknames used in his league, which was
    comprised entirely of white men.Washington Post (Jun 27, 2012)

66. conceive

    have the idea for

67. concentrate

    make denser, stronger, or purer

    Mostly we were silent,
    concentrating on our steps, but occasionally we would chat.

68. concept

    an abstract or general idea inferred from specific instances

    There is little technical artistry involved, the focus instead on simple
    concepts and difficult execution.

69. conclude

    bring to a close

    Taken together, the reports have led analysts to
    conclude that after years of being an economic drag, housing is now contributing to economic growth.

70. concurrent

    occurring or operating at the same time

    Problem solving was
    concurrent with physical effort, so the brain must have adapted by developing appropriate regions to enhance neurocognition.New York Times (Sep 15, 2010)

71. conduct

    the way a person behaves toward other people

    For years, lawmakers, urged by the NRA, have placed so-called riders on spending bills that restrict these and other agencies from
    conducting such research.

72. confer

    have a meeting in order to talk something over

    He especially prefers having a radiologist on-site because he believes that
    conferring in person helps prevent mistaken readings and gets quicker results.

73. confine

    place limits on

    Is erotic sculpture
    confined to temples or particular religious cults?

74. confirm

    establish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts

    The identities have yet to be officially
    confirmed, he said.

75. conform

    be similar, be in line with

    In other words, they
    conformed to feminine stereotypes.

76. consent

    give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to

    Companies also must get parental
    consent before using tracking tools such as cookies that peek into children’s IP addresses and device identification numbers.

77. considerable

    large in number, amount, extent, or degree

    In other words, the trial court wanted to treat the mass media like a public utility, which carried
    considerable consequences.

78. consist

    have its essential character

    They
    consist of arms, elbows and very long finger bones connected by two layers of thin skin.

79. constant

    uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing

    False reviews are a
    constant problem on consumer Web sites.

80. constitute

    form or compose

    The FDA said it is also working on proposed safety regulations targeting imported food – which
    constitutes 15% of what’s eaten in the U.S.

81. constrain

    hold back

    Constrained school budgets are likely to prevent any mass hiring or arming of security officers.

82. construct

    make by combining materials and parts

    He wanted and received some honest feedback to help
    construct a game plan that would put them in better positions to succeed.

83. consult

    get or ask advice from

    She said she had decided to step down after
    consulting family members and friends.

84. consume

    use up, as resources or materials

    The technology in theory allows for thinner screens that
    consume less power.

85. contact

    be in or establish communication with

    Beck made eye
    contact with me and nodded.

86. contemporary

    belonging to the present time

    There is, in other words, much to appreciate about
    contemporary movies this year.

87. context

    the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation

    Geological Survey has posted some useful
    context and interpretation.

88. contract

    a binding agreement that is enforceable by law

    Other league business will also resume, including trades and
    contract signings.

89. contradict

    prove negative; show to be false

    The C.I.A.’s acting director, Michael Morell, recently
    contradicted that, saying harsh techniques did produce some tips that led to Bin Laden.

90. contrary

    exact opposition

    On the
    contrary, he wrote, such clauses are used in most debt restructuring exercises, and investors “would expect Greece to use it.”

91. contribute

    give to some cause

    In 2009, researchers at Mount Sinai Medical Center reported finding evidence suggesting that the chemicals may also
    contribute to obesity in girls.

92. controversy

    a dispute where there is strong disagreement

    But the performance has been clouded by
    controversy.

93. convene

    meet formally

94. converse

    carry on a discussion

    But people in traditional societies
    converse constantly, learning from one another and sharing.

95. convert

    change the nature, purpose, or function of something

    Let us embrace book shelves that
    convert to dining room tables.

96. convince

    make realize the truth or validity of something

    They are still not
    convinced of Mr. Bozizé’s good will.

97. cooperate

    work together on a common enterprise or project

    We are
    cooperating with authorities and conducting a full internal investigation.

98. core

    the choicest or most vital part of some idea or experience

    College admission personnel will focus on your performance in this year’s
    core academic classes.

99. correspond

    be compatible, similar, or consistent

    Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had made the temporary cease-fire by Israel’s airplanes conditional on a
    corresponding halt to rocket fire from Gaza.

100. create

     bring into existence

     What started as a few coins to buy one hen ends up
     creating jobs for people all over Ghana.

101. criterion

     the ideal in terms of which something can be judged

     Regulators say lenders must consider at least eight
     criteria, including a borrower’s credit history, debt obligations, employment status, income and assets.

102. crucial

     of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis

     Developing Internet programming is a
     crucial part of Sony’s future, he said.

103. culture

     a particular society at a particular time and place

     “It was really mixed
     cultures growing up,” she said.

104. currency

     the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used

105. cycle

     a periodically repeated sequence of events

     But real estate tends to move in longer
     cycles, and Mr. Case is still saying now is a good time to buy.

106. debate

     a discussion with reasons for and against some proposal

     “Political capital in the gun
     debate only goes so far.

107. decade

     a period of 10 years

     Decades ago, Andrews whittled wood, watching the shavings fall away to reveal something recognizable.

108. decline

     grow worse

     But there will be less dancing now, because the chickens’ numbers have
     declined.

109. deduce

     conclude by reasoning

110. define

     show the form or outline of

     Relative greatness can be tricky to
     define across tennis eras.

111. definite

     precise; explicit and clearly defined

     While there are no
     definite plans yet, “we are looking to broaden our outreach beyond New York,” said Terry Lynam, a spokesman for North Shore.New York Times (Mar 8, 2012)

112. demonstrate

     give an exhibition of to an interested audience

     “Over a century of experience in the United States has
     demonstrated the powerful role women’s colleges play in educating women leaders.”

113. denote

     be a sign or indication of

     Heard in that light, the work’s agonized gestures, halting pace and tense silences
     denoted courage and ineffable dignity.New York Times (Mar 12, 2012)

114. deny

     declare untrue; contradict

     Both the military and Mr. Qadri have publicly
     denied working together.

115. depress

     push down

     «It was the most
     depressing meeting ever,» said one attendee who spoke on the condition of anonymity.

116. derive

     come from

     He said his son was «a very simple person at heart» who »
     derives pleasures from simple things in life.»

117. design

     the act of working out the form of something

     The previous models had identical
     designs that made it easier for bump drafting because the front and rear bumpers lined up squarely.New York Times (Jan 12, 2013)

118. detect

     discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

     But soon enough, they
     detected something wrong, not least that Mr. Holmes was apparently trying to conceal a handgun.

119. device

     an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose

     Mr. Scal said wireless fitness
     devices were becoming popular because they address basic needs for consumers, unlike another trend seen at the show, enormous televisions.

120. devote

     dedicate

     He says movies based on video games rarely please
     devoted fans and could taint the brand.

121. differentiate

     be a distinctive feature, attribute, or trait

     “Whirlpool’s key
     differentiating points are quality and innovation,” said Mr. Beck, and “the icing is that, hey, we’re made in the United States.”

122. dimension

     a construct distinguishing objects or individuals

     And then there are Houston’s narrow field
     dimensions, a factor in United’s struggles this year.

123. diminish

     decrease in size, extent, or range

     The market malfunctions have been assigned part of the blame for the
     diminishing amount of trading happening on the nation’s stock exchanges.

124. discrete

     constituting a separate entity or part

125. displace

     cause to move, usually with force or pressure

     “There are these young guys in the camps, very well dressed, that are definitely not
     displaced persons,” Mr. Goffeau said.

126. display

     something intended to communicate a particular impression

     Eighty of his black-and-white photographs, taken over a 70-year period, will be on
     display in this exhibition.

127. dispose

     throw or cast away

     Food trash has to be
     disposed of immediately, the futon tucked into its slot every morning, each object stored after use.

128. distinct

     recognizable; marked

     The small plant in Montreal is divided into two
     distinct operations.

129. distort

     twist and press out of shape

     But he insists that his work has been intentionally
     distorted by critics.

130. distribute

     give to several people

     Mr. Guevara said he believed the institute should stop producing films and be limited to, say, renting out sets and
     distributing movies.

131. diverse

     distinctly dissimilar or unlike

     “They represent what New York City is all about: a truly
     diverse melting pot.”

132. document

     writing that provides information

     The
     document showed that the containers originated in Iran and declared the contents to be “building materials.”

133. domain

     territory over which rule or control is exercised

     He said China’s claims included an area that was “clearly part of the Philippines’ territory and maritime
     domain.”

134. dominate

     be in control

     The Chinese economy remains
     dominated by manufacturing and factory overcapacity still exists in some sectors.

135. draft

     any of the various versions in the development of a work

     Rethinking Those Words for Screen Any writer knows the sinking feeling: This line, this
     draft, this entire project, is not quite working.

136. drama

     a work intended for performance by actors on a stage

     She studied art, music and
     drama in high school and later attended Compton Community College.

137. duration

     the period of time during which something continues

     The researchers also found that short sleep
     duration and snoring were each independently associated with a greater likelihood of sleepy driving.

138. economy

     the system of production and distribution and consumption

     The Chinese
     economy remains dominated by manufacturing and factory overcapacity still exists in some sectors.

139. element

     one of the individual parts making up a composite entity

     The importance of employment for former fighters is acknowledged as an important
     element of keeping them from picking up arms again.

140. eliminate

     end, take out, or do away with

     School districts have reported
     eliminating thousands of jobs, increasing class sizes and reducing library services and other programs.

141. emerge

     come out into view, as from concealment

     But an
     emerging labor shortage, particularly of young workers, has changed that picture.

142. emphasis

     special importance or significance

     Instead, Mr. Langston explained, the
     emphasis is on using existing geriatricians as educators and consultants for the generalist physicians who will actually treat older patients.

143. empirical

     derived from experiment and observation rather than theory

     The precise impact can only be determined by careful analysis unencumbered by dogmatic beliefs not anchored in
     empirical results.

144. enable

     provide the means to perform some task

     New technologies have raised productivity and profits, while
     enabling companies to shed workers and slice payroll.

145. encounter

     a casual or unexpected convergence

     Mr. Reimer also reported that both diesel engines shut off around this time, Mr. Sumwalt said, though he
     encountered no problems with steering.

146. enforce

     compel to behave in a certain way

     These rules were strictly
     enforced using the flight recording equipment they carried.

147. enhance

     make better or more attractive

     Happily, the field is evolving in ways that may
     enhance safety.

148. enormous

     extraordinarily large in size or extent or degree

     Some exhibits designed by Gallagher & Associates are less enticing, including
     enormous interactive video databases.

149. ensure

     make certain of

     The Interior Department remains focused on
     ensuring safe drilling rather than barring drilling off Alaska’s coast.

150. entity

     that which is perceived to have its own distinct existence

     He said about half of all companies today were structured as so-called pass-through
     entities.

151. environment

     the totality of surrounding conditions

     “I would rather him be in a classroom
     environment,” Ms. Allen said.

152. equate

     consider or describe as similar or analogous

     Bacon said physical activity was important to good health but might not necessarily
     equate with weight loss.

153. equip

     provide with, usually for a specific purpose

     Some are getting rid of checkout lanes and registers altogether in favor of roaming clerks
     equipped with mobile devices, for instance.

154. equivalent

     being essentially comparable to something

     And 100 half-time employees are considered
     equivalent to 50 full-time employees.

155. erode

     become ground down or deteriorate

     “The state’s historical lack of spending has had an
     eroding effect on the district,” he said.

156. establish

     set up or found

     The most recent one was
     established by Ford Motors in Mountain View, Calif., in June.

157. estate

     extensive landed property retained by the owner

     Today he earns his living in the real
     estate market niche known as A.R.V., for “after repair value.”

158. estimate

     judge tentatively

     By some
     estimates, half of the nation’s health care plans are run by companies in the Nashville area.

159. ethic

     the principles of right and wrong for an individual or group

     Professor Gillers, the legal
     ethics expert, agreed, saying the
     ethics rules do not forbid paying for information.

160. ethnic

     distinctive of the ways of living of a group of people

     A vibrant
     ethnic melting pot, Marseille is also home to an increasing number of contemporary art and avant-garde performances.

161. evaluate

     estimate the nature, quality, ability or significance of

     On Wednesday, his office released a statement saying the public prosecutor would
     evaluate the commission’s findings.

162. eventual

     expected to follow in the indefinite future

163. evident

     clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

     In addition, the report’s loss estimates are somewhat surprising given that the loans it examined were made after the mortgage crisis became
     evident.

164. evolve

     undergo development

     “This is an
     evolving and emerging threat,” he said.

165. exceed

     be superior or better than some standard

     An earlier review by the commission found that credit card tips
     exceeded 20 percent in fall 2009.

166. exclude

     prevent from entering; shut out

     The most rigorous Drug Free Sport testing panel
     excludes drugs like peptide hormones, stimulants, narcotics and many masking agents.

167. exhibit

     show; make visible or apparent

     Some
     exhibits designed by Gallagher & Associates are less enticing, including enormous interactive video databases.

168. expand

     make bigger or wider in size, volume, or quantity

     American economic output has continued to
     expand at a sluggish pace.

169. expert

     a person with special knowledge who performs skillfully

     But even so, such controls have some benefits, public health
     experts say.

170. explicit

     precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable

     And then there’s the film’s
     explicit subject matter.

171. exploit

     use or manipulate to one’s advantage

     But their potential in other subject areas is already being
     exploited.

172. export

     sell or transfer abroad

     Such findings have implications for national
     export officials.

173. expose

     show; make visible or apparent

     Empty picture frames hang on
     exposed brick walls, blank as the mind.

174. external

     happening or arising outside some limits or surface

     “
     External demand seems to be holding up better than we had thought,” Mr. Moëc said.

175. extract

     remove, usually with some force or effort

     Green tea
     extracts, more richly concentrated with EGCG, may not be much better.

176. facilitate

     make easier

     “We have seen over and over again that states are very eager to
     facilitate direct investment promotion efforts,” Mr. Riskind said.

177. factor

     anything that contributes causally to a result

     So other
     factors, such as genetics, may be more important for human longevity.

178. feature

     a prominent attribute or aspect of something

     The organic results
     featured several Nike entries and various shoe retailers, but no comparison shopping sites, at least not on the first page.

179. federal

     of a government with central and regional authorities

     Currently, people using the card get only one free withdrawal per deposit of
     federal funds.

180. finance

     the commercial activity of providing funds and capital

     Some of the student exchanges are
     financed by the Erasmus Program, while others rely on joint agreements.

181. finite

     bounded in magnitude or spatial or temporal extent

     But a broken bone, unlike stretched ligaments, usually heals completely in a
     finite period of time.

182. flexible

     able to adjust readily to different conditions

     Where screens are concerned, apparently, the future remains
     flexible.

183. fluctuate

     move or sway in a rising and falling or wavelike pattern

     This create a
     fluctuating magnetic field that generates heat without physical contact.

184. focus

     the concentration of attention or energy on something

     The second half
     focused on specific 20th-century songs in the Gilbert and Sullivan style.

185. format

     the organization of data according to preset specifications

     What customers are now seeing reflects changes in the
     format of Google results.

186. formula

     a symbolic representation of the composition of a compound

     One former member of the DNA Subcommittee said he was concerned the
     formula was based on assumptions, not practice.

187. forthcoming

     easygoing and open when speaking or sharing information

     Reflecting on the match Broad outlined the problem clearly enough but was less
     forthcoming about the likely solution.

     «Forthcoming» also implies that someone will say something that others might be reluctant to say, or that the context might suggest one would be uncomfortable saying.

188. foundation

     education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field

     The
     foundation has grown, supporting visual as well as performing artists and changing its name to the
     Foundation for Contemporary Arts.

189. framework

     the underlying structure

190. function

     what something is used for

     Her best works
     function like brilliant collages, creating meaning through idiosyncratic constellations of references and concepts.

191. fund

     a reserve of money set aside for some purpose

     A year later, he and other enthusiasts received a state charter to start collecting
     funds and archival material.

192. fundamental

     serving as an essential component

     “Providing access to the
     fundamental technology is entirely different,” he said in an e-mail Friday.

193. furthermore

     in addition

     Furthermore, the train in Europe or Asia is likely to have traveled at much higher speed.

194. gender

     properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of sex

     Thousands marching for
     gender justice on New Years eve.

     The vocabulary.com definitions of gender lack a common academic use of the word in sociology, anthropology, and other social sciences to denote the socially constructed category of gender identity, e.g. what it means to be «male» or «female» and how something in-between is silently categorized as abnormal.

195. generate

     bring into existence

     But China is not particularly interested in sharing much of the wealth the railroad would
     generate.

196. generation

     a coming into being

     Among them: research showing that boomers are giving their time to community groups at higher rates than past
     generations.

197. globe

     an object with a spherical shape

     Some artists have created somewhat darker snow
     globes.

198. goal

     the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve

     “
     Goals can be extremely effective, depending on how people set and approach them,” he says.

199. grade

     a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

     In all, 17,000 students and more than 1,100 teachers would be affected by closings, program changes and new
     grade configurations.

200. grant

     allow to have

201. guarantee

     an unconditional commitment that something will happen

     He found his previous job within 30 days, picking up a year’s
     guaranteed contract work in Hartford.

202. guideline

     a rule that provides direction for appropriate behavior

     Hang gliding became safer as technology improved and training
     guidelines were established.

203. hierarchy

     a series of ordered groupings within a system

204. highlight

     move into the foreground to make more visible or prominent

     One particularly striking finding in their analysis
     highlights the power that comes with drawing the maps.

205. hypothesis

     a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations

     His
     hypothesis was neglected for many years because the methodology for detecting such chemical factors in the living embryo was not yet available.Scientific American (Jan 3, 2013)

206. identical

     being the exact same one

     The previous models had
     identical designs that made it easier for bump drafting because the front and rear bumpers lined up squarely.New York Times (Jan 11, 2013)

207. identify

     give the name or characteristics of

     The spokeswoman declined to be
     identified by name, citing company policy.

208. ideology

     an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group

     Unfortunately, some United States officials are so captured or captivated by the
     ideology of modern banking that they want to play along.

209. ignorance

     the lack of knowledge or education

     One thing I felt keenly while reading was the
     ignorance of even great minds, based on when they lived in history.New York Times (Jun 6, 2012)

210. illustrate

     depict with a visual representation

     Investigators have so far not linked any historical pipeline problems to malicious cyberactivity, but software malfunctions have
     illustrated the potential threat.

211. image

     a visual representation produced on a surface

     Images of a hang glider soaring through the Grand Canyon were offset by reports of dozens of pilots dying each year in accidents.

212. immigrate

     come into a new country and change residency

     When Mr. Salomon was 19, he
     immigrated to the United States; his father worked in a factory in New York City.

213. impact

     have an effect upon

     Whatever the economic
     impact of low interest rates, they seem to be helping corporate America.

214. implement

     apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design

     The big idea: Many business leaders struggle with
     implementing strategic change.

215. implicate

     bring into intimate and incriminating connection

     The cases involving big banks, he said, lacked sufficient evidence
     implicating C.E.Os.

216. implicit

     suggested though not directly expressed

     But he said there was an
     implicit understanding that high-ranking officials were off limits.

217. imply

     express or state indirectly

     Foreign exchange reserves have remained largely static for 18 months,
     implying that the Chinese central bank has made no major intervention in the currency.

218. impose

     compel to behave in a certain way

     Similar restrictions have been
     imposed by the United Kingdom, Chile and Brazil.

219. incentive

     a positive motivational influence

     But using generous economic
     incentives and relying on conventions has been called an outdated economic strategy.

220. incidence

     the relative frequency of occurrence of something

221. incline

     lower or bend, as in a nod or bow

     Corporations are generally
     inclined to settle potential cases because even being indicted can cripple business.

222. income

     the amount of money one makes over a period of time

     Even if
     income tax rates are higher later, I think the tax deferral” makes up for that increase.

223. incorporate

     unite or merge with something already in existence

224. indicate

     designate a place, direction, person, or thing

     Instead, he
     indicated he might have some inside information on who will be.

225. individual

     being or characteristic of a single thing or person

     “Everybody needs to put
     individual thoughts behind them,” Smith said.

226. induce

     cause to act in a specified manner

     Ms. Ortega was not in a medically
     induced coma.

227. inevitable

     incapable of being avoided or prevented

     But, he said, “In time, as society becomes more comfortable and legal concerns are ironed out, full autonomy will become practical,
     inevitable and necessary.”

228. infer

     conclude by reasoning

229. infrastructure

     the basic features of a system or organization

     Mongolia’s vast grasslands have long attracted adventure travelers, particularly those willing to go on horseback, but a limited tourism
     infrastructure has kept numbers low.

230. inherent

     existing as an essential constituent or characteristic

     But all predictions based on computer projections have
     inherent uncertainties.

231. inhibit

     limit the range or extent of

     However, she said that the respondents might have been
     inhibited in answering because their interviews were carried out in front of other family members.

232. initial

     occurring at the beginning

     In fact, Emery still has
     initial interviews scheduled.

233. initiate

     set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for

     In the last half-dozen presidential campaigns, the news media have attempted to bring more accountability by
     initiating ad watches and fact checks.

234. injure

     cause damage or affect negatively

     Players saw Smith benched two months ago because he admitted he was
     injured.

235. innovate

     bring something new to an environment

     They are really looking for someone to
     innovate in nutrition and hunger solutions.

236. insert

     put or introduce into something

     He said he tried unsuccessfully to
     insert renovations into Lincoln Center’s master plan, “but basically the program was over.”

237. insight

     clear or deep perception of a situation

     But he found that being calm, clear and compassionate gave him better
     insights and better timing.

238. inspect

     look over carefully

     Accredited outside auditors
     inspected the factory on Walmart’s behalf at least twice in 2011, he said.

239. instance

     an item of information that is typical of a class or group

     Research has found, for
     instance, that Indian mothers tend to breast-feed boys longer than they do girls, Ms. Anderson said.

240. institute

     set up or lay the groundwork for

     The Electric Power Research
     Institute has some advice, none of it encouraging.

     There is an additional meaning of «institute» not raised in vocabulary.com, that is, to implement.

241. instruct

     impart skills or knowledge to

     He is not technically an assistant coach, but he helps
     instruct the quarterbacks.

242. integral

     existing as an essential constituent or characteristic

     As this season has gone on, it has become more
     integral in Seattle’s offense.

243. integrate

     make into a whole or make part of a whole

     This mission is complicated by the fact that Moscow’s ruling class is, in fact, already deeply
     integrated into Western Europe.

244. integrity

     an undivided or unbroken completeness with nothing wanting

     Engineers determined that weaker ones were originally installed, raising concerns about the structure’s
     integrity.

245. intelligence

     the ability to comprehend

     He also noted that to carry out commando raids, the American military needs bases, an
     intelligence network and arrangements for medical evacuation.

246. intense

     extremely sharp

     “Currently in China people are unusually sensitive to developments like this, and so the reaction has been quite
     intense,” Mr. Zhan said.

247. interact

     do something together or with others

     He clearly enjoyed
     interacting with sports fans of Chicago he respects.

248. intermediate

     around the middle of a scale of evaluation

     Has also assumed a bigger role in the passing game, primarily at the
     intermediate levels.

249. internal

     located inward

     The
     Internal Revenue Service issued guidance to employers to increase withholding from paychecks beginning Tuesday to match new tax rates at every income level.

250. interpret

     make sense of; assign a meaning to

     But people do
     interpret and observe religion differently and, as Celtics Coach Doc Rivers noted, a fair number of folks “do work on Christmas.”

251. interval

     the distance between things

     Players who sustained head injuries also received scans at three
     intervals after the injuries, with researchers using advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques.

252. intervene

     get involved, so as to alter or hinder an action

     Meanwhile, financial markets remain focused on how the European Central Bank might actually go about
     intervening in government bond markets.New York Times (Aug 20, 2012)

253. intrinsic

     belonging to a thing by its very nature

254. investigate

     conduct an inquiry of

     Police detectives are
     investigating several thefts in at least two precincts that appear to include the same suspects, said Sgt.

255. invoke

     cite as an authority

     Yet the concepts
     invoked are often abstract, requiring reflection and explanation.

256. involve

     contain as a part

     Another United States Attorney’s office could reopen that investigation, several lawyers
     involved in the case said, although that is unlikely.

257. isolate

     place or set apart

     That damage would have been reduced by about two-thirds if controllers in Houston
     isolated the rupture as soon as problems emerged, investigators said.

258. issue

     some situation or event that is thought about

     The big
     issues that Nokia faces, he said, are “managing efficiently, building great products and changing the way we operate.

259. journal

     a periodical dedicated to a particular subject

260. justify

     show to be right by providing proof

     Justifying her sentence, she noted that the men were driven by financial motives and difficult family circumstances rather than ideology.

261. label

     a brief description given for purposes of identification

     Ms. Lutz, the Living Essentials spokeswoman, said the bold “No Crash Later” statement on product
     labels was followed by a special mark.

262. layer

     a single thickness of some substance or material

     “If Disney can drive more value from existing infrastructure by
     layering on technology, that is extremely powerful,” said Mr. Brown of Lo-Q.

263. lecture

     an educational talk delivered by a teacher in a classroom

     But each year, Mr. Wright gives a
     lecture on his experiences as a parent of a child with special needs.

264. legal

     established by or founded upon law or official rules

     As required by state law, the patient’s
     legal guardian was notified, along with local law enforcement.

265. legislate

     make laws or bills

     But the recently introduced Lisbon Treaty has widened the scope for Brussels to ask member nations to
     legislate on criminal matters.New York Times (Dec 8, 2010)

266. locate

     determine the place of by searching or examining

     But no one has ever thought that the fountain might be
     located beneath a house in Maine.

267. maintain

     keep in a certain state, position, or activity

     Mr. Sprecher indicated that he was willing to
     maintain two headquarters, ICE’s home in Atlanta and the Big Board’s center in New York City.

268. major

     greater in number or size or amount

     Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. also is meeting separately Thursday with
     major gun retailers, including Wal-Mart.

269. manipulate

     influence or control shrewdly or deviously

     As the financial crisis was heating up, Barclays said it
     manipulated rates to increase profits and hide its failing financial health.

270. manual

     of or relating to the hands

     However, back at the other office, Mr. Tuli did point out an engineer who was translating
     manuals for companies assembling DataWind tablets in China.

271. margin

     the boundary line or area immediately inside the boundary

     The new military spending bill, known as the 2013 National Defense Authorization Act, was passed in both houses of Congress by wide
     margins.

272. mature

     having reached full natural growth or development

     Coach Mike Smith said Monday they had learned from and been
     matured by their recent disappointments.

273. mechanism

     device consisting of a piece of machinery

     Mr. Kasuri expressed surprise over the government’s failure to install an effective firewall
     mechanism despite having months to do so.

274. medium

     the surrounding environment

     Witnesses told local news
     media that the helicopter appeared to have exploded after hitting the ground.

275. mediate

     act between parties with a view to reconciling differences

     A few violence interrupters were
     mediating between the gangs’ leaders, while the rest worked the crowd, calming people down.

276. medical

     relating to the study or practice of medicine

     But some critics said that poor and uninsured patients sometimes used the emergency room as their primary source of
     medical care.

277. mental

     involving the mind or an intellectual process

     Yet Justice Del Giudice, who was scheduled to sentence Mr. Isaac, ordered a
     mental health examination instead.

278. method

     a way of doing something, especially a systematic way

     Other schools have also adopted inventive
     methods to promote graduating in four years.

     What’s missing in this definition is «the scientific method,» or the «Methods» section of a research paper.

279. migrate

     move from one country or region to another and settle there

     Jeffrey Hart is a Briton
     migrating back and forth between Canada and the United States on work visas, gaining experience in natural building.New York Times (Aug 20, 2012)

280. minimal

     the least possible

     The fighters are operating on a
     minimal budget, eating just one meal a day, he added.

281. minimum

     the smallest possible quantity

     Employees will be given a
     minimum 60-day notice before any furlough of longer than 22 days takes place, according to the document.

282. minor

     inferior in number or size or amount

     In my next post, we’ll look at how seemingly
     minor details in a transaction, if not handled properly,  can make your life miserable.

283. mode

     how something is done or how it happens

     Altogether, shifting transportation
     modes would drive up prices, he said, adding, “Rail is not the answer.”

284. modify

     cause to change; make different

     Riders complained about inaccurate
     modified schedules on the Web site — a criticism the agency sometimes acknowledged.

285. monitor

     keep an eye on; keep under surveillance

     A screen in one corner relayed footage from the closed circuit cameras installed across the office floors,
     monitoring staff activity.

286. motive

     the reason that arouses action toward a desired goal

     But his prime
     motive in choosing Google, he said, was online collaboration.

287. mutual

     common to or shared by two or more parties

     Teams are taught four skill sets: leadership,
     mutual support, situation monitoring and communication.

288. negate

     make ineffective by counterbalancing the effect of

     She notes that salad dressing packets typically contain as many as four servings, which can
     negate any nutritional value of the greens.Washington Post (Dec 20, 2011)

289. neutral

     having no personal preference

     As head of state, the queen performs some ceremonial and formal duties related to government but must remain
     neutral on political matters.New York Times (Dec 19, 2012)

290. nevertheless

     despite anything to the contrary

     Nevertheless, Mr. Ostreicher ended up in June 2011 as the only American in Palmasola Prison, an experience he described as “sheer terror.”

291. nonetheless

     despite anything to the contrary

     Nonetheless, Mr. Cowen’s illnesses have led to his falling about $8,400 behind in his rent; he could face eviction proceedings beginning next month.

292. norm

     a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical

     However, let’s take it one step further, beyond social
     norms.

293. normal

     conforming with a standard, level, or type

     “I think this is going to end up like a regular summer weekend, no more busy than
     normal,” he said.

294. notion

     a general inclusive concept

     The
     notion that India’s weak manufacturing sector can catch up to China in advanced computer hardware also strikes some experts as far-fetched.

295. notwithstanding

     despite anything to the contrary

296. nuclear

     constituting the core or central part

     A few prominent environmentalists argue that the rapidly heating world cannot make wrenching changes without
     nuclear power to ease the transition.

297. objective

     the goal intended to be attained

     Mr. Dempsey’s stated main
     objective was to preserve as many Tully’s jobs as possible.

298. obtain

     come into possession of

     A Web site marketing Wegelin’s services said, «Neither the Swiss government nor any other government can
     obtain information about your bank account.»

299. obvious

     easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind

     Jet lag’s severity depends on several factors, the most
     obvious being how many time zones you crossed.

300. occupy

     live in (a certain place)

     Next to it is a lane usually
     occupied by parked vehicles, and then a traffic lane.

301. occur

     be found to exist

     However nothing else
     occurred, and in a few minutes he had gone back to sleep.

302. offset

     a compensating equivalent

     That is a particularly weighty question, given the urgent need for tax revenue to
     offset the ballooning federal budget deficit.

303. ongoing

     currently happening

304. option

     one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen

     “All
     options are on the table,” said a senior European official who is participating in the talks but was not authorized to speak publicly.

305. outcome

     something that results

     Sure, compound interest has a powerful
     outcome, but it takes an awfully long time to become fun and exciting.

306. output

     production of a certain amount

     American economic
     output has continued to expand at a sluggish pace.

307. overall

     involving only main features

308. overlap

     extend over and cover a part of

     The building housed a research center run by the national security agency, one of many
     overlapping intelligence agencies.New York Times (Jul 19, 2012)

309. panel

     sheet that forms a distinct section of something

     On request, Mr. Singh showed a sample of a touchscreen
     panel that he said had been made at DataWind’s manufacturing unit in Montreal.

310. paradigm

     a standard or typical example

     Even if these new shows end up being remakes of familiar
     paradigms, more is at stake here.

311. parallel

     being everywhere equidistant and not intersecting

     Increasingly she turned to writing about the recipes she was trying as her interest in cooking deepened in
     parallel to her relationship.

312. participate

     be involved in

     “All options are on the table,” said a senior European official who is
     participating in the talks but was not authorized to speak publicly.

313. passive

     lacking in energy or will

     On this night, Ms. Meade basically brought to a character a vulnerability that came across as
     passive.

314. perceive

     become aware of through the senses

     Insurance, like taxes, quantifies the
     perceived societal cost of an activity.

315. period

     an amount of time

     “We were a little bit lost last year when he was out for such an extended
     period of time,” Troy Brouwer said.

316. persist

     continue to exist

     While the specific numbers have most likely shifted over time, the basic categories
     persist.

317. perspective

     a way of regarding situations or topics

     It is helpful to summarize the important policy effects on the labor market from workers’
     perspectives in terms of marginal tax rates.

318. phase

     any distinct time period in a sequence of events

     “He’s progressively gotten better in all
     phases,” Haslett said.

319. phenomenon

     any state or process known through the senses

     Researchers found that employee turnover slows down considerably as businesses get older and bigger, which could be contributing to the wage
     phenomenon.

320. philosophy

     a belief accepted as authoritative by some group or school

     He often coupled common sense with Greek
     philosophy, which, he wrote, «seemed to astonish the whole journalistic fraternity in New York City.»

321. physical

     involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit

     Various companies showed off tools that intervened in our
     physical lives.

322. policy

     a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group

     “Chuck Hagel is out of the mainstream,” Mr. Graham says, “on most issues regarding foreign
     policy.”

323. portion

     something determined in relation to a thing that includes it

     A large
     portion of that is held by a group of hedge funds including York Capital Management, which invests heavily in distressed debt.

324. pose

     put into a certain place or abstract location

     Pointing out the potential hazards
     posed by data brokers and the like is part of Mr. Fertik’s M.O.

325. positive

     characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance

     “Call me an optimist, but I see
     positive indications of the markets moving forward,” he said.

326. potential

     existing in possibility

     Investors fixated last year on so-called tail risks, or
     potential negative surprises.

327. practitioner

     someone who carries out a learned profession

     “Many
     practitioners haven’t caught up to the advanced technology yet,” he said.

328. precede

     be earlier in time

329. precise

     sharply exact or accurate or delimited

     The
     precise impact can only be determined by careful analysis unencumbered by dogmatic beliefs not anchored in empirical results.

330. predict

     make a guess about what will happen in the future

     Research is why he will never live in Seattle, he said; scientists are
     predicting a big earthquake someday.

331. predominant

     having superior power or influence

332. preliminary

     preceding or in preparation for something more important

     West Bengal: A
     preliminary medical examination suggested that a three-year-old girl was raped in Goai village, the Indian Express reported.

333. presume

     take to be the case or to be true

     The 32 remaining passengers are
     presumed to have drowned.

334. previous

     just preceding something else in time or order

     He found his
     previous job within 30 days, picking up a year’s guaranteed contract work in Hartford.

335. primary

     of first rank or importance or value

     But some critics said that poor and uninsured patients sometimes used the emergency room as their
     primary source of medical care.

336. prime

     of or relating to the first or originating agent

     Acquiring the service would not only give Apple access to
     prime data but also, as Search Engine Land noted, would complement Apple in other ways.

337. principal

     main or most important

     Among Wall Street’s
     principal concerns about Facebook has been the company’s ability to profit as its users increasingly log in on their mobile phones.

338. principle

     a basic generalization that is accepted as true

     The business was built on two main
     principles: outstanding customer service and offering high-quality clothes to help people become accepted into society, relatives said.

339. prior

     earlier in time

     Mr. Akhtar said that no
     prior warning or threat had been given to his organization by militants.

340. priority

     status established in order of importance or urgency

     “When you are running investments, your
     priority needs to be maximizing return.”

341. proceed

     move ahead; travel onward in time or space

     If successful, lawyers said, future
     proceedings, at least in the pre trial stage, will be open.

342. process

     a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

     Hall of Fame voting is ultimately designed to be a consensus
     process.

343. professional

     of or relating to or suitable as an occupation

     Mitchell, 30, entered his last fight coming off the longest layoff of his
     professional career.

344. prohibit

     command against

     One student studying preschool education said she was
     prohibited from quitting her internship and was compelled to work night shifts.

345. project

     a planned undertaking

     The landscaping
     project was announced in 2011 but has taken time to advance through public review as officials wrestled with the security question.

346. promote

     contribute to the progress or growth of

     Some rinks installed concrete floors to
     promote cooling, but others employed newer technologies.

347. proportion

     relation with respect to comparative quantity or magnitude

     Insulin is known to fuel cell growth, and cancer cells consume glucose out of
     proportion to other nutrients.

348. prospect

     the possibility of future success

     Nothing to do, no
     prospects for getting out.

349. protocol

     forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by officials

     But organizations that foster student musicians still mostly insist on standard
     protocols.

350. psychology

     the science of mental life

     David Popplewell of Brasenose College grilled an experimental
     psychology candidate by asking: «Why do human beings have two eyes?»

351. publication

     the act of issuing printed materials

     The New York Times and other mainstream
     publications published hundreds of the documents Private Manning is accused of leaking.

352. publish

     prepare and issue for public distribution or sale

     The Smoking Gun Web site
     published the document online.

353. purchase

     something acquired by buying

     He also said that there are no minimum
     purchases required by distributors, denouncing so-called «pay to play» allegations.

354. pursue

     follow in an effort to capture

     Ask for help
     pursuing that interest beyond class assignments.

355. qualitative

     involving distinguishing attributes

356. radical

     far beyond the norm

     Voters appeared to prefer stability over Mr. Moon’s calls for
     radical change.

357. random

     lacking any definite plan or order or purpose

     Monte Carlo methods use a
     random process to solve complicated problems.

358. range

     a variety of different things or activities

     He successfully fought to keep cost increases within a manageable
     range.

359. ratio

     relation with respect to comparative quantity or magnitude

     Pythagoras, he tells us, used the concept of dissonance in coming to his theories about the simple
     ratios of whole numbers.

360. rational

     consistent with or based on or using reason

     Is there any
     rational reason to think that things will change next year?

361. react

     show a response to something

     Every college coach wants smart players — athletes who can grasp complex offenses, dissect sophisticated defenses and
     react quickly under pressure.

362. recover

     regain or make up for

     Figure Skating Championships later this month while he
     recovers from hip surgery.

363. refine

     reduce to a pure state

     But experts also suggested that concepts of fat be
     refined.

364. regime

     the governing authority of a political unit

     “In general, I think the
     regime in Damascus is approaching collapse,” he said.

365. region

     the extended spatial location of something

     The
     region is loaded with iron, and mining companies will continue to go after it.

366. regulate

     bring into conformity with rules, principles, or usage

     While closely
     regulated by the Department of Environmental Conservation, New York also offers great fishing opportunities.

367. reinforce

     strengthen and support

     Patterns of one or the other are
     reinforced over time.

368. reject

     refuse to accept or acknowledge

     Intermittent fighting increased last month when the rebels
     rejected a government demand that they allow supply convoys to reach an army base.

369. relax

     become loose or looser or less tight

     At a Tuesday morning news conference, Saban seemed
     relaxed.

370. release

     grant freedom to; free from confinement

     Another senior official, speaking anonymously because he was not authorized to
     release military information, said two pilots were on board.

371. relevant

     having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue

     «But working on something so
     relevant to society caught my attention.»

372. reluctance

     a certain degree of unwillingness

     But he was expressing some
     reluctance to get on board.

373. rely

     have confidence or faith in

     But there is an inherent risk in anything that
     relies on transporting natural resources because demand can vary.

374. remove

     take something away as by lifting, pushing, or taking off

     Six thousand fewer tons of steel trusses, which were
     removed in 2004.

375. require

     have need of

     Current law
     requires reporting multiple purchases of handguns, but not semi-automatic assault rifles.

376. research

     a seeking for knowledge

     Research has found, for instance, that Indian mothers tend to breast-feed boys longer than they do girls, Ms. Anderson said.

377. reside

     live in

     I was intrigued by our parallel worlds — two Muslim Middle Eastern women, eyes lined with pencils of coal,
     residing in the United States.

378. resource

     aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed

     But there is an inherent risk in anything that relies on transporting natural
     resources because demand can vary.

379. respond

     show a reaction to something

     Protest leaders said the court had given the state six days to
     respond.

380. restore

     bring back into original existence, function, or position

     Some other buildings in the area have yet to have their phone service
     restored, however, Verizon officials said.

381. restrain

     hold back

     Additional cuts in government spending later this year, above those already emanating from the cap on discretionary spending, would further
     restrain job creation.

382. restrict

     limit access to

     But of greater concern was this: A hang gliding flight that crossed into
     restricted airspace was ineligible for the record book.

383. retain

     hold back within

     Hirscher
     retained his lead in the overall World Cup standings.

384. reveal

     make known to the public information previously kept secret

     If prodded, Mr. Gogu will
     reveal a few celebrity stories.

385. revenue

     the entire amount of income before any deductions are made

     That is a particularly weighty question, given the urgent need for tax
     revenue to offset the ballooning federal budget deficit.

386. reverse

     change to the contrary

     But Mrs. Nader and some others are beginning to
     reverse that trend.

387. revise

     reorganize, especially for the purpose of improving

     The
     revised editorial instead lauded Communist Party’s policies.

388. revolution

     a single complete turn

     The biggest winner in this
     revolution will likely be Google, with its free Android operating system.

389. rigid

     fixed and unmoving

     The result is the smallest, most
     rigid playing field in recent history: One that excludes 41 states.

390. role

     the actions and activities assigned to a person or group

     Newsome remembers Lewis’s first news conference after his
     role in the Atlanta murders was resolved.

391. route

     an established line of travel or access

     Alabama, en
     route to its third national title in four years, scored the first three times it had the ball.

392. scenario

     a postulated sequence of possible events

     “They are always prepared for different
     scenarios,” he said of the government.

393. schedule

     a list of times at which things are planned to occur

     Washington is
     scheduled to open its season Saturday at Tampa Bay.

394. scheme

     an elaborate and systematic plan of action

     Some of these offers turned out to be Ponzi
     schemes.

395. scope

     an area in which something operates or has power or control

     The credit can also apply to a wide
     scope of industries — not just manufacturing, but computer software, architects, engineers, and food processing firms.

396. section

     one of several parts or pieces that fit with others

     The Journal is planning a full page of excerpts in its Leisure & Arts
     section on Wednesday.

397. sector

     a particular aspect of life or activity

     The China corporate
     sector has been battling falling profits.

398. secure

     free from danger or risk

     Register online well in advance to
     secure a spot at your preferred test site.

399. sequence

     a following of one thing after another in time

     “We built five separate set pieces to shoot different parts of the
     sequence,” Mr. Hennah said.

400. series

     similar things placed in order or one after another

     But laying out a
     series of possible routes would allow readers to make an educated choice.

401. shift

     move very slightly

     While the specific numbers have most likely
     shifted over time, the basic categories persist.

402. significant

     important in effect or meaning

     «To go this far without
     significant problems after the worst housing crisis since the Great Depression is remarkable,» Mr. Griffith said.

403. simulate

     reproduce someone’s behavior or looks

404. so-called

     doubtful or suspect

     Better still, he said, are
     so-called unconstrained bond funds whose managers have great flexibility in how they invest.

405. source

     the place where something begins

     According to a reliable
     source, “Baseball has ruled on it.

406. specific

     distinguishing something particular or unique

     Department stores like Saks Fifth Avenue use e-mail to target
     specific audiences, but older shoppers still must sift through clothes and accessories for all ages.

407. specify

     be particular about

     The sentence mentioning the alternate swearing-in does not
     specify a date, and government officials have said that means Mr. Chávez can be sworn in later.

408. sphere

     a round three-dimensional closed surface

     After surviving the collapse of the twin towers, the battered
     sphere was moved to Battery Park.

409. stable

     resistant to change of position or condition

     Mr. Abrams said rental companies preferred to keep prices
     stable and spend their energy on trying to gain market share.

410. statistic

     a datum that can be represented numerically

     In recent years, a growing number of high schools have stopped providing class rankings to colleges, raising questions about the value of the
     statistic.

411. status

     the condition or someone or something at a particular time

     But he has made no mention of addressing North Korea’s
     status as one of the world’s least wired nations.

412. straightforward

     pointed directly ahead

     «We are always looking for sophisticated and
     straightforward dishes to add to our tailgate menu,» Jackson wrote.

413. strategy

     an elaborate and systematic plan of action

     But using generous economic incentives and relying on conventions has been called an outdated economic
     strategy.

414. stress

     difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension

     An estimated 75 to 90 percent of all doctors’ visits are related to
     stress.

415. structure

     the building of something and the arrangement of its parts

     Engineers determined that weaker ones were originally installed, raising concerns about the
     structure’s integrity.

416. style

     a particular kind

     Tunisian
     Style Baked Cauliflower Frittata In the authentic version of this frittata there is a lot more olive oil, as well as chopped hard-boiled eggs.

417. submit

     hand over formally

418. subordinate

     lower in rank or importance

419. subsequent

     following in time or order

     But nothing in Mr. Sullivan’s universe is random, and
     subsequent chapters reveal a tangle of dark meanings under the surface.

420. subsidy

     a grant of financial assistance, especially by a government

421. substitute

     a person or thing that can take the place of another

     Cellphones, email and Skype allow more connection among family members and loved ones, but are no
     substitute for being there.

422. successor

     a person who follows next in order

     His
     successor at the U.S. unit will be announced later, BP said.

423. sufficient

     of a quantity that can fulfill a need or requirement

     The cases involving big banks, he said, lacked
     sufficient evidence implicating C.E.Os.

424. summary

     a brief statement that presents the main points

     In the committee meetings, the
     summaries prepared by the first and second readers are often read out loud and discussed.

425. supplement

     an additional component that improves capability

     Some contain anabolic steroids, and even high-quality protein
     supplements might be dangerous in large amounts, or if taken to replace meals, he said.

426. survey

     ask people questions in order to gather data

     A
     survey in China on Monday found manufacturing activity in that country expanded for the third consecutive month.

427. survive

     continue in existence after

     Last week, in fact, he
     survived a vigilante assassination attempt; a car bomb reportedly killed the would-be assassin.

428. suspend

     stop a process or a habit by imposing a freeze on it

     Last spring, Binghamton University
     suspended pledging after a series of complaints about people being physically abused, deprived of sleep and forced to drink heavily.

429. sustain

     lengthen or extend in duration or space

     He balked at describing the actions as “harassment” or “molestation,” saying that implied aggravated or
     sustained behavior.

430. symbol

     something visible that represents something invisible

     She is looking for dinnerware painted with winged goddesses, holding aloft trumpets and bald eagles, which are
     symbols of the Society of the Cincinnati.

431. target

     a reference point to shoot at

     In the mid-1990s, some joined suicide bombing attacks aimed at military and civilian
     targets, sometimes deflecting suspicion by dressing as though pregnant.

432. task

     any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

     The
     task had taken considerably longer than expected.

433. technical

     of or relating to aptitude in a practical skill

     Ultimately, Mr. Bevan noticed that Iran had published limited
     technical details of its cartridges, including bullet weights.

434. technique

     a practical method or art applied to some particular task

     Each had been a licensed peace officer for five to seven years and had received specialized training in investigative
     techniques and firearms.

435. technology

     the practical application of science to commerce or industry

     New
     technologies have raised productivity and profits, while enabling companies to shed workers and slice payroll.

436. temporary

     not permanent; not lasting

     Then in late March, a
     temporary law financing the government expires.

437. terminate

     be the last or concluding part of

     Terminating that case without a further fight, however, would mean giving up on charging other detainees with those offenses.

438. text

     the words of something written

     Writing essays has never been my strong suit; I have as much difficulty conveying sincerity through
     text as I do in speech.

439. theme

     the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

     “I derive my
     themes from what’s happening in everyday life,” Ms. Dimoula had said earlier.

440. theory

     a belief that can guide behavior

     “In
     theory you could have fired that cannon,” Mr. Browne said, “because the powder was still working.”

441. thereby

     by that means or because of that

     In principle, work and investment decisions become more efficient and
     thereby raise growth.

442. thesis

     an unproved statement advanced as a premise in an argument

     My original
     thesis that only Washington Nationals employees, Washington Nationals fans and D.C. media members supported the strategy has turned out to be incorrect.Washington Post (Aug 29, 2012)

443. topic

     the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

     Her newest book, “Prime Time,” a mix of advice on health, fitness, friendship, sex and other
     topics, recently came out in paperback.

444. trace

     an indication that something has been present

     North Korea also deployed equipment to
     trace cellphone signals.

445. tradition

     a specific practice of long standing

     Yes, it’s a New York
     tradition, the first gathering having taken place in 1904.

446. transfer

     move from one place to another

     He ended up at Division III Greensboro College for two years until Clark secured his
     transfer to Stanford.

447. transform

     change or alter in appearance or nature

     Regulators say money market funds need to be fundamentally
     transformed to prevent them from creating too much systemic risk.

Created on December 28, 2012
(updated October 25, 2016)

abandon  

n. [отказаться] lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm
With her parents out of town, Kelly danced all night with abandon.
Show examples and contexts  

abort  

v. [отмены] stop; terminate before completion; terminate a pregnancy
However, most women say that the decision to abort is a difficult one.
Show examples and contexts  

abortion  

n. [аборт] termination of pregnancy; failure of a plan
Instead of doing what many young Egyptian women in her situation do, that is, have an abortion, she went public and took the alleged father to court.
Show examples and contexts  

absurd  

a. [абсурдно] preposterous; ridiculously incongruous or unreasonable; foolish
Alice thought the whole thing very absurd, but they all looked so grave that she did not dare laugh.
Show examples and contexts  

abuse  

n. [нарушении] improper use or handling; misuse
The commenter said that he had stopped seven years of girl abuse in this area, thanks to Vito.
Show examples and contexts  

academic  

a. [академических] related to school; not practical or directly useful; relating to the scholarly organization; based on formal education
The dean’s talk about reforming the college admissions system was only an academic discussion.
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academy  

n. [Академия] school for special instruction; society of scholars, scientists, or artists
The mission of our academy is actually to ensure the health and well-being of all children.
Show examples and contexts  

access  

n. [доступ] approach; entry; entrance
The only access to the village is by boat.
Show examples and contexts  

account  

n. [счета] narrative or record of events; the reason given for a particular action or event
What is the account for this loss?
Show examples and contexts  

accountant  

n. [бухгалтера] one who maintains and audits business accounts
Our business and finance group is looking for a dynamic accountant to join the accounting team supporting the Company’s new area.
Show examples and contexts  

accurate  

a. [точной] capable of providing a correct reading or measurement; performing with care and precision
Can anyone tell me how accurate the English translation in the posted clip is?
Show examples and contexts  

accuse  

v. [обвинить] blame; say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind
He then went on to accuse the West of hypocrisy in criticizing Russia’s human rights record.
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accused  

n. [обвиняемых] defendant or defendants in a criminal case; a person charged with an offense
The testimony expected by the accused from the witness will be regarded as having been actually taken.
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acid  

n. [кислота] sour; water-soluble compounds having a sour taste; quality of being sarcastic, bitter, or scornful
There is a barrage of acid comments in today’s newspapers.
Show examples and contexts  

acknowledge  

v. [признать] declare to be true or admit; express obligation, thanks
Although I acknowledge that the Beatles’ tunes sound pretty dated today, I still prefer them to my brothers’ songs.
Show examples and contexts  

address  

v. [адрес] make a formal speech to; deal with or discuss; direct efforts or attention of
Brown planned to address the issue of low-income housing in his speech.
Show examples and contexts  

adjust  

v. [Изменить] change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable
The opera house was handed over by the builders nearly a year ago, but it’s taken many months to install new stage machinery and to adjust the acoustics.
Show examples and contexts  

administration  

n. [Администрация] management; supervision; people who are in charge of management; the activity of government for powers and duties
Obviously, the key person in administration is the man in the White House.
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adopt  

v. [принимать] accept; take on; raise; take into one’s family
In a late-night session, the United States, which has blocked most recent efforts to adopt resolutions on the Middle East, put forward its own proposal.
Show examples and contexts  

adore  

v. [обожаю] worship with profound reverence; pay divine honors to; regard with the utmost esteem and affection
All the girls in our school adore the handsome mathematics teacher who happens to be a bachelor.
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adult  

n. [взрослых] one who has attained maturity or legal age; fully grown
It is not clear from the video if the adult is a man or woman, but he or she is facing charges of endangering a child’s welfare.
Show examples and contexts  

affect  

v. [влияют] have an emotional or cognitive impact upon
The move is likely to affect women and girls worldwide as international brands such as Mango and Zara have signed up to the agreement.
Show examples and contexts  

affection  

n. [привязанность] fondness; tender feeling toward another; fondness
I happen to think that the physical expression of love and affection is just about the best thing we humans do.
Show examples and contexts  

afford  

v. [себе] pay; provide; have the financial means for; bear the cost of
The deal reduces the cost of certain AIDS drugs and gives developing countries the confidence to afford to treat citizens in the long-term.
Show examples and contexts  

agency  

n. [Агентство] a business that serves other businesses; an administrative unit of government
The FDA press office tells me the agency is aware of the incident and is currently investigating.
Show examples and contexts  

agenda  

n. [Повестка дня] items of business at a meeting; list or program of things to be done or considered
His agenda is certainly different from the President’s and the administration’s, but we will seek additional opportunities to work together with him.
Show examples and contexts  

aggressive  

a. [агрессивного] making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly
During his tenure in Beijing, Huntsman was an aggressive advocate for human rights and pushed to expand U.S. economic ties with China.
Show examples and contexts  

agreement  

n. [Соглашение] state of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character
We are in agreement with their decision.
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aid  

n. [помощь] person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; helper; assistant
The company has also asked for an additional 3.50 billion dollars in aid from the government.
Show examples and contexts  

air  

v. [воздуха] be broadcast on television or radio
The tidbits that will air on tonight’s 6 o’clock news.
Show examples and contexts  

aisle  

n. [прохода] passageway between rows of seats, as in an auditorium or an airplane; the wing of a building
I am glad that one side of the aisle is still trying to make this country work.
Show examples and contexts  

alarm  

n. [сигнализации] any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger
‘Come, my head is free at last!’ said Alice in a tone of delight, which changed into alarm in another moment.
Show examples and contexts  

album  

n. [альбом] a list of names; a register for visitors; a blank book to insert autographs sketches, memorial writing, photographs
My album of boyhood photographs often reminds me of past happiness.
Show examples and contexts  

alien  

a. [чужеродн��е] dissimilar, inconsistent, or opposed in nature; very different place, society, or person
If you think about it, that’s totally alien to what a drug company might be expected to do because if you eradicate a disease, there’s no need for that drug at all.
Show examples and contexts  

alliance  

n. [союз] state of being allied; the act of allying or uniting; a union of interests between families, states, parties
Now sources close to Sharon and Peres say they could lead to a long-term alliance — or even a joint party.
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ally  

n. [союзником] confederate; partner; collaborator
The trouble is that selling arms to this particular ally regularly involves commissions — in plain language, bribes — to well-placed people.
Show examples and contexts  

alone  

a. [только] solitary; by oneself, not with any other people  
Alice cried with a sudden burst of tears, ‘I do wish they would put their heads down! I am so very tired of being all alone here!’
Show examples and contexts  

alternative  

n. [альтернативные] one of two or more things, ideas, or courses of action that may be used; option or choice
Electron Instruments believed its desktop SEM was vastly superior to the next best alternative from a Japanese competitor.
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amaze  

v. [удивлять] astonish; affect with wonder
Archaeologists amaze that such a fragile ancient document could have survived for so long and that it was then discovered as it could so easily have been overlooked.
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ambassador  

n. [посол] authorized messenger or representative
He was appointed ambassador to the United States.
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ambulance  

n. [скорая помощь] field hospital organized as to follow an army in its movements; a wagon for conveying the wounded to hospital
His breathing had become so labored she called an ambulance to send him to the hospital immediately.
Show examples and contexts  

amount  

n. [Сумма] total of two or more quantities; aggregate; sum
The amount of money sent home by migrant workers to their families in Latin America has reached more than $62 billion.
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anniversary  

a. [юбилей] annual; yearly; annual return of the day on which any notable event took place
He gave me a necklace as an anniversary gift.
Show examples and contexts  

annual  

a. [ежегодного] occurring or payable every year
It says that the Queen’s role in the annual state opening of parliament should be changed.
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anonymous  

a. [Аноним] having no name; having an unknown or unacknowledged name
The buyer, who wished to remain anonymous, is a foreigner with homes in Europe.
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antique  

n. [античный] any furniture old and valuable; out of fashion
The woeful ongoing situation of open archaeological sites, which antique smugglers are systematically plundering, will be another priority issue.
Show examples and contexts  

anxiety  

n. [тревоги] concern something  in a state of painful uneasiness;  state of restlessness and agitation
To wait in anxiety is perhaps the hardest thing in life; tea, tobacco, and hot baths are the possible anodynes.
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anyhow  

ad. [иначе] in any way or manner whatever; at any rate; in any event
I couldn’t think of the name of that man anyhow.
Show examples and contexts  

apart  

ad. [кроме] separately, regarding space or company; in a state of separation as to place; aside
In fact, I doubt anyone knew his real name apart from the security staff.
Show examples and contexts  

appeal  

n. [Обращение] attraction; charm; attract; fascinate; challenge
Oxfam is making a big appeal for humanitarian aid to Darfur and neighboring Chad, where millions of people have been made homeless by fighting.
Show examples and contexts  

appetite  

n. [аппетит] instinctive physical desire, especially one for food or drink
China’s urban young are developing a growing appetite for the cool white look of platinum jewelry.
Show examples and contexts  

apply  

v. [применяются] exert; put into service; avail oneself to;
You cannot apply all money to your mortgage.
Show examples and contexts  

appointment  

n. [назначения] act of putting a person into a non-elective position; arrangement
His appointment as Foreign Secretary has triggered speculation in London about the Prime Minister’s motives for the change.
Show examples and contexts  

appreciate  

v. [оценить] be thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious of
I am truly thankful for the stocks, which would appreciate in value considerably in future years.
Show examples and contexts  

approach  

n. [подход] a way of considering or doing something
Faced with an increasingly competitive jobs market, the army is becoming more sophisticated and corporate in its approach to recruitment.
Show examples and contexts  

appropriate  

v. [соответствующие] acquire; take possession of for one’s own use; set apart for specific use
The ranch owners appropriate the lands that have originally been set aside for the Indians’ use.
Show examples and contexts  

approval  

n. [утверждения] official approbation; endorsement; an act of approving
First, Ehrlich knows it would be extremely unlikely to win approval from the Democratic-dominated General Assembly.
Show examples and contexts  

area  

n. [область] a plane surface, as of the floor of a room; open space in a building; the enclosed space; extent; scope; range
His special interest lies in the area of literature.
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argue  

v. [спорить] invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; debate
The United States should, they argue, attempt to remain aloof.
Show examples and contexts  

arrogant  

a. [высокомерным] arising from feeling or assumption of one’s superiority toward others
He often speaks in an arrogant tone, which doesn’t encourage others to discuss with him.
Show examples and contexts  

article  

n. [статьи] essay; editorial; individual thing or element of a class
An article in a national newspaper caused the protests.
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ashamed  

a. [стыдно] affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt
Are you ashamed for having lied?
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aside  

ad. [сторону] on, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest
All joking aside, can you swim 15 miles?
Show examples and contexts  

aspirin  

n. [аспирин] white crystalline compound drug to relieve pain and reduce fever and inflammation
Plavix, along with aspirin, is widely used to prevent heart attacks and strokes.
Show examples and contexts  

assault  

n. [нападение] a violent attack; an onslaught
He’s charged with interfering with the performance of a flight crew by assault or intimidation.
Show examples and contexts  

assist  

v. [помощь] give help or support to, especially as a subordinate
A good way to assist is to bring entrepreneurial and business skills to them.
Show examples and contexts  

associate  

v. [ассоциированных] connect or join together; combine
The public is likely to associate a word or mark with a given company.
Show examples and contexts  

assume  

v. [считать] suppose; presume; take on; bear
He looked at me long and hard: I turned my eyes from him, fixed them on the fire, and tried to assume and maintain a quiet.
Show examples and contexts  

assure  

v. [обеспечения] tell someone confidently that something is true; guarantee; convince
I know it, and I don’t wish to palliate them, I assure you.
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attack  

n. [атаки] offensive move; expression of strong criticism; hostile comment
A national newspaper received an anonymous phone call warning about the attack just minutes before the first device exploded.
Show examples and contexts  

attempt  

n. [Попытка] the action of trying at something
I also want to claim that this attempt is a romantic one.
Show examples and contexts  

attend  

v. [участие] be present at; go to; take care of; tend
Britain’s House of Lords has been described as the best club in London, and for many of the hereditary members who rarely attend debates, that’s just what it is.
Show examples and contexts  

attitude  

n. [отношения] posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue
One of the major reasons for this change in attitude is that there’s more money around.
Show examples and contexts  

attorney  

n. [адвокат] lawyer; one who is appointed by another to act in his place or stead; proxy
Did this attorney mean to throw away his client’s life without an effort?
Show examples and contexts  

attractive  

a. [привлекательным] appealing; pleasing; inviting; tempting
The mobile phone companies argue that reducing taxes will make legally imported phones more attractive than the cheaper smuggled models.
Show examples and contexts  

auction  

n. [аукцион] public sale of property to the highest bidder
The auction is over, and the winning bid was 1000 dollars.
Show examples and contexts  

audience  

n. [аудитории] a group of people within hearing; crowd seeing a stage performance
You should have a clear idea about who your audience is and how you can exploit your product through the correct platform.
Show examples and contexts  

authority  

n. [власть] jurisdiction; power to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine, or judge; government
The laws will reinforce Australia’s authority to turn boats away from Australia.
Show examples and contexts  

available  

a. [обучения] convenient for use or disposal; not busy, free; obtainable; accessible
Vaccines are available but are costly and only offer relatively short-term protection, so the animals need regular booster vaccinations.
Show examples and contexts  

avoid  

v. [избежать] shield away from; prevent
If you are the press secretary to the President of the United States, the main thing to avoid is becoming the story yourself.
Show examples and contexts  

aware  

a. [знать] knowing; having knowledge or cognizance
As you’re likely aware, BPA is a chemical commonly found in plastics, food cans, and water bottles.
Show examples and contexts  

awful  

a. [ужасно] causing fear, dread, or terror; extremely bad or unpleasant; terrible
He says the budget is in awful shape, and we need to take steps to fix it.
Show examples and contexts  

awkward  

a. [неловко] difficult to handle or manage
John Kerry recently spoke of his faith, but he’s more awkward about it than President Bush’s born again.
Show examples and contexts  

bachelor  

n. [бакалавра] unmarried men; the first or lowest academic degree conferred by universities and colleges
A soon-to-be-married man’s friends throw him the ultimate bachelor party.
Show examples and contexts  

backward  

a. [назад] directed to the back or rear; unwilling; averse; reluctant; hesitating; undeveloped
Although he is clever, he is backward in giving his views.
Show examples and contexts  

bacon  

n. [бекон] back and sides of a pig salted and smoked
They built a fire against the side of a great log and then cooked some bacon in the frying-pan for supper.
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badge  

n. [значок] a distinctive mark, token, or sign worn on the person
He was awarded a merit badge for his bravery in the battle.
Show examples and contexts  

baggage  

n. [багажа] trunks, bags, parcels, and suitcases in which one carries one’s belongings while traveling; luggage
When you fully engage in the present, there is no room for baggage from the past or fear of the future.
Show examples and contexts  

bait  

v. [приманка] harass; tease; lure, entice, or entrap
The school bully will bait the smaller children, terrorizing them.
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bake  

v. [печь] prepare, as food, by cooking in dry heat, either in an oven or under coals, or on heated stone or metal
In some places, people still bake bricks in the sun.
Show examples and contexts  

balance  

n. [баланс] being in equilibrium; equilibrium; symmetry; stability
Many here see the ruling against US cotton subsidies as just the first step in tipping the balance of future world trade talks in favour of developing countries.
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balcony  

n. [Балкон] platform projecting from the wall of a building
He planted some flowers on the balcony that projects over the street.
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bald  

a. [лысый] hairless; lacking a natural or usual covering
Although he carried, under his wig, a perfectly bald and shiny head, he had only reached middle age.
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ballet  

n. [балет] a sort of theatrical representation by dancers
That school strives to be an international leader in ballet training.
Show examples and contexts  

band  

n. [группа] orchestra; team; strip; ribbon; belt; unite; ally
The band, made up of four previously unknown young actors, has provoked hysteria across Asia since starring in the Taiwanese TV series.
Show examples and contexts  

bang  

n. [взрыва] a vigorous blow; a conspicuous success
But there are fears that if the Egyptian side doesn’t play well, the crowds will stay away, and the African Cup may go off with a whimper rather than a bang.
Show examples and contexts  

banner  

n. [Баннер] flag; sign; a newspaper headline that runs across the full page
The red top refers to the color of the banner at the top of the paper.
Show examples and contexts  

bar  

n. [бар] a counter where you can obtain food or drink; cafe; strip; stick
For low-paid male workers the cafeterias are a social focus: the equivalent of a bar or pub in non-Muslim countries, a place to meet friends and workmates.
Show examples and contexts  

barbecue  

n. [барбекю] a rack to hold meat for cooking over hot charcoal usually out of doors
The authorities believe it could have been started by a barbecue that had not been put out properly and have announced that they will be questioning suspects in the morning.
Show examples and contexts  

bare  

a. [голый] lacking the usual or appropriate covering or clothing
Silent in bare feet, he swiftly crossed the cold marble floor, sliding into bed just as the door creaked open.
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barely  

ad. [едва] just; only; hardly; scarcely
Only a few years ago, there were no mobile phones, landlines barely worked.
Show examples and contexts  

bargain  

n. [сделку] agreement between parties concerning the sale of property
‘A part of me you must become,’ he answered steadily; ‘otherwise, the whole bargain is void.’
Show examples and contexts  

barn  

n. [сарай] an outlying farm building for storing grain or animal feed and housing farm animals
I daresay it is only a rat scrambling along the rafters of the adjoining schoolroom: it was a barn before I had it repaired and altered, and rats generally haunt them.
Show examples and contexts  

barrel  

n. [баррель] vessel; large cylindrical container
With the oil price soaring above thirty dollars a barrel and the pumps going nearly at full capacity, Gulf Arab coffers are overflowing with unforeseen wealth.
Show examples and contexts  

baseball  

n. [Бейсбол] game played with a bat and ball by two opposing teams of nine players; ball used in this game
Baseball is more popular than any other sport in Japan.
Show examples and contexts  

basement  

n. [подвал] cellar; a part of a building that is below the level of the first floor
There are so many things of India which are either lying in the basement of the Victoria and Albert Museum or in the India Office Library.
Show examples and contexts  

battery  

n. [батареи] beating or pounding; set of guns or heavy artillery; a dry cell that produces an electric current
I’m hoping the battery is just dead and that a quick charge will solve everything.
Show examples and contexts  

bay  

n. [Bay] an inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf; a small body of water set off from the main body
In the library, the books on history are all kept in one bay.
Show examples and contexts  

beam  

n. [пучка] ray of light; a long piece of metal or wood; long piece fixed or movable in structure, machine, or tool
During a severe earthquake, each beam will absorb the shock by crumpling, thereby preventing severe damage to the tower.
Show examples and contexts  

bear  

v. [медведь] support; sustain; carry; have; yield; give birth; hold up or support
They studied the ways in which the relativity theory can bear on the history of science.
Show examples and contexts  

bearing  

n. [подшипники] carrying another part; patient endurance; suffering without complaint; the act of producing or giving birth
The U.S. Mint is set to unveil a new $1 coin bearing President Abraham Lincoln’s image.
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beat  

v. [бить] whip; strike; defeat; hit repeatedly
Speak roughly to your little boy; And beat him when he sneezes; He only does it to annoy; Because he knows it teases.
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beaten  

a. [били] formed or made thin by hammering; totally worn-out; exhausted
Finally we saw a village located well off the beaten path.
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behalf  

n. [имени] represent;  advantage, benefit, the interest of someone
And I’m going to work to assure that that voice that is heard on their behalf is a roar and not a whisper.
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behave  

v. [себя] perform; conduct oneself in a proper way
How we behave is up to us, ” but Nikolai believes that one’s particular circumstances predetermine everything.
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belly  

n. [живот] part of the human body which extends downward from breast to thighs, and contains bowels; womb
His belly is like a cooking pot, Which happens when you eat a lot.
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beloved  

a. [любимого] greatly loved; dear to the heart
But if I go on until my beloved is my bride, and she has taken up my fate, and we are one, and the world knows no difference, what then?
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bend  

v. [изгиб] strain or move out of a straight line; curve; turn toward some certain point
Few will have the greatness to bend history itself, but each of us can work to change a small portion of events.
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benefit  

n. [выгоды] advantage; something that aids or promotes well-being; welfare; gain
Another benefit for business is the elimination of currency risk in the Euro area: the possibility that you might lose money in cross-border trade.
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bent  

a. [Бент] determined to do or have
We are bent on going to the theater no matter how heavy the snow is.
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bet  

n. [ставки] stake or pledge upon the event of a contingent issue; amount or object risked in a wager
I truly believe this setback; my bet is they will recover and move on, hopefully, sooner than soon.
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betray  

v. [предать] be unfaithful; reveal unconsciously or unwillingly
The two spies betray their country by selling military secrets to the enemy.
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bid  

v. [ставки] make an offer of; propose; offer in words; declare, as a wish, a greeting, a threat, or defiance
‘Then you and I must bid good-bye for a little while?’ ‘I suppose so, sir.’
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bite  

v. [укуса] pierce the skin with teeth; seize with the teeth; sting with a stinger; eat into; have a sharp taste
Our laws must bite; that is the only language that the criminals will understand.
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bitter  

a. [горький] harsh or corrosive in tone; painful; acrid; acrimonious
He is perhaps the best-qualified person for many years to solve a long-standing and bitter dispute.
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bizarre  

a. [странное] fantastic; violently contrasting; strangely unconventional in style or appearance
The plot of the novel was too bizarre to be believed.
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blame  

v. [вину] condemn; rebuke; find fault with; censure
The doctor says that natural variability in the weather is probably to blame, but human influence can’t be ruled out.
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blank  

a. [пустой] of white or pale color; without color; empty; void
But he stares out over my shoulder at the skyline, his expression blank, seemingly disinterested in whether I choose to go with him or not.
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blast  

n. [взрыва] explode; burst; gale; a powerful gust of wind or air
The blast is the deadliest incident since a series of ones killed three people in Bangkok on New Year’s Eve in 2006.
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bleed  

v. [кровотечение] emit blood; lose blood; withdraw blood from the body
All the young soldiers are ready to bleed for the country.
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bless  

v. [благословит] make or pronounce holy; consecrate; make happy
My family and I will be praying along with Rick that God will again bless your country.
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block  

v. [блок] hinder; obstruct;  indicate broadly without great detail; sketch
He failed to get enough allies to block the reform.
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blonde  

a. [блондинка] of a fair color; light-colored; as, blond hair; a blond complexion.
The wig this woman wore during a two-day robbery across New York earned her the name blonde bandit.
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board  

n. [Доска объявлений] a committee having supervisory powers; a flat piece of material designed for a special purpose
Instruments on the board include the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer, which will analyze the comet nucleus’s chemical composition — the icy core in the comet’s head.
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boarding  

n. [интернат] wooden boards collectively; act of entering a ship; supplying with meals and lodgings for pay
If I had a kid like that, I’d put him in boarding school.
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bold  

a. [смелые] brave; daring; intrepid; impudent
After five months of detention without trial, the release of the bold young newspaper editor-in-chief marks a significant victory.
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bolt  

v. [болт] dash or dart off; move or jump suddenly
Jack was set to bolt out the front door.
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bond  

n. [связь] link; connection; uniting force or tie; binding agreement; duty
Last year, the average short-term bond fund gained about 9%, according to Morningstar.
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bonus  

n. [Бонусы] an extra dividend to the shareholders; money paid in addition to a stated compensation
She’s very dissatisfied with not getting a bonus.
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boom  

n. [бум] bonanza; prosperity; prosper; expand; flourish
It is a hi-tech boom town, the center for dozens of successful biotech and IT firms, and the home to an ever-expanding middle class.
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booth  

n. [стенд] house or shed built for temporary occupation; covered stall or temporary structure
There is a telephone booth near the cinema.
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border  

n. [границы] outer part or edge of anything, as of a garment, a garden; margin; verge; brink; boundary
This table had a cover made out of beautiful oilcloth, with a red eagle painted on it and a painted border all around.
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bore  

v. [отверстие] drill; make a hole in or through, with or as if with a drill
Three types of protein that enable the cells to bore in and out of blood vessels.
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bother  

v. [беспокоить] annoy; trouble; make agitated or nervous; fluster
But that doesn’t bother me because I don’t want love; I want my music.
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bounce  

v. [отказов] jolt; rebound after having struck an object or a surface
All patients bounce back to good health with that particular medicine.
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bound  

n. [оценки] tied; held; committed; limit; constraint; leap; jump
Supreme Court ended a term bound to affect our lives in significant ways in the months ahead.
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boutique  

n. [Бутик] small shop within a large department store or supermarket
Located in historic Fabric Row, the boutique is a good place for gem buyers.
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brand  

n. [Бренд] a burning piece of wood; mark made by burning with a hot iron; distinctive mark upon in any way
He has his own brand of humor and always brings laugh for us.
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break  

n. [перерыв] opportunity to do something; pause or interval, as from work; a sudden change
A former boxer, he got his break as an actor when he replaced Marlon Brando in the Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire.
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breakdown  

n. [пробоя] process of failing to function or continue; a sudden collapse in physical or mental health; summary of itemized data
His frequent depressions were the prelude to a complete mental breakdown.
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breeze  

n. [ветер] light current of air; gentle wind; progress swiftly and effortlessly
Tomorrow Night: A light, but the steady breeze from the southwest keeps temperatures warmer than tonight.
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bribe  

n. [взятки] something serving to influence or persuade; reward or gift to prevent judgment
It was easy to see the gift as a sort of bribe.
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brief  

a. [краткий] short in time, duration, length, or extent; concise
When my brief career as a pop star ended, I found I had done fairly well.
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briefcase  

n. [портфель] portable, often flat case with a handle, used for carrying papers or books
After each campaign stop, he returned to his car, where his black-leather briefcase is always in its place beside him.
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brilliant  

a. [блестящий] full of light; shining; bright; sharp and clear in tone
The refreshing meal, the brilliant fire, the presence, and kindness of her beloved instructress had roused her powers among them.
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brutal  

a. [жестокий] like a brute; savage; cruel; inhuman; merciless
In many cases, a rich businessman reached the top by trampling others in the most brutal way.
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bubble  

n. [пузыря] foam; dome-shaped covering made of transparent glass or plastic; fantastic or impracticable idea or belief
This is the most anticipated public offering since the dot-com bubble burst four years ago.
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buck  

v. [доллар] move quickly and violently; jump vertically; strive with determination
John is trying to buck for a promotion.
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bucket  

n. [ведро] vessel for drawing up water from a well; a vessel for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain
It may be a drop in the bucket, but any drop is a dangerous one when it comes to violence.
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bud  

n. [почки] one that is not yet fully developed; sprout
The first thing to be thought of is to pluck the disease in its bud, which is best done by injections.
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budget  

n. [бюджет] estimate; a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose
Earlier this week, EU governments voted to bend the rules o that France and Germany wouldn’t be penalized for breaking the rules on budget deficits.
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bug  

n. [ошибка] general name applied to various insects
It might have seemed to him a waste of ammunition to kill a bug with a battery of artillery.
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bull  

n. [бык] male of any species of cattle; large, strong, and aggressive person; optimist regarding business conditions
We are in a medium-term bull market, a corrective move within a long-term bear market.
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bully  

n. [хулиган] noisy, blustering fellow; one who is threatening and quarrelsome; insolent, tyrannical fellow
I found early in life that the best way to defeat a bully is a punch to the nose.
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bump  

n. [удар] impact as from a collision; lump on the body caused by a blow
Have you ever found a small lump or a bump on your body?
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bunch  

n. [куча] clump; cluster; gathering
They found the sharp new heap they sought and ensconced themselves within the protection of three great elms that grew in a bunch within a few feet of the grave.
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bush  

n. [Буш] place abounding in trees or shrubs; the wild forest
When they got pretty close on to us, we dodged into the bush and let them go by and then dropped in behind them.
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business  

n. [бизнес] rightful concern or responsibility; occupation, work, or trade-in which a person is engaged; commercial enterprise
I think that women doing big things in business are inspirational to others because it helps eliminate role discrimination.
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bust  

n. [бюст] the occasion for excessive eating or drinking; complete failure; sculpture of the head and shoulders of a person
With major debt repayments due over in 18 months, the business could go bust.
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buzz  

n. [Buzz] confusion of activity and gossip; the sound of rapid vibration
Still, despite the robust growth, if you listen closely to the analysts and bankers, you can pick up a low buzz of concern over some economic areas.
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cabin  

n. [кабины] a small room on a ship or boat where people sleep
British Airways says passengers reported a slight smell of petrol in the cabin of BA flight 003 bound for New York.
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cabinet  

n. [кабинет] group of persons appointed by a head of state or a prime minister; hut; cottage; small house; small room; a closet
On Wednesday, the Indian cabinet deferred the anti-corruption legislation.
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cable  

n. [Кабель] solid thick rope made of twisted steel or metal wire
It provides cable television services and high-speed internet services to the community.
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cafe  

n. [кафе] coffee house; restaurant where coffee and liquors are served
The police came and ejected the noisy youths from the cafe room.
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cafeteria  

n. [Кафе] a restaurant where you serve yourself and pay a cashier
The Medicine Hat College cafeteria offers a wide range of food services.
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calendar  

n. [календарь] the orderly arrangement as years, months, weeks, and days; a table showing months, weeks, and days
He didn’t like the desk calendar and put it on the shelf.
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campaign  

n. [кампании] battle; a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end
The Clinton campaign has raised more money in the first three months of this year than all nine Democratic candidates combined.
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campus  

n. [кампуса] the field where the buildings of a university are situated
Usually, a campus includes libraries, lecture halls, student residential areas, and park-like settings.
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cancel  

v. [Отмена] revoke; call off; omit or delete
The meeting in Addis Ababa has heard Chinese promises to cancel debts and increase Chinese investments in Africa.
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candidate  

n. [кандидатов] a person who is considered for something; a person who is nominated for an office, prize, or honor
The European Union is welcoming these ten candidate countries with open arms and broad smiles.
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capable  

a. [способны] having the ability required for a specific task
Canadian politicians have been capable of ending this primitive practice.
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capacity  

n. [потенциала] mental or physical ability; ability to accommodate
Mike had the capacity to handle several jobs at once.
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cape  

n. [мыс] piece or point of land, extending beyond the adjacent coast into the sea or a lake; sleeveless outer garment
Out on the cape is a fine lighthouse that we admired as we came up the coast on the ship.
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capital  

n. [капитала] wealth in the form of money or property; assets available for use; a city that is the official seat of government
It has so far received $45 billion in capital from the Treasury, and the Treasury is insuring 300 billion dollars of its assets.
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capture  

n. [захват] act of seizing by force, or getting possession of by superior power; thing taken by force, surprise, or stratagem
He presently got safely beyond the reach of capture and punishment.
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carrot  

n. [морковь] the root of cultivated varieties of the plant, usually spindle-shaped and of a reddish yellow color
The dish of boiled beef and carrot tastes good.
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carry  

v. [выполнять] convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; hold or support while moving; bear
They carry the news by word of mouth to every settlement in a few days.
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cart  

n. [корзина] common name for various kinds of vehicles; two-wheeled vehicle; light business wagon
The horse pulled a cart loaded with potatoes.
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carton  

n. [коробки] pasteboard for paper boxes; pasteboard box
The kids drink up a whole big carton of juice after the play in the hot sun.
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cash  

n. [денежных] money paid at the time of purchase; money in the form of bills or coins; currency
You must pay cash there; we don’t offer credit.
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cast  

v. [Состав] assign the roles of; choose at random
They’re going to use a television reality show to cast the three actors who will play Evo Morales in the different stages of his life.
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casual  

a. [повседневная] informal; purposeless; occurring by chance
The wildlife officer, in casual conversation, asks Hunter Joe where that deer came from.
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catch  

v. [поймать] capture or seize, especially after a chase; take by or as if by trapping; reach just in time
A person’s genetic makeup has a strong influence on the likelihood that they catch HIV.
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catching  

a. [ловли] act of seizing or taking hold of; captivating; alluring
That is the appeal in catching them; I think it is amazing to pull something massive out of muddy water that few people actually see.
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catholic  

a. [католической] broadly sympathetic; universal; related to Roman Catholic Church
He was extremely catholic in his taste and read everything he could find in the library.
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cellar  

n. [подвал] room or rooms under a building, and usually below the surface of the ground
The New Zealand wineries are similar to the American wineries and welcome visitors to what they call the cellar door.
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cemetery  

n. [кладбище] place or ground set apart for the burial of the dead; graveyard
A vehicle for conveying a coffin is to a church or cemetery.
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cereal  

n. [зерновых] grass such as wheat, oats, or corn, the starchy grains of which are used as a food
I have a bowl of cereal every morning.
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ceremony  

n. [Церемония] a formal act or set of acts performed as prescribed by ritual or custom
This afternoon, a swearing ceremony is set for a man who will replace the late Senator Ted Kennedy.
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certificate  

n. [сертификат] the document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts; document issued to a person completing a course
A diploma or certificate is given on graduation from university.
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challenge  

v. [задача] assert a right; raise a formal objection; take exception to
Nowadays no one will challenge the fact that the earth is round.
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chamber  

n. [камеры] cell; compartment; room
Before being taken to the execution chamber, he acknowledged that he deserved punishment, but he said it was unfair that only he paid the ultimate price.
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champagne  

n. [шампанское] light wine, of several kinds, originally made in the province of Champagne, in France
Why don’t we crack open a bottle of champagne to celebrate?
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champion  

v. [чемпион] protect or fight for the first place
They believe he could champion the oppressed in their struggle for equality.
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channel  

n. [канала] passage for water or other fluids to flow through; bed of a stream or river; route of communication or access
You should take her request through the official channel, and there is no private room for her issue.
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chaos  

n. [хаос] disorder; condition or place of great disorder or confusion; disorderly mass
Their job is to stop a repeat of the chaos that blighted the last election in 2002.
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chapel  

n. [часовня] place of worship that is smaller than and subordinate to a church; service conducted in a chapel
Slightly smaller than the shrine, the chapel is also a domed structure cruciform in plan.
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chapter  

n. [главы] division of a book or treatise; assembly of monks; bishop’s council; organized branch of some society
A new chapter in a novel is something like a new scene in a play.
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charge  

v. [заряд] set or ask for a certain price; load to capacity; fill; instruct or urge authoritatively; command
The barbers share the same haircut service price: they charge six dollars for boys and ten for girls.
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charity  

n. [благотворительность] activity or gift that benefits the public at large
This is potentially embarrassing for those involved in the concerts, as the rock stars use charity to disguise self-promotion.
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charm  

n. [шарм] power or quality of pleasing or delighting; attractiveness; item worn for its supposed magical benefit
Her spirit and charm is going to be a great lesson to all young women and teens
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chart  

n. [карта] graph; diagram;  map showing coastlines, water depths, or other information of use to navigators
A fisherman’s chart may be the crucial evidence that finally helps to rest the mystery of what happened to Roald Amundsen.
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chase  

v. [Чейз] pursue to kill or take; hunt; follow as if to catch
He saw the policeman chase the mugger down the alley.
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chat  

n. [чат] talk without exchanging too much information; informal conversation
Inviting others into the chat is as simple as sending them a human-readable URL, and nobody has to sign up or answer an invitation email.
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check  

v. [проверить] stop motion; curb or restrain
Young man, you’d better check your temper.
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cheer  

n. [подбодрить] the lightness of spirits or mood; source of joy or happiness; festive food and drink; refreshment
The best way to spread Christmas cheer is to sing loud for everyone to hear!
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cherish  

v. [лелеять] harbor; treasure; treat with affection and tenderness; hold dear
One aspect of my marriage that I truly cherish is how Darrell and I work together as a team.
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chew  

v. [жевать] bite and grind with the teeth
You must chew your food well before you swallow it.
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chief  

a. [главный] highest in office or rank; principal; head
The chief difficulty Alice found at first was in managing her flamingo.
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chill  

a. [холод] cool; freeze; a feeling of cold
Mists as chill as death wandered to the impulse of east winds along those purple peaks.
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chin  

n. [подбородок] the central forward portion of the lower jaw; bottom of the face
The face is mild and weak, especially in the thin short chin and feeble mouth.
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chip  

v. [чип] cut small pieces from; diminish or reduce to shape; break or crack
The snow stopped, and they began to chip ice from the windows.
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choir  

n. [хор] band or organized company of singers, especially in church service
Some people will say that being in a choir is lots of involvement because you have both rehearsals and services, which is true.
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choke  

v. [дроссель] breathe with great difficulty, as when experiencing a strong emotion; reduce the air supply
Children can choke on peanuts.
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circuit  

n. [цепи] electrical device that provides a path for electrical current to flow
On rare occasions, microscopic metal particles can lead to a short circuit within the cell, causing overheating and potentially flames.
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circus  

n. [Цирк] public entertainment of performances by acrobats, clowns, and trained animals
I am not an animal rights person, but training animals to perform in a circus is cruel.
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civil  

a. [гражданского] having to do with citizens or the state; courteous and polite
Although Internal Revenue Service agents are civil servants, they are not always courteous to suspected tax cheats.
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civilian  

a. [гражданского] of or relating to non-military life
The first is integrating former rebels back into civilian life.
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claim  

n. [претензии] demand for something as rightful or due
They struck in support of their claim for a shorter workday.
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classic  

n. [классические] work of acknowledged excellence and authority, or its author; creation of the highest excellence
His face was like a Greek face, very pure in outline: quite a straight, classic nose; quite an Athenian mouth and chin.
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clearance  

n. [оформление] act of clearing; space cleared; permission to proceed or trust
Professors who wish to work with human genetic material need clearance from their university’s review board.
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click  

v. [нажмите] make a slight, sharp noise by gentle striking; tick
Students prefer to click the mouse rather than to strike the keyboard.
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client  

n. [клиента] someone who pays to get goods or services
Gentlemen, my plan is broken up: what this lawyer and his client say is true: I have been married, and the woman to whom I was married lives!
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clinic  

n. [клиника] healthcare facility for outpatient care
In one of the worst-hit villages in the Bachu area, authorities say about a thousand homes collapsed and at least one school and a clinic.
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clip  

n. [клип] a small section of filmed or filed material
Phil’s job at Fox Sports involved selecting the most important clip of the day’s sporting highlights for later broadcast.
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closet  

n. [шкаф] a small room or apartment; room for privacy
Please put the coats back into the closet.
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clue  

n. [ключ] a ball of thread or cord; thread; something guides or directs anything of a doubtful or intricate nature
The main clue is a sample of blood that was found at the scene.
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coach  

n. [тренер] tutor; teacher; a vehicle carrying many passengers
When the players and coach arrive back later today, they’ll be greeted as national heroes in the stadium where the first modern Olympics were held.
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cocaine  

n. [кокаин] drug extracted from coca leaves as a surface anesthetic or taken for pleasure, that can become addictive
The dog sniffed out more than $1.6 million in cocaine from a sports utility vehicle, officials said.
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code  

n. [Код] body of law; system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; system of symbols, letters, or words
Do you know the postal code of this postal district?
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coin  

v. [монета] make pieces of money from metal; invent or fabricate
Slanderers coin nasty rumors.
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coincidence  

n. [совпадение] two or more things occurring at the same time by chance
Was it just a coincidence that she and John had chanced to meet at the market, or was he deliberately trying to seek her out?
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column  

n. [колонна] pillar; cylindrical or polygonal support for roof; anything resembling, in form or position; upright body or mass
This column is the latest in our series of interview articles.
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combat  

v. [борьбе] struggle as with an opposing force; fight with
The ship has to combat the wind and waves this morning.
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combine  

v. [объединить] blend; fuse; merge
Re-branded as one-army recruitment, the latest drive will, for the first time, combine recruiting to both the regular and territorial army.
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comedy  

n. [комедия] light and humorous drama with a happy ending
Anne Bancroft was also a regular in the comedy films made by her beloved second husband, Mel Brooks.
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comic  

a. [комические] arousing or provoking laughter; ridiculous; amusing; humorous
And, because the comic strips take place in superhero land, there are hints of the super-human.
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comment  

v. [комментарии] express an opinion; remark
She refused to comment about David Beckham’s eye injury.
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commercial  

a. [Реклама на сайте] money-making; involved in work that is intended for the mass market
China’s economic growth has been fuelled by investment in new factories and other commercial premises, many of them producing low-cost goods.
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commission  

n. [Комиссия] fee for services; a group of people appointed to find out about something; authorize
China has hit back, its foreign ministry urging the Congressional commission to wipe out its prejudice, respect the truth.
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commit  

v. [совершения] do something that cannot be changed; cause to be admitted
And small bands of extremists may again commit heinous crimes in the name of faith.
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commitment  

n. [обязательства] pledge, undertaking; an act of binding yourself  to a course of action
My main commitment is to promote human values; this is what I consider the key factor for a happy life at the individual level, family level, and community level.
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committee  

n. [комитет] special group delegated to consider some matter
He was director of the central bank’s monetary policy committee, which sets Brazil’s interest rates.
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communicate  

v. [общаться] send information about; make known; impart; reveal clearly
It came to me that the best way to communicate is to have direct, personal contact with people.
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communication  

n. [коммуникации] the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information
They predict that mobile communication devices’ vast majority of internet connections will be closer to pocket computers than portable telephones.
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community  

n. [Сообщество] society; a group of people living in the same locality and under the same government
Where governments manage public life, human freedom in a community is compromised.
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company  

n. [компании] team; guard team; group of persons; business enterprise
I slipped out of the room, unobserved by any eye — for the company were gathered in one mass about the trembling trio just returned.
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compare  

v. [сравнить] examine and note the similarities or differences of
We compare the copy with the original, but there was not much difference.
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competition  

n. [конкурс] struggle; rivalry; an act of competing as for a profit prize
There she’s against tough competition such as Meryl Streep, but this award will give her extra momentum towards what’s undoubtedly the bigger prize in movies.
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competitive  

a. [конкурентоспособной] of or pertaining to competition; producing competition; showing a fighting disposition
Nobody can entirely keep away from this competitive world.
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complex  

a. [Комплекс] complicated in structure; a whole structure, as a building, made up of interconnected or related structures
Prescott’s speech comes as ministers worldwide struggle to overcome complex arguments about how the Kyoto agreement on cutting greenhouse gas emissions should work.
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complicated  

a. [сложные] difficult to analyze or understand
Legally this is a hugely complicated case, and it will take months for the judge to reach the verdict.
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compliment  

n. [комплимент] praise; commendation; say something to someone that expresses praise
A compliment is a gift, not to be thrown away carelessly unless you want to hurt the giver.
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compromise  

v. [компромисс] adjust or settle by making mutual concessions; endanger the interests or reputation of
Sometimes the presence of a neutral third party can help adversaries compromise their differences.
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concentrate  

v. [концентрат] bring to or direct toward a common center; unite more closely; gather into one body
I was now able to concentrate my attention on the group by the fire.
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concept  

n. [Концепция] something formed in mind; thought or notion
The local chain concept is simple: identify your customer, cater to their tastes and once successful, expand within a neighborhood.
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concern  

n. [обеспокоенность] interest in any person or thing; regard; solicitude; anxiety
There is no telling what might have happened, now, but luckily the concern passed out of Aunt Polly’s face.
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concrete  

n. [бетон] solid mass; covering with cement; hard, strong construction material consisting of sand, conglomerate, and gravel
The anti-nuclear campaigners used concrete blocks to attach themselves to the line; it is difficult to release them without damaging the rails.
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condition  

n. [условия] mode or state of being; fitness; existing circumstances
The Organization Man survives as a modern classic because it captures a permanent part of our social condition.
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conduct  

v. [поведения] direct the course of; manage or control; lead or guide
You cannot conduct business like this.
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confess  

v. [признаюсь] acknowledge; admit that you have done something wrong
When any vicious simpleton excites my disgust by his paltry ribaldry, I cannot flatter myself that I am better than he: I am forced to confess that he and I are on a level.
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confidence  

n. [доверия] feeling secure or certain about something
He said the aim was to restore baseball fans’ confidence, but the new penalties for players who test positive for drugs fall far short of those in other sports.
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confident  

a. [уверен] assured; having or marked by assurance
They don’t sound confident about the future of the industry.
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confidential  

a. [конфиденциальную] treated with confidence; trusted in; trustworthy; secret
He has been on confidential missions to Berlin; all of us don’t know his secret trip.
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confirm  

v. [подтвердить] support or establish the certainty or validity of; verify
In the aftermath of Saturday’s mass poisoning, the authorities imposed a virtual news blackout, refusing even to confirm how many people had died.
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conflict  

n. [конфликта] fight; struggle; incompatibility of dates or events
According to the United Nations, malnutrition rates have now been cut by half since the start of the conflict.
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confront  

v. [противостоять] be face to face with; oppose in hostility or competition; deal with
Here in the heart of conservative Texas, young criminals, murderers and thugs are forced to confront military-style discipline, a traditional view of right and wrong.
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confusion  

n. [путаницы] a mistake that results from taking one thing to be another; lack of clarity or order
My uncle got into the back of the car, scratching his head in confusion, having missed the episode completely.
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congress  

n. [Конгресс] meeting of elected or appointed representatives
Just a day after congress granted him special powers, he has begun turning the screws on the international oil companies.
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conscience  

n. [совести] motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles; source of moral or ethical judgment
The truth in conscience is immediately near to me, as near the seed that rests upon the wayside.
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conscious  

a. [сознательное] awake, thinking, and knowing what is happening around you; alert
I was conscious that a moment’s mutiny had already rendered me liable to strange penalties, and, like any other rebel slave, I felt resolved.
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conspiracy  

n. [заговор] plot; intrigue; agreement to perform together an illegal, wrongful, or subversive act
Information minister Jerry Gana released a statement in which he says there has been an international media conspiracy against Nigeria.
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constant  

a. [постоянной] invariable; repeating; continually occurring; persistent
Yemen’s state news agency says the president visited the three wounded officials at the Saudi hospital and expressed happiness about their health’s constant progress.
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constitution  

n. [конституция] law determining the fundamental political principles of a government; the act of forming something
President Putin said Britain knew Russia’s constitution prohibits such extradition.
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consult  

v. [консультации] seek advice or information of; take into account; consider
I will consult with our friends, but it’s going to be what’s in the interests of our country first and foremost.
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consumer  

n. [потребителей] people who buy goods or services
Adidas and Reebok are two of the world’s best-known consumer brands, but they’re in the shadow of Nike, the giant of the sportswear industry.
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contact  

v. [контакт] get in touch with; reach
But Britney, 21, says he called her at two of her homes and even tried to contact her at her parents’ house.
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contempt  

n. [презрение] state of being despised or dishonored; disgrace; disobedience to, or open disrespect of
The poor fools, who hold science in contempt, have no ability to realize that science proves them wrong at every turn.
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content  

n. [Содержание] volume; something contained; material, including text and images
The brain is hungry not for the method but for content, especially the latter, which contains powerful, precise, and explicit generalizations.
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contest  

v. [конкурс] contend for; call in question; oppose; dispute
The lawyer decided to contest the claim and tried to prove that it was false.
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contract  

v. [контракта] constrict; make smaller; compress or concentrate
The heat will contract the woolen garment.
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contrary  

a. [Наоборот] relation of direct opposition; very opposed in nature or character or purpose
Our boat took a course contrary to theirs.
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convention  

n. [конвенции] social or moral custom; formal meeting of members, representatives, or delegates; agreement between states
Moreover, following this convention is our friend’s normal behavior when in such a mood.
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convict  

v. [осужденного] find or declare guilty
If the jury decided to convict him of manslaughter, he could face up to 20 years in prison.
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conviction  

n. [убеждение] the judgment that someone is guilty of a crime; strongly held belief
Even her murder conviction did not shake Peter’s judgment that Harriet was innocent of the crime.
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convince  

v. [убедить] overpower; force to yield assent to truth; satisfy by proof; prove guilty
Your argument is too weak to convince me; we need more evidence.
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cooperate  

v. [сотрудничество] work or act together toward a common end or purpose
The best way to get Pakistan to cooperate is to find why it is so keen to retain influence in Afghanistan and try to meet its concerns.
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core  

n. [основных] basic, center,  or most important part; the essence
But at the core is a story about two men who can’t let go of the sense that they are dreaming their way through what might be an ultimately meaningless life.
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corner  

n. [угол] position at which two lines, surfaces, or edges meet and form an angle
I sat by myself in the corner without speaking.
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corporate  

a. [корпоративные] united or combined into one body; collective; belonging to a corporation or incorporated body
The demonstrators inspired thousands of allies to take to the streets to protest economic inequality and corporate greed.
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