Academic vocabulary in use word

Academic Vocabulary in Use, Vocabulary reference and practice, McCarthy M., O’Dell F., 2016.

  This book is for anyone who wants or needs to learn the kind of English which is used in academic contexts. It deals with the language used in written works such as textbooks and journal articles as well as with the spoken language of lectures and seminars. It also presents vocabulary relating to being a student at a university or college in that it covers topics relating to university life. It will be particularly useful for students preparing for IELTS, the Pearson Academic English Test or any other examination aimed at assessing whether candidates’ English is at a high enough level to study in an institution where English is the medium of instruction. It will be helpful for people who need to attend — or indeed give — lectures or presentations in English or to participate in international conferences. It will enable students who have to prepare assignments or write up a dissertation in English to do so in |a much more natural and appropriate way.

Примеры.
Use the information in A opposite to correct the mistakes with prepositions in the sentences.
1 A lengthy discussion of the advantages of solar power is not relevant with this essay topic.
2 It is typical to the disease for it to start with an itchy rash.
3 This methodology is not appropriate about the kind of research you are planning.
4 The use of original metaphors is characteristic from the writer’s style.
5 Relative with previous explanations, this theory is quite persuasive.
6 Dark hair and eyes are common for all people from the region.

Replace the underlined adjectives with their opposites.
1 Karlsson checked the figures and agreed with me that they were accurate.
2 The solution to the problem is a simple one.
3 Make rough calculations before you begin to write up your results.
4 The army played a significant role in events.
5 Hernandez prefers to discuss ideas in abstract terms.
6 Volkova’s article reports on a fascinating piece of quantitative research.

Contents
Acknowledgements.
To the student and the teacher.
0 Before you start.
Getting started: General academic vocabulary.
1 What is special about academic English?
2 Key nouns.
3 Key verbs.
4 Key adjectives.
5 Key adverbs.
6 Phrasal verbs in academic English.
7 Key quantifying expressions.
8 Words with several meanings.
9 Metaphors and idioms.
Word combinations.
10 Nouns and the words they combine with.
11 Adjective and noun combinations.
12 Verbs and the words they combine with.
13 Prepositional phrases.
14 Verbs and prepositions.
15 Nouns and prepositions.
16 Chunks: useful phrases.
17 Abbreviations and affixes.
Academic life.
18 Applications and application forms.
19 The social and academic environment.
20 Academic courses.
21 E-learning.
22 Study habits and skills.
23 Money and education.
Planning and starting work.
24 Identifying goals.
25 Planning a piece of work.
26 Describing methods.
27 Using sources.
Thinking and interacting.
28 Analysing data.
29 Talking about ideas.
30 Reporting what others say.
31 Talking about meaning.
32 Talking about points of view.
Ways of talking about …
33 Numbers.
34 Statistics.
35 Graphs and diagrams.
36 Time.
37 Cause and effect.
38 Classifying.
Organising and presenting ideas.
39 Structuring an argument.
40 Organising your writing.
41 Processes and procedures.
42 Facts, evidence and data.
43 Making connections.
44 Describing problems.
45 Describing situations.
46 Comparing and contrasting.
47 Evaluation and emphasis.
48 Describing change.
49 Summarising and concluding.
50 Making a presentation.
Reading and vocabulary.
1 Nutrition for elite athletes.
2 The solar system.
3 Graphology.
4 Measuring time.
5 Archaeology and medicine.
6 Seeing things differently.
Reference.
1 Formal and informal academic words and expressions.
2 Numbers, units of measurement and common symbols.
3 British and North American academic vocabulary.
4 Spelling variations.
5 Word formation.
Answer key.
Phonemic symbols.
Index.

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Дата публикации: 09.08.2019 06:57 UTC

Теги:

учебник по английскому языку :: английский язык :: McCarthy :: O’Dell

Авторы: McCarthy Michael, O`Dell Felicity

Издательство: Cambridge

«

Academic Vocabulary in Use Second Edition is the perfect study aid for anyone using English for their academic work. Ideal for students of any discipline, this second edition has been updated to reflect changes in education, technology and communications, includes a selection of new reading passages, and is now in full colour. 50 easy-to-use, two-page units give clear explanations of new vocabulary, along with a variety of practice exercises. A comprehensive answer key, and phonemic transcriptions to help with pronunciation, make it perfect for self-study as well as for use in the classroom. This book is designed for students at good intermediate level and above, and is also useful for those preparing for IELTS and university entrance examinations.
2nd Edition.

»

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preposition combinations in the text. The possible ecological effects of climate change are often in the news, as is the matter of whether the potential impact can be predicted. New work on a migratory1 bird, the pied flycatcher, takes things a stage further by showing how a climate-related population decline was actually caused. Timing is key. Over the past 17 years flycatchers declined strongly in areas where caterpillar2 numbers (food for the nestlings3) peak early, but in areas with a late food peak there was no decline. The young birds arrive too late in places where the caterpillars have already responded to early warmth. Mistiming like this is probably a common consequence of climate change, and may be a major factor in the decline of many long-distance migratory bird species. 1 which travels to a different place, usually when the season changes 2 small, long animal with many legs which turns into a butterfly 3 young birds Academic Vocabulary in Use 39

16 Chunks: useful phrases If we look at a corpus of academic texts, we see that certain chunks of language occur very frequently in spoken and written contexts. This unit looks at some of the most useful ones. A Chunks expressing number, quantity, degree Look at these comments written by a college teacher on assignments handed in by her students. A good paper. It’s clear you’ve Some good points here but it’s not I think you’ve misunderstood the spent a great deal of time clear to what extent you’re aware of topic to some extent. You’ve researching the subject and you all the issues involved. Global trade written in excess of1 3,000 words quote a wide range of sources. affects trade in a variety of ways. on areas that are not entirely Grade: B Grade: C relevant. Let’s talk. Grade: F 1 more than B Chunks for generalising and specifying In this class discussion, the students make fairly general statements, while the teacher tries to make the discussion more specific. Marsha: Well, I think on the whole parents should take more responsibility for their kids. Teacher: Yes, with respect to1 home life, yes, but in the case of violence, surely the wider community is involved, isn’t it? I mean, for the purposes of our discussions about social stability, everyone’s involved, aren’t they? Marsha: Yes, but in general I don’t think people want to get involved in violent incidents, as a rule at least. They get scared off. Teacher: True. But as far as general discipline is concerned, don’t you think it’s a community-wide issue? I mean discipline as regards2 everyday actions, with the exception of school discipline. What do you think, in terms of public life, Tariq? Tariq: I think the community as a whole does care about crime and discipline and things, but for the most part they see violence as something that is outside of them, you know, not their direct responsibility. Teacher: OK. So, let’s consider the topic in more detail3, I mean from the point of view of violence and aggression specifically in schools. Let’s look at some extracts from the American Medical Association’s 2012 report on bullying. They’re on the handout. 1 or in respect of, or (more neutral) with regard to 2 another neutral alternative to 1 3 or (more formally) in greater detail C Chunks for linking points and arguments The increase in house sales is due to the fact that inflation fell in 2004. At the same time, tax rate reductions were beginning to have an effect. Joslav used an eight-point scale in the questionnaire, as opposed to1 a four-point one, by means of which he showed that attitudes covered a very wide range, in the sense that the results were spread very evenly over all eight points. It’s very difficult to interpret these data. Be that as it may2, there is some evidence of a decline in frequency. For this reason, we decided to repeat the experiment. In addition to surveying the literature on population movements, we also reviewed work carried out on family names in five regions. 1 rather than 2 a typical academic way of saying ‘although I accept that this is true’; more common in speech than in writing 40 Academic Vocabulary in Use

Exercises You have had a very good term 1 . 16.1 Read the feedback to a student from a You have done 2 work and have also taken teacher and complete it with the correct chunks from A opposite. part in 3 social activities. Your sporting activities may have interfered with your but you still managed to write studies 4 5 5,000 words for your end-of-term assignment, which, I am pleased to report, was of a high standard. 16.2 Complete the chunks with the correct words. 16.3 1 a rule 5 this reason 2 the same time 6 general 3 be 7 terms of 4 as it may 8 on the most part whole Rewrite the underlined words and phrases using chunks from 16.2. 16.4 Decide which chunk in each set has a different meaning. Explain why it is different. 16.5 1 in general, by means of which, as a rule, on the whole 16.6 2 as regards X, as far as X is concerned, with the exception of X, with respect to X 3 as a whole, in addition to, for the most part, in general Choose the best chunk to complete each sentence. 1 our discussion I’d like to focus on the US context. A For the purposes of B In the sense that C From the point of view of 2 There is some evidence of an improvement in the economy but, , there is . unlikely to be much change before next year. A for this reason B as a rule C be that as it may 3 I’d like to consider education industry. A in the case of B from the point of view of C with the exception of 4 I’m not sure you agree with Qian’s theory. A by means of which B to what extent C as regards 5 We will now discuss the development of the Surrealist Movement A on the whole B to some extent C in more detail Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1 I enjoy watching most sports with the exception of … 2 A poor relationship between parents and children is often due to the fact that … 3 I love reading novels as opposed to … 4 In your first year of graduate school you have to take an end-of-year exam in addition to … 5 It was a very useful course in the sense that … Over to you Choose six chunks from this unit that you would particularly like to learn. Write them down in sentences that relate to your own studies. Academic Vocabulary in Use 41

17 Abbreviations and affixes A Common abbreviations used in academic contexts abbreviation stands for example or comment e.g. for example (from Latin, exempli Many large mammals, e.g. the African elephant, the gratia) black rhino and the white rhino … i.e. that is (from Latin, id est) Higher earners, i.e. those earning over £100,000 a year … etc. and so on (from Latin, et cetera) Smaller European countries (Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, etc.) had different interests. NB note carefully (from Latin, nota bene) NB You must answer all the questions on this page. et al and others (from Latin, et alii) used when giving bibliographical reference, e.g. as mentioned in Potts et al ( 1995) ibid. in the same place as the preceding I Lee, D. S. (1987) History of Tea-Drinking in Europe. footnote (from Latin, ibidem) 2 ibid. Cf compare (from Latin, confer) cf Löfstedt (2005) for a different approach. op. cit. see previously quoted work by Potts op. cit. 33–54 author (from Latin, opus citatum) ed(s). editor(s) used when giving bibliographical references vol. volume used when giving bibliographical references p. / pp. page / pages See McKinley 2015 pp. 11–19. B Affixes: common prefixes and suffixes prefix meaning examples anti- against anti-bacterial, anti-pollution bi- two, twice bilingual, bi-monthly co-, col-, com-, con- with co-author, cooperate, collaborate, combine contra-, counter- against, opposing contradict, counter-claim eco- relating to the environment eco-tourism, eco-friendly hyper- having too much hyperactive, hyper-inflation il-, im-, in-, ir- not illogical, impossible, indistinct, irregular inter- between, connected interrelated, interact mal- badly malfunction, malpractice multi- many multilingual, multi-storey over- too much overload, overworked pre- before pre-industrial, pre-war post- after post-war, post-colonial suffix meaning examples -able can be predictable, identifiable -ant having an effect coolant, anti-depressant -cy state or quality accuracy, urgency -ee person affected by something employee, trainee -hood state, condition childhood, adulthood -ify give something a quality clarify, purify -ism / -ist belief / person with that belief heroism, modernism, anarchist, optimist -ise, -ize bring about a state or condition modernise/ize, colonise/ize -less without meaningless, colourless, fearless -ocracy / -ocrat type of ruling body, person ruling autocracy, autocrat -proof protected against, safe from waterproof, soundproof 42 Academic Vocabulary in Use

Exercises 17.1 Replace the underlined words with abbreviations from A opposite. 17.2 1 Timson and co-authors (2008) discuss this issue extensively (however, compare Donato 2010, who 17.3 takes a different view). 2 The article was published in a special issue of the Journal of Sports Technology in 2012 (volume 10, pages 256–279). 3 Some nouns in English have irregular plural forms, for example mouse, sheep and woman. For further examples, see Mitchelson and Friel (editors) 1995. 4 Please note: this and all further references to population statistics are taken from Aspenall (work already cited). 5 Smart phones, tablets and so on have made mobile learning a reality for many students around the world (Dudeney same reference as the previous one). 6 Blended learning (that is to say integrating the use of technology into learning and teaching) is now the norm in many university programmes. Complete the sentences with the correct prefixes and suffixes. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 The war began in 1986 and ended in 1990. During the -war period (1980-86), the economy was stable, but in the -war years (1991-1997) there were severe economic problems. -inflation meant that prices increased by 200% in just one year. Economic operation with neighbouring countries had ceased during hostilities and only resumed in 1998. Attempts to un the different currencies of the region at that time proved unsuccessful. 2 The research symposium takes place -annually; we have one every six months in a different university. However, we need to public it more on our website to increase the numbers attending. It is aimed at teacher train , especially those who will commence teaching in the following academic year. 3 There was a function and the circuit became heated, so the equipment shut down. We need to mod the procedure so that it does not happen again. A new type of cool will be used to keep the temperature constant. 4 -pollution measures brought in by the city authorities included reducing on-street parking spaces to discourage motorists from driving into the city centre and the closure of three -storey car parks with the same aim in mind. Better -connections between the various transport systems (buses, trains and ferries) were also planned. 5 In order to function in extreme conditions, the generator had to be both water and dust . An -friendly version of the generator, powered by wind, is also being developed. It is port , so it can be easily carried to wherever it is needed. 6 Claims and -claims about the assassination of the president have been made in the media. What we need now is an objective investigation to clar the motives of the killers. There is a strong likeli that an extrem religious movement was behind the attack. Complete the table with the correct suffixes. Do not fill the shaded boxes. Use a dictionary if necessary. noun(s) , demo verb adjective modernity modern modern sad sadden sad fear fear urgen demo urgent demo beauti democratic beauty beautiful Marx Marxist accura accurate Academic Vocabulary in Use 43

18 Applications and application forms Here we look at applying for a place at a UK university. Institutions in other countries may have slightly different processes. These will be described on their web pages. A Preparing to apply Read this information about preparing an application for postgraduate study. What should I do first? 1 making clearer by giving Do all you can to learn about the careers that will be open to you after studying more details 2 past – and what qualifications you will need in order to get the job you want. participle of seek: ‘to look What qualifications do I need for postgraduate study? for’ 3 overall character A first degree is required to study at postgraduate level. of the application 4 give The specific entry requirements for each course of study are listed on the individual course pages. something officially If needed, clarification1 may be sought2 from the department you are 5 official document listing applying to. Your performance in previous schooling is very important to your application courses completed and profile3. grades 6 where all the What are the requirements for international students? classes are taught in In addition to the general admission requirements, international applicants English 7 money given to must submit4: • A transcript5 of university courses and grades, translated into English, and enable a person to study • Results of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) or Test 8 money given by a college of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), unless you have received English- or university to pay for medium6 education for at least one year. the studies of a talented Applicants must have a minimum IELTS score of 6.5 or a TOEFL score of 580. student Are any grants7 or scholarships8 available for international students? Visit our International Office pages for details. B The application process Look at this email from Tania to Liam. Tania is applying to study at Wanstow University. Hi Liam, 1 person who knows you and who is willing to support your application 2 proof of ability to At last I’ve filled in my application form and sent it off. It pay 3 final date by which something must be done 4 deal with documents officially 5 say took ages. As well as all my personal details they wanted that they have received it 6 asked to attend the names of two referees1 , financial guarantees2, and I 7 a student who is older than the usual age 8 principle of treating all people the same, had to attach a personal statement saying why I wanted to go to Wanstow. Anyway, the deadline3 is next Friday, then regardless of sex, race, religion, etc. the website said they’d take about six weeks to process4 9 amount of money paid for a particular the application after they acknowledge5 it, then I might service 10 money which must be repaid when be called for6 an interview. By that time the references you have completed your studies have to be in. I’m just hoping that because I’m a mature 11 (informal) am accepted student7 I might have a good chance of being offered a place – Wanstow has a lot of mature students and they have a strong equal opportunities policy8. The fees9 are pretty high, but I can get a student loan10 if I get in11. Love, Tania 44 Academic Vocabulary in Use

Exercises 18.1 Read the text in A opposite and answer a potential student’s questions about the 18.2 university. 1 Is it possible to do a postgraduate degree without having been to university before? 2 Where can I get more information about what qualifications I need for a specific course? 3 Will they want to know about my university grades? 4 When is an IELTS or TOEFL score not needed? 5 What IELTS score should applicants have? Match the two parts of the word combinations. 1 personal 4 student 7 application a opportunities d degree g statement 2 financial 5 equal 8 first h clarification 3 seek 6 mature 9 minimum b score e form i loan c student f guarantee 18.3 Rewrite the underlined words and phrases using word combinations from 18.2. 18.4 18.5 1 To get a place on the course I need to get at least 6.5 at IELTS. 2 Most of the people on this master’s course graduated in economics.. 3 This college welcomes applications from students who are applying later in life. 4 If you don’t understand anything in our prospectus, the best place to look for answers to your questions is our website. 5 Your description of yourself and why you want to do this course must be no more than 300 words. 6 The university requires proof that you can pay your fees. Complete the stages of applying to university with the correct words. Then number them in the order in which they usually happen. wait for the application to be find an appropriate at a university decide on what you would like to do after your studies be a place be for an interview check that you fulfil the necessary fill in the Complete the email with the missing words. The first letter of each word is given to help you. Hi Miles, I’d love a 1c as an international lawyer and am really hoping I can 2g in to Wanstow University to do a postgraduate course in law there. I’ve 3f in all the necessary forms and just hope that my academic 4p will be good enough for them. I think I fulfil all their 5e r but who knows! It took me ages to get the 6t of my college 7g etc. translated but I managed to get everything in by the 8d , and Professor Atkins has agreed to act as my 9r , which is great. So now I just have to wait to see if they 10c me for an interview or not. Fingers crossed! Lucia Over to you Look at the website of any English-speaking university that interests you. What information do they provide about applying to that university? Make a note of any other useful vocabulary you find there. Academic Vocabulary in Use 45

19 The social and academic environment A Places Key A COLLEGE AVENUE A Halls of residence1 F E B Staff car park C G C Administration2 Building G Cafeteria UNIVERSITY D Arts Faculty3 Building B BO E Great Hall4 H University Library D ULEVARD I Student Union5 L H F University Health Centre I J Sports ground K K School6 of Engineering J L Arts Lecture Theatre7 1 a building where students live 2 the main offices 3 a group of similar departments 4 a large hall where graduation ceremonies are held 5 a building where students meet socially 6 part of a university specialising in a particular subject; also department 7 a large hall where lectures are held B People, structures and activities person meaning / example professor a senior university teacher: The Head of Department is Professor Bradley. lecturer a university teacher: She’s now a senior lecturer. staff all the teachers in a university; also faculty AmE head of department the most senior person in a department tutor a teacher who looks after one student or a small group: All students have a personal tutor. supervisor a teacher with responsibility for a particular student’s work; adviser AmE: a dissertation supervisor postgraduate a student who has completed their first degree and is studying for a second degree; student graduate student AmE research student a postgraduate student doing research research assistant someone who is paid to do research at the university student counsellor someone trained to give students advice about their problems postgrad rep someone who acts officially for postgraduate students; postgraduate representative A lecture is a large formal class where students listen and take notes. A seminar is a smaller discussion group. A tutorial is a very small group where students discuss their work with a teacher. A semester is a time when a university is open (also term BrE). A vacation is a time when it is closed (also holiday BrE). The office hours are the hours when the university offices are open. C Ways of talking about academic life: American (AmE) and British English (BrE) In the UK, school is your primary or In the USA, school is often used to mean secondary education. University is your university. For example, you can say you undergraduate years. A college is a place go to Cornell University, or you go to that specialises in certain subjects, for school at Harvard. College refers to your example an art college. When you go to undergraduate years. When you go to university, you start as a fresher in your college, you start as a freshman in your first year, then you become a second- first year. The following year you become year student and, next, a third-year a sophomore, then a junior and finally a student, etc. senior in your fourth year. 46 Academic Vocabulary in Use

Exercises 19.1 Look at the map in A opposite. Which building must students go to if they want to: 19.2 19.3 1 speak to a lecturer in the history department? 5 attend a graduation ceremony? 2 find information about student clubs? 6 enquire about payment of fees? 3 visit a friend in the student accommodation? 7 see a doctor? 4 listen to a talk about English literature? 8 borrow a book? Look at the information in B opposite and answer the questions. 1 Are there likely to be more people in a seminar or a tutorial? 2 Who is the academic who guides a postgraduate student through their dissertation? 3 What word is used for the holiday period between university terms or semesters? 4 What is the difference between a personal tutor and a student counsellor? 5 What is the difference between a postgrad rep and a research assistant? Complete the email with the missing words. Hi Mum, I’ve settled in well here at Wanstow. I like my room in this hall of 1 . I went to my first 2 this morning – it was on research methodology — and there were hundreds of students there. The 3 was very good – it was Professor Jones, our head of 4  . Tomorrow I’ll have my first 5 – that’ll be just me and one other student. We’ll be discussing what we have to get done by the end of the 6 . I need to try to think some more about the topic for my 7 . When that is finalised I’ll be assigned a 8 . I’ll be expected to see him or her at least once a week during their office 9 . I hope I’ll like him or her. You hear some awful stories! Daisy 19.4 Write the words in the box under the correct headings. cafeteria counsellor sophomore lecture lecturer librarian library faculty (AmE) professor semester junior research assistant research student seminar faculty (BrE) sports centre sports grounds tutor tutorial lecture theatre people places events or institutions 19.5 Read the sentences and decide who is more likely to be speaking – a British person or an American. Explain why. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary. 1 2 3 Only faculty can All postgraduates must attend I went to school at eat here. the research methods module. Millintown, where I got my masters and PhD. 4 5 6 I’m a junior. My brother’s My dissertation adviser Did you go straight to a freshman. He’s just a has been really helpful. college after high school? year younger than me. Over to you 47 Are universities/colleges in your country roughly based on a similar system to the UK one or the US one, or are there important differences? Make sure you can describe the main features in English. Academic Vocabulary in Use

20 Academic courses A Course descriptions Look at this extract from a university’s web pages. Diploma/MA in English Language and Culture • Qualification: Diploma1 or MA. Duration: One year full-time or two years part-time. The course is a 180-credit2 course, consisting of 120 credits of core3 and elective i.e. optional4 modules5 plus a 60-credit dissertation module. Core modules are obligatory. Candidates not wishing to proceed to the MA may opt for6 the Diploma (120 credits without dissertation). • Course description: The course covers all the major aspects of present-day English language and culture. Topics include grammar, vocabulary, language in society, literature in English (for a full list, see the list of modules). Elective modules only run if a minimum of ten students enrol7. The modules consist of a mixture of lectures, seminars, workshops and tutorials8. • Assessment9: A 3,000-word assignment10 must be submitted for each core module. Elective modules are assessed through essays, projects and portfolios11. The word limit for the dissertation is 12,000 to 15,000 words. Candidates who achieve a grade average of 70% or more over all modules may be eligible12 for a distinction13. 1 a qualification between a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree 2 unit which represents a successfully completed part of a course 3 most important parts of a course of study, that all students must do 4 which are chosen 5 one of the units which together make a complete course taught especially at a college or university 6 choose 7 put your name on an official list of course members 8 see Unit 19 for the meaning of these 9 judgements of the quality of students’ work 10 a piece of written work 11 a collection of documents that represent a person’s work 12 having the necessary qualities or fulfilling the necessary conditions 13 a special mark given to students who produce work of an excellent standard B Other aspects of courses Dr Ward is holding a question-and-answer session for new MA students. Reza: Can we defer1 the dissertation if we can’t stay here during the summer? Dr Ward: Yes, you can defer for a year, but don’t forget, if you do go home, you won’t be able to have face-to-face supervisions2. Simon: Are the in-sessional3 language courses compulsory? Dr Ward: No. Most of you did the pre-sessional, which is the most important. But there are good in-sessional courses you can sign up for, especially the EAP4 writing course. Angela: If we get the MA, can we go on to do a PhD immediately? Dr Ward: Not automatically. You have to show you can do PhD standard work first anyway, and then upgrade5 to the PhD programme after a year or so. 1 delay until a later time 2 individual meetings with the teacher who is responsible for the student’s dissertation 3 courses held during the main teaching semesters; pre-sessional courses are held before the main teaching semesters begin 4 English for Academic Purposes 5 become officially registered for a higher level degree Common Mistake When addressing someone with a PhD, always use their family name, e.g. “Excuse me, Dr Lopez.” Only medical doctors can be addressed simply as Doctor, without using their family name. 48 Academic Vocabulary in Use

vocabulary for ielts academic exam