Here you will find a detailed tutorial on 100+ Excel Functions & VBA Functions. Each Excel function is covered in detail with Examples and Videos.
Excel Functions – Date and Time
Excel Function | Description |
---|---|
Excel DATE Function |
Excel DATE function can be used when you want to get the date value using the year, month and, day values as the input arguments. It returns a serial number that represents a specific date in Excel. |
Excel DATEVALUE Function |
Excel DATEVALUE function is best suited for situations when a date is stored as text. This function converts the date from text format to a serial number that Excel recognizes as a date. |
Excel DAY Function |
Excel DAY function can be used when you want to get the day value (ranging between 1 to 31) from a specified date. It returns a value between 0 and 31 depending on the date used as the input. |
Excel HOUR Function |
Excel HOUR function can be used when you want to get the HOUR integer value from a specified time value. It returns a value between 0 (12:00 A.M.) and 23 (11:00 P.M.) depending on the time value used as the input |
Excel MINUTE Function |
Excel MINUTE function can be used when you want to get the MINUTE integer value from a specified time value. It returns a value between 0 and 59 depending on the time value used as the input. |
Excel NETWORKDAYS Function | Excel NETWORKDAYS function can be used when you want to get the number of working days between two given dates. It does not count the weekends between the specified dates (by default the weekend is Saturday and Sunday). It can also exclude any specified holidays. |
Excel NETWORKDAYS.INTL Function |
Excel NETWORKDAYS.INTL function can be used when you want to get the number of working days between two given dates. It does not count the weekends and holidays, both of which can be specified by the user. It also enables you to specify the weekend (for example, you can specify Friday and Saturday as the weekend, or only Sunday as the weekend). |
Excel NOW Function | Excel NOW function can be used to get the current date and time value. |
Excel SECOND Function |
Excel SECOND function can be used want to get the integer value of the seconds from a specified time value. It returns a value between 0 and 59 depending on the time value used as the input. |
Excel TODAY Function | Excel TODAY function can be used to get the current date. It returns a serial number that represents the current date. |
Excel WEEKDAY Function |
Excel WEEKDAY function can be used to get the day of the week as a number for the specified date. It returns a number between 1 and 7 that represents the corresponding day of the week. |
Excel WORKDAY Function |
Excel WORKDAY function can be used when you want to get the date after a given number of working days. By default, it takes Saturday and Sunday as the weekend |
Excel WORKDAY.INTL Function |
Excel WORKDAY.INTL function can be used when you want to get the date after a given number of working days. In this function, you can specify the weekend to be days other than Saturday and Sunday. |
Excel DATEDIF Function |
Excel DATEDIF function can be used when you want to calculate the number of years, months, or days between the two specified dates. A good example would be calculating the age. |
Excel Functions – Logical
Excel Function | Description |
---|---|
Excel AND Function |
Excel AND function can be used when you want to check multiple conditions. It returns TRUE only when all the given conditions are true. |
Excel FALSE Function |
Excel FALSE function returns the logical value FALSE. It does not take any input arguments. |
Excel IF Function |
Excel IF Function is best suited for situations where you want to evaluate a condition, and the return a value if it is TRUE and another value if it is FALSE. |
Excel IFS Function |
Excel IFS Function is best suited for situations where you want to test multiple conditions at once and then return the result based on it. This is helpful as you don’t have to create long nested IF formulas that can get confusing. |
Excel IFERROR Function | Excel IFERROR function is best-suited to handle formula that evaluates to an error. You can specify a value to show if the formula returns an error. |
Excel NOT Function |
Excel NOT function can be used when you want to reverse the value of a logical argument (TRUE/FALSE). |
Excel OR Function | Excel OR function can be used when you want to check multiple conditions. It returns TRUE if any of the given condition is true. |
Excel TRUE Function |
Excel TRUE function returns the logical value TRUE. It does not take any input arguments. |
Excel Functions – Lookup & Reference
Excel Function | Description |
---|---|
Excel COLUMN Function |
Excel COLUMN function can be used when you want to get the column number of a specified cell. |
Excel COLUMNS Function |
Excel COLUMNS function can be used when you want to get the number of columns in a specified range or array. It returns a number that represents the total number of columns in the specified range or array. |
Excel HLOOKUP Function |
Excel HLOOKUP function is best suited for situations when you are looking for a matching data point in a row, and when the matching data point is found, you go down that column and fetch a value from a cell which is specified a number of rows below the top row. |
Excel INDEX Function |
Excel INDEX function can be used when you have the position (row number and column number) of a value in a table, and you want to fetch that value. This is often use with the MATCH function and is a powerful alternative to the VLOOKUP function. |
Excel INDIRECT Function |
Excel INDIRECT function can be used when you have the references as text and you want to get the values from those references. It returns the reference specified by the text string. |
Excel MATCH Function |
Excel MATCH function can be used when you want to get the relative position of a lookup value in a list or an array. It returns a number that represents the position of the lookup value in the array. |
Excel OFFSET Function |
Excel OFFSET function can be used when you want to get a reference which offsets specified number of rows and columns from the starting point. It returns the reference that OFFSET function points to. |
Excel ROW Function |
Excel ROW Function function can be used when you want to get the row number of a cell reference. For example, =ROW(B4) would return 4, as it is in the fourth row. |
Excel ROWS Function |
Excel ROWS Function can be used when you want to get the number of rows in a specified range or array. It returns a number that represents the total number of rows in the specified range or array. |
Excel VLOOKUP Function |
Excel VLOOKUP function is best suited for situations when you are looking for a matching data point in a column, and when the matching data point is found, you go to the right in that row and fetch a value from a cell which is a specified number of columns to the right. |
Excel XLOOKUP Function |
Excel XLOOKUP function is a new function for Office 365 users and is an enhanced version of the VLOOKUP/HLOOKUP functions. It can be used to lookup and fetch the value in a dataset, and can replace most of what we do with older lookup formulas. |
Excel FILTER Function |
Excel FILTER function is a new function for Office 365 users that allows you to quickly filter and extract data based on the given condition (or multiple conditions). |
Excel Functions – Math
Excel Function | Description |
---|---|
Excel INT Function |
Excel INT Function can be used when you want to get the integer portion of a number. |
Excel MOD Function |
Excel MOD function can be used when you want to get the remainder when one number is divided by another. It returns a numerical value that represents the remainder when one number is divided by another. |
Excel RAND Function |
Excel RAND function can be used when you want to generate evenly distributed random numbers between 0 and 1. It returns a number between 0 and 1 |
Excel RANDBETWEEN Function |
Excel RANDBETWEEN function can be used when you want to generate evenly distributed random numbers between a top and bottom range specified by the user. It returns a number between the top and bottom range specified by the user. |
Excel ROUND Function |
Excel ROUND function can be used when you want to return a number rounded to a specified number of digits. |
Excel SUM Function | Excel SUM function can be used to add all numbers in a range of cells. |
Excel SUMIF Function |
Excel SUMIF function can be used when you want to add the values in a range if the specified condition is met. |
Excel SUMIFS Function |
Excel SUMIFS function can be used when you want to add the values in a range if multiple specified criteria are met. |
Excel SUMPRODUCT Function |
Excel SUMPRODUCT function can be used when you want to first multiply two or more sets to arrays and then get its sum |
Excel Functions – Statistics
Excel Function | Description |
---|---|
Excel RANK Function |
Excel RANK function can be used when you want to rank a number against a list of numbers. It returns a number that represents the relative rank of the number against the list of numbers. |
Excel AVERAGE Function |
Excel AVERAGE function can be used when you want to get the average (arithmetic mean) of the specified arguments. |
Excel AVERAGEIF Function |
Excel AVERAGEIF function can be used when you want to get the average (arithmetic mean) of all the values in a range of cells that meet a given criteria. |
Excel AVERAGEIFS Function |
Excel AVERAGEIFS function can be used when you want to get the average (arithmetic mean) of all the cells in a range that meets multiple criteria. |
Excel COUNT Function | Excel COUNT function can be used to count the number of cells that contain numbers. |
Excel COUNTA Function |
Excel COUNTA function can be used when you want to count all the cells in a range that are not empty. |
Excel COUNTBLANK Function |
Excel COUNTBALNK function can be used when you have to count all the empty cells in a range. |
Excel COUNTIF Function |
Excel COUNTIF function can be used when you want to count the number of cells that meet a specified criterion. |
Excel COUNTIFS Function |
Excel COUNTIFS function can be used when you want to count the number of cells that meet a single or multiple criteria. |
Excel LARGE Function |
Excel LARGE function can be used to get the Kth largest value from a range of cells or array. For example, you can get the third largest value from a range of cells. |
Excel MAX Function |
Excel MAX function can be used when you want to get the largest value from a set of values. |
Excel MIN Function |
Excel MIN function can be used when you want to get the smallest value from a set of values. |
Excel SMALL Function |
Excel SMALL function can be used to get the Kth smallest value from a range of cells or array. For example, you can get the third smallestvalue from a range of cells. |
Excel Functions – Text Functions
Excel Function | Description |
---|---|
Excel CONCATENATE Function |
Excel CONCATENATE function can be used when you want to join 2 or more characters or strings. It can be used to join text, numbers, cell references, or a combination of these. |
Excel FIND Function |
Excel FIND function can be used when you want to locate a text string within another text string and find its position. It returns a number that represents the starting position of the string you are finding in another string. It is case-sensitive. |
Excel LEFT Function | Excel LEFT function can be used to extract text from left of the string. It returns the specified number of characters from the left of the string |
Excel LEN Function |
Excel LEN function can be used when you want to get the total number of characters in a specified string. This is useful when you want to know the length of a string in a cell. |
Excel LOWER Function |
Excel LOWER function can be used when you want to convert all uppercase letter in a text string to lowercase. Numbers, special characters, and punctuations are not changed by the LOWER function. |
Excel MID Function |
Excel MID function can be used to extract a specified number of characters from a string. It returns the sub-string from a string. |
Excel PROPER Function |
Excel PROPER function can be used when you want to capitalize the first character of every word. Numbers, special characters, and punctuations are not changed by the PROPER function. |
Excel REPLACE Function |
Excel REPLACE function can be used when you want to replace a part of the text string with another string. It returns a text string where a part of the text has been replaced by the specified string. |
Excel REPT Function |
Excel REPT function can be used when you want to repeat a specified text a certain number of times. |
Excel RIGHT Function | The RIGHT function can be used to extract text from the right of the string. It returns the specified number of characters from the right of the string |
Excel SEARCH Function |
Excel SEARCH function can be used when you want to locate a text string within another text string and find its position. It returns a number that represents the starting position of the string you are finding in another string. It is NOT case-sensitive. |
Excel SUBSTITUTE Function
|
Excel SUBSTITUTE function can be used when you want to substitute text with new specified text in a string. It returns a text string where an old text has been substituted by the new one. |
Excel TEXT Function |
Excel TEXT function can be used when you want to convert a number to text format and display it in a specified format. |
Excel TRIM Function | Excel TRIM function can be used when you want to remove leading, trailing, and double spaces in Excel. |
Excel UPPER Function | Excel UPPER function can be used when you want to convert all lowercase letters in a text string to uppercase. Numbers, special characters, and punctuations are not changed by the UPPER function. |
Excel Functions – Info
Excel Function | Description |
---|---|
Excel ISBLANK Function
Excel ISERROR Function Excel ISNA Function Excel ISNUMBER Function Excel ISEVEN Function Excel ISODD Function Excel ISLOGICAL Function Excel ISTEXT Function |
Excel IS function returns TRUE when specified condition is TRUE. For example, ISNA would return TRUE if the cell has a #N/A! error. |
Excel Functions – Financial
Excel Function | Description |
---|---|
Excel PMT Function | Excel PMT function helps you calculate the payment you need to make for a loan when you know the total loan amount, interest rate, and the number of constant payments. |
Excel NPV Function | Excel NPV function allows you to calculate the Net Present Value of all the cashflows when you know the discount rate |
Excel IRR Function | Excel IRR function allows you to calculate the Internal Rate of Return when you have the cashflows data |
VBA Functions
Excel Function | Description |
---|---|
VBA TRIM Function |
VBA TRIM function allows you to remove the leading and trailing spaces from a text string in Excel. It can be a useful VBA function if you want to quickly clean the data. |
VBA SPLIT Function |
VBA SPLIT function alllows you to split a text string based on the delimiter. For example, if you want to split text based on a comma or tab or colon, you can do that with the SPLIT function. |
VBA MsgBox Function |
VBA MsgBox is a function that displays a dialog box that you can use to inform your users by showing a custom message or get some basic inputs (such as Yes/No or OK/Cancel). |
VBA INSTR Function |
VBA InStr function finds the position of a specified substring within the string and returns the first position of its occurrence. |
VBA UCase Function |
Excel VBA UCASE function takes a string as the input and converts all the lower case characters into upper case. |
VBA LCase Function |
Excel VBA LCASE function takes a string as the input and converts all the upper case characters into lower case. |
VBA DIR Function |
Use VBA DIR function when you want to get the name of the file or a folder, using their path name |
Useful Excel Resources:
- 100+ Excel Interview Questions
- 200+ Excel Keyboard Shortcuts
- Free Excel Templates
- Free Online Excel Training
- Best Excel Books
- Excel Formulas Not Working: Possible Reasons and How to FIX IT!
- 20 Advanced Excel Functions and Formulas (for Excel Pros)
- Formula vs Function in Excel – What’s the Difference?
Below is a brief overview of about 100 important Excel functions you should know, with links to detailed examples. We also have a large list of example formulas, a more complete list of Excel functions, and video training. If you are new to Excel formulas, see this introduction.
Note: Excel now includes Dynamic Array formulas, which offer important new functions.
Date and Time Functions
Excel provides many functions to work with dates and times.
NOW and TODAY
You can get the current date with the TODAY function and the current date and time with the NOW Function. Technically, the NOW function returns the current date and time, but you can format as time only, as seen below:
TODAY() // returns current date
NOW() // returns current time
Note: these are volatile functions and will recalculate with every worksheet change. If you want a static value, use date and time shortcuts.
DAY, MONTH, YEAR, and DATE
You can use the DAY, MONTH, and YEAR functions to disassemble any date into its raw components, and the DATE function to put things back together again.
=DAY("14-Nov-2018") // returns 14
=MONTH("14-Nov-2018") // returns 11
=YEAR("14-Nov-2018") // returns 2018
=DATE(2018,11,14) // returns 14-Nov-2018
HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, and TIME
Excel provides a set of parallel functions for times. You can use the HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND functions to extract pieces of a time, and you can assemble a TIME from individual components with the TIME function.
=HOUR("10:30") // returns 10
=MINUTE("10:30") // returns 30
=SECOND("10:30") // returns 0
=TIME(10,30,0) // returns 10:30
DATEDIF and YEARFRAC
You can use the DATEDIF function to get time between dates in years, months, or days. DATEDIF can also be configured to get total time in «normalized» denominations, i.e. «2 years and 6 months and 27 days».
Use YEARFRAC to get fractional years:
=YEARFRAC("14-Nov-2018","10-Jun-2021") // returns 2.57
EDATE and EOMONTH
A common task with dates is to shift a date forward (or backward) by a given number of months. You can use the EDATE and EOMONTH functions for this. EDATE moves by month and retains the day. EOMONTH works the same way, but always returns the last day of the month.
EDATE(date,6) // 6 months forward
EOMONTH(date,6) // 6 months forward (end of month)
WORKDAY and NETWORKDAYS
To figure out a date n working days in the future, you can use the WORKDAY function. To calculate the number of workdays between two dates, you can use NETWORKDAYS.
WORKDAY(start,n,holidays) // date n workdays in future
Video: How to calculate due dates with WORKDAY
NETWORKDAYS(start,end,holidays) // number of workdays between dates
Note: Both functions automatically skip weekends (Saturday and Sunday) and will also skip holidays, if provided. If you need more flexibility on what days are considered weekends, see the WORKDAY.INTL function and NETWORKDAYS.INTL function.
WEEKDAY and WEEKNUM
To figure out the day of week from a date, Excel provides the WEEKDAY function. WEEKDAY returns a number between 1-7 that indicates Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc. Use the WEEKNUM function to get the week number in a given year.
=WEEKDAY(date) // returns a number 1-7
=WEEKNUM(date) // returns week number in year
Engineering
CONVERT
Most Engineering functions are pretty technical…you’ll find a lot of functions for complex numbers in this section. However, the CONVERT function is quite useful for everyday unit conversions. You can use CONVERT to change units for distance, weight, temperature, and much more.
=CONVERT(72,"F","C") // returns 22.2
Information Functions
ISBLANK, ISERROR, ISNUMBER, and ISFORMULA
Excel provides many functions for checking the value in a cell, including ISNUMBER, ISTEXT, ISLOGICAL, ISBLANK, ISERROR, and ISFORMULA These functions are sometimes called the «IS» functions, and they all return TRUE or FALSE based on a cell’s contents.
Excel also has ISODD and ISEVEN functions that will test a number to see if it’s even or odd.
By the way, the green fill in the screenshot above is applied automatically with a conditional formatting formula.
Logical Functions
Excel’s logical functions are a key building block of many advanced formulas. Logical functions return the boolean values TRUE or FALSE. If you need a primer on logical formulas, this video goes through many examples.
AND, OR and NOT
The core of Excel’s logical functions are the AND function, the OR function, and the NOT function. In the screen below, each of these function is used to run a simple test on the values in column B:
=AND(B5>3,B5<9)
=OR(B5=3,B5=9)
=NOT(B5=2)
- Video: How to build logical formulas
- Guide: 50 examples of formula criteria
IFERROR and IFNA
The IFERROR function and IFNA function can be used as a simple way to trap and handle errors. In the screen below, VLOOKUP is used to retrieve cost from a menu item. Column F contains just a VLOOKUP function, with no error handling. Column G shows how to use IFNA with VLOOKUP to display a custom message when an unrecognized item is entered.
=VLOOKUP(E5,menu,2,0) // no error trapping
=IFNA(VLOOKUP(E5,menu,2,0),"Not found") // catch errors
Whereas IFNA only catches an #N/A error, the IFERROR function will catch any formula error.
IF and IFS functions
The IF function is one of the most used functions in Excel. In the screen below, IF checks test scores and assigns «pass» or «fail»:
Multiple IF functions can be nested together to perform more complex logical tests.
New in Excel 2019 and Excel 365, the IFS function can run multiple logical tests without nesting IFs.
=IFS(C5<60,"F",C5<70,"D",C5<80,"C",C5<90,"B",C5>=90,"A")
Lookup and Reference Functions
VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP
Excel offers a number of functions to lookup and retrieve data. Most famous of all is VLOOKUP:
=VLOOKUP(C5,$F$5:$G$7,2,TRUE)
More: 23 things to know about VLOOKUP.
HLOOKUP works like VLOOKUP, but expects data arranged horizontally:
=HLOOKUP(C5,$G$4:$I$5,2,TRUE)
INDEX and MATCH
For more complicated lookups, INDEX and MATCH offers more flexibility and power:
=INDEX(C5:E12,MATCH(H4,B5:B12,0),MATCH(H5,C4:E4,0))
Both the INDEX function and the MATCH function are powerhouse functions that turn up in all kinds of formulas.
More: How to use INDEX and MATCH
LOOKUP
The LOOKUP function has default behaviors that make it useful when solving certain problems. LOOKUP assumes values are sorted in ascending order and always performs an approximate match. When LOOKUP can’t find a match, it will match the next smallest value. In the example below we are using LOOKUP to find the last entry in a column:
ROW and COLUMN
You can use the ROW function and COLUMN function to find row and column numbers on a worksheet. Notice both ROW and COLUMN return values for the current cell if no reference is supplied:
The row function also shows up often in advanced formulas that process data with relative row numbers.
ROWS and COLUMNS
The ROWS function and COLUMNS function provide a count of rows in a reference. In the screen below, we are counting rows and columns in an Excel Table named «Table1».
Note ROWS returns a count of data rows in a table, excluding the header row. By the way, here are 23 things to know about Excel Tables.
HYPERLINK
You can use the HYPERLINK function to construct a link with a formula. Note HYPERLINK lets you build both external links and internal links:
=HYPERLINK(C5,B5)
GETPIVOTDATA
The GETPIVOTDATA function is useful for retrieving information from existing pivot tables.
=GETPIVOTDATA("Sales",$B$4,"Region",I6,"Product",I7)
CHOOSE
The CHOOSE function is handy any time you need to make a choice based on a number:
=CHOOSE(2,"red","blue","green") // returns "blue"
Video: How to use the CHOOSE function
TRANSPOSE
The TRANSPOSE function gives you an easy way to transpose vertical data to horizontal, and vice versa.
{=TRANSPOSE(B4:C9)}
Note: TRANSPOSE is a formula and is, therefore, dynamic. If you just need to do a one-time transpose operation, use Paste Special instead.
OFFSET
The OFFSET function is useful for all kinds of dynamic ranges. From a starting location, it lets you specify row and column offsets, and also the final row and column size. The result is a range that can respond dynamically to changing conditions and inputs. You can feed this range to other functions, as in the screen below, where OFFSET builds a range that is fed to the SUM function:
=SUM(OFFSET(B4,1,I4,4,1)) // sum of Q3
INDIRECT
The INDIRECT function allows you to build references as text. This concept is a bit tricky to understand at first, but it can be useful in many situations. Below, we are using INDIRECT to get values from cell A1 in 5 different worksheets. Each reference is dynamic. If a sheet name changes, the reference will update.
=INDIRECT(B5&"!A1") // =Sheet1!A1
The INDIRECT function is also used to «lock» references so they won’t change, when rows or columns are added or deleted. For more details, see linked examples at the bottom of the INDIRECT function page.
Caution: both OFFSET and INDIRECT are volatile functions and can slow down large or complicated spreadsheets.
STATISTICAL Functions
COUNT and COUNTA
You can count numbers with the COUNT function and non-empty cells with COUNTA. You can count blank cells with COUNTBLANK, but in the screen below we are counting blank cells with COUNTIF, which is more generally useful.
=COUNT(B5:F5) // count numbers
=COUNTA(B5:F5) // count numbers and text
=COUNTIF(B5:F5,"") // count blanks
COUNTIF and COUNTIFS
For conditional counts, the COUNTIF function can apply one criteria. The COUNTIFS function can apply multiple criteria at the same time:
=COUNTIF(C5:C12,"red") // count red
=COUNTIF(F5:F12,">50") // count total > 50
=COUNTIFS(C5:C12,"red",D5:D12,"TX") // red and tx
=COUNTIFS(C5:C12,"blue",F5:F12,">50") // blue > 50
Video: How to use the COUNTIF function
SUM, SUMIF, SUMIFS
To sum everything, use the SUM function. To sum conditionally, use SUMIF or SUMIFS. Following the same pattern as the counting functions, the SUMIF function can apply only one criteria while the SUMIFS function can apply multiple criteria.
=SUM(F5:F12) // everything
=SUMIF(C5:C12,"red",F5:F12) // red only
=SUMIF(F5:F12,">50") // over 50
=SUMIFS(F5:F12,C5:C12,"red",D5:D12,"tx") // red & tx
=SUMIFS(F5:F12,C5:C12,"blue",F5:F12,">50") // blue & >50
Video: How to use the SUMIF function
AVERAGE, AVERAGEIF, and AVERAGEIFS
Following the same pattern, you can calculate an average with AVERAGE, AVERAGEIF, and AVERAGEIFS.
=AVERAGE(F5:F12) // all
=AVERAGEIF(C5:C12,"red",F5:F12) // red only
=AVERAGEIFS(F5:F12,C5:C12,"red",D5:D12,"tx") // red and tx
MIN, MAX, LARGE, SMALL
You can find largest and smallest values with MAX and MIN, and nth largest and smallest values with LARGE and SMALL. In the screen below, data is the named range C5:C13, used in all formulas.
=MAX(data) // largest
=MIN(data) // smallest
=LARGE(data,1) // 1st largest
=LARGE(data,2) // 2nd largest
=LARGE(data,3) // 3rd largest
=SMALL(data,1) // 1st smallest
=SMALL(data,2) // 2nd smallest
=SMALL(data,3) // 3rd smallest
Video: How to find the nth smallest or largest value
MINIFS, MAXIFS
The MINIFS and MAXIFS. These functions let you find minimum and maximum values with conditions:
=MAXIFS(D5:D15,C5:C15,"female") // highest female
=MAXIFS(D5:D15,C5:C15,"male") // highest male
=MINIFS(D5:D15,C5:C15,"female") // lowest female
=MINIFS(D5:D15,C5:C15,"male") // lowest male
Note: MINIFS and MAXIFS are new in Excel via Office 365 and Excel 2019.
MODE
The MODE function returns the most commonly occurring number in a range:
=MODE(B5:G5) // returns 1
RANK
To rank values largest to smallest, or smallest to largest, use the RANK function:
Video: How to rank values with the RANK function
MATH Functions
ABS
To change negative values to positive use the ABS function.
=ABS(-134.50) // returns 134.50
RAND and RANDBETWEEN
Both the RAND function and RANDBETWEEN function can generate random numbers on the fly. RAND creates long decimal numbers between zero and 1. RANDBETWEEN generates random integers between two given numbers.
=RAND() // between zero and 1
=RANDBETWEEN(1,100) // between 1 and 100
ROUND, ROUNDUP, ROUNDDOWN, INT
To round values up or down, use the ROUND function. To force rounding up to a given number of digits, use ROUNDUP. To force rounding down, use ROUNDDOWN. To discard the decimal part of a number altogether, use the INT function.
=ROUND(11.777,1) // returns 11.8
=ROUNDUP(11.777) // returns 11.8
=ROUNDDOWN(11.777,1) // returns 11.7
=INT(11.777) // returns 11
MROUND, CEILING, FLOOR
To round values to the nearest multiple use the MROUND function. The FLOOR function and CEILING function also round to a given multiple. FLOOR forces rounding down, and CEILING forces rounding up.
=MROUND(13.85,.25) // returns 13.75
=CEILING(13.85,.25) // returns 14
=FLOOR(13.85,.25) // returns 13.75
MOD
The MOD function returns the remainder after division. This sounds boring and geeky, but MOD turns up in all kinds of formulas, especially formulas that need to do something «every nth time». In the screen below, you can see how MOD returns zero every third number when the divisor is 3:
SUMPRODUCT
The SUMPRODUCT function is a powerful and versatile tool when dealing with all kinds of data. You can use SUMPRODUCT to easily count and sum based on criteria, and you can use it in elegant ways that just don’t work with COUNTIFS and SUMIFS. In the screen below, we are using SUMPRODUCT to count and sum orders in March. See the SUMPRODUCT page for details and links to many examples.
=SUMPRODUCT(--(MONTH(B5:B12)=3)) // count March
=SUMPRODUCT(--(MONTH(B5:B12)=3),C5:C12) // sum March
SUBTOTAL
The SUBTOTAL function is an «aggregate function» that can perform a number of operations on a set of data. All told, SUBTOTAL can perform 11 operations, including SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MAX, MIN, etc. (see this page for the full list). The key feature of SUBTOTAL is that it will ignore rows that have been «filtered out» of an Excel Table, and, optionally, rows that have been manually hidden. In the screen below, SUBTOTAL is used to count and sum only the 7 visible rows in the table:
=SUBTOTAL(3,B5:B14) // returns 7
=SUBTOTAL(9,F5:F14) // returns 9.54
AGGREGATE
Like SUBTOTAL, the AGGREGATE function can also run a number of aggregate operations on a set of data and can optionally ignore hidden rows. The key differences are that AGGREGATE can run more operations (19 total) and can also ignore errors.
In the screen below, AGGREGATE is used to perform MIN, MAX, LARGE and SMALL operations while ignoring errors. Normally, the error in cell B9 would prevent these functions from returning a result. See this page for a full list of operations AGGREGATE can perform.
=AGGREGATE(4,6,values) // MAX ignore errors, returns 100
=AGGREGATE(5,6,values) // MIN ignore errors, returns 75
TEXT Functions
LEFT, RIGHT, MID
To extract characters from the left, right, or middle of text, use LEFT, RIGHT, and MID functions:
=LEFT("ABC-1234-RED",3) // returns "ABC"
=MID("ABC-1234-RED",5,4) // returns "1234"
=RIGHT("ABC-1234-RED",3) // returns "RED"
LEN
The LEN function will return the length of a text string. LEN shows up in a lot of formulas that count words or characters.
FIND, SEARCH
To look for specific text in a cell, use the FIND function or SEARCH function. These functions return the numeric position of matching text, but SEARCH allows wildcards and FIND is case-sensitive. Both functions will throw an error when text is not found, so wrap in the ISNUMBER function to return TRUE or FALSE (example here).
=FIND("Better the devil you know","devil") // returns 12
=SEARCH("This is not my beautiful wife","bea*") // returns 12
REPLACE, SUBSTITUTE
To replace text by position, use the REPLACE function. To replace text by matching, use the SUBSTITUTE function. In the first example, REPLACE removes the two asterisks (**) by replacing the first two characters with an empty string («»). In the second example, SUBSTITUTE removes all hash characters (#) by replacing «#» with «».
=REPLACE("**Red",1,2,"") // returns "Red"
=SUBSTITUTE("##Red##","#","") // returns "Red"
CODE, CHAR
To figure out the numeric code for a character, use the CODE function. To translate the numeric code back to a character, use the CHAR function. In the example below, CODE translates each character in column B to its corresponding code. In column F, CHAR translates the code back to a character.
=CODE("a") // returns 97
=CHAR(97) // returns "a"
Video: How to use the CODE and CHAR functions
TRIM, CLEAN
To get rid of extra space in text, use the TRIM function. To remove line breaks and other non-printing characters, use CLEAN.
=TRIM(A1) // remove extra space
=CLEAN(A1) // remove line breaks
Video: How to clean text with TRIM and CLEAN
CONCAT, TEXTJOIN, CONCATENATE
New in Excel via Office 365 are CONCAT and TEXTJOIN. The CONCAT function lets you concatenate (join) multiple values, including a range of values without a delimiter. The TEXTJOIN function does the same thing, but allows you to specify a delimiter and can also ignore empty values.
=TEXTJOIN(",",TRUE,B4:H4) // returns "red,blue,green,pink,black"
=CONCAT(B7:H7) // returns "8675309"
Excel also provides the CONCATENATE function, but it doesn’t offer special features. I wouldn’t bother with it and would instead concatenate directly with the ampersand (&) character in a formula.
EXACT
The EXACT function allows you to compare two text strings in a case-sensitive manner.
UPPER, LOWER, PROPER
To change the case of text, use the UPPER, LOWER, and PROPER function
=UPPER("Sue BROWN") // returns "SUE BROWN"
=LOWER("Sue BROWN") // returns "sue brown"
=PROPER("Sue BROWN") // returns "Sue Brown"
Video: How to change case with formulas
TEXT
Last but definitely not least is the TEXT function. The text function lets you apply number formatting to numbers (including dates, times, etc.) as text. This is especially useful when you need to embed a formatted number in a message, like «Sale ends on [date]».
=TEXT(B5,"$#,##0.00")
=TEXT(B6,"000000")
="Save "&TEXT(B7,"0%")
="Sale ends "&TEXT(B8,"mmm d")
More: Detailed examples of custom number formatting.
Dynamic Array functions
Dynamic arrays are new in Excel 365, and are a major upgrade to Excel’s formula engine. As part of the dynamic array update, Excel includes new functions which directly leverage dynamic arrays to solve problems that are traditionally hard to solve with conventional formulas. If you are using Excel 365, make sure you are aware of these new functions:
Function | Purpose |
---|---|
FILTER | Filter data and return matching records |
RANDARRAY | Generate array of random numbers |
SEQUENCE | Generate array of sequential numbers |
SORT | Sort range by column |
SORTBY | Sort range by another range or array |
UNIQUE | Extract unique values from a list or range |
XLOOKUP | Modern replacement for VLOOKUP |
XMATCH | Modern replacement for the MATCH function |
Video: New dynamic array functions in Excel (about 3 minutes).
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Home / Excel Functions
1. Excel String (Text) Functions
- FIND Function: Returns the starting position of a text string in another text string (case sensitive).
- LEFT Function: Returns the string from another string starting from the left.
- LEN Function: Counts the number of characters from the value supplied.
- LOWER Function: Converts a text into lower case.
- MID Function: Returns a substring from a string using a specific position and number of characters.
- PROPER Function: Convert a text to a proper case text.
- REPT Function: Repeats a value several times.
- RIGHT Function: Returns the string from another string starting from the right.
- SEARCH Function: Returns the starting position of a text string in another text string (case sensitive).
- UPPER Function: Convert a text into an upper case text.
2. Excel Date Functions
- DATE Function: Returns a valid date using the day, month, and year supplied.
- DATEDIF Function: Calculates the difference between two dates.
- DATEVALUE Function: Converts a date that is formatted as text into an actual date.
- DAY Function: Returns the day from the date supplied.
- DAYS Function: Returns the count of days between two dates.
- EDATE Function: Returns a date after adding/subtracting months from the supplied date.
- EOMONTH Function: Returns the end of the month date from a future month or a past month.
- MONTH Function: Returns the month from the date supplied.
- NETWORKDAYS Function: Count of days between the start date and end date, excluding weekends and holidays.
- NETWORKDAYS.INTL Function: Count of days between the start date and end date, excluding weekends (Custom), and holidays.
3. Excel Time Functions
- HOUR Function: Returns the hours from the time supplied.
- MINUTE Function: Returns the minutes from the time supplied.
- NOW Function: Returns the current date and time.
- SECOND Function: Returns the seconds from the time supplied.
- TIME Function: Returns a valid time using the hours, minutes, and seconds supplied.
- TIMEVALUE Function: Convert a time value that is stored as text into actual time.
4. Excel Logical Functions
- AND Function: Test multiple conditions and return TRUE if all the conditions are TRUE.
- FALSE Function: Returns the boolean value FALSE.
- IF Function: Tests a condition and returns a value if that condition is TRUE else some other value.
- IFERROR Function: Tests a value for an error and returns the specified value if an error occurred, else returns the original value.
- IFNA Function: Tests a value for #N/A error and returns the specified value if the error occurred, else returns the original value.
- NOT Function: Reverse a logical result/value.
- OR Function: Test multiple conditions and return TRUE if any of the conditions are TRUE.
- TRUE Function: Returns the boolean value TRUE.
5. Excel Math Functions
- ABS: Converts a number into an absolute number.
- EVEN: Rounds a number to the nearest even number.
- INT: Returns the integer part from the value supplied.
- MOD: Returns the remainder value after dividing a number with a divisor.
- MROUND: Rounds a number to a given multiple.
- RAND: Returns a random number ranging from 0 to 1.
- SUM: Sum the value supplied.
- SUMIF: Sum the value supplied using the condition specified.
- SUMIFS: Sum the value supplied using the multiple conditions specified.
- SUMPRODUCT: Multiply and sum the array values.
- TRUNC: Returns a number after truncating the original number.
6. Excel Statistical Functions
- AVERAGE Function: Calculates the average of the supplied numeric values.
- AVERAGEA Function: Calculates the average of the supplied numeric values, Boolean, and numbers formatted as text.
- AVERAGEIF Function: Calculates the average of the numbers based on the conditions you specify.
- AVERAGEIFS Function: Calculates the average of the numbers based on the multiple conditions you specify.
- COUNT Function: Counts the supplied numeric values.
- COUNTA Function: Counts the supplied values except for blanks.
- COUNTBLANK Function: Counts the blank values.
- COUNTIF Function: Counts the values supplied using the condition specified.
- COUNTIFS Function: Counts the values supplied using the multiple conditions specified.
- MAX Function: Returns the maximum value from a list of values.
- MIN Function: Returns the minimum value from a list of values.
7. Excel Lookup Functions
- ADDRESS Function: Creates a valid cell reference as per the supplied row and column.
- AREAS Function: Counts the number of ranges in the supplied reference.
- CHOOSE Function: Returns a value from a list of values using the index number.
- COLUMN Function: Returns the column number of the referred cell.
- COLUMNS Function: Count columns referred to in the supplied range.
- FORMULATEXT Function: Returns the formulas from the cell referred to.
- HLOOKUP Function: Lookups for a value in the top row of a table and returns the value from the same column using an index number.
- HYPERLINK Function: Create a text with the hyperlink using the link specified.
- INDEX Function: Returns a value from a list using the index number of that value in the list.
- INDIRECT Function: Create a valid cell reference from the text supplied.
- LOOKUP Function: Lookup for a valuer from a row, column, or array.
- MATCH Function: Returns the index number of the value from the list of values.
- OFFSET Function: Returns a reference to a range which is a specific number of rows and columns away from a cell or range of cells.
- ROW Function: Returns the row number of the referred cell.
- ROWS Function: Count rows referred to in the supplied range.
- TRANSPOSE Function: Changes the orientation of a range.
- VLOOKUP Function: Lookups for a value in the first column of a table and returns the value from the same row of the matched value using the index number.
8. Excel Information Functions
- CELL Function: Returns specific information about the cell referred to.
- ERROR.TYPE Function: Returns a number that represents the error.
- INFO Function: Returns information about the current operating environment.
- ISBLANK Function: Checks if the supplied value is blank and returns TRUE.
- ISERR Function: Checks if the supplied value is an error other than #N/A and returns TRUE.
- ISERROR Function: Checks if the supplied value is an error and returns TRUE.
- ISEVEN Function: Checks if the supplied value is an even number and returns TRUE.
- ISFORMULA Function: Checks if the supplied value is a formula and returns TRUE.
- ISLOGICAL Function: Checks if the supplied value is logical value and returns TRUE.
- ISNA Function: Checks if the supplied value is an #N/A and returns TRUE.
- ISNONTEXT Function: Checks if the supplied value is a non-text value and returns TRUE.
- ISNUMBER Function: Checks if the supplied value is a number and returns TRUE.
- ISODD Function: Checks if the supplied value is an odd number and returns TRUE.
- ISREF Function: Checks if the supplied value is a reference and returns TRUE.
- ISTEXT Function: Checks if the supplied value is a text and returns TRUE.
- N Function: Converts a boolean to a number.
- NA Function: Returns the #N/A.
- SHEET Function: Returns the sheet number of the referred cell.
- SHEETS Function: Counts the number of sheets in the reference.
- TYPE Function: Checks a value for an error and returns a number to represent it.
9. Excel Financial Functions
- FV Function: Calculates the future value of an investment.
- PMT Function: Calculate a periodic payment of loan which you need to pay.
- PV Function: Calculates the present value of financial investment or a loan.
More Excel Tutorials
- Introduction to Microsoft Excel
- Excel Skills
- Top Excel Tips and Tricks
- Excel User-Defined Function
- Advanced Excel Tricks
- Advanced Pivot Tables
- Advanced Excel Charts
- Excel for Accounting Professionals
- Excel Formula Bar
- Keyboard Shortcuts (PDF Cheat Sheet)
- Excel Quick Access Toolbar
Function |
Description |
---|---|
AVEDEV function |
Returns the average of the absolute deviations of data points from their mean |
AVERAGE function |
Returns the average of its arguments |
AVERAGEA function |
Returns the average of its arguments, including numbers, text, and logical values |
AVERAGEIF function |
Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the cells in a range that meet a given criteria |
AVERAGEIFS function |
Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all cells that meet multiple criteria |
BETA.DIST function |
Returns the beta cumulative distribution function |
BETA.INV function |
Returns the inverse of the cumulative distribution function for a specified beta distribution |
BINOM.DIST function |
Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability |
BINOM.DIST.RANGE function |
Returns the probability of a trial result using a binomial distribution |
BINOM.INV function |
Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is less than or equal to a criterion value |
CHISQ.DIST function |
Returns the cumulative beta probability density function |
CHISQ.DIST.RT function |
Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution |
CHISQ.INV function |
Returns the cumulative beta probability density function |
CHISQ.INV.RT function |
Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution |
CHISQ.TEST function |
Returns the test for independence |
CONFIDENCE.NORM function |
Returns the confidence interval for a population mean |
CONFIDENCE.T function |
Returns the confidence interval for a population mean, using a Student’s t distribution |
CORREL function |
Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets |
COUNT function |
Counts how many numbers are in the list of arguments |
COUNTA function |
Counts how many values are in the list of arguments |
COUNTBLANK function |
Counts the number of blank cells within a range |
COUNTIF function |
Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given criteria |
COUNTIFS function |
Counts the number of cells within a range that meet multiple criteria |
COVARIANCE.P function |
Returns covariance, the average of the products of paired deviations |
COVARIANCE.S function |
Returns the sample covariance, the average of the products deviations for each data point pair in two data sets |
DEVSQ function |
Returns the sum of squares of deviations |
EXPON.DIST function |
Returns the exponential distribution |
F.DIST function |
Returns the F probability distribution |
F.DIST.RT function |
Returns the F probability distribution |
F.INV function |
Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution |
F.INV.RT function |
Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution |
F.TEST function |
Returns the result of an F-test |
FISHER function |
Returns the Fisher transformation |
FISHERINV function |
Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation |
FORECAST function |
Returns a value along a linear trend Note: In Excel 2016, this function is replaced with FORECAST.LINEAR as part of the new Forecasting functions, but it’s still available for compatibility with earlier versions. |
FORECAST.ETS function |
Returns a future value based on existing (historical) values by using the AAA version of the Exponential Smoothing (ETS) algorithm |
FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT function |
Returns a confidence interval for the forecast value at the specified target date |
FORECAST.ETS.SEASONALITY function |
Returns the length of the repetitive pattern Excel detects for the specified time series |
FORECAST.ETS.STAT function |
Returns a statistical value as a result of time series forecasting |
FORECAST.LINEAR function |
Returns a future value based on existing values |
FREQUENCY function |
Returns a frequency distribution as a vertical array |
GAMMA function |
Returns the Gamma function value |
GAMMA.DIST function |
Returns the gamma distribution |
GAMMA.INV function |
Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution |
GAMMALN function |
Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function, Γ(x) |
GAMMALN.PRECISE function |
Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function, Γ(x) |
GAUSS function |
Returns 0.5 less than the standard normal cumulative distribution |
GEOMEAN function |
Returns the geometric mean |
GROWTH function |
Returns values along an exponential trend |
HARMEAN function |
Returns the harmonic mean |
HYPGEOM.DIST function |
Returns the hypergeometric distribution |
INTERCEPT function |
Returns the intercept of the linear regression line |
KURT function |
Returns the kurtosis of a data set |
LARGE function |
Returns the k-th largest value in a data set |
LINEST function |
Returns the parameters of a linear trend |
LOGEST function |
Returns the parameters of an exponential trend |
LOGNORM.DIST function |
Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution |
LOGNORM.INV function |
Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution |
MAX function |
Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments |
MAXA function |
Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments, including numbers, text, and logical values |
MAXIFS function |
Returns the maximum value among cells specified by a given set of conditions or criteria |
MEDIAN function |
Returns the median of the given numbers |
MIN function |
Returns the minimum value in a list of arguments |
MINA function |
Returns the smallest value in a list of arguments, including numbers, text, and logical values |
MINIFS function |
Returns the minimum value among cells specified by a given set of conditions or criteria. |
MODE.MULT function |
Returns a vertical array of the most frequently occurring, or repetitive values in an array or range of data |
MODE.SNGL function |
Returns the most common value in a data set |
NEGBINOM.DIST function |
Returns the negative binomial distribution |
NORM.DIST function |
Returns the normal cumulative distribution |
NORM.INV function |
Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution |
NORM.S.DIST function |
Returns the standard normal cumulative distribution |
NORM.S.INV function |
Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution |
PEARSON function |
Returns the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient |
PERCENTILE.EXC function |
Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range, where k is in the range 0..1, exclusive |
PERCENTILE.INC function |
Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range |
PERCENTRANK.EXC function |
Returns the rank of a value in a data set as a percentage (0..1, exclusive) of the data set |
PERCENTRANK.INC function |
Returns the percentage rank of a value in a data set |
PERMUT function |
Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects |
PERMUTATIONA function |
Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects (with repetitions) that can be selected from the total objects |
PHI function |
Returns the value of the density function for a standard normal distribution |
POISSON.DIST function |
Returns the Poisson distribution |
PROB function |
Returns the probability that values in a range are between two limits |
QUARTILE.EXC function |
Returns the quartile of the data set, based on percentile values from 0..1, exclusive |
QUARTILE.INC function |
Returns the quartile of a data set |
RANK.AVG function |
Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers |
RANK.EQ function |
Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers |
RSQ function |
Returns the square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient |
SKEW function |
Returns the skewness of a distribution |
SKEW.P function |
Returns the skewness of a distribution based on a population: a characterization of the degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean |
SLOPE function |
Returns the slope of the linear regression line |
SMALL function |
Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set |
STANDARDIZE function |
Returns a normalized value |
STDEV.P function |
Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population |
STDEV.S function |
Estimates standard deviation based on a sample |
STDEVA function |
Estimates standard deviation based on a sample, including numbers, text, and logical values |
STDEVPA function |
Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population, including numbers, text, and logical values |
STEYX function |
Returns the standard error of the predicted y-value for each x in the regression |
T.DIST function |
Returns the Percentage Points (probability) for the Student t-distribution |
T.DIST.2T function |
Returns the Percentage Points (probability) for the Student t-distribution |
T.DIST.RT function |
Returns the Student’s t-distribution |
T.INV function |
Returns the t-value of the Student’s t-distribution as a function of the probability and the degrees of freedom |
T.INV.2T function |
Returns the inverse of the Student’s t-distribution |
T.TEST function |
Returns the probability associated with a Student’s t-test |
TREND function |
Returns values along a linear trend |
TRIMMEAN function |
Returns the mean of the interior of a data set |
VAR.P function |
Calculates variance based on the entire population |
VAR.S function |
Estimates variance based on a sample |
VARA function |
Estimates variance based on a sample, including numbers, text, and logical values |
VARPA function |
Calculates variance based on the entire population, including numbers, text, and logical values |
WEIBULL.DIST function |
Returns the Weibull distribution |
Z.TEST function |
Returns the one-tailed probability-value of a z-test |
The complete Excel Functions list includes lookup, logic, date and time, text, information, and math functions with examples. Excel Functions are built-in presets, so Excel functions are hard-coded formulas with short, user-friendly names.
The list contains 300+ built-in Excel functions. Furthermore, look at the library of useful advanced functions (UDFs). If you want to jump to a specific category, use the list below; else, use the Search box for the latest tutorials.
- User-defined functions (must-have)
- Logical
- Text
- Lookup
- Date and Time
- Dynamic array
- Information
- Math
- Statistical
- Financial
Excel Function List
Logical
The functions below use logical tests and logical operators to evaluate a formula. Learn more about Boolean expressions.
LOOKUP
Here is the list of lookup functions in Excel. Of course, we already know that XLOOKUP changes everything. But it is worth keeping in mind the older lookup functions too.
User-defined functions
UDFs are advanced functions.
Date and Time
Date and Time functions help you create calculations based on dates and times.
Text
Text functions in Excel enable you to perform various calculations using strings.
Dynamic Array
Dynamic Arrays are resizable arrays. From now, Excel calculates the array automatically and returns values into multiple cells based on a formula entered in a single cell.
Information
Take a quick overview of information functions in Excel.
Math
Math Functions are great.
Math – Part 2
Financial
Use financial functions if you want.
Financial – Part 2
Statistical
Statistical – Part 2
Trigonometry
Engineering
Database
How to use Excel Functions?
To use a function, type an equal sign (=) in the formula bar or the cell to enter a function you want to use. After that, enter the function’s name and the arguments. There are custom functions in Excel, user-defined functions. If you want to learn more about how to solve complex tasks using UDFs, read our guide.