A sentence for the word topic

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Q: Make a sentence with the word TOPIC?

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Параграф (абзац) представляет собой группу связанных предложений, в которых обсуждается одна (и обычно только одна) основная идея. Параграф может состоять минимум из 1 предложения, максимум, в свою очередь, не ограничен, однако он должен быть достаточно длинным, чтобы четко сформулировать основную идею.

Все параграфы содержат вводное и вспомогательные предложения, а в некоторых абзацах также содержится заключительное предложение.

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss one (and usually only one) main idea. A paragraph can be as short as one sentence or as long as ten sentences.

The number of sentences is unimportant; however, the paragraph should be long enough to develop the main idea clearly.

All paragraphs have a topic sentence and supporting sentences, and some paragraphs also have a concluding sentence.

What does it consist of?
Из чего состоит?

Topic sentence
Вводное предложение

Практика /
Practice

Task 1. Read the sentences in each group, and decide which sentence is the best topic sentence. Write best TS (for “best topic sentence“) on the line next to it. Decide what is wrong with the other sentences. They may be too general, or they may be too specific, or they may be incomplete sentences. Write too general, too specific, or incomplete on the lines next to them.

The first one has been done for you as an example.

Group 1
_too specific____ a. A lunar eclipse is an omen of a coming disaster.
_too general____ b. Superstitions have been around forever.
_best topic sent._ c. People hold many superstitious beliefs about the moon.
_incomplete____ d. Is made of green cheese.

Group 2
a. The history of astronomy is interesting.
b. Ice age people recorded the appearance of new moons by making scratches in animal bones.
c. For example, Stonehenge in Britain, built 3500 years ago to track the movement of the sun.
d. Ancient people observed and recorded lunar and solar events in different ways.

Group 3
a. It is hard to know which foods are safe to eat nowadays.
b. In some large ocean fish, there are high levels of mercury.
c. Undercooked chicken and hamburger may carry E. coli bacteria.
d. Not to mention mad cow disease.
e. Food safety is an important issue.

Group 4
a. Hybrid automobiles more economical to operate than gasoline-powered cars.
b. The new hybrid automobiles are very popular.
c. Hybrid cars have good fuel economy because a computer under the hood decides to run the electric motor, the small gasoline engine, or the two together.
d. The new hybrid automobiles are popular because of their fuel economy.

Group 5
a. The North American Catawba Indians of the Southeast and the Tlingit of the Northwest both see the rainbow as a kind of bridge between heaven and earth.
b. A rainbow seen from an airplane is a complete circle.
c. Many cultures interpret rainbows in positive ways.
d. Rainbows are beautiful.
e. The belief that you can find a pot of gold at a rainbow’s end.

Group 2
a. too general
b. too specific
c. incomplete
d. best topic sentence

Group 3
a. best topic sentence
b. too specific
c. too specific
d. incomplete
e. too general

Group 4
a. incomplete
b. too general
c. too specific
d. best topic sentence

Group 5
a. too specific
b. too general
c. best topic sentence
d. too general
e. incomplete

Task 2. Write good topic sentences for the following paragraphs. Remember to include both a topic and a controlling idea.

Paragraph 1
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________. English speakers relaxing at home, for example, may put on kimonos, which is a Japanese word. English speakers who live in a warm climate may take an afternoon siesta on an outdoor patio without realizing that these are Spanish words. In their gardens, they may enjoy the fragrance of jasmine flowers, a word that came into English from Persian. They may even relax on a chaise while snacking on yogurt, words of French and Turkish origin, respectively. At night, they may shampoo their hair and put on pajamas, words from the Hindi language of India.

Paragraph 2
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________. In European universities, students are not required to attend classes. In fact, professors in Germany generally do not know the names of the students enrolled in their courses. In the United States, however, students are required to attend
all classes and may be penalized if they do not. Furthermore, in the European system, students usually take just one comprehensive examination at the end of their entire four or five years of study. In the North American system, on the other hand, students usually have numerous quizzes, tests, and homework assignments, and they almost always have to take a final examination in each course at the end of each semester.

Paragraph 3
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________. For example, the Eskimos, living in a treeless region of snow and ice, sometimes build temporary homes out of thick blocks of ice. People who live in deserts, on the other hand, use the most available materials, mud or clay, which provide good insulation from the heat. In Northern Europe, Russia, and other areas of the world where forests are plentiful, people usually construct their homes out of wood. In the islands of the South Pacific, where there is an abundant supply of bamboo and palm, people use these tough, fibrous plants to build their homes.

Supporting sentences
Поддерживающие предложения

Практика /
Practice

Task 3.

1) Read Paragraphs A and B about red-light running. Notice the different specific supporting details that have been added to Paragraph B.

2) Locate the topic sentence in Paragraph B. Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea.

3)  Which supporting sentences in Paragraph B contain the kinds of details listed below? Give the sentence numbers of each kind.
An example:
A statistic:
A quotation:

Paragraph A: Paragraph without Support
Red-Light Running

Although some people think that red-light running is a minor traffic violation that is no worse than jaywalking, it can, in fact, become a deadly crime. Red-light runners cause accidents all the time. Sometimes people are seriously injured and even killed. It is especially a problem in rush hour traffic. Everyone is in a hurry to get home, so drivers run red lights everywhere. The police do not do much about it because they are too busy. The only time they pay attention is when there is an accident, and then it is too late. In conclusion, running a red light is a serious offence.

Paragraph B: Paragraph with Support
Red-Light Running

“Although some people think red-light running is a minor traffic violation that is no worse than jaywalking, it can, in fact, become a deadly crime. red-light runners cause hundreds of accidents, including deaths and injuries as well as millions of dollars in damages. Each year more than 900 people die, and nearly 200,000 are injured in crashes that involve red-light running. Motorists run red lights all the time.
For example, in Fairfax, Virginia, a five-month-Iong survey at five busy intersections revealed that a motorist ran a red light every 20 minutes. Red-light runners are seldom caught. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, “Communities don’t have the resources to allow police to patrol intersections as often as would be needed to ticket all motorists who run red lights” (“Q&A”).

Topic sentence: Although some people think red-light running is a minor traffic violation that is no worse than jaywalkfag, it can, in fact, become a deadly crime. Topic: red-light running. Controlling idea: It can become a deadly crime.

An example: sentence 5;

a statistic: sentence 3;

a quotation: sentence 7

Main idea: Our language influences our perception. Part of topic sentence that expresses the main idea: “… our perception of the world depends to a great extent on the language we speak.“
2. Examples: Eskimo languages have as many as 32 words for snow; falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed as hard as ice, slushy snow, wind-driven snow; Aztec language has one word for snow, cold, and ice.
3. A classic example; for instance

Task 4. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the main idea of this paragraph? Underline the part of the topic sentence that expresses the main idea.
2. What examples does the writer use to support this idea? Put brackets [] around them.
3. What words and phrases introduce the examples? Circle them.

Language and perception

Although we all possess the same physical organs for sensing the world eyes for seeing, ears for hearing, noses for smelling, skin for feeling, and mouths for tasting-our perception of the world depends to a great extent on the language we speak, according to a famous hypothesis proposed by linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. They hypothesized that language is like a pair of eyeglasses through which we “see” the world in a particular way. A classic example of the relationship between language and perception is the word snow.Eskimo languages have as many as 32 different words for snow. For instance, the Eskimos have different words for falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed as hard as ice, slushy snow, wind-driven snow, and what we might call “cornmeal” snow.The ancient Aztec languages of Mexico, in contrast, used only one word to mean snow, cold, and ice. Thus, if the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is correct and we can perceive only things that we have words for, the Aztecs perceived snow, cold, and ice as one and the same phenomenon.

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1. In a paragraph about a summer vacation:

My summer vacation at my grandparents’ farm was filled with hard work and fun.

2. In a paragraph about school uniforms:
School uniforms would help us to feel more unity as a student body.

3. In a paragraph about how to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich:
Making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich is easy if you know the steps.

1. From Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings:
«Momma bought two bolts of cloth each year for winter and summer clothes. She made my school dresses, underslips, bloomers, handkerchiefs, Bailey’s shirts, shorts, her aprons, house dresses and waists from the rolls shipped to Stamps by Sears and Roebuck…. «

2. From John F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech, 1961:
The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe-the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.

3. From Martin Luther King, Jr.’s «I Have a Dream» speech:
In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the «unalienable Rights» of «Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.» It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked «insufficient funds.»