A noun is a word that names

A noun (from Latin nōmen ‘name’)[1] is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.[2][note 1]

Lexical categories (parts of speech) are defined in terms of the ways in which their members combine with other kinds of expressions. The syntactic rules for nouns differ between languages. In English, nouns are those words which can occur with articles and attributive adjectives and can function as the head of a noun phrase. «As far as we know, every language makes a grammatical distinction that looks like a noun verb distinction.»[3]

History [edit]

Word classes (parts of speech) were described by Sanskrit grammarians from at least the 5th century BC. In Yāska’s Nirukta, the noun (nāma) is one of the four main categories of words defined.[4]

The Ancient Greek equivalent was ónoma (ὄνομα), referred to by Plato in the Cratylus dialog, and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in The Art of Grammar, attributed to Dionysius Thrax (2nd century BC). The term used in Latin grammar was nōmen. All of these terms for «noun» were also words meaning «name».[5] The English word noun is derived from the Latin term, through the Anglo-Norman noun.

The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical forms that they take. In Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by gender and inflected for case and number. Because adjectives share these three grammatical categories, adjectives are placed in the same class as nouns.

Similarly, the Latin nōmen includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the English word noun, the two types being distinguished as nouns substantive and nouns adjective (or substantive nouns and adjective nouns, or short substantives and adjectives). (The word nominal is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.)

Many European languages use a cognate of the word substantive as the basic term for noun (for example, Spanish sustantivo, «noun»). Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation s. or sb. instead of n., which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word substantive to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and noun phrases (multiword units, also called noun equivalents).[6] It can also be used as a counterpart to attributive when distinguishing between a noun being used as the head (main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a noun adjunct. For example, the noun knee can be said to be used substantively in my knee hurts, but attributively in the patient needed knee replacement.

Examples[edit]

  • The cat sat on the chair.
  • Please hand in your assignments by the end of the week.
  • Cleanliness is next to godliness.
  • Plato was an influential philosopher in ancient Greece.
  • Revel the night, rob, murder, and commit/The oldest sins the newest kind of ways? Henry IV Part 2, act 4 scene 5.

A noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective. Verbs and adjectives cannot. In the following, an asterisk (*) in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical.

  • the name (name is a noun: can co-occur with a definite article the)
  • *the baptise (baptise is a verb: cannot co-occur with a definite article)
  • constant circulation (circulation is a noun: can co-occur with the attributive adjective constant)
  • *constant circulate (circulate is a verb: cannot co-occur with the attributive adjective constant)
  • a fright (fright is a noun: can co-occur with the indefinite article a)
  • *an afraid (afraid is an adjective: cannot co-occur with the article a)
  • terrible fright (the noun fright can co-occur with the adjective terrible)
  • *terrible afraid (the adjective afraid cannot co-occur with the adjective terrible)

Definitions[edit]

Nouns have sometimes been defined in terms of the grammatical categories to which they are subject (classed by gender, inflected for case and number). Such definitions tend to be language-specific, since nouns do not have the same categories in all languages.

Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their semantic properties (their meanings). Nouns are described as words that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, quantity, etc. However, this type of definition has been criticized by contemporary linguists as being uninformative.[7]

There are several instances of English-language nouns which do not have any reference: drought, enjoyment, finesse, behalf (as found in on behalf of), dint (in dint of), and sake (for the sake of).[8][9][10] Moreover, there may be a relationship similar to reference in the case of other parts of speech: the verbs to rain or to mother; many adjectives, like red; and there is little difference between the adverb gleefully and the noun-based phrase with glee.[note 2]

Linguists often prefer to define nouns (and other lexical categories) in terms of their formal properties. These include morphological information, such as what prefixes or suffixes they take, and also their syntax – how they combine with other words and expressions of particular types. Such definitions may nonetheless still be language-specific since syntax as well as morphology varies between languages. For example, in English, it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at the start of this article), but this would not apply in Russian, which has no definite articles.

A functional approach defines a noun as a word that can be the head of a nominal phrase, i.e. a phrase with referential function, without needing to go through morphological transformation.[11][12]

Classification[edit]

Nouns can have a number of different properties and are often sub-categorized based on various of these criteria, depending on their occurrence in a language.

Gender[edit]

In some languages, genders are assigned to nouns, such as masculine, feminine and neuter. The gender of a noun (as well as its number and case, where applicable) will often entail agreement in words that modify or are related to it. For example, in French, the singular form of the definite article is le for masculine nouns and la for feminine; adjectives and certain verb forms also change (with the addition of -e for feminine). Grammatical gender often correlates with the form of the noun and the inflection pattern it follows; for example, in both Italian and Russian most nouns ending -a are feminine. Gender can also correlate with the sex of the noun’s referent, particularly in the case of nouns denoting people (and sometimes animals). Nouns arguably do not have gender in Modern English, although many of them denote people or animals of a specific sex (or social gender), and pronouns that refer to nouns must take the appropriate gender for that noun. (The girl lost her spectacles.)

Proper and common nouns[edit]

A proper noun or proper name is a noun representing unique entities (such as India, Pegasus, Jupiter, Confucius, or Pequod), as distinguished from common nouns, which describe a class of entities (such as country, animal, planet, person or ship).[13]

Countable nouns and mass nouns[edit]

Count nouns or countable nouns are common nouns that can take a plural, can combine with numerals or counting quantifiers (e.g., one, two, several, every, most), and can take an indefinite article such as a or an (in languages which have such articles). Examples of count nouns are chair, nose, and occasion.

Mass nouns or uncountable (or non-count) nouns differ from count nouns in precisely that respect: they cannot take plurals or combine with number words or the above type of quantifiers. For example, it is not possible to refer to a furniture or three furnitures. This is true even though the pieces of furniture comprising furniture could be counted. Thus the distinction between mass and count nouns should not be made in terms of what sorts of things the nouns refer to, but rather in terms of how the nouns present these entities.[14][15]

Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses; for example, soda is countable in «give me three sodas», but uncountable in «he likes soda».

Collective nouns[edit]

Collective nouns are nouns that – even when they are inflected for the singular – refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity. Examples include committee, government, and police. In English these nouns may be followed by a singular or a plural verb and referred to by a singular or plural pronoun, the singular being generally preferred when referring to the body as a unit and the plural often being preferred, especially in British English, when emphasizing the individual members.[16] Examples of acceptable and unacceptable use given by Gowers in Plain Words include:[16]

«A committee was appointed to consider this subject.» (singular)

«The committee were unable to agree.» (plural)

* «The committee were of one mind when I sat in on them.» (unacceptable use of plural)

Concrete nouns and abstract nouns[edit]

Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that can, in principle at least, be observed by at least one of the senses (for instance, chair, apple, Janet or atom). Different schools of philosophy and sciences may question the assumption, but, for the most part, people agree to the existence of something (e.g., a rock, a tree, universe). Abstract nouns, on the other hand, refer to abstract objects; that is, ideas or concepts (such as justice or hatred). While this distinction is sometimes exclusive, some nouns have multiple senses, including both concrete and abstract ones: for example, the noun art, which usually refers to a concept (e.g., Art is an important element of human culture.) but which can refer to a specific artwork in certain contexts (e.g., I put my daughter’s art up on the fridge.)

Some abstract nouns developed etymologically by figurative extension from literal roots. These include drawback, fraction, holdout and uptake. Similarly, some nouns have both abstract and concrete senses, with the latter having developed by figurative extension from the former. These include view, filter, structure and key.

In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding a suffix (-ness, -ity, -ion) to adjectives or verbs. Examples are happiness (from the adjective happy), circulation (from the verb circulate) and serenity (from the adjective serene).

Alienable vs. inalienable nouns[edit]

Some languages, such as the Awa language spoken in Papua New Guinea,[17] refer to nouns differently, depending on how ownership is being given for the given noun. This can be broken into two categories: alienable possession and inalienable possession. An alienably possessed noun is something that can exist independent of a possessor: for example ‘tree’ can be possessed (‘Lucy’s tree’) but need not be (‘the tree’), and likewise for ‘shirt’ (‘Mike’s shirt’, ‘that shirt’) and ‘roads’ (‘London’s roads’, ‘those roads’) . Inalienablly possessed nouns, on the other hand, refer to something that does not exist independently of a possessor; this includes kin terms such as ‘father’, body-part nouns such as ‘shadow’ or ‘hair’, and part-whole nouns such as ‘top’ and ‘bottom’.

Noun phrases[edit]

A noun phrase is a phrase based on a noun, pronoun, or other noun-like words (nominal) optionally accompanied by modifiers such as determiners and adjectives. A noun phrase functions within a clause or sentence in a role such as that of subject, object, or complement of a verb or preposition. For example, in the sentence «The black cat sat on a dear friend of mine», the noun phrase the black cat serves as the subject, and the noun phrase a dear friend of mine serves as the complement of the preposition on.

Nouns in relation to other word classes[edit]

Pronouns[edit]

Nouns and noun phrases can typically be replaced by pronouns, such as he, it, she, they, these which, and those, in order to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for other reasons. For example, in the sentence Gareth thought that he was weird, the word «he» is a pronoun standing in place of the person’s name. The word one can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An example is given below:

John’s car is newer than the one that Bill has.

But one can also stand in for larger parts of a noun phrase. For example, in the following example, one can stand in for new car.

This new car is cheaper than that one.

Nominalization[edit]

Nominalization is a process whereby a word that belongs to another part of speech comes to be used as a noun. This can be a way to create new nouns, or to use other words in ways that resemble nouns. In French and Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have the characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in English as well, as in the following examples:

This legislation will have the most impact on the poor.

The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the powerful.

The Socialist International is a worldwide association of political parties.

See also[edit]

  • Description
  • Grammatical case
  • Phi features
  • Punctuation
  • Reference

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Example nouns for:
    • Living creatures (including people, alive, dead or imaginary): mushrooms, dogs, Afro-Caribbeans, rosebushes, Nelson Mandela, bacteria, Klingons, etc.
    • Physical objects: hammers, pencils, Earth, guitars, atoms, stones, boots, shadows, etc.
    • Places: closets, temples, rivers, Antarctica, houses, Grand Canyon, utopia, etc.
    • Actions: swimming, exercises, diffusions, explosions, flight, electrification, embezzlement, etc.
    • Qualities: colors, lengths, deafness, weights, roundness, symmetry, warp speed, etc.
    • Mental or physical states of existence: jealousy, sleep, heat, joy, stomachache, confusion, mind meld, etc.

  2. ^ Nouns occur in idioms with no meaning outside the idiom: rock and roll does not describe two different things named by rock and by roll; someone who falls for something lock, stock and barrel does not fall for something lock, for stock, and for barrel; a trick using smoke and mirrors does not separate into the effect of smoke and each mirror. See hendiadys and hendiatris.

References[edit]

  1. ^ nōmen. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
  2. ^ «Noun». The Idioms Dictionary (online). The Idioms, Incorporated. 2013.
  3. ^ David Adger (2019). Language Unlimited: The science behind our most creative power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-19-882809-9.
  4. ^ Bimal Krishna Matilal, The word and the world: India’s contribution to the study of language, 1990 (Chapter 3)
  5. ^ nōmen. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.; ὄνομα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  6. ^ Chicago Manual of Style, «5.10: Noun-equivalents and substantives», The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press.
  7. ^ Jackendoff, Ray (2002). «§5.5 Semantics as a generative system» (PDF). Foundations of language: brain, meaning, grammar, evolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-827012-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  8. ^ pages 218, 225 and elsewhere in Quine, Willard Van Orman (2013) [1960 print]. «7 Ontic Decision». Word and Object. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 215–254.
  9. ^ Reimer, Marga (May 20, 2009). Zaita, Edward N. (ed.). «Reference §3.4 Non-Referring Expressions». Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2010 Edition). Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  10. ^ English nouns with restricted non-referential interpretation in bare noun phrases
  11. ^ Rijkhoff, Jan (2022). «Nouns». Oxford Handbook of Word Classes. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
  12. ^ Hengeveld, Kees (1992). Non-verbal predication: theory, typology, diachrony. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110883282.
  13. ^ Lester & Beason 2005, p. 4
  14. ^ Krifka, Manfred. 1989. «Nominal Reference, Temporal Constitution and Quantification in Event Semantics». In R. Bartsch, J. van Benthem, P. von Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expression, Dordrecht: Foris Publication.
  15. ^ Borer 2005
  16. ^ a b Gowers 2014, pp. 189–190
  17. ^ «Inalienable Noun». SIL International. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2020.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005). The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-144133-6.
  • Borer, Hagit (2005). In Name Only. Structuring Sense. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gowers, Ernest (2014). Gowers, Rebecca (ed.). Plain Words. Particular. ISBN 978-0-141-97553-5.

Further reading[edit]

  • Laycock, Henry (2005). «Mass nouns, Count nouns and Non-count nouns», Draft version of entry in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Oxford: Elsevier.

For definitions of nouns based on the concept of «identity criteria»:

  • Geach, Peter. 1962. Reference and Generality. Cornell University Press.

For more on identity criteria:

  • Gupta, Anil. 1980, The logic of common nouns. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

For the concept that nouns are «prototypically referential»:

  • Croft, William. 1993. «A noun is a noun is a noun — or is it? Some reflections on the universality of semantics». Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser and Cheryl C. Zoll, 369–80. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.

For an attempt to relate the concepts of identity criteria and prototypical referentiality:

  • Baker, Mark. 2003, Lexical Categories: verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

External links[edit]

Look up noun in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • Nouns – Nouns described by The Idioms Dictionary.
Источник

What is a noun?

Noun Definition | Meaning

A noun is a naming word. It can be the name of a thing, place, person, animal or feeling.

Examples of Noun

Naming People
It could be a name of any person, for example: John, Fatima, Singh, Michael, Tom and so on.

Naming Places
It could be a name of any place, for example: America, China, Church, Taj Mahal, Paris and so on.

Naming Things
Naming things are like Car, Hat, Bottle, Table, Chair, Ball and so on.

Naming Animals
Dog, Rabbit, Elephant, Chicken, Horse.

Naming Feeling/Qualities/Ideas
Joy, Fear, Beauty, Strength, Anger.

Example Sentences

  1. I live in Australia.
  2. Jenny is my sister.
  3. I love to play with my dog.
  4. The name of this monkey is Boo.
  5. Pacific Ocean is very vast.

All the things in the world of nouns fall into two classes:

  1. Concrete Noun (or Material Noun)
  2. Abstract Noun

All Types of Nouns

  • Proper Noun
  • Common Noun
  • Collective Noun
  • Concrete Noun (or Material Noun)
  • Abstract Noun
  • Possessive Noun
  • Number Noun
  • Compound Noun
  • Countable Noun
  • Uncountable Noun (or Mass Noun)
  • Masculine Noun
  • Feminine Noun

Proper Noun

Names of people or places such as your name, your friend’s name, your parents’ name or the name of your town and country are special naming words. These words are called proper nouns. Special naming words or proper nouns always  always begin with a capital letter.

Example Sentences of Proper Noun

  1. My name is Mark.
  2. Her name is Sofie.
  3. Come Tom, let us go for a walk.
  4. Hello Jack! Will you play with me?
  5. My cousin lives in Norway.
  6. These bears are from China.
  7. Albert Einstein was born in Germany.
  8. I visited the Taj Mahal in India.
  9. Fio and Laa are close friends.

Understanding Proper Nouns

The days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns.

Example Sentences

  1. Every Sunday Mike visits the church.
  2. Christmas comes in the month of December.
  3. My sister was born in March month.
  4. Sam goes for swimming classes every Friday.

The names of festivals and some special days are proper nouns.

Example Sentences

  1. Christmas is my favourite festival.
  2. My mother likes Mother’s Day.
  3. We will celebrate New Year’s Eve.

The names of buildings, mountains, rivers and seas are also proper nouns.

Example Sentences

  1. I have seen the Great Wall of China.
  2. Last year we visited the Niagara Falls.
  3. Many people  have climber the Mount Everest.
  4. River Nile is very long.

Common Noun

Common nouns are naming words that are common to people, places, things and animals etc. Common nouns do not define any particular person, place or thing. They are general names. So, they are not capitalized unless they begin a sentence. For example boy, girl, doctor, town, city, dog, car and so on.

Example Sentences of Common Noun

  1. Teachers teach in school.
  2. Birds live on trees.
  3. I love to read storybooks.
  4. Sally’s mother is a doctor.
  5. These chocolates and cakes are so delicious.

Identify and learn about proper nouns and common nouns in the list of sentences below.

  1. Sony produces cameras too.
  2. Alicia and Cathy were playing with a doll.
  3. Sandy is joining school today.
  4. Hens have laid eggs at Todd‘s farm.
  5. The postman Mr. Robert was carrying postcards.

In above examples the words in purple colour are proper noun whereas words in green colour are common nouns.

Collective Noun

Collective nouns are used to name a group of persons, places, animals or things. A collective noun represents a complete whole. For examples: a library of books, a team of players and a family of four.

Some collective nouns are used to name a group of animals and birds.

  1. A flock of sheep.
  2. A herd of cattle.
  3. A stud of horses.
  4. A gaggle of geese.
  5. A litter of cubs.
  6. A flock of birds.
  7. A shoal of fish.
  8. A pack of wolves.
  9. A swarm of bees.

Some collective nouns define a group of people.

  1. A crew of sailors.
  2. An army of soldiers.
  3. A band of musicians.
  4. A class of pupils.
  5. A troupe of actors.
  6. A panel of judges.
  7. A gang of robbers.

There are some collective nouns that stand for a group of things.

  1. A bunch of keys.
  2. A pile of clothes.
  3. A collection of books.
  4. A string of pearls.
  5. A set of stamps.
  6. A galaxy of stars.
  7. A pack of cards.
  8. An atlas of maps.
  9. A bouquet of flowers.
  10. A bunch of grapes.

Example Sentences of Collective Noun

  1. My maternal aunt bought me a pair of tennis shoes.
  2. At the playground, you get to observe a colony of ants.
  3. A pile of clothes was kept on the bed.
  4. I need to finish an agenda of tasks before I leave.
  5. There is a network of computers in Joseph’s office.

Concrete Noun

Things that have material bodies are called “concrete nouns.” In other words, a concrete noun represents a material object rather than an abstract quality, state, or action, for example, a building, tree, or dog.

Example Sentences of Concrete Noun

  1. The dog is a faithful animal.
  2. She gave me a bouquet of flowers.
  3. He bought a new pack of playing cards.
  4. I cannot go outside because of the rain.
  5. The scent of the perfume is delightful.

Abstract Noun

These are the nouns that name feelings, qualities, actions, ideas, states, and other things that one cannot touch or see but feel or experience. They are called abstract nouns. In other words, things that have no material bodies are known as abstract nouns.

Example Sentences of Abstract Noun

  1. We should always speak the truth.
  2. The audience burst into peals of laughter.
  3. Theidioms.com gives us a lot of knowledge.
  4. Treat animals with kindness.
  5. In his excitement, he dropped his glass.

Possessive Noun

A possessive noun is a word that names who or what has or owns something. We add an apostrophe and s (‘s) to form the possessive of most singular nouns.

Example Sentences of Possessive Noun

  1. This is Bob’s skateboard. (Means – The skateboard belongs to Bob)
  2. This is Ian’s Coat. (Means – The coat belongs to Ian)
  3. Papa bought a new frame for grandpa’s spectacles.
  4. Ted’s dream for a bicycle came true on his birthday.
  5. Julia’s homework was not checked.

Sometimes we need to show possession for plural nouns or where the owners are more than one. In such cases we add an apostrophe at the end.

  1. A girls’ school is located near my house.
  2. We should not harm the birds’ nests.

Number Noun

Number nouns denote one or many. There are two kinds of number nouns:

  1. Singular number noun – It stands for one person, animal, thing or place.
  2. Plural number noun – It stands for more than one person, animal, thing or place.

For example: One toy, three balls, two dogs, five cars, nine planets and so on.

Generally, by adding a ‘s’ at the end, we can change a singular noun to a plural noun.

There are different rules we follow to change a singular noun to a plural noun.

Rule 1

When a singular noun ends with a ‘y’ after a consonant, we remove the ‘y’ and add ‘ies’.
For example:

  • City – Cities
  • Lady – Ladies
  • Story – Stories

Consonants are all other letters except vowels (a, e, i, o, u).

Rule 2

If there is vowel before ‘y’ just add s to form its plural.
For example:

  • Boy – Boys
  • Day – Days
  • Trolley – Trolleys
  • Toy – Toys

Rule 3

When a singular noun ends with ‘o’ after a vowel, add ‘s’ to make it a plural noun.
For example:

  • Bamboo – Bamboos
  • Radio – Radios
  • Video – Videos

Rule 4

When a singular noun ends with ‘o’ after a consonant, we add ‘es’ to make it a plural noun.
For example:

  • Tomato – Tomatoes
  • Volcano – Volcanoes
  • Hero – Heroes

It is also possible that for few nouns ending with ‘o’ preceded by a consonant, we add the letter ‘s’ to form their plurals.
For example:

  • Piano – Pianos
  • Photo – Photos

Rule 5

If a singular noun ends with a sound like ‘s’ such as ‘ss’, ‘sh’, ‘ch’, ‘x’, ‘z’, ‘tch’, we add ‘es’ to make it plural.
For example:

  • Box – Boxes
  • Watch – Watches
  • Dress – Dresses
  • Quiz – Quizzes

Rule 6

If a singular noun ends with ‘f’ or ‘fe’, change the ‘f’ into ‘v’ and add ‘es’ to make it plural.
For example:

  • Life – Lives
  • Calf – Calves
  • Loaf – Loaves
  • Knife – Knives

Irregular Plural

Plurals of some nouns remains the same.
For example:

  • Fish – Fish
  • Deer – Deer
  • Cattle – Cattle
  • Sheep – Sheep
  • Bison – Bison

Plural of some nouns are totally different from their singular form.
For example:

  • Mouse – Mice
  • Ox – Oxen
  • Cactus – Cacti
  • Child – Children
  • Man – Men

Some nouns are always plural like pants, jeans, shorts, tongs, scissors, hair and sunglasses.

Compound Noun

Compound nouns are formed by joining two nouns together. There are three different ways to form compound nouns:

  1. The closed form, like notebook, firefly and keyboard.
  2. The hyphenated form, like x-ray, co-pilot and mother-in-law.
  3. The open form, like post office, history book, mineral water.

Example Sentences of Compound Noun

  1. Ian looked at his timetable.
  2. It was going to be lunchtime.
  3. The basketball match was scheduled in the afternoon.
  4. Just after the breakfast, Matt rushed to his tracksuit.
  5. X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.

Countable Noun

Nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns. Most of the nouns come in the category of countable nouns rather than uncountable nouns because they refer to things, people or animals that can be counted.

Example Sentences of Countable Noun

  1. I saw two owls sitting on the tree.
  2. There are four milk bottles in the fridge.
  3. My father has two cars.
  4. I need an umbrella to get out in the rain.
  5. To make this cake we need an egg.

Note: We use ‘the’ for some singular nouns which are unique (one of their kind). For example: The Earth, The Sun, The Moon etc.

Uncountable Noun

Nouns that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns also known as ‘mass noun.’

We cannot count certain things in numbers such as milk, rain, sugar, water, jam. We have to use words like – a glass of milk, a jar of sugar, a jug of water or a bottle of jam. We can use terms like – a little, plenty or a bowl of with uncountable nouns. Though these nouns can be measured, they cannot be counted. Such nouns do not have a singular or plural form.

The Noun: Gender

Noun words can be divided into masculine and feminine.

Masculine Nouns

Masculine nouns represent males: Boys, men and male animals. For example: Prince, man, king, boy, cock, lion etc.

Feminine Nouns

Feminine nouns represent females: Girls, women and female animals. For example: Princess, woman, queen, girl, hen, lioness, etc.

But there are some nouns that represent both males and females. For example: Children, artists, principals, teachers, singers, lawyers, etc.

Источник

NOUNS

We have the following:

,

— Notes and Videos

— Exercises with Answers

NOTES

The Definitions of Noun

— A noun
is a word that functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects,
such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or
ideas.

— Noun
is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people,
places, or things (common noun), or to name a particular one of these ( proper
noun ).

— Noun
is a word that is the name of something (such as a person, animal, place,
thing, quality, idea, or action) and is typically used in a sentence as subject
or object of a verb or as object of a preposition

— A noun
is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a
sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object,
subject complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective.

— A noun
is a part of a sentence that identifies the places, things, ideas, people,
events, and other objects.

— Noun
is a word that refers to a person, place, thing, event, substance, or quality

— A noun is
a word such as ‘ car’, ‘ love’, or ‘ Anne’ which is used to refer to a person or thing.

NOTES 1

What is a Noun?

noun (noun): a word (except a pronoun) that identifies a person, place or thing, or names one of them (proper noun)

The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:

  • person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
  • place: home, office, town, countryside, America
  • thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey

The problem with the simple definition above is that it does not explain why «love» is a noun but can also be a verb.

Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its:

  1. ending
  2. position
  3. function

1. Noun ending

There are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example:

  • -ity → nationality
  • -ment → appointment
  • -ness → happiness
  • -ation → relation
  • -hood → childhood

But this is not true for the word endings of all nouns. For example, the noun «spoonful» ends in -ful, but the adjective «careful» also ends in -ful.

2. Position in sentence

We can often recognise a noun by its position in the sentence.

Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such):

  • a relief
  • an afternoon
  • the doctor
  • this word
  • my house
  • such stupidity

Nouns often come after one or more adjectives:

  • a great relief
  • a peaceful afternoon
  • the tall, Indian doctor
  • this difficult word
  • my brown and white house
  • such crass stupidity

3. Function in a sentence

Nouns have certain functions (jobs) in a sentence, for example:

  • subject of verb: Doctors work hard.
  • object of verb: He likes coffee.
  • subject and object of verb: Teachers teach students.

But the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun. It could be a pronoun or a phrase. In the sentence «My doctor works hard», the noun is «doctor» but the subject is «My doctor».

Types of Nouns

Nouns are an important part of speech in English, probably second only to verbs. It is difficult to say much without using a noun.

There are several different types of English nouns. It is often useful to recognize what type a noun is because different types sometimes have different rules. This helps you to use them correctly.

Common Nouns and Proper Nouns

Common Nouns

Most nouns are common nouns. Common nouns refer to people, places and things in general like chair or dog. Any noun that is not a name is a common noun.

Examples: teacher, car, music, danger, receipt

  • Have you seen my dog?
  • The books are on your desk.
  • …the pursuit of happiness.

Proper Nouns

Names of people, places or organizations are proper nouns. Your name is a proper noun. London is a proper noun. United Nations is a proper noun.

Rule: Proper nouns always start with a capital letter.

Examples: Jane, Thailand, Sunday, James Bond, Einstein, Superman, Game of Thrones, Shakespeare

  • Let me introduce you to Mary.
  • The capital of Italy is Rome.
  • He is the chairman of the British Broadcasting Corporation.
  • I was born in November.

Note: Adjectives that we make from proper nouns also usually start with a capital letter, for example Shakespearian, Orwellian.

Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns

Concrete Nouns

Concrete nouns are physical things that you can touch.

Examples: man, rice, head, car, furniture, mobile phone

  • How many stars are there in the universe?
  • Have you met James Bond?
  • Pour the water down the drain.

Abstract Nouns

Abstract nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns. They are things that you cannot touch. Abstract nouns are ideas, concepts and feelings.

Examples: happiness, courage, danger, truth

  • He has great strength.
  • Who killed President Kennedy is a real mystery.
  • Sometimes it takes courage to tell the truth.
  • Their lives were full of sadness.

Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns

(also called count nouns)

You can count countable nouns. Countable nouns have singular and plural forms.

Examples:  ball, boy, cat, person

  • I have only five dollars.
  • The Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago.
  • There are lots of people but we don’t have a car.

Uncountable Nouns

(also called mass nouns)

You cannot count uncountable nouns. You need to use «measure words» to quantify them.

Rule: We never use uncountable nouns with the indefinite article (a/an). Uncountable nouns are always singular.

Examples: water, happiness, cheese

  • Have you got some money?
  • Air-conditioners use a lot of electricity.
  • Do you have any work for me to do?
  • Many Asians eat rice.

Collective Nouns

A collective noun denotes a group of individuals.

Examples: class (group of students), pride (group of lions), crew (group of sailors)

Rule: Collective nouns can be treated as singular or plural. More about this at rules of subject-verb agreement with collective nouns.

  • His family live in different countries.
  • An average family consists of four people.
  • The new company is the result of a merger.
  • The board of directors will meet tomorrow.

Compound Nouns

A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. Most compound nouns are [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun]. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns.

Compound nouns have three different forms:

  1. open or spaced — space between words (bus stop)
  2. hyphenated — hyphen between words (mother-in-law)
  3. closed or solid — no space or hyphen between words (football)

Examples: cat food, blackboard, breakfast, full moon, washing machine, software

  • Can we use the swimming pool?
  • They stop work at sunset.
  • Don’t forget that check-out is at 12 noon.

NOTES 2

Nouns are everywhere in our writing. But what are all the types of nouns you come across, and how do you use them?

What is a noun?

A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective.

Types of nouns

Nouns form a large proportion of English vocabulary and they come in a wide variety of types. Nouns can name a person:

Nouns can also name a place:

Nouns can also name things, although sometimes they might be intangible things, such as concepts, activities, or processes. Some might even be hypothetical or imaginary things.

Proper nouns vs. common nouns

One important distinction to be made is whether a noun is a proper noun or a common noun. A proper noun is a specific name of a person, place, or thing, and is always capitalized.

Tina is the name of a specific person.

Old Faithful is the specific name of a geological phenomenon.

The opposite of a proper noun is a common noun, sometimes known as a generic noun. A common noun is the generic name of an item in a class or group and is not capitalized unless appearing at the beginning of a sentence or in a title.

Girl is a common noun; we do not learn the identity of the girl by reading this sentence, though we know the action she takes. River is also a common noun in this sentence.

Types of common nouns

Common or generic nouns can be broken down into three subtypes: concrete nouns, abstract nouns, and collective nouns. A concrete noun is something that is perceived by the senses; something that is physical or real.

Doorbell and keyboard are real things that can be sensed.

Conversely, an abstract noun is something that cannot be perceived by the senses.

Courage is an abstract noun. Courage can’t be seen, heard, or sensed in any other way, but we know it exists.

A collective noun denotes a group or collection of people or things.

Pack of lies as used here is a collective noun. Collective nouns take a singular verb as if they are one entity – in this case, the singular verb is.

Pride of lions is also a collective noun.

Nouns as subjects

Every sentence must have a subject, and that subject will always be a noun. The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that is doing or being the verb in that sentence.

Maria is the subject of this sentence and the corresponding verb is a form of to be (is).

Nouns as objects

Nouns can also be objects of a verb in a sentence. An object can be either a direct object (a noun that receives the action performed by the subject) or an indirect object (a noun that is the recipient of a direct object).

Books is a direct object (what is being given) and her is the indirect object (who the books are being given to).

Nouns as subject and object complements

Another type of noun use is called a subject complement. In this example, the noun teacher is used as a subject complement.

Subject complements normally follow linking verbs like to be, become, or seem. A teacher is what Mary is.

A related usage of nouns is called an object complement.

Husband and wife are nouns used as object complements in this sentence. Verbs that denote making, naming, or creating are often followed by object complements.

Appositive nouns and nouns as modifiers

An appositive noun is a noun that immediately follows another noun in order to further define or identify it.

Michael is an appositive here, further identifying the subject of the sentence, my brother.

Sometimes, nouns can be used adjectivally as well.

Speed is a normally a noun, but here it is acting as an adjective to modify demon.

Plural nouns

Plural nouns, unlike collective nouns, require plural verbs. Many English plural nouns can be formed by adding -s or -es to the singular form, although there are many exceptions.

Note the plural verb are.

Countable nouns vs. uncountable nouns

Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted, even if the number might be extraordinarily high (like counting all the people in the world). Countable nouns can be used with a/an, the, some, any, a few, and many.

Cat is singular and—obviously—countable.

Uncountable nouns are nouns that come in a state or quantity which is impossible to count; liquids are uncountable, as are things that act like liquids (sand, air). They are always considered to be singular, and can be used with some, any, a little, and much.

Intelligence is an uncountable noun.

This example refers to an unspecified, unquantifiable amount of homework, so homework is an uncountable noun.

Possessive nouns

Possessive nouns are nouns which possess something; i.e., they have something. You can identify a possessive noun by the apostrophe; most nouns show the possessive with an apostrophe and an s.

The cat possesses the toy, and we denote this by use of ‑’s at the end of cat.

When a singular noun ends in the letter s or z, the same format often applies. This is a matter of style, however, and some style guides suggest leaving off the extra s.

Plural nouns ending in s take only an apostrophe to form a possessive.

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What is a Noun?

A noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept.
Everything we see or talk about is represented by a word that names it.
There are more nouns in the English Language than any other kind of words.

Noun is one of the parts of speech.

Noun Examples

People: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president

Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea

Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe

Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes

Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship

Proper vs Common Nouns

A Common Noun names any regular, ordinary person, animal, place, thing, or idea. Nothing specific.

Common Noun Examples: superhero, river, holiday, religion, month, day, city, composer, boy, car, language, phone

A Proper Noun names a very specific, very particular person, animal, place, thing, or idea.
It always begins with capital letter (unless it is a brand name like eBay or iPad).

Proper Noun Examples:
Batman, Mississippi River, Fourth of July, Buddhism, December, Monday, London, Ludwig van Beethoven, Peter,
Volvo, Spanish, iPhone

Practice. Proper vs Common Nouns
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify if noun is Proper or Common.

Abstract vs Concrete Nouns

A Concrete Noun names a person, animal, place, or thing that you can actually see, touch, taste, hear, or smell.

Concrete Noun Examples: muffins, perfume, book, room, pen, composer, boy, car

An Abstract Noun names an idea, feeling, emotion, or quality that cannot be detected by your five senses.

Abstract Noun Examples:
prettiness, pleasure, annoyance, skill, nature, communication, love, velocity, education

Practice. Abstract vs Concrete Nouns
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify if noun is Abstract or Concrete.

Countable vs Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable Nouns (or mass nouns) are nouns which cannot be counted.
Generally, uncountable nouns do not have a plural form.

Uncountable Noun Examples: music, time, space, travel, fun, happiness, art, sleep, currency, food, love

Countable Nouns are those that refer to something that we can count. Countable nouns can be singular or plural.

Countable Noun Examples:
song, hour, bottles, book, journey, countries, car, student, pen, meal, dollar

Practice. Countable vs Uncountable Nouns
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify if noun is Uncountable or Countable.

Collective Nouns

A Collective Noun names a group of specific things, animals or people with a singular form.
It denotes such group as a single entity.

Collective nouns can be either singular or plural, depending on context.

Collective Noun Examples

People: audience, crowd, jury, family, group, nation, staff, cast, gang, team

Animals: flock, colony, swarm, gaggle, herd

Things: bunch, bundle, set, stack, cache, batch, bouquet

Practice. Collective Nouns
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify whether noun is Collective or not.

Compound nouns

A Compound Noun is made up of two or more words used together.

Compound noun can be written either as a single word, as two words or as a word with a hyphen

Compound Noun Examples

Single word: shoelace, keyboard, flashlight, applesauce, notebook, bedroom

Two words: police officer, seat belt, high school, word processor, post office

Hyphenated: sky-scraper, boy-friend, baby-sitter, editor-in-chief, great-grandfather

Gerunds

Gerund is a verb form ending in -ing (present participle) but that functions as a noun. Thus it can be in the position of
subject, direct object, indirect objects and in any other place where noun could be used.

Gerund Examples

I enjoy running.

— running acts as a noun so it is a Gerund.

Running is good for you.

— running acts as a noun so it is a Gerund.

I look forward to running with you.

— running acts as a noun so it is a Gerund.

I am running.

— running acts as a verb so it is not a Gerund.

I see running girl.

— running acts as an adjective so it is not a Gerund.

Practice. Gerunds and Present Participles
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify if Present Participle acts as an adjective, a noun(Gerund) or a verb.

Noun as the Subject of a sentence

The Subject tells who or what a sentence is about.
It is a word (phrase or clause) that is doing or being something.

Usually, a subject is followed by a verb. To find subject, ask the questions «Who?» or «What?» followed by that verb.

Subject Examples

The lonely wolf howled at the moon.

— Who howled?

Math is a difficult subject.

— What is a difficult subject?

Pencils always break before a test.

— What breaks?

Practice. Noun as Subject
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify the subject of a sentence.

Noun as Subject Complement

Subject Complement (also Predicate Nominative or Predicate Noun) comes after a linking verb (to be, to become, to remain)
and is equivalent to the subject but renames
it in different terms (gives more information about the subject, such as a condition or relationship).

For linking verbs explanation and samples see English Verbs

Subject Complement Examples

My friend is a doctor.

The tall boy has been our best player.

George Washington was the first president.

Practice. Subject Complement
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify Subject Complement in a sentence.

Noun as Direct Object

A Direct Object is a noun that receives the action of a verb.

To verify whether a sentence contains a direct object, place question «Whom?» or «What?» after the verb.
If nothing answers these questions, you know that there is no direct object.

Only action verbs can have direct objects. A direct object will never follow a linking verb.
For action vs linking verbs explanation and samples see English Verbs

Direct Object Examples

I can hardly see the street.

— See what? — the street

I placed all students on a waiting list.

— placed whom? — all students

Vanessa called the salesperson charlatan and a fraud.

— called whom? — the salesperson

Practice. Direct Object
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify Direct Object in a sentence.

Noun as Object Complement

An Object Complement(Objective complements) is a noun that completes or adds to the meaning of the direct object.

Object Complements usually follow the noun (or nouns)
they modify and used when the direct object would not make complete sense by itself.

An Object Complement answers the question «What?» after Direct Object.

Object Complement Examples

The country elected Mr. Smith president.

— The country elected Mr. Smith what?

Mr. Smith appointed Mr. Brook Governor.

— Mr. Smith appointed Mr. Brook what?

My sister called the salesperson charlatan and a fraud.

— My sister called salesperson what?

Practice. Object Complement
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify Object Complement in a sentence.

Noun as Indirect Object

Indirect object receives the action of the verb indirectly and it comes before the direct object.
Indirect Object shows for whom or for what the action was undertaken and is identified by imagining a [to] or [for] in front of it.

Indirect Object Examples

She baked Mr. Smith a pie.

— She baked [for] Mr. Smith a pie.

Save Mike a seat at the concert.

— Save [for] Mike at the concert.

My brother paid the mechanic 100 dollars.

— My brother paid [to] the mechanic 100 dollars.

Practice. Indirect Object
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify Indirect Object in a sentence.

Appositive

An Appositive is a noun or phrase that comes
after another noun (or pronoun), and identifies, explains or gives more information about that word.

If the Appositive is needed to identify the noun (called Restrictive Appositive) then no comma is used.

If the Appositive provides only additional, accompanying information about the noun – it is called
Nonrestrictive Appositive and it should be set off from the rest of the sentence with commas
(dashes, colons and parentheses can also be used).

Appositive Examples

Moscow, the capital of Russia, is a crowded city.

Mike’s father, Mr. Smith, helped me with my homework.

Peter’s sister Sandy left the room.

Appositives in the first two sentences are nonrestrictive.
They are not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Moscow is the only capital of Russia and Mike has only one father.

But, in the last sentence, since Peter has more than one sister, the name Sandy is necessary to identify which sister is being discussed.
That is why punctuation is not used in last sentence. Looking from different perspective, since no punctuation surrounds
the appositive Sandy, we know that Peter has more than one sister.

Practice. Appositive
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify Appositive in a sentence.

Object of the Preposition

A Preposition is a word that shows location, movement, or direction.
Common prepositions are of, on, to, in, near, below, beneath, beside, over, across, with, by, for, and under.

A preposition is always followed by a noun (or pronoun) called the Object of the preposition.

Object of the Preposition Examples

This is one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.

Authorities have warned planes to avoid the airspace near the raging volcano.

I watch cars passing over the bridge, moving above the trees and houses.

Practice. Object of the Preposition
—
Definition, Examples, Quiz. Identify Object of the Preposition.

Singular and Plural Nouns

Most of English nouns are very predictable ( regular ) in the spelling of the plural form — they have plurals formed according to regular rules.

Formation of Plural Nouns

You can make most nouns plural by just adding -s

Examples: one tree — four trees, one boat – a river full of boats

If the noun ends with -s, -ch, -sh, -x, or -z, add -es to make it plural.

Examples: witness–witnesses, church – churches, dish– dishes, fox — foxes, buzz – buzzes

If the noun ends with -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel, add -s
to make the noun plural.

Examples: boy–boys, bay – bays, key – keys, toy — toys

If the noun ends with -y and the letter before the -y is a consonant,
change the -y to -i and add -es
to make the noun plural.

Examples: army – armies, supply — supplies, sky — skies

Nouns ending in -ff become plural by adding -s

Examples: tariff — tariffs, sheriff — sheriffs, plaintiff — plaintiffs

The inconsistency of rules is shown in the plurals of nouns which ends in –f or -fe
Some become plural by replacing the -f to -v and adding -s or -es

Examples: knife — knives, wife — wives, half — halves, leaf — leaves

Other nouns ending in -f or -fe become plural by only adding -s

Examples: belief — beliefs, proof — proofs, chief — chiefs

Irregular Nouns

There are several nouns, which are irregular in their spelling. These nouns are exceptions when it comes to making them plural.
When irregular nouns become plural, their spelling changes in a different way or it may not change at all from singular form.

Here is the List of English Irregular Nouns — 106 nouns.

Irregular Nouns Spelling Test
— Type both singular and plural forms for the given irregular noun.

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Pronouns

 A pronoun is defined as a word that may be substituted for a noun. Pronouns make up a small subcategory of nouns. The distinguishing characteristic of pronouns is that they can be substituted for other nouns.

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used so that our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and over in a paragraph.

Types of Pronouns

Pronouns can be divided into numerous categories including:

  • Indefinite pronouns– those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places
  • Personal pronouns– those associated with a certain person, thing, or group; all except you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural number
  • Reflexive pronouns– those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves
  • Demonstrative pronouns– those used to point to something specific within a sentence
  • Possessive pronouns– those designating possession or ownership
  • Relative pronouns– those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to introduce an adjective (relative) clause
  • Interrogative pronouns– those which introduce a question
  • Reciprocal pronouns– those expressing mutual actions or relationship; i.e. one another
  • Intensive pronouns– those ending in –self or –selves and that serve to emphasize their antecedents

Pronoun Rules

There are a few important rules for using pronouns. As you read through these rules and the examples in the next section, notice how the pronoun rules are followed. Soon you’ll see that pronouns are easy to work with.

  • Subject pronouns may be used to begin sentences. For example: We did a great job.
  • Subject pronouns may also be used to rename the subject. For example: It was she who decided we should go to Hawaii.
  • Indefinite pronouns don’t have antecedents. They are capable of standing on their own. For example: No one likes the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard.
  • Object pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. These include: you, me, him, her, us, them, and it. For example: David talked to her about the mistake.
  • Possessive pronouns show ownership. They do not need apostrophes. For example The cat washed its whiskers.

A pronoun is used in place of a noun that has already been mentioned or that is already known, often to avoid repeating the noun. For example, Kate was tired so she went to bed.

Michael took the children with him.

Kieran’s face was close to mine.

That is a good idea.

Anything might happen. 

Noun

A noun is a word that names something: either a person, place, or thing. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective.

 A noun is a word that identifies a person (name), animal, place, thing, or idea.

There are several different types of noun, as follows:

Common noun

Proper noun

Concrete noun

Abstract noun

Collective noun

Common noun

A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g. boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day, happiness.

Proper noun

A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing, e.g. Steven, Africa, London, Monday. In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters.

Concrete noun

A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard or tasted. Examples include dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach, tune.

Abstract noun

An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions — things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality, e.g. truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humor.

Collective nouns

Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g. audience, family, government, team, jury. In American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a singular verb:

The whole family was at the table.

In British English, the preceding sentence would be correct, but it would also be correct to treat the collective noun as a plural, with a plural verb:

 A noun may belong to more than one category. For example, happiness is both a common noun and an abstract noun, while Mount Everest is both a concrete noun and a proper noun. 

Recap

  • A pronoun is defined as a word that may be substituted for a noun. Pronouns make up a small subcategory of nouns
  • Pronouns include I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, we, us, our and ourselves.

  • Types of Pronouns

  • Indefinite pronouns
  • Personal pronouns
  • Reflexive pronouns
  • Demonstrative pronouns
  • Possessive pronouns
  • Relative pronouns
  • Interrogative pronouns
  • Reciprocal pronouns
  • Intensive pronouns
  • A noun is a word that names something: either a person, place, or thing. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective.

  • Types of a noun:

   Common noun

   Proper noun

   Concrete noun

   Abstract noun

   Collective nouns

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